CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Boll weevil - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1e38b3c7-dd0c-4576-841e-37b9bde4a3eb","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Boll_weevil","wgTitle":"Boll weevil","wgCurRevisionId":1276526826,"wgRevisionId":1276526826,"wgArticleId":170822, "wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Boll_weevil","wgRelevantArticleId":170822,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ast","autonym":"asturianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"az","autonym":"azərbaycanca", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"be","autonym":"беларуская","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bg","autonym":"български","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bn","autonym":"বাংলা","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym": "বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bs","autonym":"bosanski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cs","autonym":"čeština","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"da","autonym":"dansk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"}, {"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"el","autonym":"Ελληνικά","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eo","autonym":"Esperanto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"et","autonym":"eesti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eu","autonym":"euskara","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"he","autonym":"עברית","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir" :"ltr"},{"lang":"hr","autonym":"hrvatski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hy","autonym":"հայերեն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"is","autonym":"íslenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"it","autonym":"italiano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ja","autonym":"日本語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ka","autonym":"ქართული","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym": "Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk","autonym":"қазақша","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"knc","autonym":"Yerwa Kanuri","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ko","autonym":"한국어","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym" :"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lt","autonym":"lietuvių","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lv","autonym":"latviešu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mk","autonym":"македонски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ml","autonym":"മലയാളം","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ms","autonym":"Bahasa Melayu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan", "autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nn","autonym":"norsk nynorsk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang" :"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym": "sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sh","autonym":"srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"တႆး","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sk","autonym":"slovenčina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sl","autonym":"slovenščina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sr","autonym":"српски / srpski", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sv","autonym":"svenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"syl","autonym":"ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ta","autonym":"தமிழ்","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"th","autonym":"ไทย","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tig","autonym":"ትግሬ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym": "Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym":"Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ur","autonym":"اردو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vi","autonym":"Tiếng Việt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym": "Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wuu","autonym":"吴语","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zh","autonym":"中文","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho", "bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","knc","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt", "pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","syl","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tig","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q217336","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser": false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Boll_weevil.jpg/1200px-Boll_weevil.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="916"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Boll_weevil.jpg/800px-Boll_weevil.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="611"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Boll_weevil.jpg/640px-Boll_weevil.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="488"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Boll weevil - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Boll_weevil&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boll_weevil"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Boll_weevil rootpage-Boll_weevil stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--menu"></span> <span></span> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--home"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Home</span> </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--die"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Random</span> </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--mapPin"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Nearby</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor mw-list-item menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Boll+weevil" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--logIn"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Log in</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Boll+weevil" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--settings"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Settings</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&wmf_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--heart"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Donate</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">About Wikipedia</span> </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Disclaimers</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <span><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </span> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> <span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> </span> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Boll weevil</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Boll_weevil" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Boll_weevil" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Boll+weevil" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Boll_weevil&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Boll weevil (disambiguation)">Boll weevil (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <p>The <b>boll weevil</b> (<i><b>Anthonomus grandis</b></i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetle</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/wiki/Curculionidae" title="Curculionidae">Curculionidae</a>. The boll weevil feeds on <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> buds and flowers. Thought to be native to Central Mexico,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it migrated into the United States from Mexico in the late 19th century and had infested all U.S. cotton-growing areas by the 1920s, devastating the industry and the people working in the American South. During the late 20th century, it became a serious pest in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> as well. Since 1978, the <a href="/wiki/Boll_Weevil_Eradication_Program" title="Boll Weevil Eradication Program">Boll Weevil Eradication Program</a> in the U.S. allowed full-scale cultivation to resume in many regions. </p><table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Boll weevil </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Boll_weevil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Boll_weevil.jpg/220px-Boll_weevil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Boll_weevil.jpg/330px-Boll_weevil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Boll_weevil.jpg/440px-Boll_weevil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2137"></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Adult on a cotton boll </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Anthonomus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">Coleoptera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polyphaga" title="Polyphaga">Polyphaga</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infraorder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cucujiformia" title="Cucujiformia">Cucujiformia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Curculionidae" title="Curculionidae">Curculionidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anthonomus" title="Anthonomus"><i>Anthonomus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>A. grandis</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Anthonomus grandis</i></span></b><br><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Henrik_Boheman" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Henrik Boheman">Boheman</a>, 1843</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Description"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Description</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Life_cycle"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Life cycle</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Infestation"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Infestation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Control"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Control</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Impact"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Impact</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#In_popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">In popular culture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Boll_weevil&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The adult insect has a long <a href="/wiki/Snout" title="Snout">snout</a>, a grayish color, and is usually less than <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>6 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) in length. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Boll_weevil&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Life cycle" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulletin_(1904)_(20402387206).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bulletin_%281904%29_%2820402387206%29.jpg/220px-Bulletin_%281904%29_%2820402387206%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2184" data-file-height="3420"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 345px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bulletin_%281904%29_%2820402387206%29.jpg/220px-Bulletin_%281904%29_%2820402387206%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="345" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bulletin_%281904%29_%2820402387206%29.jpg/330px-Bulletin_%281904%29_%2820402387206%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bulletin_%281904%29_%2820402387206%29.jpg/440px-Bulletin_%281904%29_%2820402387206%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>1) <a href="/wiki/Dorsum_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsum (anatomy)">Dorsal</a> view of adult; 2) side view of adult; 3) egg; 4) side view of larva; 5) ventral view of pupa; 6) adult, with wings spread</figcaption></figure> <p>Adult weevils <a href="/wiki/Overwintering" title="Overwintering">overwinter</a> in well-drained areas in or near cotton fields, and farms after <a href="/wiki/Diapause" title="Diapause">diapause</a>. They emerge and enter cotton fields from early spring through midsummer, with peak emergence in late spring, and feed on immature cotton bolls. </p><p>The boll weevil lays its eggs inside buds and ripening bolls (fruits) of the cotton plants. The female can lay up to 200 eggs over a 10- to 12-day period. The <a href="/wiki/Oviposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Oviposition">oviposition</a> leaves wounds on the exterior of the flower bud. The eggs hatch in 3 to 5 days within the cotton squares (larger buds before flowering), feed for 8 to 10 days, and then <a href="/wiki/Pupate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pupate">pupate</a>. The pupal stage lasts another 5 to 7 days. The lifecycle from egg to adult spans about three weeks during the summer. Under optimal conditions, 8 to 10 generations per season may occur. </p><p>Boll weevils begin to die at temperatures at or below −5 °C (23 °F). Research at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">University of Missouri</a> indicates they cannot survive more than an hour at −15 °C (5 °F). The insulation offered by <a href="/wiki/Leaf_litter" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf litter">leaf litter</a>, crop residues, and snow may enable the beetle to survive when air temperatures drop to these levels. </p><p>Other limitations on boll weevil populations include extreme heat and drought. The weevil's natural predators include <a href="/wiki/Fire_ant" title="Fire ant">fire ants</a>, other insects, spiders, birds, and a parasitoid wasp, <i><a href="/wiki/Catolaccus_grandis" title="Catolaccus grandis">Catolaccus grandis</a></i>. The weevils sometimes emerge from <a href="/wiki/Diapause" title="Diapause">diapause</a> before cotton buds are available. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Infestation">Infestation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Boll_weevil&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Infestation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthonomus_grandis_1233023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Anthonomus_grandis_1233023.jpg/220px-Anthonomus_grandis_1233023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="3072"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Anthonomus_grandis_1233023.jpg/220px-Anthonomus_grandis_1233023.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Anthonomus_grandis_1233023.jpg/330px-Anthonomus_grandis_1233023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Anthonomus_grandis_1233023.jpg/440px-Anthonomus_grandis_1233023.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Cotton boll with weevil larvae.</figcaption></figure> <p>The insect crossed the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> near <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville, Texas</a>, to enter the United States from Mexico in 1892<sup id="cite_ref-msstate_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msstate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reached southeastern <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> in 1909. By the mid-1920s, it had entered all cotton-growing regions in the U.S., traveling 40 to 160 miles per year. It remains the most destructive cotton pest in North America. Since the boll weevil entered the United States, it has cost U.S. cotton producers about $13 billion, and in recent times about $300 million per year.<sup id="cite_ref-msstate_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msstate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The boll weevil contributed to Southern farmers' economic woes during the 1920s, a situation exacerbated by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> in the 1930s. </p><p>The boll weevil appeared in <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> in 1949 and <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-ICAC_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICAC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Rainforest" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a> was thought to present a barrier to the insect's further spread, until it was detected in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> in 1983. An estimated 90% of the cotton farms in Brazil are now infested. During the 1990s, the weevil spread to <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. The <a href="/wiki/International_Cotton_Advisory_Committee" title="International Cotton Advisory Committee">International Cotton Advisory Committee</a> (ICAC) has proposed a control program similar to that used in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-ICAC_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICAC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Control">Control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Boll_weevil&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Control" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Boll_Weevil_Eradication_Program" title="Boll Weevil Eradication Program">Boll Weevil Eradication Program</a></div> <p>During early years of the weevil's presence, growers sought relatively warm soils and early-ripening cultivars. Following World War II, the development of new pesticides such as <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> enabled U.S. farmers again to grow cotton as an economic crop. DDT was initially extremely effective, but U.S. weevil populations developed resistance by the mid-1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-scho_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scho-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Methyl_parathion" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl parathion">Methyl parathion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malathion" title="Malathion">malathion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pyrethroid" title="Pyrethroid">pyrethroids</a> were subsequently used, but environmental and resistance concerns arose as they had with DDT, and control strategies changed.<sup id="cite_ref-scho_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scho-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While many control methods have been investigated since the boll weevil entered the United States, insecticides have always remained the main control methods. In the 1980s, entomologists at Texas A&M University pointed to the spread of another invasive pest, the <a href="/wiki/Red_imported_fire_ant" title="Red imported fire ant">red imported fire ant</a>, as a factor in the weevils' population decline in some areas.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other avenues of control that have been explored include weevil-resistant strains of cotton,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the parasitoid wasp <i><a href="/wiki/Catolaccus_grandis" title="Catolaccus grandis">Catolaccus grandis</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the fungus <i><a href="/wiki/Beauveria_bassiana" title="Beauveria bassiana">Beauveria bassiana</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i>Chilo</i> iridescent virus<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetically engineered</a> <a href="/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis" title="Bacillus thuringiensis">Bt</a> cotton is not protected from the boll weevil.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 305px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Beat_the_boll_weevil...With_a_little_more_care_at_every_step_you-_not_the_weevils-_get_the_crop._Get_a_good_cotton..._-_NARA_-_512572.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title='"Beat the boll weevil..." (U.S. Food Administration, Educational div., Advertising section, 1918–1919)'><noscript><img alt='"Beat the boll weevil..." (U.S. Food Administration, Educational div., Advertising section, 1918–1919)' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/%22Beat_the_boll_weevil...With_a_little_more_care_at_every_step_you-_not_the_weevils-_get_the_crop._Get_a_good_cotton..._-_NARA_-_512572.jpg/162px-%22Beat_the_boll_weevil...With_a_little_more_care_at_every_step_you-_not_the_weevils-_get_the_crop._Get_a_good_cotton..._-_NARA_-_512572.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1769" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 162px;height: 275px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/%22Beat_the_boll_weevil...With_a_little_more_care_at_every_step_you-_not_the_weevils-_get_the_crop._Get_a_good_cotton..._-_NARA_-_512572.jpg/162px-%22Beat_the_boll_weevil...With_a_little_more_care_at_every_step_you-_not_the_weevils-_get_the_crop._Get_a_good_cotton..._-_NARA_-_512572.jpg" data-alt='"Beat the boll weevil..." (U.S. Food Administration, Educational div., Advertising section, 1918–1919)' data-width="162" data-height="275" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/%22Beat_the_boll_weevil...With_a_little_more_care_at_every_step_you-_not_the_weevils-_get_the_crop._Get_a_good_cotton..._-_NARA_-_512572.jpg/243px-%22Beat_the_boll_weevil...With_a_little_more_care_at_every_step_you-_not_the_weevils-_get_the_crop._Get_a_good_cotton..._-_NARA_-_512572.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/%22Beat_the_boll_weevil...With_a_little_more_care_at_every_step_you-_not_the_weevils-_get_the_crop._Get_a_good_cotton..._-_NARA_-_512572.jpg/324px-%22Beat_the_boll_weevil...With_a_little_more_care_at_every_step_you-_not_the_weevils-_get_the_crop._Get_a_good_cotton..._-_NARA_-_512572.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Beat the boll weevil..." (U.S. Food Administration, Educational div., Advertising section, 1918–1919)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 305px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boll_weevil_eradication.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eradication map (USDA, 2006)"><noscript><img alt="Eradication map (USDA, 2006)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Boll_weevil_eradication.jpg/250px-Boll_weevil_eradication.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="717"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 188px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Boll_weevil_eradication.jpg/250px-Boll_weevil_eradication.jpg" data-alt="Eradication map (USDA, 2006)" data-width="250" data-height="188" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Boll_weevil_eradication.jpg/375px-Boll_weevil_eradication.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Boll_weevil_eradication.jpg/500px-Boll_weevil_eradication.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eradication map (USDA, 2006)</div> </li> </ul> <p>Although it was possible to control the boll weevil, the necessary insecticide was costly. The goal of many cotton entomologists was to eventually eradicate the pest from U.S. cotton. In 1978, a large-scale test was begun in eastern North Carolina and in adjacent Southampton County, Virginia, to determine the feasibility of eradication. Based on the success of this test, area-wide programs were begun in the 1980s to eradicate the insect from whole regions. These are based on cooperative effort by all growers together with the assistance of the <a href="/wiki/Animal_and_Plant_Health_Inspection_Service" title="Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service">Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service</a> (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Research methods were developed. The ability to distinguish between individuals which had eaten certain substances and those which had not was needed, to determine effectiveness of the <a href="/wiki/Active_ingredient" title="Active ingredient">active ingredients</a> used. Lindig et al. 1980 studied several dietary <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyes</a> as markers. They find <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calco_Oil_Red_N-1700&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calco Oil Red N-1700 (page does not exist)">Calco Oil Red N-1700</a> to persist from larval feeding to adulthood, and for females to their eggs, although the resulting first <a href="/wiki/Instar" title="Instar">instar</a> was too faintly pink to be distinguishable.<sup id="cite_ref-Hagler-Jackson-2001_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagler-Jackson-2001-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Silver-2008_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silver-2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1274">: 1274 </span></sup> </p><p>The program has been successful in eradicating boll weevils from all cotton-growing states with the exception of Texas, and most of this state is free of boll weevils.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Problems along the southern border with Mexico have delayed eradication in the extreme southern portions of this state. Follow-up programs are in place in all cotton-growing states to prevent the reintroduction of the pest. These monitoring programs rely on pheromone-baited traps for detection.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The boll weevil eradication program, although slow and costly, has paid off for cotton growers in reduced pesticide costs. This program and the <a href="/wiki/Cochliomyia" title="Cochliomyia">screwworm program</a> of the 1950s are among the biggest and most successful insect control programs in history.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boll_Weevil_monument_angle_at_Enterprise_City_Hall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Boll_Weevil_monument_angle_at_Enterprise_City_Hall.JPG/175px-Boll_Weevil_monument_angle_at_Enterprise_City_Hall.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 175px;height: 131px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Boll_Weevil_monument_angle_at_Enterprise_City_Hall.JPG/175px-Boll_Weevil_monument_angle_at_Enterprise_City_Hall.JPG" data-width="175" data-height="131" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Boll_Weevil_monument_angle_at_Enterprise_City_Hall.JPG/263px-Boll_Weevil_monument_angle_at_Enterprise_City_Hall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Boll_Weevil_monument_angle_at_Enterprise_City_Hall.JPG/350px-Boll_Weevil_monument_angle_at_Enterprise_City_Hall.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The boll weevil plaque in <a href="/wiki/Enterprise,_Alabama" title="Enterprise, Alabama">Enterprise, Alabama</a></figcaption></figure> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Boll_weevil&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Impact" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Memory" title="American Memory">American Memory</a> Project contains a number of <a href="/wiki/Oral_history" title="Oral history">oral history</a> materials on the boll weevil's impact.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It devastated <a href="/wiki/Black_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Black America">black Americans</a> disproportionately because most were directly financially dependent on cotton as a cash crop. Because they were more likely to labor as tenant farmers or sharecroppers on cotton plantations in the Southern United States - the epicenter of the Boll Weevil infestation, black farmers, suffered disproportionately. Additionally, Government intervention such as the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment_Act" title="Agricultural Adjustment Act">Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933</a>, resulted in the abandonment and loss of cropland for black farmers. </p><p>By 1922 it was taking 8% of the cotton in the country annually. This failure of the south's primary crop became a major impetus for the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> of the time, although not the only one. Thereby it was one of the factors in the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> - including the culture of the <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Club" title="Cotton Club">Cotton Club</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jabbar-Obstfeld-2007_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jabbar-Obstfeld-2007-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2009 study found "that as the weevil traversed the American South [in the period 1892-1932], it seriously disrupted local economies, significantly reduced the value of land (at this time still the most important asset in the American South), and triggered substantial intraregional population movements."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2020 <i>Journal of Economic History</i> study found that the boll weevil spread between 1892 and 1922 had a beneficial impact on educational outcomes, as children were less likely to work on cultivating cotton.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2020 NBER paper found that the boll weevil spread contributed to fewer lynchings, less Confederate monument construction, less KKK activity, and higher non-white voter registration.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The boll weevil infestation has been credited with bringing about economic diversification in the Southern US, including the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanut</a> cropping. The citizens of <a href="/wiki/Enterprise,_Alabama" title="Enterprise, Alabama">Enterprise, Alabama</a>, erected the <a href="/wiki/Boll_Weevil_Monument" title="Boll Weevil Monument">Boll Weevil Monument</a> in 1919, perceiving that their economy had been overly dependent on cotton, and that mixed farming<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and manufacturing were better alternatives.</p><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Boll_weevil&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In popular culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p><b>Music</b> </p> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Boll_Weevil_(song)" title="Boll Weevil (song)">Boll Weevil</a>" is a traditional blues song covered by artists including <a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Huddie “Lead Belly” Ledbetter</a>, Buster “Bus” Ezel, <a href="/wiki/Woody_Guthrie" title="Woody Guthrie">Woody Guthrie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It reached #2 on the Billboard chart in 1961 in a recording by <a href="/wiki/Brook_Benton" title="Brook Benton">Brook Benton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In their self-titled debut album, <a href="/wiki/The_Presidents_of_the_United_States_of_America_(band)" title="The Presidents of the United States of America (band)">The Presidents of the United States of America</a> made reference to a wide range of animals including on the track, Boll Weevil. Music critic Michael Sun wrote, "By the time track five, ‘Boll Weevil’, rolls around, there's been enough cameos from birds, spiders, monkeys, fish, frogs, pigs, and beetles to fill a zoo, all referenced without agenda or coded meaning — just fun, plain and simple."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Bollweevils are a Chicago based punk band</li></ul> <p><b>Sports</b> </p> <ul><li>The boll weevil is the mascot for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arkansas_at_Monticello" title="University of Arkansas at Monticello">University of Arkansas at Monticello</a> and is listed on several "silliest" or "weirdest" mascots of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also the mascot of a short-lived minor league baseball team, the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Boll_Weevils" title="Temple Boll Weevils">Temple Boll Weevils</a>, which were alternatively called the "Cotton Bugs".</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Boll_weevil&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lixus_concavus" title="Lixus concavus">Lixus concavus</a></i>, the rhubarb curculio weevil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_sperm_storage" title="Female sperm storage">Female sperm storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_in_the_American_South" title="Black Belt in the American South">Black Belt in the American South</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Boll_weevil&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJones2000" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Robert (2000-01-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1603%2F0013-8746%282001%29094%5B0051%3AEOTHPA%5D2.0.CO%3B2">"Evolution of the Host Plant Associations of the Anthonomus grandis Species Group (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Phylogenetic Tests of Various Hypotheses"</a>. <i>Annals of the Entomological Society of America</i>. <b>94</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">51–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1603%2F0013-8746%282001%29094%5B0051%3AEOTHPA%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1603/0013-8746(2001)094[0051:EOTHPA]2.0.CO;2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Entomological+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+the+Host+Plant+Associations+of+the+Anthonomus+grandis+Species+Group+%28Coleoptera%3A+Curculionidae%29%3A+Phylogenetic+Tests+of+Various+Hypotheses&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=2000-01-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1603%2F0013-8746%282001%29094%5B0051%3AEOTHPA%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1603%252F0013-8746%25282001%2529094%255B0051%253AEOTHPA%255D2.0.CO%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoll+weevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-msstate-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-msstate_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-msstate_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Economic impacts of the boll weevil: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMississippi_State_University" class="citation web cs1">Mississippi State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bollweevil.ext.msstate.edu/history.html">"History of the Boll Weevil in the United States"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Boll+Weevil+in+the+United+States&rft.au=Mississippi+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bollweevil.ext.msstate.edu%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoll+weevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICAC-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICAC_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICAC_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFICAC" class="citation web cs1">ICAC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061005064716/http://www.icac.org/projects/CommonFund/Boll/proj_03_proposal.pdf">"Integrated Pest Management Of The Cotton Boll Weevil In Argentina, Brazil, And Paraguay"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icac.org/Projects/CommonFund/Boll/proj_03_proposal.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Integrated+Pest+Management+Of+The+Cotton+Boll+Weevil+In+Argentina%2C+Brazil%2C+And+Paraguay&rft.au=ICAC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icac.org%2FProjects%2FCommonFund%2FBoll%2Fproj_03_proposal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoll+weevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scho-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scho_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scho_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_D._Schowalter2011" class="citation book cs1">Timothy D. Schowalter (31 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2KzokTLIysQC&pg=PA482"><i>Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach</i></a>. Academic Press. p. 482. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-381351-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-381351-0"><bdi>978-0-12-381351-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insect+Ecology%3A+An+Ecosystem+Approach&rft.pages=482&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2011-05-31&rft.isbn=978-0-12-381351-0&rft.au=Timothy+D.+Schowalter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2KzokTLIysQC%26pg%3DPA482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoll+weevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFillmanSterling1983" class="citation journal cs1">Fillman, D. A. & Sterling, W. L. (December 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02372186">"Killing power of the red imported fire ant [Hym.: Formicidae]: a key predator of the boll weevil [Col.: Curculionidae]"</a>. <i>Entomophaga</i>. <b>28</b> (4). BioControl: Volume 28, Number 4 / December, 1983: <span class="nowrap">339–</span>344. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983BioCo..28..339F">1983BioCo..28..339F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02372186">10.1007/BF02372186</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-8959">0013-8959</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38550501">38550501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entomophaga&rft.atitle=Killing+power+of+the+red+imported+fire+ant+%5BHym.%3A+Formicidae%5D%3A+a+key+predator+of+the+boll+weevil+%5BCol.%3A+Curculionidae%5D&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E339-%3C%2Fspan%3E344&rft.date=1983-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02372186&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38550501%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0013-8959&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983BioCo..28..339F&rft.aulast=Fillman&rft.aufirst=D.+A.&rft.au=Sterling%2C+W.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2FBF02372186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoll+weevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedinMcCarty1995" class="citation journal cs1">Hedin, Paul A.; McCarty, Jack C. (October 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf00058a035">"Boll weevil Anthonomus grandis Boh. oviposition is decreased in cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. lines lower in anther monosaccharides and gossypol"</a>. <i>Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</i>. <b>43</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">2735–</span>2739. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf00058a035">10.1021/jf00058a035</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8561">0021-8561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Food+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Boll+weevil+Anthonomus+grandis+Boh.+oviposition+is+decreased+in+cotton+Gossypium+hirsutum+L.+lines+lower+in+anther+monosaccharides+and+gossypol.&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2735-%3C%2Fspan%3E2739&rft.date=1995-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf00058a035&rft.issn=0021-8561&rft.aulast=Hedin&rft.aufirst=Paul+A.&rft.au=McCarty%2C+Jack+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1021%2Fjf00058a035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoll+weevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuan_A._Morales-Ramos" class="citation web cs1">Juan A. Morales-Ramos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014100230/http://www.biocontrol.entomology.cornell.edu/parasitoids/catolaccus.html">"<i>Catolaccus grandis</i> (Burks) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)"</a>. Biological Control: a guide to Natural Enemies in North America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biocontrol.entomology.cornell.edu/parasitoids/catolaccus.html">the original</a> on 2013-10-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catolaccus+grandis+%28Burks%29+%28Hymenoptera%3A+Pteromalidae%29&rft.pub=Biological+Control%3A+a+guide+to+Natural+Enemies+in+North+America&rft.au=Juan+A.+Morales-Ramos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biocontrol.entomology.cornell.edu%2Fparasitoids%2Fcatolaccus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoll+weevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-14987730.html">"boll weevil facts, information, pictures - Encyclopedia.com articles about boll weevil"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=boll+weevil+facts%2C+information%2C+pictures+-+Encyclopedia.com+articles+about+boll+weevil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-14987730.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoll+weevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/ee/geeta/Bt-Cotton.html">Bt susceptibility of insect species</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080409214952/http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/ee/geeta/Bt-Cotton.html">Archived</a> April 9, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hagler-Jackson-2001-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hagler-Jackson-2001_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaglerJackson2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hagler, James R.; Jackson, Charles G. (2001). "Methods for Marking Insects: Current Techniques and Future Prospects". <i><a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Entomology" title="Annual Review of Entomology">Annual Review of Entomology</a></i>. <b>46</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Annual_Reviews_(publisher)" title="Annual Reviews (publisher)">Annual Reviews</a>: <span class="nowrap">511–</span>543. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ento.46.1.511">10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.511</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-4170">0066-4170</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11112178">11112178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Entomology&rft.atitle=Methods+for+Marking+Insects%3A+Current+Techniques+and+Future+Prospects&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E511-%3C%2Fspan%3E543&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0066-4170&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11112178&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ento.46.1.511&rft.aulast=Hagler&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Charles+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoll+weevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silver-2008-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Silver-2008_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilver2008" class="citation book cs1">Silver, John, ed. (2008). <i>Mosquito Ecology - Field Sampling Methods</i>. <a href="/wiki/Dordrecht,_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dordrecht, Netherlands">Dordrecht, Netherlands</a>: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer</a>. pp. xxi+1477. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6666-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6666-5"><bdi>978-1-4020-6666-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/233972575">233972575</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mosquito+Ecology+-+Field+Sampling+Methods&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=xxi%2B1477&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F233972575&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-6666-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoll+weevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deltafarmpress.com/most-successful-biological-pest-exclusion-program-ever">"Delta Farm Press"</a>. <i>Delta Farm Press</i>. 2006-01-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Delta+Farm+Press&rft.atitle=Delta+Farm+Press&rft.date=2006-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeltafarmpress.com%2Fmost-successful-biological-pest-exclusion-program-ever&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoll+weevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/dec11.html">"Today in History - December 11"</a>. <i>loc.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=loc.gov&rft.atitle=Today+in+History+-+December+11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fammem%2Ftoday%2Fdec11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoll+weevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jabbar-Obstfeld-2007-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jabbar-Obstfeld-2007_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdul-JabbarObstfeld2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kareem_Abdul-Jabbar" title="Kareem Abdul-Jabbar">Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem</a>; <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Obstfeld" title="Raymond Obstfeld">Obstfeld, Raymond</a> (2007). <i>On The Shoulders Of Giants : My Journey Through the Harlem Renaissance</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-3488-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-3488-4"><bdi>978-1-4165-3488-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/76168045">76168045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+The+Shoulders+Of+Giants+%3A+My+Journey+Through+the+Harlem+Renaissance&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E288&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F76168045&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-3488-4&rft.aulast=Abdul-Jabbar&rft.aufirst=Kareem&rft.au=Obstfeld%2C+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoll+weevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangeOlmsteadRhode2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lange, Fabian; Olmstead, Alan L.; Rhode, Paul W. (2009-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/div-classtitlethe-impact-of-the-boll-weevil-18921932div/B726479ED1550ECE8F28A7D8115F5A52">"The Impact of the Boll Weevil, 1892–1932"</a>. <i>The Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>69</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">685–</span>718. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050709001090">10.1017/S0022050709001090</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-6372">1471-6372</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154646873">154646873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+the+Boll+Weevil%2C+1892%E2%80%931932&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E685-%3C%2Fspan%3E718&rft.date=2009-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154646873%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1471-6372&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050709001090&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=Fabian&rft.au=Olmstead%2C+Alan+L.&rft.au=Rhode%2C+Paul+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-economic-history%2Farticle%2Fdiv-classtitlethe-impact-of-the-boll-weevil-18921932div%2FB726479ED1550ECE8F28A7D8115F5A52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoll+weevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerBlanchetteEriksson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, Richard B.; Blanchette, John; Eriksson, Katherine (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050719000779">"Long-Run Impacts of Agricultural Shocks on Educational Attainment: Evidence from the Boll Weevil"</a>. <i>The Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>80</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">136–</span>174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050719000779">10.1017/S0022050719000779</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0507">0022-0507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Long-Run+Impacts+of+Agricultural+Shocks+on+Educational+Attainment%3A+Evidence+from+the+Boll+Weevil&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E136-%3C%2Fspan%3E174&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050719000779&rft.issn=0022-0507&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft.au=Blanchette%2C+John&rft.au=Eriksson%2C+Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0022050719000779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoll+weevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeigenbaumMazumderSmith2020" class="citation journal cs1">Feigenbaum, James J; Mazumder, Soumyajit; Smith, Cory B (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w27161">"When Coercive Economies Fail: The Political Economy of the US South After the Boll Weevil"</a>. <i>Social Science Research</i>. Working Paper Series. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw27161">10.3386/w27161</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219441177">219441177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research&rft.atitle=When+Coercive+Economies+Fail%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+the+US+South+After+the+Boll+Weevil&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3386%2Fw27161&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219441177%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Feigenbaum&rft.aufirst=James+J&rft.au=Mazumder%2C+Soumyajit&rft.au=Smith%2C+Cory+B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fpapers%2Fw27161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoll+weevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"History of Enterprise". City of Enterprise, Alabama. Archived from the original on 2013-07-03. Retrieved December 21, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2013" class="citation web cs1">Hall, Stephanie (2013-12-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.loc.gov/folklife/2013/12/the-life-and-times-of-boll-weevil/">"The Life and Times of Boll Weevil | Folklife Today"</a>. <i>blogs.loc.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blogs.loc.gov&rft.atitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Boll+Weevil+%7C+Folklife+Today&rft.date=2013-12-11&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.loc.gov%2Ffolklife%2F2013%2F12%2Fthe-life-and-times-of-boll-weevil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoll+weevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/artist/brook-benton/chart-history/hsi/">"Brook Benton"</a>. <i>Billboard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Brook+Benton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fartist%2Fbrook-benton%2Fchart-history%2Fhsi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoll+weevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/doublej/programs/classic-albums/classic-albums:-monday,-24-september/10290966">"The Presidents of the United States of America — The Presidents of the United States of America"</a>. <i>www.abc.net.au</i>. 21 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abc.net.au&rft.atitle=The+Presidents+of+the+United+States+of+America+%E2%80%94+The+Presidents+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.date=2018-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fdoublej%2Fprograms%2Fclassic-albums%2Fclassic-albums%3A-monday%2C-24-september%2F10290966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoll+weevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oddee.com/item_96800.aspx">"10 Weirdest College Mascots - RISD mascot, university mascot - Oddee"</a>. <i>oddee.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oddee.com&rft.atitle=10+Weirdest+College+Mascots+-+RISD+mascot%2C+university+mascot+-+Oddee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oddee.com%2Fitem_96800.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoll+weevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.campusexplorer.com/Top-10-Weirdest-College-Mascots/">"Top 10 Weirdest College Mascots"</a>. <i>www.campusexplorer.com</i>. 24 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.campusexplorer.com&rft.atitle=Top+10+Weirdest+College+Mascots&rft.date=2021-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.campusexplorer.com%2FTop-10-Weirdest-College-Mascots%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoll+weevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Further reading</b> </p> <ul><li>Dickerson, Willard A., et al., Ed. Boll Weevil Eradication in the United States Through 1999. The Cotton Foundation, Memphis, Tn 2001. 627 pp.</li> <li>Lange, Fabian, Alan L. Olmstead, and Paul W. Rhode, "The Impact of the Boll Weevil, 1892–1932", <i>Journal of Economic History</i>, 69 (Sept. 2009), 685–718.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Boll_weevil&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Anthonomus_grandis" class="extiw" title="commons:Anthonomus grandis"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Anthonomus grandis</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Boll_weevil" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Boll weevil">Boll weevil</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.txbollweevil.org/">Texas Boll Weevil Eradication Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150219082851/http://www.bugwood.org/factsheets/99-001.html">Boll weevil life cycle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muextension.missouri.edu/explore/agguides/crops/g04255.htm">Boll weevil biology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080830004637/http://www.muextension.missouri.edu/explore/agguides/crops/g04255.htm">Archived</a> 2008-08-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207172615/http://www.arkansasweevil.org/">Arkansas Boll Weevil Eradication Foundation</a></li> <li>Hunter and Coad, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071227013350/http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-1788%3A1">"The boll-weevil problem"</a>, <i>U.S. Department of Agriculture Farmers' Bulletin</i>, (1928). Hosted by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_Libraries" title="University of North Texas Libraries">University of North Texas Libraries</a> Digital Collections</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060803182525/http://www.800alabama.com/alabama-attractions/details.cfm?id=1398">Alabama Tourism Board</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2088">Boll Weevil in Georgia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606233827/http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2088">Archived</a> 2011-06-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121212093957/http://ceris.purdue.edu/napis/pests/bw/news/parasite.txt">A 1984 paper on the effect of a parasitic wasp on the boll weevil</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boll_weevil&oldid=1276526826">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boll_weevil&oldid=1276526826</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Boll_weevil&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Citation bot" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1739961630"> <span>Last edited on 19 February 2025, at 10:40</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%86" title="سوسة لوز القطن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سوسة لوز القطن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthonomus_grandis" title="Anthonomus grandis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anthonomus grandis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthonomus_grandis" title="Anthonomus grandis – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Anthonomus grandis" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwiddonyn_cotwm" title="Gwiddonyn cotwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwiddonyn cotwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baumwollkapselk%C3%A4fer" title="Baumwollkapselkäfer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Baumwollkapselkäfer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndik%CA%BC%C4%85%CA%BC_biya%CA%BC" title="Ndikʼąʼ biyaʼ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ndikʼąʼ biyaʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthonomus_grandis" title="Anthonomus grandis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anthonomus grandis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%DA%86%D9%87_%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87" title="سوسکچه غوزه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوسکچه غوزه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charan%C3%A7on_du_cotonnier" title="Charançon du cotonnier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charançon du cotonnier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruimh_chad%C3%A1is" title="Cruimh chadáis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cruimh chadáis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthonomus_grandis" title="Anthonomus grandis – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Anthonomus grandis" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F" title="कर्पास कीट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कर्पास कीट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyapottokm%C3%A1nyos_bog%C3%A1r" title="Gyapottokmányos bogár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gyapottokmányos bogár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%86" title="خنفساء سوسة القطن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خنفساء سوسة القطن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katoensnuitkever" title="Katoensnuitkever – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Katoensnuitkever" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%CA%BBo%CA%BBza_biti" title="Gʻoʻza biti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gʻoʻza biti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwieciak_bawe%C5%82niany" title="Kwieciak bawełniany – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwieciak bawełniany" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicudo-do-algodoeiro" title="Bicudo-do-algodoeiro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bicudo-do-algodoeiro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthonomus_grandis" title="Anthonomus grandis – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anthonomus grandis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Хлопковый долгоносик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хлопковый долгоносик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puuvillak%C3%A4rs%C3%A4k%C3%A4s" title="Puuvillakärsäkäs – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puuvillakärsäkäs" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthonomus_grandis" title="Anthonomus grandis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anthonomus grandis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 February 2025, at 10:40<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boll_weevil&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6cc877bdc-9cl99","wgBackendResponseTime":191,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.721","walltime":"0.948","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9795,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":81295,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7834,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":95690,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":11,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 874.515 1 -total"," 30.19% 264.039 1 Template:Speciesbox"," 29.31% 256.326 1 Template:Taxobox/core"," 20.54% 179.623 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.52% 144.471 1 Template:Taxonbar"," 10.69% 93.462 7 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.80% 76.938 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.77% 41.700 2 Template:Sister_project"," 4.76% 41.639 1 Template:Commons"," 4.59% 40.106 2 Template:Side_box"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.501","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10047758,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-65b64b4b74-d622d","timestamp":"20250219122938","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Boll weevil","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boll_weevil","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q217336","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q217336","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-01-18T23:21:31Z","dateModified":"2025-02-19T10:40:30Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/26\/Boll_weevil.jpg","headline":"species of insect"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-mw-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>