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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Organization and history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization_and_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization and history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hearing_impairment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hearing_impairment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hearing impairment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hearing_impairment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intellectual_disability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_disability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Intellectual disability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_disability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_disability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_disability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Physical disability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_disability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inclusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inclusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Inclusion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Inclusion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Inclusion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Inclusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unified_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unified_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Unified sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unified_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Parasports</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9_%D8%B0%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%A9" title="رياضة ذوي الاحتياجات الخاصة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رياضة ذوي الاحتياجات الخاصة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulahraga_panyandang_katawatasan_diri" title="Ulahraga panyandang katawatasan diri – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Ulahraga panyandang katawatasan diri" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esports_adaptats" title="Esports adaptats – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esports adaptats" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handicapidr%C3%A6t" title="Handicapidræt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Handicapidræt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behindertensport" title="Behindertensport – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Behindertensport" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasport" title="Invasport – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Invasport" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deporte_adaptado" title="Deporte adaptado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Deporte adaptado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%B4_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ورزش معلولین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ورزش معلولین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handisport" title="Handisport – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Handisport" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasports" title="Parasports – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Parasports" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%EC%95%A0%EC%9D%B8_%EC%8A%A4%ED%8F%AC%EC%B8%A0" title="장애인 스포츠 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="장애인 스포츠" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olahraga_disabilitas" title="Olahraga disabilitas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Olahraga disabilitas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_per_disabili" title="Sport per disabili – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sport per disabili" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%A0%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ספורט נכים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספורט נכים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne%C4%AFgali%C5%B3j%C5%B3_sportas" title="Neįgaliųjų sportas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Neįgaliųjų sportas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gehandicaptensport" title="Gehandicaptensport – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gehandicaptensport" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9A%9C%E5%AE%B3%E8%80%85%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%84" title="障害者スポーツ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="障害者スポーツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrett_for_funksjonshemmede" title="Idrett for funksjonshemmede – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Idrett for funksjonshemmede" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporty_niepe%C5%82nosprawnych" title="Sporty niepełnosprawnych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sporty niepełnosprawnych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desporto_para_pessoas_com_defici%C3%AAncia" title="Desporto para pessoas com deficiência – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Desporto para pessoas com deficiência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8F" title="ආබාධිතවුවන්ගේ ක්‍රීඩා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආබාධිතවුවන්ගේ ක්‍රීඩා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_for_the_disabled" title="Sports for the disabled – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sports for the disabled" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vammaisurheilu" title="Vammaisurheilu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vammaisurheilu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasport" title="Parasport – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Parasport" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelli_sporlar%C4%B1" title="Engelli sporları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Engelli sporları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%83_thao_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_khuy%E1%BA%BFt_t%E1%BA%ADt" title="Thể thao người khuyết tật – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thể thao người khuyết tật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%8B%E7%96%BE%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2" title="残疾人体育 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="残疾人体育" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q814517#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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adapted for players with a disability</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meeting_d%27Athl%C3%A9tisme_Paralympique_de_Paris_-_Iris_Pruysen_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Meeting_d%27Athl%C3%A9tisme_Paralympique_de_Paris_-_Iris_Pruysen_01.jpg/220px-Meeting_d%27Athl%C3%A9tisme_Paralympique_de_Paris_-_Iris_Pruysen_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Meeting_d%27Athl%C3%A9tisme_Paralympique_de_Paris_-_Iris_Pruysen_01.jpg/330px-Meeting_d%27Athl%C3%A9tisme_Paralympique_de_Paris_-_Iris_Pruysen_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Meeting_d%27Athl%C3%A9tisme_Paralympique_de_Paris_-_Iris_Pruysen_01.jpg/440px-Meeting_d%27Athl%C3%A9tisme_Paralympique_de_Paris_-_Iris_Pruysen_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3301" data-file-height="4955" /></a><figcaption>Iris Pruysen competes in the <a href="/wiki/Long_jump" title="Long jump">long jump</a> at the 2014 Paris Athletics Paralympic Meeting.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Parasports</b> are sports played by people with a <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Physical_disability" title="Physical disability">physical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual disabilities">intellectual disabilities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some parasports are forms of adapted physical activities from existing non-disabled sports, while others have been specifically created for persons with a disability and do not have a non-disabled equivalent. Disability exists in four categories: physical, mental, permanent and temporary. At a competitive level, <a href="/wiki/Disability_sport_classification" title="Disability sport classification">disability sport classifications</a> are applied to allow people of varying abilities to face similar opposition. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasports&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "parasports" arose as a portmanteau of the words <a href="/wiki/Paraplegia" title="Paraplegia">paraplegic</a> and sports.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other terms for the concept include <b>adapted sports</b>, <b>adaptive sports</b>, <b>disability sports</b>, and <b>disabled sports</b>. The term <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_sports" title="Paralympic sports">Paralympic sports</a> may also be used interchangeably with parasports, though technically this only refers to sports contested at the <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic Games</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization_and_history">Organization and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasports&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organization and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Organized sport for athletes with a <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a> is generally divided into three broad disability groups: the <a href="/wiki/Deaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaf">deaf</a>, people with <a href="/wiki/Physical_disability" title="Physical disability">physical disabilities</a>, and people with <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual disabilities">intellectual disabilities</a>. Each group has a distinct history, organization, competition program, and approach to sport. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hearing_impairment">Hearing impairment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasports&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hearing impairment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formal international competition in deaf sport began with the 1924 Paris <i>Silent Games</i>, organized by the <a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_International_des_Sports_des_Sourds" title="Comité International des Sports des Sourds">Comité International des Sports des Sourds</a>, CISS (The International Committee of Sports for the Deaf). These games evolved into the modern <a href="/wiki/Deaflympics" title="Deaflympics">Deaflympics</a>, governed by the CISS, which maintains separate games for deaf athletes based on their numbers, their special communication needs on the sports field, and the social interaction that is a vital part of sports.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectual_disability">Intellectual disability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasports&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Intellectual disability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sports for persons with intellectual disabilities began to be organized in the 1960s through the <a href="/wiki/Special_Olympics" title="Special Olympics">Special Olympics</a> movement. This grew out of a series of summer camps organized by <a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a>, beginning in 1962. In 1968 the first international Special Olympics were held, in Chicago. Today, Special Olympics provides training and competition in a variety of sports for persons with intellectual disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-so-history_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-so-history-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1986, the <a href="/wiki/International_Sports_Federation_for_Persons_with_Intellectual_Disability" class="mw-redirect" title="International Sports Federation for Persons with Intellectual Disability">International Sports Federation for Persons with Intellectual Disability</a> (INAS-FID) was formed to support elite competition for athletes with intellectual disabilities. This was established in contrast to the more participative, "sport for all" approach of Special Olympics. For a time, athletes with intellectual disabilities were included in the Paralympic Games. After <a href="/wiki/Cheating_at_the_Paralympic_Games#Basketball_controversy" title="Cheating at the Paralympic Games">a cheating scandal</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Paralympics" title="2000 Summer Paralympics">2000 Summer Paralympics</a>, where a number of athletes participating in intellectual disability events were revealed to not be disabled, INAS-FID athletes were banned from Paralympic competition, but the ban on intellectually disabled athletes has since been lifted.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_disability">Physical disability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasports&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Physical disability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Organized sport for persons with physical disabilities existed as early as 1911, when the "Cripples Olympiad" was held in the U.S.A. One of the successful athletes was Walter William Francis, a Welshman, who won both the running and wrestling championships.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, events often developed out of rehabilitation programs. Following the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, in response to the needs of large numbers of injured ex-service members and civilians, sport was introduced as a key part of rehabilitation. Sport for rehabilitation grew into recreational sport and then into competitive sport. The pioneer of this approach was Sir <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Guttmann" title="Ludwig Guttmann">Ludwig Guttmann</a> of the Stoke Mandeville Hospital in England. In 1948, while the <a href="/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics" title="1948 Summer Olympics">Olympic Games</a> were being held in London, he organized a sports competition for wheelchair athletes at Stoke Mandeville. This was the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Stoke_Mandeville_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoke Mandeville Games">Stoke Mandeville Games</a>, from which evolved both the <a href="/wiki/IWAS_World_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="IWAS World Games">IWAS World Games</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic Games</a>. The first official Paralympic Games, which were simultaneously the 9th International Stoke Mandeville Games ('international' having been added when Dutch service personnel first took part in the Games in 1952), were held in Rome in 1960. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th Paralympic Games were simultaneously the 13th, 17th and 21st international Stoke Mandeville Games. </p><p>Sports for persons with physical disabilities began to be organized in the US in the late 1960s through <a href="/wiki/Disabled_Sports_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabled Sports USA">Disabled Sports USA</a>. Disabled Sports USA was established in 1967 by disabled military veterans, including Jim Winthers,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to help rehabilitate the injured soldiers returning from Vietnam<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and originally named the National Amputee Skiers Association.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1970, Hal O'Leary founded the <a href="/wiki/National_Sports_Center_for_the_Disabled" title="National Sports Center for the Disabled">National Sports Center for the Disabled</a> (NSCD) at Winter Park in Colorado. Today, NSCD has 19 certified instructors and more than 1,000 volunteers. Disabled Sports USA has become one of the largest national multi-sport, multi-disability organizations in the United States, serving more than 60,000 wounded warriors, youth and adults annually.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975, the Paralympic Games expanded to include those with limb amputations and visual impairments. Individuals with <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">cerebral palsy</a> were allowed to compete beginning in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1988, the International Olympic Committee has chosen to validate Disabled Sports (physical disabilities) and incorporate it as a part of the Games: the staging of the Paralympic Games immediately follows the Olympic Games. This scheduling helps to foster greater interest in disabled sports. An investigation published on a Swiss website has shown that more and more International Sports Federations list disabled athletes than any other sportsmen or sportswomen.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, the Extremity Games were formed for <a href="/wiki/Amputee" class="mw-redirect" title="Amputee">people with limb loss</a> or limb difference to compete in <a href="/wiki/Extreme_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme sports">extreme sports</a>. <a href="/wiki/College_Park_Industries" title="College Park Industries">College Park Industries</a>, a manufacturer of prosthetic feet, organized this event to give amputee athletes a venue to compete in this increasingly popular sports genre also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Action_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Action sports">action sports</a>. This annual event held in the summer in Orlando, includes competitions in skateboarding, wakeboarding, rock climbing, mountain biking, surfing, moto-x and kayaking. Various organizations, such as Paradox Sports,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have arisen to help empower and inspire disabled people through equipping and welcoming them into the extreme sports community. </p><p>Also in 2006, The Federation de Internationale Powerchair Football Association and The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Power_Soccer_Association" title="United States Power Soccer Association">United States Power Soccer Association</a> were formed to standardize the rules of play and promote one of the few competitive team sports for motorized wheelchair users — <a href="/wiki/Powerchair_football" title="Powerchair football">powerchair football</a> (or power soccer).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, a group of athletes, coaches, volunteers, and parents based in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> split from <a href="/wiki/Special_Olympics" title="Special Olympics">Special Olympics</a> Southern California to gain local control over disabled athletics programs.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This group – SPORTS for Exceptional Athletes (S4EA) – serves people with developmental disabilities within the age range of 5 years old through adults. By combining people with and without disabilities, S4EA hopes that participating athletes will interact and form lasting bonds of friendship through shared sports and recreational activities in S4EA's served communities. Although the organization's focus is primarily <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego County">San Diego County</a>, S4EA has grown from this base to satellite programs in <a href="/wiki/Ventura,_California" title="Ventura, California">Ventura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temecula" class="mw-redirect" title="Temecula">Temecula</a>, California. </p><p>Currently, <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_sports" title="Paralympic sports">Paralympic sport</a> is governed by the <a href="/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee" title="International Paralympic Committee">International Paralympic Committee</a>, in conjunction with a wide range of other international sport organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, there are many sport opportunities throughout the United States for injured service members, including cycling, shooting, wheelchair tennis and basketball, track and field, adapted water sports, and snow skiing. The <a href="/wiki/Army_Wounded_Warrior_Program" title="Army Wounded Warrior Program">Army Wounded Warrior Program</a> offers <a href="/wiki/Sitting_volleyball" title="Sitting volleyball">sitting volleyball</a> to injured service members, and some organizations also offer sport opportunities to family and friends of injured service members in addition to the members themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two Paralympic-style <a href="/wiki/Multi-sport_event" title="Multi-sport event">multi-sport events</a> exist exclusively for wounded, injured or sick armed services personnel and veterans: the <a href="/wiki/Warrior_Games" title="Warrior Games">Warrior Games</a> in the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Invictus_Games" title="Invictus Games">Invictus Games</a> which originated in the United Kingdom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasports&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Bizet_-_Marathon_de_Paris_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/David_Bizet_-_Marathon_de_Paris_2014.jpg/220px-David_Bizet_-_Marathon_de_Paris_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/David_Bizet_-_Marathon_de_Paris_2014.jpg/330px-David_Bizet_-_Marathon_de_Paris_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/David_Bizet_-_Marathon_de_Paris_2014.jpg/440px-David_Bizet_-_Marathon_de_Paris_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3868" data-file-height="2373" /></a><figcaption>A wheelchair racer during the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Marathon" title="Paris Marathon"><i>Marathon International de Paris</i> (Paris Marathon)</a> in 2014.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chuck_Sketch,_a_Wounded_Warrior_with_the_veteran_swim_team,_swims_laps_during_a_practice_session_120214-M-YO938-177.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Chuck_Sketch%2C_a_Wounded_Warrior_with_the_veteran_swim_team%2C_swims_laps_during_a_practice_session_120214-M-YO938-177.jpg/220px-Chuck_Sketch%2C_a_Wounded_Warrior_with_the_veteran_swim_team%2C_swims_laps_during_a_practice_session_120214-M-YO938-177.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Chuck_Sketch%2C_a_Wounded_Warrior_with_the_veteran_swim_team%2C_swims_laps_during_a_practice_session_120214-M-YO938-177.jpg/330px-Chuck_Sketch%2C_a_Wounded_Warrior_with_the_veteran_swim_team%2C_swims_laps_during_a_practice_session_120214-M-YO938-177.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Chuck_Sketch%2C_a_Wounded_Warrior_with_the_veteran_swim_team%2C_swims_laps_during_a_practice_session_120214-M-YO938-177.jpg/440px-Chuck_Sketch%2C_a_Wounded_Warrior_with_the_veteran_swim_team%2C_swims_laps_during_a_practice_session_120214-M-YO938-177.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Wounded Warrior Chuck Sketch participates in swim practice on Feb. 14, 2012 at United States <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Camp_Pendleton" title="Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton">Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A wide range of sports have been adapted to be played by people with various <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disabilities</a>, as well as several that are unique just to disabled athletes, such as <a href="/wiki/Goalball" title="Goalball">goalball</a>. Within each movement, different sports are practiced at different levels; for example, not all sports in the Paralympic movement are part of the Paralympic Games. In addition, many sports are practiced by persons with a disability outside the formal sports movements. </p><p>Adapted sports help society learn about disability. They also can help remove some of the stigma associated with having a disability.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training">Training</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasports&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is evidence to support that the use of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) as a training intervention can be implemented to increase the aerobic fitness, respiratory function, and overall quality of life in this population of athletes. IMT in particular has been shown to improve respiratory muscle function and might help to reduce <a href="/wiki/Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">dyspnea</a> on exertion.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long term physiological adaptations through prolonged training demonstrated within athletes with disabilities include increased respiratory volume, improved executive functions and increased reaction time among other benefits in relation to non athletes in the same age group.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although parasports seem to have a positive impact on the disabled athletes, the impact really can interlude with one another. Specific authors, like Marques and Alves, found that there are pros and cons to a parasport athlete's life.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inclusion">Inclusion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasports&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Inclusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in the late 1980s and early 1990s, work began within several countries and organizations to include athletes with disabilities in the non-disabled sport system. This included adding events for athletes with disabilities to major games such as the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a>, and integration of these athletes into non-disabled sports organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1984, the Olympics have included exhibition events for Paralympic athletes. However, integration of full medal events has not taken place, and the status of athletes with a <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a> in the Olympic movement remains controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the Commonwealth Games, athletes with a disability were first included in 1990 Auckland Commonwealth Games, then at the <a href="/wiki/1994_Commonwealth_Games" title="1994 Commonwealth Games">exhibition events in 1994</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at the <a href="/wiki/2002_Commonwealth_Games" title="2002 Commonwealth Games">2002 Manchester Commonwealth Games</a> they were included as full members of their national teams, making these the first fully inclusive international multi-sport games.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This policy has continued with the <a href="/wiki/2006_Commonwealth_Games" title="2006 Commonwealth Games">2006 Melbourne Commonwealth Games</a>, where Canadian <a href="/wiki/Chantal_Petitclerc" title="Chantal Petitclerc">Chantal Petitclerc</a> became the first athlete with a disability to carry her country's flag in the Opening Ceremonies of an integrated games.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Individual athletes such as swimmer <a href="/wiki/Natalie_du_Toit" title="Natalie du Toit">Natalie du Toit</a> and track athlete <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Pistorius" title="Oscar Pistorius">Oscar Pistorius</a> have competed as equals against able bodied athletes at various events including the Olympic Games. </p><p>2013 the <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> decided that Austrian footballer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Hofbauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Hofbauer (page does not exist)">Martin Hofbauer</a> can continue to play competitive <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> with prosthetics after he lost his right lower leg due to cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Self-determination_theory" title="Self-determination theory">self-determination theory</a> has been one of the most proven theories on how athletes participate in competitions of this level. Studies have supported this theory especially in intellectually or developmentally disabled athletes.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have continued to question the motivation for joining such competitions like the <a href="/wiki/Special_Olympics" title="Special Olympics">Special Olympics</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic Games</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motivations_for_joining_the_Special_Olympics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motivations for joining the Special Olympics (page does not exist)">Motivations for joining the Special Olympics</a> uncover themes among individuals and families for their participation or abstention from these Olympic programs. </p><p>There are specific strategies that may be employed to increase inclusion of people with disabilities in sports. This includes modifying rules or adapting activities for a particular individual. As well, maintaining a non-competitive focus helps to increase the inclusion of participants with disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-Geidne_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geidne-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Including children with intellectual disabilities in sports programs in which they play with non-disabled athletes results in these children becoming more involved in mainstream sports, incorporating more physical activity in their daily lives and it increases their interactions with children who are not disabled. It is important for children with disabilities to get different types of support while participating in sports programs, for example, direct support from coaches and other athletes, indirect support from parents and non-human support from therapy dogs. Activities should be modified to suit different types of children's abilities and inclusivity is easier when activities are non-competitive.<sup id="cite_ref-Geidne_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geidne-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unified_sports">Unified sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasports&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Unified sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Unified sports" involve heterogeneous teams with athletes of mixed ability.<sup id="cite_ref-specialolympics.org_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-specialolympics.org-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1990s, Special Olympics Unified Sports have been promoting social inclusion through shared sports training and competition. This initiative has expanded globally and now involves more than 700,000 players in 127 countries worldwide. The principle behind unified sports is simple: training together and playing together is a quick path to friendship and understanding. </p><p>The NBA has been a major supporter of Unified Sports, sponsoring the annual NBA Cares Special Olympics Unified Basketball Game during the NBA All-Star Weekend. The Walt Disney Company, ESPN and Special Olympics are also working on a two-year global initiative that will leverage the power of sports to promote an environment of social inclusion and acceptance.<sup id="cite_ref-specialolympics.org_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-specialolympics.org-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disabled drivers have competed in motorsport versus fully able drivers; for example <a href="/wiki/Alex_Zanardi" title="Alex Zanardi">Alex Zanardi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Llovera" title="Albert Llovera">Albert Llovera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clay_Regazzoni" title="Clay Regazzoni">Clay Regazzoni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jason_Watt" title="Jason Watt">Jason Watt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasports&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assistive_technology_in_sport" title="Assistive technology in sport">Assistive technology in sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_ParaGames" class="mw-redirect" title="ASEAN ParaGames">ASEAN ParaGames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9fi_sportif" title="Défi sportif">Défi sportif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FESPIC_Games" title="FESPIC Games">FESPIC Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IWAS_World_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="IWAS World Games">IWAS World Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Hockey" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Hockey">Special Hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_World_Deaf_Ice_Hockey_and_Curling_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="1st World Deaf Ice Hockey and Curling Championships">1st World Deaf Ice Hockey and Curling Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Deaf_Football_Championships" title="World Deaf Football Championships">World Deaf Football Championships</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasports&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172815/http://paralympic.ca/what-parasport">"What is parasport?"</a>. <i>Canadian Paralympic Committee</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paralympic.ca/what-parasport">the original</a> on 4 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Paralympic+Committee&rft.atitle=What+is+parasport%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparalympic.ca%2Fwhat-parasport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParasports" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deaflympics.com/about/">"International Committee of Sport for the Deaf"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2010</span>. <q>During the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) General Assembly in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, the IPC membership today decided in favour of the re-inclusion of athletes with an intellectual disability (ID athletes) in competitions, including the Paralympic Games.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archive+News&rft.pub=INAS-FID&rft.date=2009-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inas-fid.org%2Farchivenews.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParasports" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=THS19131017.2.25">"Skipper Francis at Thames Star, New Zealand"</a>. <i>paperspast.natlib.govt.nz</i>. 17 October 1913.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz&rft.atitle=Skipper+Francis+at+Thames+Star%2C+New+Zealand&rft.date=1913-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fcgi-bin%2Fpaperspast%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DTHS19131017.2.25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParasports" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205185150/http://www.disabledsportsusa.org/disabled-sports-early-history/">"Disabled Sports: Early History"</a>. <i>Disabled Sports USA</i>. 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href="#cite_ref-specialolympics.org_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-specialolympics.org_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.specialolympics.org/unified-sports.aspx">"Special Olympics: Unified Sports"</a>. <i>specialolympics.org</i>. 3 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=specialolympics.org&rft.atitle=Special+Olympics%3A+Unified+Sports&rft.date=2018-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.specialolympics.org%2Funified-sports.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParasports" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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title="Exercise">Exercise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_biomechanics" title="Sports biomechanics">Biomechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_(learning_method)" title="Practice (learning method)">Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_periodization" title="Sports periodization">Periodization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_physiology" title="Exercise physiology">Physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strength_training" title="Strength training">Strength training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_sport" title="Doping in sport">Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">Medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athletic_training" title="Athletic training">Athletic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_chiropractic" title="Sports chiropractic">Chriopractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_injury" title="Sports injury">Injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_physician" title="Team physician">Physicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">Psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_nutrition" title="Sports nutrition">Nutrition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding_supplement" title="Bodybuilding supplement">Bodybuilding supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_drink" title="Sports drink">Sports drink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_pedagogy" title="Sport pedagogy">Pedagogy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_education" title="Physical education">Physical education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_activity" title="Physical activity">Physical activity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_rating_system" title="Sports rating system">Rating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sport" title="Sociology of sport">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_club" title="Sports club">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">Governing bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_league" title="Sports league">Leagues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Season_(sports)" title="Season (sports)">Season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playoffs" title="Playoffs">Postseason</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_school" title="Sports school">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_team" title="Sports team">Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_sports_federations" title="List of international sports federations">International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_management" title="Sport management">Business</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_agent" title="Sports agent">Agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_of_sports_events" title="Broadcasting of sports events">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_economics" title="Sports economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_industry" title="Sport industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_marketing" title="Sports marketing">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)" title="Sponsor (commercial)">Sponsorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_(sports)" title="Trade (sports)">Trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_manager" title="General manager">General managers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">Journalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_magazine" title="Sports magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_podcast" title="Sports podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_radio" title="Sports radio">Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoter_(entertainment)" title="Promoter (entertainment)">Promoters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_betting" title="Sports betting">Betting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cheerleaders" title="List of cheerleaders">Cheerleaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(person)" title="Fan (person)">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sport" title="History of sport">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_memorabilia" title="Sports memorabilia">Memorabilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_(sports)" title="Name (sports)">Naming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sportspeople_with_nicknames" title="List of sportspeople with nicknames">Nicknames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_(sports)" title="Number (sports)">Numbering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympism" title="Olympism">Olympic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_sport" title="Philosophy of sport">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sports_rivalries" title="List of sports rivalries">Rivalries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascot" title="Mascot">Sports mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsmanship" title="Sportsmanship">Sportsmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_in_sports" title="Violence in sports">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_equipment" title="Sports equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_turf" title="Artificial turf">Artificial turf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball" title="Ball">Balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caving_equipment" title="Caving equipment">Caving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_equipment" title="Exercise equipment">Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisbee" title="Frisbee">Flying disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportswear" title="Sportswear">Sportswear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_and_sports" title="Politics and sports">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_law_in_the_United_States" title="Sports law in the United States">Sports law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_sports" title="Ministry of sports">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">National sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_sport" title="Regulation of sport">Regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Africa" title="Sport in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Australia" title="Sport in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Asia" title="Sports in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Asia" title="Sport in South Asia">South Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Europe" title="Sport in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_North_America" title="Sports in North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Oceania" title="Sport in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_America" title="Sport in South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Other_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_sports" title="Western sports">Western world</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/16px-Sports_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/24px-Sports_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/32px-Sports_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="226" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sports" title="Portal:Sports">Sports portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sports" title="Category:Sports">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sports" title="Outline of sports">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Disability" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Disability_navbox" title="Template:Disability navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Disability_navbox" title="Template talk:Disability navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Disability_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Disability navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Disability" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disability</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_studies" title="Disability studies">Disability studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualized_Education_Program" title="Individualized Education Program">IEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(disability_rights)" title="Inclusion (disability rights)">Inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_disability" title="Learning disability">Learning disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstreaming_(education)" title="Mainstreaming (education)">Mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">Physical therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driver_rehabilitation" title="Driver rehabilitation">driver rehabilitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_needs" title="Special needs">Special needs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Special school">school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">education</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Rights, law, support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism/disablism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">Disability rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disability-related_terms_that_developed_negative_connotations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of disability-related terms that developed negative connotations">Pejorative terms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessibility_for_Ontarians_with_Disabilities_Act,_2005" title="Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005">AODA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">ADA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Disabled_Persons" title="Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons">Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Functioning,_Disability_and_Health" title="International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health">International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Services_for_mental_disorders" title="Services for mental disorders">Services for mental disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Services_and_supports_for_people_with_disabilities" title="Services and supports for people with disabilities">Services for disabled people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_Living_Allowance" title="Disability Living Allowance">DLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Disability_Support_Program" title="Ontario Disability Support Program">ODSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_Persons_Railcard" title="Disabled Persons Railcard">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Disability_Insurance" title="Social Security Disability Insurance">SSDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Security_Income" title="Supplemental Security Income">SSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_students_allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabled students allowance">Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNIB_Foundation" title="CNIB Foundation">CNIB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activist groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_Canadians_with_Disabilities" title="Council for Canadians with Disabilities">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_Peoples%27_International" title="Disabled Peoples' International">DPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Intellectually_Disabled_of_Singapore" title="Movement for the Intellectually Disabled of Singapore">MINDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reach_Canada" title="Reach Canada">Reach Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Structural and assistive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_toilet" title="Accessible toilet">Accessible toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activities_of_daily_living" title="Activities of daily living">Activities of daily living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">Assistive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_living" title="Independent living">Independent living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobility_aid" title="Mobility aid">Mobility aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthotics" title="Orthotics">Orthotics and braces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlicensed_assistive_personnel" title="Unlicensed assistive personnel">Personal Care Assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">Physical accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_design" title="Universal design">Universal design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_accessibility" title="Web accessibility">Web accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Social issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augmentative_and_alternative_communication" title="Augmentative and alternative communication">Augmentative and alternative communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_or_behavioral_disability" title="Emotional or behavioral disability">Emotional or behavioral disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_disability" title="Invisible disability">Invisible disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_disasters" title="Disability and disasters">Disability and disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_LGBT_identities" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability and LGBT identities">Disability and LGBT identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_poverty" title="Disability and poverty">Disability and poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disproportionality_in_special_education" title="Disproportionality in special education">Disproportionality in special education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_disability" title="Sexuality and disability">Sexuality and disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_and_disability" title="Youth and disability">Youth and disability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Disability studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_disability" title="Models of disability">Models of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_porn" title="Inspiration porn">Inspiration porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodymind_(disability_studies)" title="Bodymind (disability studies)">Bodymind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crip_(disability_term)#Crip_theory" title="Crip (disability term)">Crip as verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroqueer_theory" title="Neuroqueer theory">Neuroqueer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_studies" title="Deaf studies">Deaf studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_anthropology" title="Disability anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_disability" title="Geography of disability">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_studies_in_education" title="Disability studies in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disability_studies_journals" title="List of disability studies journals">Journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Arts, media, culture, sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_culture" title="Disability 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