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id="toc-Post-war_initiatives_and_the_Celtic_League" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_initiatives_and_the_Celtic_League"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Post-war initiatives and the Celtic League</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_initiatives_and_the_Celtic_League-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Celticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Celticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Anti-Celticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Celticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manifestations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manifestations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Manifestations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Manifestations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Manifestations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Manifestations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Linguistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Linguistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wrestling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wrestling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Wrestling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wrestling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hurling_and_Shinty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hurling_and_Shinty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Hurling and Shinty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hurling_and_Shinty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Handball</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Rugby</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Political</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Town_twinnings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Town_twinnings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Town twinnings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Town_twinnings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_connections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_connections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Historical connections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_connections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celtic_regions/countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic_regions/countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Celtic regions/countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic_regions/countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celts_outside_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celts_outside_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Celts outside Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Celts_outside_Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Celts outside Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Celts_outside_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Areas_with_a_Celtic_language_speaking_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Areas_with_a_Celtic_language_speaking_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Areas with a Celtic language speaking population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Areas_with_a_Celtic_language_speaking_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Celtic_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Celtic_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>The Celtic diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Celtic_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_Pan-Celticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_Pan-Celticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Timeline of Pan-Celticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_Pan-Celticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pan-Celticism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancelticisme" title="Pancelticisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pancelticisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-geltiaeth" title="Pan-geltiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pan-geltiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutkeltismo" title="Tutkeltismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tutkeltismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzeltismo" title="Panzeltismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Panzeltismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panceltisme" title="Panceltisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Panceltisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Cheilteachas" title="Pan-Cheilteachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pan-Cheilteachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panceltismo" title="Panceltismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Panceltismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Keltisme" title="Pan-Keltisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pan-Keltisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Geltieth" title="Pan-Geltieth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pan-Geltieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtismo" title="Celtismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Celtismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Панкельтизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Панкельтизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-kelticism" title="Pan-kelticism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pan-kelticism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelt%C3%A7ilik" title="Keltçilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Keltçilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E5%87%B1%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="泛凱爾特主義 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="泛凱爾特主義" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3125170#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Banniel_Keltia.svg/300px-Banniel_Keltia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Banniel_Keltia.svg/400px-Banniel_Keltia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>A Pan-Celtic Flag of two interlaced <a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triskelion</a>, designed by Breton Robert Berthelier in 1950.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pan-Celticism_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pan-Celticism_flag.svg/200px-Pan-Celticism_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pan-Celticism_flag.svg/300px-Pan-Celticism_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pan-Celticism_flag.svg/400px-Pan-Celticism_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>A Pan-Celtic flag of the six <a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pan-Celticism</b> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Pan-Cheilteachas</i>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>: <i>Pan-Cheilteachas</i>, <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>: <i>Pan-Keltaidd</i>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i>Pan-Geltaidd,</i> <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>: <i>Pan-Keltaidh,</i> <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a>: <i>Pan-Cheltaghys</i>), also known as <b>Celticism</b> or <b>Celtic nationalism</b> is a political, social and cultural movement advocating solidarity and cooperation between <a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a> (both the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Brythonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> branches) and the <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">modern Celts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Celtic_dawn:_the_dream_of_Celtic_unity_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Celtic_dawn:_the_dream_of_Celtic_unity-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some pan-Celtic organisations advocate the Celtic nations seceding from the United Kingdom and France and forming their own separate federal state together, while others simply advocate very close cooperation between independent sovereign Celtic nations, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manx_people#History_and_politics" title="Manx people">Manx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a>. </p><p>As with other <a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">pan-nationalist</a> movements such as <a href="/wiki/Pan-Americanism" title="Pan-Americanism">pan-Americanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">pan-Arabism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">pan-Germanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">pan-Hispanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">pan-Iranism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan-Latinism" title="Pan-Latinism">pan-Latinism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">pan-Slavism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">pan-Turanianism</a>, and others, the pan-Celtic movement grew out of <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a> and specific to itself, the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a>. The pan-Celtic movement was most prominent during the 19th and 20th centuries (roughly 1838 until 1939). Some early pan-Celtic contacts took place through the <a href="/wiki/Gorsedd" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorsedd">Gorsedd</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a>, while the annual <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a> was initiated in 1900. Since that time the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a> has become the prominent face of political pan-Celticism. Initiatives largely focused on cultural Celtic cooperation, rather than explicitly politics, such as music, arts and literature festivals, are usually referred to instead as <i>inter-Celtic</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Celticism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a></div> <p>There is some controversy surrounding the term <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>. One such example was the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a>'s <i>Galician crisis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Celtic_dawn:_the_dream_of_Celtic_unity_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Celtic_dawn:_the_dream_of_Celtic_unity-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a debate over whether the Spanish region of <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> should be admitted. The application was rejected on the basis of a lack of a presence of a Celtic language.<sup id="cite_ref-Celtic_dawn:_the_dream_of_Celtic_unity_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Celtic_dawn:_the_dream_of_Celtic_unity-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Austrians" title="Austrians">Austrians</a> claim that they have a Celtic heritage that became Romanized under Roman rule and later Germanized after Germanic invasions.<sup id="cite_ref-Carl_Waldman_2006._P._42_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carl_Waldman_2006._P._42-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Austria is the location of the first characteristically Celtic culture to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-Carl_Waldman_2006._P._42_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carl_Waldman_2006._P._42-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the annexation of Austria by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in 1938, in October 1940 a writer from the <i>Irish Press</i> interviewed Austrian physicist <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a> who spoke of Celtic heritage of Austrians, saying "I believe there is a deeper connection between us Austrians and the Celts. Names of places in the Austrian Alps are said to be of Celtic origin."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary Austrians express pride in having Celtic heritage and Austria possesses one of the largest collections of Celtic artefacts in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_League_(political_organisation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic League (political organisation)">Celtic League</a> use the definition that a 'Celtic nation' is a nation with recent history of a traditional Celtic language.<sup id="cite_ref-Celtic_dawn:_the_dream_of_Celtic_unity_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Celtic_dawn:_the_dream_of_Celtic_unity-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Celticism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_conception_of_the_Celtic_peoples">Modern conception of the Celtic peoples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Celticism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern conception of the Celtic peoples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Celts (modern)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Buchanan_by_Arnold_van_Brounckhorst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/George_Buchanan_by_Arnold_van_Brounckhorst.jpg/220px-George_Buchanan_by_Arnold_van_Brounckhorst.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/George_Buchanan_by_Arnold_van_Brounckhorst.jpg/330px-George_Buchanan_by_Arnold_van_Brounckhorst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/George_Buchanan_by_Arnold_van_Brounckhorst.jpg/440px-George_Buchanan_by_Arnold_van_Brounckhorst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3021" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">George Buchanan</a> was one of the first modern historians to note the connection between Celtic peoples.</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, people lived in Iron Age Britain and Ireland, speaking languages from which the modern <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic languages">Gaelic languages</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Brythonic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Brythonic languages">Brythonic languages</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>) descend. These people, along with others in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a> who once spoke now extinct languages from the same <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> branch (such as the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a>), have been retroactively referred to in a collective sense as the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, particularly in a wide spread manner since the turn of the 18th century. Variations of the term "Celt", such as <i><a href="/wiki/Keltoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Keltoi">Keltoi</a></i> had been used in antiquity by the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> to refer to some groups of these people, such as <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>' use of it in regards to the Gauls. </p><p>The modern usage of "Celt" in reference to these cultures grew up gradually. A pioneer in the field was <a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">George Buchanan</a>, a 16th-century Scottish scholar, <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance humanist">Renaissance humanist</a> and tutor to king <a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV of Scotland</a>. From a <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>-speaking family, Buchanan in his <i>Rerum Scoticarum Historia</i> (1582), went over the writings of <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> who had discussed the similarity between the language of the Gauls and the ancient Britons. Buchanan concluded, if the Gauls were <i>Celtae</i>, as they were described as in Roman sources, then the Britons were <i>Celtae</i> too. He began to see a pattern in place names and concluded that the Britons and Irish Gaels once spoke one <a href="/wiki/Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic language">Celtic language</a> which later diverged. It wouldn't be until over a century later when these ideas were widely popularised; first by the Breton scholar <a href="/wiki/Paul-Yves_Pezron" title="Paul-Yves Pezron">Paul-Yves Pezron</a> in his <i>Antiquité de la Nation et de la langue celtes autrement appelez Gaulois</i> (1703) and then by the Welsh scholar <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lhuyd" title="Edward Lhuyd">Edward Lhuyd</a> in his <i>Archaeologia Britannica: An Account of the Languages, Histories and Customs of the Original Inhabitants of Great Britain</i> (1707). </p><p>By the time the modern concept of the Celts as a people had emerged, their fortunes had declined substantially, taken over by <a href="/wiki/Germanic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic people">Germanic people</a>. Firstly, the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic Britons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">sub-Roman Britain</a> were swamped by a tide of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Anglo-Saxon settlement</a> from the fifth century on and lost most of their territory to them. They were subsequently referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh people</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish people</a>. A group of these fled Britain altogether and settled in Continental Europe in <a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a>, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Breton_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton people">Breton people</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> for a while actually expanded, pushing out of Ireland to conquer Pictland in Britain, establishing <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Alba</a> by the ninth century. From the 11th century onward, the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>, caused problems not only for the English but also for the Celts. The Normans invaded the Welsh kingdoms (establishing the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Irish_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish kingdoms">Irish kingdoms</a> (establishing the <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a>) and took control of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish monarchy">Scottish monarchy</a> through intermarrying. This advance was often done in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Reform" title="Gregorian Reform">Gregorian Reform</a>, which was centralising the religion in Europe. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Prince_of_Wales_c_1500.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Arthur_Prince_of_Wales_c_1500.jpg/220px-Arthur_Prince_of_Wales_c_1500.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Arthur_Prince_of_Wales_c_1500.jpg/330px-Arthur_Prince_of_Wales_c_1500.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Arthur_Prince_of_Wales_c_1500.jpg/440px-Arthur_Prince_of_Wales_c_1500.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1633" data-file-height="2287" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arthur,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Arthur, Prince of Wales">Arthur, Prince of Wales</a>. The Tudors played up their Celtic background, while accelerating Anglicisation.</figcaption></figure> <p>The dawning of <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">early modern Europe</a> affected the Celtic peoples in ways which saw what small amount of independence they had left firmly subordinated to the emerging <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Duchy of Brittany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a>. Although both the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of England">Kings of England</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Tudors" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudors">Tudors</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Scotland">Kings of Scotland</a> (the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stewarts</a>) of the day claimed Celtic ancestry and used this in <a href="/wiki/Arthurian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthurian">Arthurian</a> cultural motifs to lay the basis for a <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British monarchy</a> ("British" being suggested by Elizabethan <a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a>), both dynasties promoted a centralising policy of <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">Anglicisation</a>. The Gaels of Ireland lost their last kingdoms to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a> in 1607, while the <a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Iona" title="Statutes of Iona">Statutes of Iona</a> attempted to de-Gaelicise the Highland Scots in 1609. The effects of these initiates were mixed, but took from the Gaels their natural leadership element, which had patronised their culture. </p><p>Under Anglocentric British rule, the Celtic-speaking peoples were reduced to a marginalised, largely poor people, small farmers and fishermen, clinging to the coast of the North Atlantic. Following the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> in the 18th century, greater multitudes were Anglicised and fled into a diaspora around the British Empire as an industrial proletariat. Further de-Gaelicisation took place for the Irish during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hunger" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Hunger">Great Hunger</a> and the Highland Scots during the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a>. Similarly for the Bretons, after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jacobins" title="Jacobins">Jacobins</a> demanded greater centralisation, against regional identities and for <a href="/wiki/Francization" title="Francization">Francization</a>, enacted by the <a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">French Directory</a> in 1794. However, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> Bonaparte was greatly attracted to the romantic image of the Celt, which was partly based on <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>'s glorification of the <a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">noble savage</a> and the popularity of <a href="/wiki/James_Macpherson" title="James Macpherson">James Macpherson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ossianic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossianic">Ossianic</a> tales throughout Europe. Bonaparte's nephew, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>, would later have the <a href="/wiki/Vercing%C3%A9torix_monument" title="Vercingétorix monument">Vercingétorix monument</a> erected to honour the Celtic Gaulish leader.<sup id="cite_ref-celtfrance_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-celtfrance-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, in France the phrase <i>"nos ancêtres les Gaulois"</i> (our ancestors the Gauls) was invoked by Romantic nationalists,<sup id="cite_ref-celtfrance_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-celtfrance-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> typically in a republican fashion, to refer to the majority of the people, contrary to the aristocracy (claimed to be of <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a>-Germanic descent). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dawning_of_Pan-Celticism_as_a_political_idea">Dawning of Pan-Celticism as a political idea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Celticism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dawning of Pan-Celticism as a political idea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Celtic studies</a></div> <p>Following the dying down of <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a> as a political threat in Britain and Ireland, with the firm establishment of <a href="/wiki/Hanoverian_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanoverian Britain">Hanoverian Britain</a> under the liberal, rationalist philosophy of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, a backlash of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> in the late 18th century occurred and "the Celt" was rehabilitated in literature, in a movement which is sometimes known as "Celtomania." The most prominent native representatives of the initial stages of this <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a> were <a href="/wiki/James_Macpherson" title="James Macpherson">James Macpherson</a>, author of the <i>Poems of <a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></i> (1761) and <a href="/wiki/Iolo_Morganwg" title="Iolo Morganwg">Iolo Morganwg</a>, founder of the <i><a href="/wiki/Gorsedd" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorsedd">Gorsedd</a></i>. The imagery of the "Celtic World" also inspired English and Lowland Scots poets such as <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Shelley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a>. In particular the <a href="/wiki/Druids" class="mw-redirect" title="Druids">Druids</a> inspired fascination for outsiders, as English and French antiquarians, such as <a href="/wiki/William_Stukeley" title="William Stukeley">William Stukeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Aubrey" title="John Aubrey">John Aubrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Corret_de_la_Tour_d%27Auvergne" title="Théophile Corret de la Tour d'Auvergne">Théophile Corret de la Tour d'Auvergne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cambry" title="Jacques Cambry">Jacques Cambry</a>, began to associate ancient <a href="/wiki/Megaliths" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaliths">megaliths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dolmens" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolmens">dolmens</a> with the Druids.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodore_Hersart_de_la_Villemarque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Theodore_Hersart_de_la_Villemarque.jpg/220px-Theodore_Hersart_de_la_Villemarque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Theodore_Hersart_de_la_Villemarque.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>The Breton scholar <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Claude_Henri,_vicomte_Hersart_de_la_Villemarqu%C3%A9" title="Théodore Claude Henri, vicomte Hersart de la Villemarqué">Théodore Hersart de La Villemarqué</a> attended the first Pan-Celtic Congress in 1838.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1820s, early pan-Celtic contacts began to develop, firstly between the Welsh and the Bretons, as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Price_(Carnhuanawc)" title="Thomas Price (Carnhuanawc)">Thomas Price</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Gonidec" title="Jean-François Le Gonidec">Jean-François Le Gonidec</a> worked together to translate the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> into Breton.<sup id="cite_ref-hay_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hay-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two men were champions of their respective languages and both highly influential in their own countries. It was in this spirit that a Pan-Celtic Congress took place at the <i><a href="/wiki/Cymreigyddion_y_Fenni" title="Cymreigyddion y Fenni">Cymreigyddion y Fenni</a>'</i>s annual <i><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Abergavenny" title="Abergavenny">Abergavenny</a> in 1838, where Bretons attended. Among these participants was <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Hersart_de_La_Villemarqu%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Théodore Hersart de La Villemarqué">Théodore Hersart de La Villemarqué</a>, author of the Macpherson-Morganwg influenced <i><a href="/wiki/Barzaz_Breiz" title="Barzaz Breiz">Barzaz Breiz</a></i>, who imported the <i>Gorsedd</i> idea <a href="/wiki/Goursez_Vreizh" title="Goursez Vreizh">into Brittany</a>. Indeed, the Breton nationalists would be the most enthusiastic pan-Celticists,<sup id="cite_ref-hay_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hay-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> acting as a lynch-pin between the different parts; "trapped" within another state (France), this allowed them to draw strength from kindred peoples across the Channel and they also shared a strong attachment to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic faith</a> with the Irish. </p><p>Across Europe, modern <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Studies">Celtic Studies</a> were developing as an academic discipline. The Germans led the way in the field with Indo-European linguist <a href="/wiki/Franz_Bopp" title="Franz Bopp">Franz Bopp</a> in 1838, followed up by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Kaspar_Zeuss" title="Johann Kaspar Zeuss">Johann Kaspar Zeuss</a>' <i>Grammatica Celtica</i> (1853). Indeed, as German power was growing in rivalry with France and England, the Celtic Question was of interest to them and they were able to perceive the shift towards Celtic-based nationalisms. <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Zimmer_(Celticist)" title="Heinrich Zimmer (Celticist)">Heinrich Zimmer</a>, the Professor of Celtic at <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Friedrich Wilhelm University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> (predecessor of <a href="/wiki/Kuno_Meyer" title="Kuno Meyer">Kuno Meyer</a>), spoke in 1899 of the powerful agitation in the "<a href="/wiki/Celtic_fringe" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic fringe">Celtic fringe</a> of the United Kingdom's rich overcoat" and predicted that pan-Celticism would become a political force as important to the future of European politics as the much more established movements of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">pan-Germanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">pan-Slavism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other academic treatments included <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Ernest Renan</a>'s <i>La Poésie des races celtiques</i> (1854) and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Matthew Arnold</a>'s <i>The Study of Celtic Literature</i> (1867). The attention given by Arnold was a double-edged sword; he lauded Celtic poetic and musical achievements, but effeminised them and suggested they needed the cement of a sober, orderly Anglo-Saxon rule. </p><p>A concept arose among some European philologists, particularly articulated by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Schlegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel">Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel</a>, whereby the "care of the national language is a sacred trust",<sup id="cite_ref-moth_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moth-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or put more simply, "no language, no nation." This dictum was also adopted by nationalists in Celtic nations, particularly <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Davis_(Young_Irelander)" title="Thomas Davis (Young Irelander)">Thomas Davis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Young_Ireland" title="Young Ireland">Young Ireland</a> movement, who, contrary to the earlier Catholic-based "civic rights" activism of a <a href="/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell" title="Daniel O'Connell">Daniel O'Connell</a>, asserted an <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a> would become hegemonic once again. As he claimed a "people without a language of its own is only half a nation."<sup id="cite_ref-moth_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moth-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a less explicitly political context, language revivalist groups emerged such as the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Preservation_of_the_Irish_Language" title="Society for the Preservation of the Irish Language">Society for the Preservation of the Irish Language</a>, which would later become the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic League">Gaelic League</a>. In a Pan-Celtic context, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_(poet)" title="Charles de Gaulle (poet)">Charles de Gaulle</a> (uncle of the more famous General <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>), who involved himself in Breton autonomism and advocated for a Celtic Union in 1864, argued that "so long as a conquered people speaks another language than their conquers, the best part of them remains free." De Gaulle corresponded with people in Brittany, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, arguing that each needed to cooperate in a spirit of Celtic unity and above all defend their native languages or otherwise their position as Celtic nations would be extinct. A Pan-Celtic review was founded by de Gaulle's comrade <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gaidoz" title="Henri Gaidoz">Henri Gaidoz</a> in 1873, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Revue_Celtique" class="mw-redirect" title="Revue Celtique">Revue Celtique</a></i>. </p><p>In 1867 de Gaulle organised the first ever Pan-Celtic gathering in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Brieuc" title="Saint-Brieuc">Saint-Brieuc</a>, Brittany. No Irish attended and the guests were mainly Welsh and Breton.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Barra_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Barra-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 108">: 108 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/T._E._Ellis" title="T. E. Ellis">T. E. Ellis</a>, the leader of <a href="/wiki/Cymru_Fydd" title="Cymru Fydd">Cymru Fydd</a> was a proponent of Pan-Celticism, stating "We must work for bringing together Celtic reformers and Celtic peoples. The interests of Irishmen, Welshmen and [Scottish] Crofters are almost identical. Their past history is very similar, their present oppressors are the same and their immediate wants are the same.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Barra_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Barra-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 78">: 78 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pan-Celtic_Congress_and_the_Celtic_Association_era">Pan-Celtic Congress and the Celtic Association era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Celticism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pan-Celtic Congress and the Celtic Association era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:316px;max-width:316px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2ndLordCastletown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/2ndLordCastletown.jpg/151px-2ndLordCastletown.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/2ndLordCastletown.jpg/227px-2ndLordCastletown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/2ndLordCastletown.jpg/302px-2ndLordCastletown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmund_Edward_Fournier_d%27Albe_(1868-1933).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Edmund_Edward_Fournier_d%27Albe_%281868-1933%29.png/157px-Edmund_Edward_Fournier_d%27Albe_%281868-1933%29.png" decoding="async" width="157" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Edmund_Edward_Fournier_d%27Albe_%281868-1933%29.png/236px-Edmund_Edward_Fournier_d%27Albe_%281868-1933%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Edmund_Edward_Fournier_d%27Albe_%281868-1933%29.png/314px-Edmund_Edward_Fournier_d%27Albe_%281868-1933%29.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="787" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_FitzPatrick,_2nd_Baron_Castletown" title="Bernard FitzPatrick, 2nd Baron Castletown">Bernard FitzPatrick, Lord Castletown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Edward_Fournier_d%27Albe" title="Edmund Edward Fournier d'Albe">Edmund Edward Fournier d'Albe</a>, founders of the Celtic Association. Through their activities, three Pan-Celtic Congresses were held at the start of the 20th century.</div></div></div></div> <p>The first major Pan-Celtic Congress was organised by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Edward_Fournier_d%27Albe" title="Edmund Edward Fournier d'Albe">Edmund Edward Fournier d'Albe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_FitzPatrick,_2nd_Baron_Castletown" title="Bernard FitzPatrick, 2nd Baron Castletown">Bernard FitzPatrick, 2nd Baron Castletown</a>, under the auspices of their Celtic Association and was held in August 1901 in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>. This had followed on from an earlier sentiment of pan-Celtic feeling at the <a href="/wiki/National_Eisteddfod_of_Wales" title="National Eisteddfod of Wales">National Eisteddfod of Wales</a>, held in Liverpool in 1900. Another influence was Fournier's attendance at <i><a href="/wiki/Feis_Ceoil" title="Feis Ceoil">Feis Ceoil</a></i> in the late 1890s, which drew musicians from the different Celtic nations. The two leaders formed somewhat of an idiosyncratic pair; Fournier, of French parentage embraced an ardent <a href="/wiki/Hibernophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibernophilia">Hibernophilia</a> and learned the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a>, while FitzPatrick descended from ancient Irish royalty (the <a href="/wiki/Mac_Giolla_Ph%C3%A1draig" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac Giolla Phádraig">Mac Giolla Phádraig</a> of <a href="/wiki/Osraige" title="Osraige">Osraige</a>), but was serving in the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> and had earlier been a <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> MP (indeed, the original Pan-Celtic Congress was delayed for a year because of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main intellectual organ of the Celtic Association was <i>Celtia: A Pan-Celtic Monthly Magazine</i>, edited by Fournier, which ran from January 1901 until 1904 and was briefly revived in 1907 before finally ending for good in May 1908. Its inception was welcomed by Breton <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jaffrennou" title="François Jaffrennou">François Jaffrennou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jsor_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jsor-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An unrelated publication "The Celtic Review" was founded in 1904 and ran until 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-jsor_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jsor-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian Justin Dolan Stover of <a href="/wiki/Idaho_State_University" title="Idaho State University">Idaho State University</a> describes the movement as having "uneven successes".<sup id="cite_ref-jsor_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jsor-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In total, the Celtic Association was able to organise three Pan-Celtic Congresses: Dublin (1901), <a href="/wiki/Caernarfon" title="Caernarfon">Caernarfon</a> (1904) and <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> (1907). Each of these opened with an elaborate <a href="/wiki/Neo-druidic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-druidic">neo-druidic</a> ceremony, with the laying of the <i>Lia Cineil</i> ("Race Stone"), which drew inspiration from the <i><a href="/wiki/Lia_F%C3%A1il" title="Lia Fáil">Lia Fáil</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Stone_of_Scone" title="Stone of Scone">Stone of Scone</a>. The stone was five foot high and consisted of five granite blocks, each with a letter of the respective Celtic nation etched into it in their own language (i.e. – "E" for Ireland, "A" for Scotland, "C" for Wales).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the laying of the stone, the Archdruid of the Eisteddfod, <a href="/wiki/Rowland_Williams_(Hwfa_M%C3%B4n)" title="Rowland Williams (Hwfa Môn)">Hwfa Môn</a> would say three times in Gaelic, while holding a partly unsheathed sword, "Is there peace?" to which the people responded "Peace."<sup id="cite_ref-two_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-two-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symbolism inherent in this was meant to represent a counterpoise to the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>'s assimilating <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxonism">Anglo-Saxonism</a> as articulated by the likes of <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-platt_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-platt-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the pan-Celts, they imagined a restored "Celtic race", but where each Celtic people would have its own national space without assimilating all into a uniformity. The <i>Lia Cineil</i> was also intended as a <a href="/wiki/Phallic_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Phallic symbol">phallic symbol</a>, referencing the ancient <a href="/wiki/Megaliths" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaliths">megaliths</a> historically associated with the Celts and overturning the "feminisation of the Celts by their <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Saxon</a> neighbours."<sup id="cite_ref-platt_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-platt-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The response of the most advanced and militant nationalism of a "Celtic" people; <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a>; was mixed. The pan-Celts were lampooned by <a href="/wiki/D._P._Moran" title="D. P. Moran">D. P. Moran</a> in <i>The Leader</i>, under the title of "<i>Pan-Celtic Farce</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-two_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-two-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The folk costumes and druidic aesthetics were especially mocked, meanwhile Moran, who associated Irish nationality with Catholicism, was suspicious of the Protestantism of both Fournier and FitzPatrick.<sup id="cite_ref-two_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-two-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The participation of the latter as a "<a href="/wiki/Tommy_Atkins" title="Tommy Atkins">Tommy Atkins</a>" against the <a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boers</a> (whom Irish nationalists supported with the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Transvaal_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Transvaal Brigade">Irish Transvaal Brigade</a>) was also highlighted as unsound.<sup id="cite_ref-two_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-two-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moran concluded that pan-Celticism was "parasitic" from Irish nationalism, created by a "foreigner" (Fournier) and sought to misdirect Irish energies.<sup id="cite_ref-two_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-two-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others were less polemical; opinion in the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic League">Gaelic League</a> was divided and though they elected not to send an official representative, some members did attend Congress meetings (including <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hyde" title="Douglas Hyde">Douglas Hyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse">Patrick Pearse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Davitt" title="Michael Davitt">Michael Davitt</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-plattt_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plattt-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More enthusiastic was <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gregory" title="Lady Gregory">Lady Gregory</a>, who imagined an Ireland-led "Pan-Celtic Empire", while <a href="/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats" class="mw-redirect" title="William Butler Yeats">William Butler Yeats</a> also attended the Dublin meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-plattt_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plattt-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent Gaelic League activists such as Pearse, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Martyn" title="Edward Martyn">Edward Martyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_St._Clair_Boyd" title="John St. Clair Boyd">John St. Clair Boyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_William_Rolleston" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas William Rolleston">Thomas William Rolleston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_O%27Neill_Russell" title="Thomas O'Neill Russell">Thomas O'Neill Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Henry_Close" title="Maxwell Henry Close">Maxwell Henry Close</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Gibson,_2nd_Baron_Ashbourne" title="William Gibson, 2nd Baron Ashbourne">William Gibson</a> all made financial contributions to the Pan-Celtic Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ruaraidh_Erskine" title="Ruaraidh Erskine">Ruaraidh Erskine</a> was an attendant. Erskine himself was an advocate of a "Gaelic confederation" between Ireland and Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, who would later to go on to be the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, delivered a speech at the 1904 Celtic Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Breton_Regionalist_Union" title="Breton Regionalist Union">Breton Regionalist Union</a> founder <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gis_de_l%27Estourbeillon" title="Régis de l'Estourbeillon">Régis de l'Estourbeillon</a> attended the 1907 congress, headed the Breton faction of the procession and placed the Breton stone on the Lia Cineill. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jenner" title="Henry Jenner">Henry Jenner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_William_Moore" title="Arthur William Moore">Arthur William Moore</a> and John Crichton-Stuart, fourth Marquess of Bute likewise attended the 1907 congress.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Erskine made an effort to set up a "union of Welsh, Scots and Irish with a view to action on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Communism" title="Celtic Communism">Celtic communism</a>". He wrote to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gwynn_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Gwynn Jones">Thomas Gwynn Jones</a> asking for suggestions on Welshmen to invite to London for a meeting on setting such a thing up. It is unknown if such a meeting ever took place.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John de Courcy Mac Donnell founded a Celtic Union in Belgium in 1908, which organised the fourth Pan-Celtic congress as part of the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_International_Exposition_(1910)" title="Brussels International Exposition (1910)">1910 Brussels International Exposition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Belgium1910t13_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belgium1910t13-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exhibitions of <a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">hurling</a> were held there and at nearby at <a href="/wiki/Fontenoy,_Antoing" title="Fontenoy, Antoing">Fontenoy</a>, commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Brigade_(France)" title="Irish Brigade (France)">Irish Brigade</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fontenoy_(1745)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fontenoy (1745)">the 1745 battle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Celtic Union held further events up to the fifth Pan-Celtic congress 1913 in Ghent/Brussels/Namur.<sup id="cite_ref-Belgium1910t13_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belgium1910t13-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Paris, 1912 the "La Ligue Celtique Francaise" was launched and had a magazine called "La Poetique" which published news and literature from all around the Celtic world.<sup id="cite_ref-jsor_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jsor-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pan-Celticism_after_the_Easter_Rising">Pan-Celticism after the Easter Rising</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Celticism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pan-Celticism after the Easter Rising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Celtic nationalisms were boosted immensely by the Irish <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> of 1916, where a group of revolutionaries belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</a> struck militantly against the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> to assert an <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a>. Part of their political vision, building on earlier Irish-Ireland policies was a re-<a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a> of Ireland: that is to say a <a href="/wiki/De-colonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="De-colonisation">de-colonisation</a> of Anglo cultural, linguistic and economic hegemony and a re-assertion of the native Celtic culture. After the initial rising, their politics coalesced in Ireland around <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a>. In other Celtic nations, groups were founded holding similar views and voiced solidarity with Ireland during the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a>: this included the Breton-journal <i><a href="/wiki/Breiz_Atao" title="Breiz Atao">Breiz Atao</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Scots_National_League" title="Scots National League">Scots National League</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ruaraidh_Erskine" title="Ruaraidh Erskine">Ruaraidh Erskine</a> and various figures in Wales who would later go on to found <i><a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a></i>. The presence of <a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a> and the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in Russia taking place at the same time, also led some to imagine a Celtic <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>; an idea associated with Erskine, as well as the revolutionary <a href="/wiki/John_Maclean_(Scottish_socialist)" title="John Maclean (Scottish socialist)">John Maclean</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Gillies_(Scottish_politician)" title="William Gillies (Scottish politician)">William Gillies</a>. Erskine claimed the "<a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">collectivist</a> ethos in the Celtic past", had been, "undermined by Anglo-Saxon values of greed and selfishness." </p><p>The hope of some Celtic nationalists that a semi-independent Ireland could act as a springboard for <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">Irish Republican Army</a>-esque equivalents for their own nations and the "liberation" of the rest of the Celtosphere would prove a disappointment. A militant Scottish volunteer force founded by Gillies, <i><a href="/wiki/Fianna_na_hAlba" class="mw-redirect" title="Fianna na hAlba">Fianna na hAlba</a></i>; which like the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%93glaigh_na_h%C3%89ireann" title="Óglaigh na hÉireann">Óglaigh na hÉireann</a></i> advocated republicanism and Gaelic nationalism; was discouraged by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(Irish_leader)" title="Michael Collins (Irish leader)">Michael Collins</a> who advised Gillies that the British state was stronger in Scotland than Ireland and that public opinion was more against them. Once the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> was established, the ruling parties; <a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a>; were content to engage in inter-governmental <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomacy</a> with the British state in an effort to have returned the counties in Northern Ireland, rather than supporting Celtic nationalist militants within Britain. The Irish state, particularly under <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a> did make some effort on the cultural and linguistic front in regards to Pan-Celticism. For instance in the summer of 1947, the Irish <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> de Valera visited the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> and met with Manxman, <a href="/wiki/Ned_Maddrell" title="Ned Maddrell">Ned Maddrell</a>. While there he had the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Folklore_Commission" title="Irish Folklore Commission">Irish Folklore Commission</a> make recordings of the last, old, native <a href="/wiki/Manx_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx Gaelic">Manx Gaelic</a>-speakers, including Maddrell. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_initiatives_and_the_Celtic_League">Post-war initiatives and the Celtic League</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Celticism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-war initiatives and the Celtic League"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Combined_flag_of_the_Celtic_nations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Combined_flag_of_the_Celtic_nations.svg/250px-Combined_flag_of_the_Celtic_nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Combined_flag_of_the_Celtic_nations.svg/375px-Combined_flag_of_the_Celtic_nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Combined_flag_of_the_Celtic_nations.svg/500px-Combined_flag_of_the_Celtic_nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2360" data-file-height="1560" /></a><figcaption>A flag of the Celtic nations, which included the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Galicia" title="Flag of Galicia">flag of Galicia</a> in the top left corner. They are today, generally not considered a Celtic nation.</figcaption></figure> <p>A group called "Aontacht na gCeilteach" (Celtic Unity) was set up to promote the pan-Celtic vision in November 1942. It was headed by Éamonn Mac Murchadha. <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a> believed it to be a secret front for the Irish fascist party <a href="/wiki/Ailtiri_na_hAiseirghe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ailtiri na hAiseirghe">Ailtiri na hAiseirghe</a> and was to serve as "a rallying point for Irish, Scottish, Welsh and Breton nationalists". The group had the same postal address as the party. At its foundation the group stated that "the present system is utterly repugnant to the celtic conception of life" and called for a new order based upon a "distinctive celtic philosophy". Ailtiri na hAiseirghe itself had a pan-Celtic vision and had established contacts with pro-Welsh independence political party <a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a> and Scottish independence activist <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Wood_(artist)" title="Wendy Wood (artist)">Wendy Wood</a>. One day the party covered South Dublin city with posters saying "Rhyddid i Gymru" (Freedom for Wales)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cb_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cb-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rhisiart_Tal-e-bot" title="Rhisiart Tal-e-bot">Rhisiart Tal-e-bot</a>, former President of the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Alliance_Youth" title="European Free Alliance Youth">European Free Alliance Youth</a> is a member.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cb_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cb-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rejuvenation of Irish republicanism during the post-war period and into <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a> had some inspiration not only for other Celtic nationalists, but militant nationalists from other "small nations", such as the Basques with the <a href="/wiki/ETA_(separatist_group)" title="ETA (separatist group)">ETA</a>. Indeed, this was particularly pertinent to the secessionist nationalisms of Spain, as the era of <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a> was coming to a close. As well as this, there was renewed interest in all things Celtic in the 1960s and 1970s. In a less militant fashion, elements within <a href="/wiki/Galician_nationalism" title="Galician nationalism">Galician nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asturian_nationalism" title="Asturian nationalism">Asturian nationalism</a> began to court Pan-Celticism, attending the <i><a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a> at <a href="/wiki/Killarney" title="Killarney">Killarney</a>, as well as joining the International Section of the Celtic League.<sup id="cite_ref-gal_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gal-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this region had once been under <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Celts" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian Celts">Iberian Celts</a>, had a strong resonance in Gaelic mythology (i.e. – <a href="/wiki/Breog%C3%A1n" title="Breogán">Breogán</a>) and even during the Early Middle Ages had a small enclave of Celtic Briton emigrants at <a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a> (similar to the case with Brittany), no Celtic language had been spoken there since the eighth century and today they speak <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Romance languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the so-called "Galician crisis" of 1986,<sup id="cite_ref-gal_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gal-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Galicians were admitted to the Celtic League as a Celtic nation (Paul Mosson had argued for their inclusion in <i><a href="/wiki/Carn" title="Carn">Carn</a></i> since 1980).<sup id="cite_ref-gal_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gal-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was subsequently overturned the following year, as the Celtic League reaffirmed the Celtic languages as the integral and defining factor in what is a Celtic nation.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Celticism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Brexit_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="Brexit referendum">Brexit referendum</a> there were calls for Pan-Celtic Unity. In November 2016, the <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister of Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Sturgeon" title="Nicola Sturgeon">Nicola Sturgeon</a> stated the idea of a "Celtic Corridor" of the island of Ireland and Scotland appealed to her.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2019 the leader of the Welsh nationalist <a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a> party, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Price" title="Adam Price">Adam Price</a> spoke in favour of cooperation among the Celtic nations of Britain and Ireland following Brexit. Among his proposals were a Celtic Development Bank for joint infrastructure and investment projects in energy, transport and communications in Ireland, Wales, Scotland, and the Isle of Man, and the foundation of a Celtic union, the structure of which is already existent in the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a> according to Price. Speaking to RTÉ, the Irish national broadcaster he proposed Wales and Ireland working together to promote the indigenous languages of each nation.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blogger Owen Donavan published, on his blog <i>State of Wales</i>, his views on a Celtic confederation, "a voluntary union of sovereign nation-states – between Ireland, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The Isle of Man would presumably be a candidate for inclusion too. Cornwall and Brittany could be added as future members if they can attain a measure of self-government." He also considered a Celtic Council, a similar co-operation that was proposed by Adam Price.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Journalist Jamie Dalgety has also proposed the concept of a Celtic Union involving Scotland and Ireland but suggests that lack of support for Welsh independence may mean that a Gaelic Celtic Union involving may be more appropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bangor University lecturer and journalist, Ifan Morgan Jones has suggested that "a short-term fix for Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland might be a greater degree of cooperation with each other, as a union within a union." he also suggested that "If they could find a way of working together in their mutual interest, that’s a fair degree of combined influence, particular if the next General Election produces a hung parliament."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-Celticism">Anti-Celticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Celticism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Anti-Celticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A movement among some archeologists known as "Celtoscepticism" emerged from the late 1980s, through the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This school of thought, initiated by <a href="/wiki/John_Collis" title="John Collis">John Collis</a> sought to undermine the basis of Celticism and cast doubts on the legitimacy of the very concept or any usage of the term "Celts". This strain of thought was particularly hostile to all but <a href="/wiki/Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">archaeological</a> evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Partly a reaction to the rise in Celtic devolutionist tendencies, these scholars were opposed to describing the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> people of Britain as Celtic Britons and even disliked the use of the phrase Celtic in describing the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic language">Celtic language</a> family.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Collis, an Englishman from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, was hostile to the methodology of German professor <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Kossinna" title="Gustaf Kossinna">Gustaf Kossinna</a> and was hostile to Celts as an ethnic identity coalescing around a concept of hereditary ancestry, culture and language (claiming this was "racist"). Aside from this Collis was hostile to the use of <a href="/wiki/Classical_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical literature">Classical literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a> as a source for the Iron Age period, as exemplified by Celtic scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Barry_Cunliffe" title="Barry Cunliffe">Barry Cunliffe</a>. Throughout the duration of the debate on the historicity of the ancient Celts, <a href="/wiki/John_T._Koch" title="John T. Koch">John T. Koch</a> stated that it is "the scientific fact of a Celtic family of languages that has weathered unscathed the Celtosceptic controversy."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Collis was not the only figure in this field. The two other figures most prominent in the field were Malcolm Chapman with his <i>The Celts: The Construction of a Myth</i> (1992) and <a href="/wiki/Simon_James_(archaeologist)" title="Simon James (archaeologist)">Simon James</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">University of Leicester</a> with his <i>The Atlantic Celts: Ancient People or Modern Invention?</i> (1999).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, James engaged in a particularly heated exchange with <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Megaw" title="Vincent Megaw">Vincent Megaw</a> (and his wife Ruth) on the pages of <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquity_(journal)" title="Antiquity (journal)">Antiquity</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-james_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-james-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Megaws (along with others such as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Berresford_Ellis" title="Peter Berresford Ellis">Peter Berresford Ellis</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suspected a politically motivated agenda; driven by <a href="/wiki/English_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="English nationalist">English nationalist</a> resentment and anxiety at <a href="/wiki/British_Imperial" class="mw-redirect" title="British Imperial">British Imperial</a> decline; in the whole premise of Celtosceptic theorists (such as Chapman, <a href="/wiki/Nick_Merriman" title="Nick Merriman">Nick Merriman</a> and J. D. Hill) and that the anti-Celtic position was a reaction to the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Assembly">Welsh Assembly</a>. For his part, James stepped forward to defend his fellow Celtosceptics, claiming that their rejection of the Celtic idea was politically motivated, but invoked "<a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a>" and sought to <a href="/wiki/Deconstructionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Deconstructionism">deconstruct</a> the past and imagine it as more "diverse", rather than a Celtic uniformity.<sup id="cite_ref-james_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-james-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attempts to identify a distinct Celtic Race were made by the "Harvard Archaeological Mission to Ireland" in the 1930s, led by <a href="/wiki/Earnest_Hooton" title="Earnest Hooton">Earnest Hooton</a>, which drew the conclusions needed by its sponsor-government. The findings were vague and did not stand up to scrutiny, and were not pursued after 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genetic studies by <a href="/wiki/David_Reich_(geneticist)" title="David Reich (geneticist)">David Reich</a> suggest that the Celtic areas had three major population changes, and that the last group in the Iron Age, who spoke Celtic languages, had arrived in about 1000 BCE, after the building of iconic supposedly-Celtic monuments like <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newgrange" title="Newgrange">Newgrange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reich confirmed that the Indo-European root of the Celtic languages reflected a population shift, and was not just a linguistic adoption. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manifestations">Manifestations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Celticism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Manifestations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pan-Celticism can operate on one or all of the following levels listed below: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistics">Linguistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Celticism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Linguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">Linguistic</a> organisations promote linguistic ties, notably the <a href="/wiki/Gorsedd" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorsedd">Gorsedd</a> in Wales, <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish government">Irish government</a>-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Columba_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Columba Initiative">Columba Initiative</a> between Ireland and Scotland. Often, there is a split here between the Irish, Scots and Manx, who use Q-Celtic <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic languages</a>, and the Welsh, Cornish and Bretons, who speak P-Celtic <a href="/wiki/Brythonic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Brythonic languages">Brythonic languages</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Celticism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:280px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Our blossom is red as the life's blood we shed<br />For Liberty's cause against alien laws<br />When <a href="/wiki/Donald_Cameron_of_Lochiel" title="Donald Cameron of Lochiel">Lochiel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_O%27Neill,_Earl_of_Tyrone" title="Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone">O'Neill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Llewellyn_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Llewellyn the Great">Llewellyn</a> drew steel<br />For Alba and Erin and Cambria's weal<br /><br />The flower of the free, the heather, the heather<br />The Bretons and Scots and Irish together<br />The Manx and the Welsh and Cornish forever<br />Six nations are we all Celtic and free!<br /><br /> </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Alfred_Perceval_Graves" title="Alfred Perceval Graves">Alfred Perceval Graves</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_Celts" title="Song of the Celts">Song of the Celts</a></i>.</cite></p> </div> <p>Music is a notable aspect of Celtic cultural links. Inter-Celtic festivals have been gaining popularity, and some of the most notable include those at <a href="/wiki/Lorient" title="Lorient">Lorient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ortigueira" title="Ortigueira">Ortigueira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Killarney" title="Killarney">Killarney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilkenny" title="Kilkenny">Kilkenny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Letterkenny" title="Letterkenny">Letterkenny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Connections" title="Celtic Connections">Celtic Connections</a> in Glasgow.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Celticism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wrestling">Wrestling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Celticism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Wrestling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are similarities across Celtic wrestling styles, with many commentators suggesting that this indicates they stem from a common style.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacket_1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacket_1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Middle Ages it is known that the "champions from the Emerald Isle (the Green Island or Ireland) met the Cornish regularly to wrestle".<sup id="cite_ref-Jacket_1_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacket_1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Irish style is known as <a href="/wiki/Collar-and-elbow" title="Collar-and-elbow">Collar-and-elbow</a> wrestling and uses a "jacket" as does <a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a>. This was still true in the 1800s when Irish champions regularly came to London to wrestle Cornish and Devonian champions.<sup id="cite_ref-G25091826_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G25091826-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WD23111828_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WD23111828-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BookofSport_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BookofSport-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MA30051849_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MA30051849-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cornwall and Brittany have similar wrestling styles (<a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a> respectively). There have been matches between wrestlers in these styles over centuries. For example, in 1551 between Cornish soldiers, involved with <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a>'s investing <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henri II</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a>, and Breton "farmers".<sup id="cite_ref-Jacket_1_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacket_1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is folklore that fishing disputes between Cornish and Breton fishermen were settled with wrestling matches.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacket_1_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacket_1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More formally Inter-Celtic championships between Cornwall and Brittany started in 1928, but became less frequent since the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacket_1_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacket_1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WM27081929_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WM27081929-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CG30081928_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CG30081928-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Celtic wrestling championship started in 1985 comprising <a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Backhold" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Backhold">Scottish Backhold</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_and_Westmorland_wrestling" title="Cumberland and Westmorland wrestling">Cumberland and Westmorland wrestling</a> and sometimes other styles such as <a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacket_1_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacket_1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Teams that have competed in the Celtic wrestling championship include: </p> <ul><li>Brittany</li> <li>Canaries</li> <li>Cornwall</li> <li>England</li> <li>Fryslan</li> <li>Iceland</li> <li>Ireland</li> <li>Leon</li> <li>Salzburg</li> <li>Sardinia</li> <li>Scotland</li> <li>Sweden<sup id="cite_ref-Jacket_1_49-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacket_1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hurling_and_Shinty">Hurling and Shinty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Celticism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hurling and Shinty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ireland and Scotland play each other at <a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">hurling</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">shinty</a> <a href="/wiki/Composite_rules_shinty-hurling" class="mw-redirect" title="Composite rules shinty-hurling">internationals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Handball">Handball</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Celticism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Handball"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with Hurling and Shinty, <a href="/wiki/Irish_handball" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish handball">Irish handball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_handball" title="Welsh handball">Welsh handball</a> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Pêl-Law</i>) share an ancient Celtic origin, but over the centuries they developed into two separate sports with different rules and international organisations. </p><p>Informal inter-Celtic matches were very likely a feature of industrial southern Wales in the nineteenth century, with Irish immigrant workers said to have enjoyed playing the Welsh game. However, attempts to play formal inter-Celtic matches would only begin after the formation of The Welsh Handball Association in 1987. The association was tasked with playing international matches against nations with similar sports such as Ireland, USA (<a href="/wiki/American_Handball" class="mw-redirect" title="American Handball">American Handball</a>) and England (<a href="/wiki/Fives" title="Fives">Fives</a>). To facilitate international competition, a new set of rules were devised, and even Wales' most famous Pêl-Law court (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_handball#The_Nelson_Court" title="Welsh handball">The Nelson Court</a>) was given new markings, more in-keeping with the Irish game.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meaningful Welsh-Irish matches finally became a reality in October 1994, with "The One Wall World Championships" held in Dublin and an inaugural "European One Wall Handball Tournament" held at three courts across southern Wales the following May.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1990s were the high point for these inter-Celtic rivalries. The success of Wales' Lee Davies (World Champion in 1997) saw large crowds and high public interest. In recent years however, the decline of handball in Wales has resulted in little interest in inter-Celtic competition.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rugby">Rugby</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Celticism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Rugby"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Pan-Celtic rugby tournament had been the subject of intermittent discussions throughout the early years of professionalism. The first material steps toward a Pan-Celtic league were taken in the 1999–2000 season, when the Scottish districts <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Rugby" title="Edinburgh Rugby">Edinburgh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Warriors" title="Glasgow Warriors">Glasgow</a> were invited to join the fully professional <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Premier_Division" title="Welsh Premier Division">Welsh Premier Division</a>, creating the <a href="/wiki/Welsh%E2%80%93Scottish_League" title="Welsh–Scottish League">Welsh–Scottish League</a>. In 2001, the four provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rugby_Football_Union" title="Irish Rugby Football Union">Irish Rugby Football Union</a> (IRFU) joined, with the new format being named the <b>Celtic League</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, the tournament is known as the <a href="/wiki/United_Rugby_Championship" title="United Rugby Championship">United Rugby Championship</a>, and has since expanded into Italy and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, with no plans for expansion into the other Celtic nations. However, inter-Celtic rivalries continue within the league, under the legal name of the body running the competition <i>Celtic Rugby DAC</i>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rugby_union" title="Women's rugby union">Women's rugby union</a>, The IRFU, WRU and SRU established the Celtic Challenge competition in 2023. While the first tournament was contested by one team from each nation (Combined Provinces XV, Welsh Developmment XV and the Thistles), it is hoped that the tournament will expand to six competing teams (two from each union) in 2024, with further expansions planned over the next 3 to 5 years.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political">Political</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Celticism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Political"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Political groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_League_(political_organisation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic League (political organisation)">Celtic League</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a> have co-operated at some levels in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and Plaid Cymru has asked questions in Parliament about Cornwall and cooperates with <a href="/wiki/Mebyon_Kernow" title="Mebyon Kernow">Mebyon Kernow</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Brittany" title="Regional Council of Brittany">Regional Council of Brittany</a>, the governing body of the <a href="/wiki/Brittany_(administrative_region)" title="Brittany (administrative region)">Region of Brittany</a>, has developed formal cultural links with the Welsh <a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a> and there are fact-finding missions. Political pan-Celticism can be taken to include everything from a full federation of independent Celtic states, to occasional political visits. During <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional IRA">Provisional IRA</a> adopted a policy of not mounting attacks in Scotland and Wales, as they viewed England alone as the colonial force occupying Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-pittock_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pittock-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was also possibly influenced by the IRA chief of staff <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_St%C3%ADof%C3%A1in" title="Seán Mac Stíofáin">Seán Mac Stíofáin</a> (John Stephenson), a London-born republican with pan-Celtic views.<sup id="cite_ref-pittock_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pittock-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023 a 'Celtic Forum' took place in Brittany. Attendees included First Minister of Wales <a href="/wiki/Mark_Drakeford" title="Mark Drakeford">Mark Drakeford</a>, Deputy First Minister of Scotland, <a href="/wiki/Shona_Robinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Shona Robinson">Shona Robinson</a>, Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Cornwall_Council" title="Cornwall Council">Cornwall Council</a>, Linda Taylor, Republic of Ireland Ambassador to France, Niall Burgess and <a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%AFg_Chesnais-Girard" title="Loïg Chesnais-Girard">Loïg Chesnais-Girard</a>, the President of the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Brittany" title="Regional Council of Brittany">Regional Council of Brittany</a>. Political representatives from <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> were also present. Drakeford described the forum as "an excellent opportunity to come together as Celtic nations and regions, to build on our cultural and historical links and seek out areas for future collaboration, such as marine energy."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Town_twinnings">Town twinnings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Celticism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Town twinnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Town_twinning" class="mw-redirect" title="Town twinning">Town twinning</a> is common between Wales – Brittany and Ireland – Brittany, covering hundreds of communities, with exchanges of local politicians, choirs, dancers and school groups.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_connections">Historical connections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Celticism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Historical connections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">History of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">History of Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">History of the Isle of Man</a></div> <p>The kingdom of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> overkingdom on the western seaboard of Scotland with some territory on the northern coasts of Ireland. In the late sixth and early seventh century it encompassed roughly what is now <a href="/wiki/Argyll_and_Bute" title="Argyll and Bute">Argyll and Bute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lochaber" title="Lochaber">Lochaber</a> in Scotland and also <a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">County Antrim</a> in Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-OxfordCompanion1_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxfordCompanion1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As recently as the 13th century, "members of the Scottish elite were still proud to proclaim their Gaelic-Irish origins and identified Ireland as the homeland of the Scots."<sup id="cite_ref-Making_the_Caledonian_Connection_P4_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Making_the_Caledonian_Connection_P4-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 14th century Scottish King <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert the Bruce</a> asserted a common identity for Ireland and Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-Making_the_Caledonian_Connection_P4_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Making_the_Caledonian_Connection_P4-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in later medieval times, Irish and Scottish interests diverged for a number of reasons, and the two peoples grew estranged.<sup id="cite_ref-Making_the_Caledonian_Connection_p4-8_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Making_the_Caledonian_Connection_p4-8-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conversion of the Scots to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> was one factor.<sup id="cite_ref-Making_the_Caledonian_Connection_p4-8_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Making_the_Caledonian_Connection_p4-8-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stronger political position of Scotland in relation to England was another.<sup id="cite_ref-Making_the_Caledonian_Connection_p4-8_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Making_the_Caledonian_Connection_p4-8-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disparate economic fortunes of the two was a third reason; by the 1840s Scotland was one of the richest areas in the world and Ireland one of the poorest.<sup id="cite_ref-Making_the_Caledonian_Connection_p4-8_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Making_the_Caledonian_Connection_p4-8-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the centuries there was considerable migration between Ireland and Scotland, primarily as Scots <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestants</a> took part in the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Plantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Plantation">plantation of Ulster</a> in the 17th century and then later, as many Irish began to be evicted from their homes, some emigrating to Scottish cities in the 19th century to escape the "<a href="/wiki/Irish_famine" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish famine">Irish famine</a>". Recently the field of Irish-Scottish studies has developed considerably, with the Irish-Scottish Academic Initiative (ISAI) founded in 1995. To date, three international conferences have been held in Ireland and Scotland, in 1997, 2000 and 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisations">Organisations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Celticism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The International Celtic Congress is a non-political cultural organisation that promotes the Celtic language in the six nations of Ireland, Scotland, Brittany, Wales, Isle of Man and Cornwall.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a>, is a Pan-Celtic political organization.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Celtic_regions/countries"><span id="Celtic_regions.2Fcountries"></span>Celtic regions/countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Celticism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Celtic regions/countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kelten_Austria.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kelten_Austria.png/300px-Kelten_Austria.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kelten_Austria.png/450px-Kelten_Austria.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kelten_Austria.png/600px-Kelten_Austria.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="1495" /></a><figcaption>The Celtic Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a> covering most of present Austria in 1 A.D.</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of Europeans from the central and western regions of the continent have some Celtic ancestry. As such it is generally claimed that the 'litmus test' of Celticism is a surviving Celtic language<sup id="cite_ref-Celtic_dawn:_the_dream_of_Celtic_unity_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Celtic_dawn:_the_dream_of_Celtic_unity-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was on this criterion that the Celtic league rejected <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>. The following regions have a surviving Celtic language and it on this criterion that they are considered, by The Pan Celtic Congress in 1904 and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_League_(political_organisation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic League (political organisation)">Celtic League</a>, to be the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Celtic_dawn:_the_dream_of_Celtic_unity_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Celtic_dawn:_the_dream_of_Celtic_unity-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> <p>Other regions with Celtic heritage are: </p> <ul><li>Austria<sup id="cite_ref-Carl_Waldman_2006._P._42_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carl_Waldman_2006._P._42-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – Within the famous <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt cultural</a> region – possible home of the Celts.</li> <li>Czech Republic – Home of the Boii (Boiohaemum – <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>)</li> <li>England<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li>France – Known previously, in classical times, as Gallia/Gaul. Classical writings on Gaul and its native Celtic tribes are the most extensive literature we have from the time.</li> <li>Northern Italy, known as <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a>, was inhabited by populations of Celtic lineage.</li> <li>Portugal – Home to the <a href="/wiki/Lusitani" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusitani">Lusitani</a>, Gallaecian, <a href="/wiki/Turdetani" title="Turdetani">Turdetani</a> and other Celtic tribes.</li> <li>Spain – A large portion of the Iberian peninsula was inhabited by Celtic tribes. Spain and Portugal has been hypothesized as the place of origin of the Celts by Professor John Koch, of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales" title="University of Wales">University of Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a><sup id="cite_ref-Celtic_dawn:_the_dream_of_Celtic_unity_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Celtic_dawn:_the_dream_of_Celtic_unity-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Map_of_Celtic_regions_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Map_of_Celtic_regions-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – the principality of Asturias was named after the <a href="/wiki/Astures" title="Astures">Astur</a> Celtic tribe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabria" title="Cantabria">Cantabria</a> – The current autonomous community (former duchy) was named after the <a href="/wiki/Cantabri" title="Cantabri">Cantabri</a> tribe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Celtic_dawn:_the_dream_of_Celtic_unity_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Celtic_dawn:_the_dream_of_Celtic_unity-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (with <a href="/wiki/Norte_Region,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Norte Region, Portugal">North Portugal</a><sup id="cite_ref-Map_of_Celtic_regions_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Map_of_Celtic_regions-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) – together as Gallaecia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Castile and León">Castile and León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilla%E2%80%93La_Mancha" title="Castilla–La Mancha">Castilla–La Mancha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Madrid" title="Community of Madrid">Community of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turdetani" title="Turdetani">Turdetani</a> and other tribes)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> Historical part of Celtic Kingdom of Noricum</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Celts_outside_Europe">Celts outside Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Celticism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Celts outside Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Areas_with_a_Celtic_language_speaking_population">Areas with a Celtic language speaking population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Celticism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Areas with a Celtic language speaking population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are notable <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a> speaking enclaves in <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a> region of Argentina has a sizeable Welsh speaking population. The Welsh settlement in Argentina started in 1865 and is known as <a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Celtic_diaspora">The Celtic diaspora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Celticism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: The Celtic diaspora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Celtic <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Americas</a>, as well as New Zealand and Australia, is significant and organised enough that there are numerous organisations, cultural festivals and university-level language classes available in major cities throughout these regions.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Family_Magazine" title="Celtic Family Magazine">Celtic Family Magazine</a> is a nationally distributed publication providing news, art, and history on Celtic people and their descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Irish <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_games" title="Gaelic games">Gaelic games</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">hurling</a> are played across the world and are organised by the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association" title="Gaelic Athletic Association">Gaelic Athletic Association</a> while the Scottish game <a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">shinty</a> has seen recent growth in the <a href="/wiki/Shinty_in_the_United_States" title="Shinty in the United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline_of_Pan-Celticism">Timeline of Pan-Celticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Celticism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Timeline of Pan-Celticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>J.T. Koch observes that modern Pan-Celticism arose in the contest of European romantic pan-nationalism, and like other pan-nationist movements, flourished mainly before the First World War.<sup id="cite_ref-Koch_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sees twentieth century efforts in this regard as possibly arising out of a post-modern search for identity in the face of increased industrialization, urbanization and technology. </p> <ul><li>1820: The Royal Celtic Society founded in Scotland<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1838: First Celtic Congress called <i>Pan-Celtic Congress</i>, <a href="/wiki/Abergavenny" title="Abergavenny">Abergavenny</a><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1867: Second Celtic Congress, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Brieuc" title="Saint-Brieuc">Saint-Brieuc</a><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1888: Pan-Celtic Society formed in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a><sup id="cite_ref-The_Pan-Celtic_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Pan-Celtic-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1891:Pan-Celtic Society disbands<sup id="cite_ref-The_Pan-Celtic_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Pan-Celtic-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1919–1922: <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a>, five-sixths of Ireland becomes independent, Northern Ireland gets devolved government</li> <li>1939–1945: <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> and German occupation of Brittany</li> <li>1947: Celtic Union formed<sup id="cite_ref-Capital_Scot_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capital_Scot-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1950: Collapse of Celtic Union<sup id="cite_ref-Capital_Scot_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capital_Scot-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1950: Cornwall hosts its first Celtic congress<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1961: Modern <a href="/wiki/Celtic_League_(political_organisation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic League (political organisation)">Celtic League</a> founded at <a href="/wiki/Rhosllanerchrugog" title="Rhosllanerchrugog">Rhosllanerchrugog</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1971: Killarney <a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a> begins<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Columba_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Columba Initiative">Columba Initiative</a> begins<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Assembly">Welsh Assembly</a><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> open</li> <li>2000: The <a href="/wiki/Cornish_Constitutional_Convention" title="Cornish Constitutional Convention">Cornish Constitutional Convention</a> is formed<sup id="cite_ref-Cornish_Constitutional_Convention_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornish_Constitutional_Convention-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2000–2001:The <a href="/wiki/Cornish_Constitutional_Convention" title="Cornish Constitutional Convention">Cornish Constitutional Convention</a> collect over 50,000 signatures endorsing the call for a <a href="/wiki/Cornish_Assembly" title="Cornish Assembly">Cornish Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornish_Constitutional_Convention_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornish_Constitutional_Convention-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Celticism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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Gaulle (poet)">Charles de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Stuart-Glennie" title="John Stuart Stuart-Glennie">John Stuart Stuart-Glennie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Douglas" title="Mona Douglas">Mona Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Jenkin" title="Richard Jenkin">Richard Jenkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruaraidh_Erskine" title="Ruaraidh Erskine">Ruaraidh Erskine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Morrison" title="Sophia Morrison">Sophia Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Claude_Henri,_vicomte_Hersart_de_la_Villemarqu%C3%A9" title="Théodore Claude Henri, vicomte Hersart de la Villemarqué">Théodore Hersart de la Villemarqué</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Celticism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The current of <a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">neo-Druidism</a>, deriving from the writings of the likes of William Stukeley and Iolo Morganwag, had its origins more in the milieu of <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">freemasonry</a> than any lineal connection to the ancient Celtic Druids and their culture, which survived latest in the Gaelic world with the <i><a href="/wiki/Fil%C3%AD" title="Filí">filí</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">seanchaí</a></i> (existing alongside Christianity). Thus neo-paganism had a very limited appeal to most people in Celtic nations, instead being largely English and Welsh based. English-based quasi-masonic groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Order_of_Druids" title="Ancient Order of Druids">Ancient Order of Druids</a> provided the inspiration for Iolo's <i>Gorsedd</i>. Later masonic groups and writers such as <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Higgins" title="Godfrey Higgins">Godfrey Higgins</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wentworth_Little" title="Robert Wentworth Little">Robert Wentworth Little</a>'s Ancient and Archaeological Order of Druids, were English founded or based.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Due to the all-but-extinction of the <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish language</a>, the movement of <a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalism</a> would not be included within the Pan-Celtic Congress until 1904, after <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jenner" title="Henry Jenner">Henry Jenner</a> and <a href="/wiki/L._C._R._Duncombe-Jewell" class="mw-redirect" title="L. C. R. Duncombe-Jewell">L. C. R. Duncombe-Jewell</a> of the Cornish Celtic Society made their argument to the Celtic Association. Cornwall ("K") was subsequently added to the <i>Lia Cineil</i> and the Cornish have been recognised as the sixth Celtic nation ever since.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Celticism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Celtic_dawn:_the_dream_of_Celtic_unity-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Celtic_dawn:_the_dream_of_Celtic_unity_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Celtic_dawn:_the_dream_of_Celtic_unity_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Celtic_dawn:_the_dream_of_Celtic_unity_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Celtic_dawn:_the_dream_of_Celtic_unity_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Celtic_dawn:_the_dream_of_Celtic_unity_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Celtic_dawn:_the_dream_of_Celtic_unity_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Celtic_dawn:_the_dream_of_Celtic_unity_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Celtic_dawn:_the_dream_of_Celtic_unity_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEllis,_Peter_Berresford2002" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Peter Berresford (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zN1MfPvZS_EC&q=Pan-celtic%20Movement&pg=PP1"><i>Celtic dawn: the dream of Celtic unity</i></a>. Y Lolfa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780862436438" title="Special:BookSources/9780862436438"><bdi>9780862436438</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+dawn%3A+the+dream+of+Celtic+unity&rft.pub=Y+Lolfa&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780862436438&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Peter+Berresford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzN1MfPvZS_EC%26q%3DPan-celtic%2520Movement%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carl_Waldman_2006._P._42-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carl_Waldman_2006._P._42_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carl_Waldman_2006._P._42_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carl_Waldman_2006._P._42_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Waldman, Catherine Mason. <i>Encyclopedia of European Peoples</i>. Infobase Publishing, 2006. P. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter J. Moore. <i>Schrödinger: Life and Thought</i>. Cambridge, England, UK: Press Syndicate of Cambridge University Press, 1989. p.373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin Duffy. Who Were the Celts? Barnes & Noble Publishing, 1996. P. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-celtfrance-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-celtfrance_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-celtfrance_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFenn2001">Fenn 2001</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hay-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hay_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hay_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaywood2014">Haywood 2014</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Donnell2008">O'Donnell 2008</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moth-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-moth_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-moth_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMotherway2016">Motherway 2016</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-De_Barra-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-De_Barra_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-De_Barra_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Barra2018" class="citation book cs1">De Barra, Caoimhín (2018). <i>The Coming of the Celts, AD 1860: Celtic Nationalism in Ireland and Wales</i>. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780268103378" title="Special:BookSources/9780268103378"><bdi>9780268103378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coming+of+the+Celts%2C+AD+1860%3A+Celtic+Nationalism+in+Ireland+and+Wales&rft.place=Notre+Dame&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780268103378&rft.aulast=De+Barra&rft.aufirst=Caoimh%C3%ADn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlatt2011">Platt 2011</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jsor-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jsor_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jsor_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jsor_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jsor_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStover2012" class="citation journal cs1">Stover, Justin Dolan (2012). "Modern Celtic Nationalism in the Period of the Great War: Establishing Transnational Connections". <i>Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium</i>. <b>32</b>: 286–301. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23630944">23630944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Harvard+Celtic+Colloquium&rft.atitle=Modern+Celtic+Nationalism+in+the+Period+of+the+Great+War%3A+Establishing+Transnational+Connections&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=286-301&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23630944%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stover&rft.aufirst=Justin+Dolan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-two-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-two_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-two_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-two_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-two_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-two_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlatt2011">Platt 2011</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-platt-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-platt_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-platt_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlatt2011">Platt 2011</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plattt-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plattt_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plattt_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlatt2011">Platt 2011</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Barra2018" class="citation book cs1">De Barra, Caoimhín (30 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QsJNDwAAQBAJ&q=pan+celticism+patrick+pearse&pg=PT198"><i>The Coming of the Celts, AD 1862: Celtic Nationalism in Ireland and Wales</i></a>. University of Notre Dame Press. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780268103408" title="Special:BookSources/9780268103408"><bdi>9780268103408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coming+of+the+Celts%2C+AD+1862%3A+Celtic+Nationalism+in+Ireland+and+Wales&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=2018-03-30&rft.isbn=9780268103408&rft.aulast=De+Barra&rft.aufirst=Caoimh%C3%ADn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQsJNDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dpan%2Bcelticism%2Bpatrick%2Bpearse%26pg%3DPT198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theirishstory.com/2013/04/17/connections-across-the-north-channel-ruaraidh-erskine-and-irish-influence-in-scottish-discontent-1906-1920/">"Connections across the North Channel: Ruaraidh Erskine and Irish Influence in Scottish Discontent, 1906-1920"</a>. 17 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Connections+across+the+North+Channel%3A+Ruaraidh+Erskine+and+Irish+Influence+in+Scottish+Discontent%2C+1906-1920&rft.date=2013-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theirishstory.com%2F2013%2F04%2F17%2Fconnections-across-the-north-channel-ruaraidh-erskine-and-irish-influence-in-scottish-discontent-1906-1920%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/celts-divided-by-more-than-the-irish-sea-1.3705930">"Celts divided by more than the Irish Sea"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Celts+divided+by+more+than+the+Irish+Sea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2Fcelts-divided-by-more-than-the-irish-sea-1.3705930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2513&dat=19071018&id=fBxHAAAAIBAJ&pg=3671,2679906">"Meriden Morning Record – Google News Archive Search"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meriden+Morning+Record+%E2%80%93+Google+News+Archive+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D2513%26dat%3D19071018%26id%3DfBxHAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3671%2C2679906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Barra 2018 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QsJNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT295">p. 295</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belgium1910t13-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Belgium1910t13_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Belgium1910t13_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Leary1986" class="citation journal cs1">O'Leary, Philip (1986). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Children of the Same Mother": Gaelic Relations with the Other Celtic Revival Movements 1882–1916". <i>Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium</i>. <b>6</b>: 106. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1545-0155">1545-0155</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20557176">20557176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Harvard+Celtic+Colloquium&rft.atitle=%22Children+of+the+Same+Mother%22%3A+Gaelic+Relations+with+the+Other+Celtic+Revival+Movements+1882%E2%80%931916&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=106&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20557176%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1545-0155&rft.aulast=O%27Leary&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bibliotheque.idbe.bzh/data/cle_119/Bulletin_de_lUnion_Celtique_1911_nA_1_.pdf#page=4">"Union Celtique"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Pan-Celtic Quarterly</i> (1). Brussels: Union Celtique: 7–8. 1911<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pan-Celtic+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Union+Celtique&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-8&rft.date=1911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbibliotheque.idbe.bzh%2Fdata%2Fcle_119%2FBulletin_de_lUnion_Celtique_1911_nA_1_.pdf%23page%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/revueceltique34pari/page/353/mode/1up">"Chronique: XIII [Congrės pan-celtique à Gand]"</a>. <i>Revue Celtique</i> (in French). <b>34</b>. Paris: Honoré Champion: 353. 1913.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+Celtique&rft.atitle=Chronique%3A+XIII+%5BCongr%C4%97s+pan-celtique+%C3%A0+Gand%5D&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=353&rft.date=1913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frevueceltique34pari%2Fpage%2F353%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1966" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Raymond (1966). <i>Decades of Glory: A Comprehensive History of the National Game</i>. Little & McClean. p. 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decades+of+Glory%3A+A+Comprehensive+History+of+the+National+Game&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Little+%26+McClean&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Architects of Resurrection: Ailtiri na hAiserighe and the fascist 'new order' in Ireland by R. M. Douglas (pg 271)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cb-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cb_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cb_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittock1999" class="citation book cs1">Pittock, Murray (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dv0yf-tgCocC&q=sean+macstiofain+pan+celt&pg=PA111"><i>Celtic Identity and the British Image</i></a>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719058264" title="Special:BookSources/9780719058264"><bdi>9780719058264</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Identity+and+the+British+Image&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780719058264&rft.aulast=Pittock&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDv0yf-tgCocC%26q%3Dsean%2Bmacstiofain%2Bpan%2Bcelt%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g77jAAAAMAAJ&q=Yann+Fou%C3%A9r%C3%A9++celtic+league">"Resurgence"</a>. 1966.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resurgence&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg77jAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DYann%2BFou%25C3%25A9r%25C3%25A9%2B%2Bceltic%2Bleague&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2014" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Derek R. (1 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XgakBAAAQBAJ&q=robert+dunstone+mebyon+kernow&pg=PA14"><i>Following 'An Gof': Leonard Truran, Cornish Activist and Publisher</i></a>. The Cornovia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781908878113" title="Special:BookSources/9781908878113"><bdi>9781908878113</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Following+%27An+Gof%27%3A+Leonard+Truran%2C+Cornish+Activist+and+Publisher&rft.pub=The+Cornovia+Press&rft.date=2014-07-01&rft.isbn=9781908878113&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Derek+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXgakBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Drobert%2Bdunstone%2Bmebyon%2Bkernow%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Luain2008" class="citation web cs1">Ó Luain, Cathal (13 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abp.bzh/celtic-league-general-secretary-in-udb-interview-12491">"Celtic League: General Secretary in Udb Interview"</a>. <i>Agence Bretagne Presse</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agence+Bretagne+Presse&rft.atitle=Celtic+League%3A+General+Secretary+in+Udb+Interview&rft.date=2008-10-13&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Luain&rft.aufirst=Cathal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabp.bzh%2Fceltic-league-general-secretary-in-udb-interview-12491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_William_White2006" class="citation book cs1">Robert William White (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ukzbp2i3TvgC&q=ruairi+o+bradaigh+celtic+league&pg=PA249"><i>Ruairí Ó Brádaigh: The Life and Politics of an Irish Revolutionary</i></a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253347084" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253347084"><bdi>978-0253347084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruair%C3%AD+%C3%93+Br%C3%A1daigh%3A+The+Life+and+Politics+of+an+Irish+Revolutionary&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0253347084&rft.au=Robert+William+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUkzbp2i3TvgC%26q%3Druairi%2Bo%2Bbradaigh%2Bceltic%2Bleague%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gal-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gal_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gal_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gal_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerresford_Ellis2002">Berresford Ellis 2002</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerresford_Ellis2002">Berresford Ellis 2002</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerresford_Ellis2002">Berresford Ellis 2002</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/breaking-news/irish-news/scottish-first-minister-backs-calls-for-celtic-corridor-35253943.html">"Scottish first minister backs calls for 'Celtic corridor'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Irish Independent</i>. 29 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Scottish+first+minister+backs+calls+for+%27Celtic+corridor%27&rft.date=2016-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fbreaking-news%2Firish-news%2Fscottish-first-minister-backs-calls-for-celtic-corridor-35253943.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNualláin2019" class="citation journal cs1">Nualláin, Irene Ní (10 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/news/2019/0110/1022489-welsh-party-leader-calls-for-celtic-political-union/">"Welsh party leader calls for Celtic political union"</a>. <i>RTÉ.ie</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RT%C3%89.ie&rft.atitle=Welsh+party+leader+calls+for+Celtic+political+union&rft.date=2019-01-10&rft.aulast=Nuall%C3%A1in&rft.aufirst=Irene+N%C3%AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fnews%2F2019%2F0110%2F1022489-welsh-party-leader-calls-for-celtic-political-union%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stateofwales.com/2019/03/could-a-celtic-union-work/">"Could a Celtic Union work?"</a>. <i>State of Wales</i>. 11 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+of+Wales&rft.atitle=Could+a+Celtic+Union+work%3F&rft.date=2019-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstateofwales.com%2F2019%2F03%2Fcould-a-celtic-union-work%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsays2021" class="citation web cs1">says, Austen Lynch (25 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glasgowguardian.co.uk/2021/09/25/thought-experiment-a-celtic-union/">"Thought Experiment: A Celtic Union"</a>. <i>The Glasgow Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Glasgow+Guardian&rft.atitle=Thought+Experiment%3A+A+Celtic+Union&rft.date=2021-09-25&rft.aulast=says&rft.aufirst=Austen+Lynch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglasgowguardian.co.uk%2F2021%2F09%2F25%2Fthought-experiment-a-celtic-union%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nation.cymru/opinion/might-a-celtic-union-be-one-route-to-changing-the-balance-of-power-within-the-uk/">"Might a 'Celtic union' be one route to shifting the balance of power within the UK?"</a>. <i>Nation.Cymru</i>. 12 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nation.Cymru&rft.atitle=Might+a+%27Celtic+union%27+be+one+route+to+shifting+the+balance+of+power+within+the+UK%3F&rft.date=2022-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnation.cymru%2Fopinion%2Fmight-a-celtic-union-be-one-route-to-changing-the-balance-of-power-within-the-uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHood2015" class="citation news cs1">Hood, Laura (13 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/how-being-celtic-got-a-bad-name-and-why-you-should-care-44540">"How being Celtic got a bad name – and why you should care"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=How+being+Celtic+got+a+bad+name+%E2%80%93+and+why+you+should+care&rft.date=2015-07-13&rft.aulast=Hood&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fhow-being-celtic-got-a-bad-name-and-why-you-should-care-44540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/245253">"Celtoscepticism, a convenient excuse for ignoring non-archaeological evidence?"</a>. <i>Raimund Karl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Columba+Initiative&rft.date=1997-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotland.gov.uk%2FNews%2FReleases%2F1997%2F12%2Fe8a199bf-9c67-402d-9136-dc1991217651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/officialReports/meetingsParliament/or-99/or010104.htm#Col7">"Scottish Parliament"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scottish+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottish.parliament.uk%2Fbusiness%2FofficialReports%2FmeetingsParliament%2For-99%2For010104.htm%23Col7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandGovernment/Queen%20and%20Welsh%20Assembly.aspx">"Queen and Welsh Assembly"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Queen+and+Welsh+Assembly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2FMonarchUK%2FQueenandGovernment%2FQueen%2520and%2520Welsh%2520Assembly.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cornish_Constitutional_Convention-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cornish_Constitutional_Convention_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cornish_Constitutional_Convention_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cornishassembly.org/devolution.htm">"Campaign for a Cornish assembly"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Campaign+for+a+Cornish+assembly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornishassembly.org%2Fdevolution.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Celticism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailyn2012" class="citation book cs1">Bailyn, Bernard (2012). <i>Strangers Within the Realm: Cultural Margins of the First British Empire</i>. UNC Press Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807839416" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807839416"><bdi>978-0807839416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strangers+Within+the+Realm%3A+Cultural+Margins+of+the+First+British+Empire&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0807839416&rft.aulast=Bailyn&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerresford_Ellis1985" class="citation book cs1">Berresford Ellis, Peter (1985). <i>The Celtic Revolution: Study in Anti-Imperialism</i>. Y Lolfa Cyf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0862430962" title="Special:BookSources/978-0862430962"><bdi>978-0862430962</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+Revolution%3A+Study+in+Anti-Imperialism&rft.pub=Y+Lolfa+Cyf&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0862430962&rft.aulast=Berresford+Ellis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerresford_Ellis2002" class="citation book cs1">Berresford Ellis, Peter (2002). <i>Celtic Dawn: The Dream of Celtic Unity</i>. Y Lolfa Cyf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0862436438" title="Special:BookSources/978-0862436438"><bdi>978-0862436438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Dawn%3A+The+Dream+of+Celtic+Unity&rft.pub=Y+Lolfa+Cyf&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0862436438&rft.aulast=Berresford+Ellis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarruthers2003" class="citation book cs1">Carruthers, Gerard (2003). <i>English Romanticism and the Celtic World</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139435949" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139435949"><bdi>978-1139435949</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Romanticism+and+the+Celtic+World&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1139435949&rft.aulast=Carruthers&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2008" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Kevin (2008). <i>Catholic Churchmen and the Celtic Revival in Ireland, 1848-1916</i>. Four Courts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851826582" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851826582"><bdi>978-1851826582</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholic+Churchmen+and+the+Celtic+Revival+in+Ireland%2C+1848-1916&rft.pub=Four+Courts+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1851826582&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenn2001" class="citation book cs1">Fenn, Richard K (2001). <i>Beyond Idols: The Shape of a Secular Society</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198032854" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198032854"><bdi>978-0198032854</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Idols%3A+The+Shape+of+a+Secular+Society&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0198032854&rft.aulast=Fenn&rft.aufirst=Richard+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHechter1975" class="citation book cs1">Hechter, Michael (1975). <i>Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development, 1536-1966</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710079886" title="Special:BookSources/978-0710079886"><bdi>978-0710079886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internal+Colonialism%3A+The+Celtic+Fringe+in+British+National+Development%2C+1536-1966&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0710079886&rft.aulast=Hechter&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudley_Edwards1968" class="citation book cs1">Dudley Edwards, Owen (1968). <i>Celtic Nationalism</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710062536" title="Special:BookSources/978-0710062536"><bdi>978-0710062536</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Nationalism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0710062536&rft.aulast=Dudley+Edwards&rft.aufirst=Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaskill2008" class="citation book cs1">Gaskill, Howard (2008). <i>The Reception of Ossian in Europe</i>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847146007" title="Special:BookSources/978-1847146007"><bdi>978-1847146007</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reception+of+Ossian+in+Europe&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1847146007&rft.aulast=Gaskill&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaywood2014" class="citation book cs1">Haywood, John (2014). <i>The Celts: Bronze Age to New Age</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317870166" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317870166"><bdi>978-1317870166</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celts%3A+Bronze+Age+to+New+Age&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1317870166&rft.aulast=Haywood&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2016" class="citation book cs1">Jensen, Lotte (2016). <i>The Roots of Nationalism: National Identity Formation in Early Modern Europe, 1600-1815</i>. Amsterdam University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9048530649" title="Special:BookSources/978-9048530649"><bdi>978-9048530649</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Nationalism%3A+National+Identity+Formation+in+Early+Modern+Europe%2C+1600-1815&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-9048530649&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Lotte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotherway2016" class="citation book cs1">Motherway, Susan (2016). <i>The Globalization of Irish Traditional Song Performance</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317030041" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317030041"><bdi>978-1317030041</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Globalization+of+Irish+Traditional+Song+Performance&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1317030041&rft.aulast=Motherway&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Donnell2008" class="citation book cs1">O'Donnell, Ruán (2008). <i>The Impact of the 1916 Rising: Among the Nations</i>. Irish Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0716529651" title="Special:BookSources/978-0716529651"><bdi>978-0716529651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+the+1916+Rising%3A+Among+the+Nations&rft.pub=Irish+Academic+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0716529651&rft.aulast=O%27Donnell&rft.aufirst=Ru%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Driscoll1985" class="citation book cs1">O'Driscoll, Robert (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/celticconsciousn00robe"><i>The Celtic Consciousness</i></a></span>. George Braziller. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807611364" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807611364"><bdi>978-0807611364</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+Consciousness&rft.pub=George+Braziller&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0807611364&rft.aulast=O%27Driscoll&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcelticconsciousn00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Rahilly1924" class="citation book cs1">O'Rahilly, Cecile (1924). <i>Ireland and Wales: Their Historical and Literary Relations</i>. Longman's.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland+and+Wales%3A+Their+Historical+and+Literary+Relations&rft.pub=Longman%27s&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=O%27Rahilly&rft.aufirst=Cecile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtenberg2006" class="citation book cs1">Ortenberg, Veronica (2006). <i>In Search of the Holy Grail: The Quest for the Middle Ages</i>. A&B Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1852853839" title="Special:BookSources/978-1852853839"><bdi>978-1852853839</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Holy+Grail%3A+The+Quest+for+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=A%26B+Black&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1852853839&rft.aulast=Ortenberg&rft.aufirst=Veronica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittock1999" class="citation book cs1">Pittock, Murray G. H. (1999). <i>Celtic Identity and the British Image</i>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719058264" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719058264"><bdi>978-0719058264</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Identity+and+the+British+Image&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0719058264&rft.aulast=Pittock&rft.aufirst=Murray+G.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittock2001" class="citation book cs1">Pittock, Murray G. H. (2001). <i>Scottish Nationality</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137257246" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137257246"><bdi>978-1137257246</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scottish+Nationality&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1137257246&rft.aulast=Pittock&rft.aufirst=Murray+G.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatt2011" class="citation book cs1">Platt, Len (2011). <i>Modernism and Race</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139500258" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139500258"><bdi>978-1139500258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernism+and+Race&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1139500258&rft.aulast=Platt&rft.aufirst=Len&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner2006" class="citation book cs1">Tanner, Marcus (2006). <i>The Last of the Celts</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300115352" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300115352"><bdi>978-0300115352</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+of+the+Celts&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0300115352&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoffler2000" class="citation book cs1">Loffler, Marion (2000). <i>A Book of Mad Celts: John Wickens and the Celtic Congress of Caernaroon 1904</i>. Gomer Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1859028964" title="Special:BookSources/978-1859028964"><bdi>978-1859028964</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Book+of+Mad+Celts%3A+John+Wickens+and+the+Celtic+Congress+of+Caernaroon+1904&rft.pub=Gomer+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1859028964&rft.aulast=Loffler&rft.aufirst=Marion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan-Celticism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Celticism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.celticleague.net/">The Celtic League</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130807022758/http://www.celtic-congress.org/">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colmcille.net/">Columba Initiative</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071127083458/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0603/sights_n_sounds/index.html">The Celtic Realm</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_nationalism" title="Template:Celtic nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celtic_nationalism" title="Template talk:Celtic nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nationalism_in_the_Celtic_nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany"><img alt="Brittany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Brittany_%28Gwenn_ha_du%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brittany_%28Gwenn_ha_du%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Brittany_%28Gwenn_ha_du%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brittany_%28Gwenn_ha_du%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Brittany_%28Gwenn_ha_du%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Brittany_%28Gwenn_ha_du%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> Breton</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism_and_World_War_II" title="Breton nationalism and World War II">during WWII</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">Reunification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezen_Perrot" title="Bezen Perrot">Bezen Perrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Democratic_Union" title="Breton Democratic Union">Breton Democratic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Party" title="Breton Party">Breton Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Liberation_Front" title="Breton Liberation Front">Breton Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emgann" title="Emgann">Emgann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adsav" title="Adsav">Adsav</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breizh_Yaouank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breizh Yaouank (page does not exist)">Breizh Yaouank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breizhistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Breizhistance">Breizhistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleun-Brug" title="Bleun-Brug">Bleun-Brug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Revolutionary_Army" title="Breton Revolutionary Army">Breton Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feiz_ha_Breiz" title="Feiz ha Breiz">Feiz ha Breiz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall"><img alt="Cornwall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> Cornish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Assembly" title="Cornish Assembly">Proposed devolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Constitutional_Convention" title="Cornish Constitutional Convention">Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">Constitutional status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Gof" title="An Gof">An Gof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebyon_Kernow" title="Mebyon Kernow">Mebyon Kernow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Nationalist_Party" title="Cornish Nationalist Party">Cornish Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Constitutional_Convention" title="Cornish Constitutional Convention">Cornish Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Cornish National Liberation Army">Cornish National Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Solidarity" title="Cornish Solidarity">Cornish Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Old_Cornwall_Societies" title="Federation of Old Cornwall Societies">Federation of Old Cornwall Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorsedh_Kernow" title="Gorsedh Kernow">Gorsedh Kernow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Irish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Irish_nationalists" title="Protestant Irish nationalists">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissident_republican" title="Dissident republican">dissident republicanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republican_legitimism" title="Irish republican legitimism">legitimism in republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_History_Museum" title="Irish Republican History Museum">History Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">Unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_slaves_myth" title="Irish slaves myth">Irish slaves myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiocfaidh_%C3%A1r_l%C3%A1" title="Tiocfaidh ár lá">Tiocfaidh ár lá</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/32_County_Sovereignty_Movement" title="32 County Sovereignty Movement">32 County Sovereignty Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Imperialist_Action_Ireland" title="Anti-Imperialist Action Ireland">Anti-Imperialist Action Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aont%C3%BA" title="Aontú">Aontú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arm_na_Poblachta" title="Arm na Poblachta">Arm na Poblachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabhair" title="Cabhair">Cabhair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connolly_Association" title="Connolly Association">Connolly Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connolly_Youth_Movement" title="Connolly Youth Movement">Connolly Youth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Continuity Irish Republican Army">Continuity Irish Republican Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumann_na_mBan" title="Cumann na mBan">Cumann na mBan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ir%C3%ADg%C3%AD" title="Éirígí">Éirígí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna_%C3%89ireann" title="Fianna Éireann">Fianna Éireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna_Fail" class="mw-redirect" title="Fianna Fail">Fianna Fail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association" title="Gaelic Athletic Association">Gaelic Athletic Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%27s_Future" title="Ireland's Future">Ireland's Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Freedom_Party" title="Irish Freedom Party">Irish Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Congress" title="Irish National Congress">Irish National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Irish National Liberation Army">Irish National Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Race_Conventions" title="Irish Race Conventions">Irish Race Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Liberation_Army" title="Irish Republican Liberation Army">Irish Republican Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Republican Movement">Irish Republican Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Socialist_Party" title="Irish Republican Socialist Party">Irish Republican Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRPWA" title="IRPWA">IRPWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93glaigh_na_h%C3%89ireann_(Real_IRA_splinter_group)" title="Óglaigh na hÉireann (Real IRA splinter group)">Óglaigh na hÉireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Graves_Association" title="National Graves Association">National Graves Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Graves_Association,_Belfast" title="National Graves Association, Belfast">Belfast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Ireland,_2016)" title="National Party (Ireland, 2016)">National Party (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Irish_Republican_Army" title="New Irish Republican Army">New Irish Republican Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Network_for_Unity" title="Republican Network for Unity">Republican Network for Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Republican Sinn Féin">Republican Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saoradh" title="Saoradh">Saoradh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">SDLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfe_Tone_Societies" title="Wolfe Tone Societies">Wolfe Tone Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_and_Unemployed_Action" title="Workers and Unemployed Action">Workers and Unemployed Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man"><img alt="Isle of Man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> Manx</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manx_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fo_Halloo" title="Fo Halloo">Fo Halloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FSFO" title="FSFO">FSFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irree_Magh" title="Irree Magh">Irree Magh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_National_Party" title="Manx National Party">Manx National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mec_Vannin" title="Mec Vannin">Mec Vannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yn_Pabyr_Seyr" title="Yn Pabyr Seyr">Yn Pabyr Seyr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Scottish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">National identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_nationalism" title="Timeline of Scottish nationalism">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_republicanism" title="Scottish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alba_Party" title="Alba Party">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Under_One_Banner" title="All Under One Banner">AUOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_for_Scotland" title="Business for Scotland">Business for Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Weal" title="Common Weal">Common Weal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_for_Scotland_Party" title="Independence for Scotland Party">Independence for Scotland Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Reid_Foundation" title="Jimmy Reid Foundation">Jimmy Reid Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_for_Independence" title="Labour for Independence">Labour for Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Republic" title="Our Republic">Our Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Voice_(Scottish_pro-independence_group)" title="People's Voice (Scottish pro-independence group)">People's Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Independence_Campaign" title="Radical Independence Campaign">Radical Independence Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Communist_Network" title="Republican Communist Network">Republican Communist Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberals_for_Independence" title="Scottish Liberals for Independence">Scottish Liberals for Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">SNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_National_League" title="Scots National League">Scots National League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Scottish National Liberation Army">Scottish National Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Republican_Socialist_Movement" title="Scottish Republican Socialist Movement">Scottish Republican Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Socialist_Youth" title="Scottish Socialist Youth">Scottish Socialist Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siol_nan_Gaidheal" title="Siol nan Gaidheal">Siol nan Gaidheal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Greens" title="Scottish Greens">Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voices_for_Scotland" title="Voices for Scotland">Voices for Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yes_Scotland" title="Yes Scotland">Yes Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales"><img alt="Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> Welsh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">National identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_Welsh_independence" title="Opinion polling on Welsh independence">polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Welsh_independence_referendum" title="Proposed Welsh independence referendum">proposed referendum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_republicanism" title="Welsh republicanism">Republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Under_One_Banner_Cymru" title="All Under One Banner Cymru">AUOB Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Society" title="Welsh Language Society">Cymdeithas yr Iaith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Wales_Army" title="Free Wales Army">Free Wales Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_Green_Party" title="Wales Green Party">Green Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwlad" title="Gwlad">Gwlad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_for_an_Independent_Wales" title="Labour for an Independent Wales">Labour for an Independent Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meibion_Glynd%C5%B5r" title="Meibion Glyndŵr">Meibion Glyndŵr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudiad_Amddiffyn_Cymru" title="Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru">Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propel_(political_party)" title="Propel (political party)">Propel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Football_Fans_for_Independence" title="Welsh Football Fans for Independence">Welsh Football Fans for Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YesCymru" title="YesCymru">YesCymru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-celtic nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pan-Celticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/19px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/29px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/38px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Celts" title="Portal:Celts">Celts portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Celts_and_modern_Celts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celts" title="Template:Celts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celts" title="Template talk:Celts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celts_and_modern_Celts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Celtic studies</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Celtic tribes</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Ancient Celtic ethnic groups</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Celts" title="Names of the Celts">Names</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celtic ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh diaspora">Welsh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_round_dogs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/100px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/150px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/200px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dálriata</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(ancient_region)" title="Brigantia (ancient region)">Brigantia (ancient region)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Iron Age Gaul</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonée</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania" title="Celts in Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_paganism" title="Proto-Celtic paganism">Proto-Celtic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Animism" title="Celtic Animism">Celtic Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_stone_idols" title="Celtic stone idols">Celtic stone idolss</a>* <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Romano-Celtic temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_pagan_practices" title="Template:Celtic pagan practices">Practices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brehon" title="Brehon">Brehon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Celtic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_women" title="Ancient Celtic women">Celtic women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Name" title="Chief of the Name">Chief of the Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbfine" title="Derbfine">Derbfine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fili" class="mw-redirect" title="Fili">Fili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">Tanistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">Seanchaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sept" title="Sept">Sept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic warfare">Warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_coinage" title="Celtic coinage">Coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modern_Celts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pan-Celticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Celtic_Christianity" title="Neo-Celtic Christianity">Neo-Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Neo-Druidism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a> definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (<span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">Breizh</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (<span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernow</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Éire</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (<span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Mannin</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Alba</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymru</i></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">Welsh literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brittany" title="Culture of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall" title="Culture of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">Brooches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragonesque_brooch" title="Dragonesque brooch">Dragonesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Knotwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_leaf-crown" title="Celtic leaf-crown">Leaf-crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_maze" title="Celtic maze">Mazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">Torcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triple spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Dress">Celtic Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_clothing" title="Irish clothing">Gaelic clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">Highland dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highland culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music" title="Ancient Celtic music">Ancient Celtic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Breton Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Irish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_folk_music" title="Welsh folk music">Welsh folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="National_music_scenes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National music scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall" title="Music of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>/<a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Celtic_Festival" title="Hebridean Celtic Festival">Hebridean Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Connections" title="Celtic Connections">Celtic Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bataireacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataireacht">Bataireacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammag" title="Cammag">Cammag</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies'</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_handball" title="Welsh handball">Welsh handball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Breton_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Breton nationalism">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">reunification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx nationalism">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Orkney,_Shetland_and_the_Western_Isles" title="Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles">Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_devolution" title="Cornish devolution">Cornish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton independence">Breton independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pan-Celticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_society" title="Celtic society">Celtic society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic unity">Celtic unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect" title="Bungi dialect">Bungi Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Ancient Celtic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Proto-Brittonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Proto-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arran_Gaelic" title="Arran Gaelic">Arran Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeside_Gaelic" title="Deeside Gaelic">Deeside Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law_and_Warfare" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Early Irish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a> (Medieval Welsh law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scots_law" title="History of Scots law">Early Scots law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cateran" title="Cateran">Ceathairne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_(soldier)" title="Kern (soldier)">Ceithearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">Fianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">Gallóglaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobelar" title="Hobelar">Hobelar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshank_(soldier)" title="Redshank (soldier)">Redshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimarcisia" title="Trimarcisia">Trimarcisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="Lists of English words of Celtic origin">Celtic words in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Celtic origin">– in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Galician words of Celtic origin">– in Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_words_of_Gaulish_origin" title="List of French words of Gaulish origin">Gaulish words in French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Galicia" title="List of Celtic place names in Galicia">Celtic place names in Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Italy" title="List of Celtic place names in Italy">– in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal" title="List of Celtic place names in Portugal">– in Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Celts" title="Portal:Celts">Celts portal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/16px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/24px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/32px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_nationalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Template:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Template talk:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_nationalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalisms<br />in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_nationalism" title="Coptic nationalism">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharaonism" title="Pharaonism">Pharaonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabyle nationalism">Kabyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationalism" title="Sahrawi nationalism">Sahrawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acholi_nationalism" title="Acholi nationalism">Acholi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_nationalism" title="Amhara nationalism">Amhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_nationalism" title="Somali nationalism">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrayan_nationalism" title="Tigrayan nationalism">Tigrayan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nigeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_nationalism" title="Igbo nationalism">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_nationalism" title="Ogoni nationalism">Ogoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_nationalism" title="Chicano nationalism">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Indigenous Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lakotah_proposal" title="Republic of Lakotah proposal">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Québécois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Sequoyah" title="State of Sequoyah">Sequoyahan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noirism" title="Noirism">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_movement_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Independence movement in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_nationalism" title="Argentine nationalism">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_nationalism" title="Creole nationalism">Criollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Peruvian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golus_nationalism" title="Golus nationalism">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_nationalism" title="Jordanian nationalism">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationalism" title="Lebanese nationalism">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Turkish Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_nationalism" title="Zaza nationalism">Zaza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">chauvinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hongkonger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism_in_Japan" title="Ethnic nationalism in Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_nationalism" title="Manchurian nationalism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawan nationalism">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">in Bangladesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_nationalism" title="Bodo nationalism">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_nationalism" title="Dravidian nationalism">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_nationalism" title="Hazara nationalism">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_nationalism" title="Meitei nationalism">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_nationalism" title="Naga nationalism">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_nationalism" title="Punjabi nationalism">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_nationalism" title="Tamil nationalism">Tamil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">in Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_nationalism" title="Tripuri nationalism">Tripuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South-eastern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_nationalism" title="Filipino nationalism">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_nationalism" title="Khmer nationalism">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Malay_nationalism" title="Early Malay nationalism">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon nationalism">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan nationalism">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_nationalism" title="Thai nationalism">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_nationalism" title="Vietnamese nationalism">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern & Middle Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_nationalism" title="Baloch nationalism">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">South Mongolia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_nationalism" title="Uyghur nationalism">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_nationalism" title="Yakut nationalism">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_nationalism" title="Armenian nationalism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_nationalism" title="Azerbaijani nationalism">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_nationalism" title="Georgian nationalism">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_nationalism" title="Laz nationalism">Laz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Albania" title="Albanian nationalism in Albania">in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Kosovo" title="Albanian nationalism in Kosovo">in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanian nationalism in North Macedonia">in North Macedonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_nationalism" title="Aromanian nationalism">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_nationalism" title="Bosniak nationalism">Bosniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Greek Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovenism" title="Moldovenism">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani nationalism">Romani (Gypsy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationalism" title="Romanian nationalism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nationalism" title="Austrian nationalism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_nationalism" title="Czech nationalism">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_nationalism" title="Frisian nationalism">Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism_in_Austria" title="German nationalism in Austria">in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationalism" title="Hungarian nationalism">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_nationalism" title="Polish nationalism">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_independence" title="Silesian independence">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_nationalism" title="Slovak nationalism">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Slovenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_nationalism" title="Belarusian nationalism">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddishist_movement" title="Yiddishist movement">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkar_and_Karachay_nationalism" title="Balkar and Karachay nationalism">Balkar and Karachay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_nationalism" title="Circassian nationalism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_nationalism" title="Ingush nationalism">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_nationalism" title="Ossetian nationalism">Ossetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volga Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_nationalism" title="Chuvash nationalism">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_nationalism" title="Tatar nationalism">Tatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_nationalism" title="Occitan nationalism">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_nationalism" title="Ulster nationalism">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arpitania" title="Arpitania">Arpitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_nationalism" title="Corsican nationalism">Corsican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_nationalism" title="Lombard nationalism">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padanian_nationalism" title="Padanian nationalism">Padanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_nationalism" title="Sicilian nationalism">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_nationalism" title="Venetian nationalism">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_nationalism" title="Andalusian nationalism">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_nationalism" title="Aragonese nationalism">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_nationalism" title="Asturian nationalism">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_nationalism" title="Canarian nationalism">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_nationalism" title="Castilian nationalism">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_nationalism" title="Galician nationalism">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_nationalism" title="Navarrese nationalism">Navarrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_nationalism" title="Valencian nationalism">Valencian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_nationalism" title="Estonian nationalism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_nationalism" title="Finnish nationalism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_nationalism" title="Icelandic nationalism">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Revival" title="Lithuanian National Revival">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_nationalism" title="Norwegian nationalism">Norwegian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indigenous_sovereignty" title="Australian Indigenous sovereignty">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-nationalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_nationalism_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Congolese nationalism (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Finnicism" title="Pan-Finnicism">Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberism" title="Iberism">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Latinism" title="Pan-Latinism">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_nationalism" title="Libyan nationalism">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indianism" title="Pan-Indianism">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_nationalism" title="Nigerian nationalism">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Oceanian" title="Pan-Oceanian">Oceanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">South Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_nationalism" title="Tunisian nationalism">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugandan nationalism">Ugandan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_independence_movement" title="Alsace independence movement">Alsace independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assam separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">Catalan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa_independence_movement" title="Champa independence movement">Champa independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">East Turkestan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Free Aceh Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Papua_Movement" title="Free Papua Movement">Free Papua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_%C3%85land" title="Future of Åland">Future of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_independence_movement" title="Galician independence movement">Galician independence movement (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Guangdong Independence Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian sovereignty movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">Inner Mongolian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_Association" title="Kashubian Association">Kashubian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori protest movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallmapu" title="Wallmapu">Mapuche separatist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Independence_Movement" title="Muslim Independence Movement">Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Corsica" title="National Liberation Front of Corsica">National Liberation Front of Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_United_Liberation_Organisation" title="Patani United Liberation Organisation">Patani United Liberation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Autonomy_Movement" title="Silesian Autonomy Movement">Silesian Autonomy Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_autonomy_movement" title="Székely autonomy movement">Székely autonomy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojvodina_Autonomist_Movement" title="Vojvodina Autonomist Movement">Vojvodina Autonomist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallmapuwen" title="Wallmapuwen">Wallmapuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad">Azawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balawaristan" title="Balawaristan">Balawaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country (greater region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chameria" title="Chameria">Chameria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazarajat" title="Hazarajat">Hazarajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Herzeg-Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilirida" title="Ilirida">Ilirida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarism" title="Katarism">Katarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Ketuanan Melayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgistan" title="Lezgistan">Lezgistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Abhimaangeet" title="Marathi Abhimaangeet">Marathi Abhimaangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraikistan">Saraikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhudesh_movement" title="Sindhudesh movement">Sindhudesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_Land" title="Székely Land">Székely Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">Tamil Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_ethnic_nationalism" title="Local ethnic nationalism">Local (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenismo" title="Indigenismo">American Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="wrap"><i><b>Note</b>: Forms of nationalism based primarily on <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a></i>.</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pan-nationalist_concepts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pan-nationalist_concepts" title="Template:Pan-nationalist concepts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pan-nationalist_concepts" title="Template talk:Pan-nationalist concepts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-nationalist_concepts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-nationalist concepts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pan-nationalist_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-nationalist concepts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_Confederation_plan" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan Confederation plan">Afghan-Pakistani unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Slavism" title="Austro-Slavism">Austro-Slavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berberism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bulgaria_and_Romania" title="Union of Bulgaria and Romania">Bulgarian-Romanian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movements_for_the_annexation_of_Canada_to_the_United_States" title="Movements for the annexation of Canada to the United States">Canada-USA unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_reunification" title="Central American reunification">Central-americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakism" title="Czechoslovakism">Czechoslovakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">Enosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian%E2%80%93Finnish_federation" title="Estonian–Finnish federation">Estonian-Finnish unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent_Plan" title="Fertile Crescent Plan">Fertile Crescent unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaucho_traditionalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaucho traditionalism (page does not exist)">Gaucho traditionalism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradicionalismo_ga%C3%BAcho" class="extiw" title="pt:Tradicionalismo gaúcho">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek%E2%80%93Yugoslav_confederation" title="Greek–Yugoslav confederation">Greek-Yugoslavian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Hungary_and_Romania" title="Union of Hungary and Romania">Hungarian-Romanian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Reunification of Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Confederation" title="Indo-Pakistani Confederation">Indian-Pakistani Unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isratin" title="Isratin">Israeli-Palestinian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latinoamericanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latinoamericanism (page does not exist)">Latinoamericanism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integraci%C3%B3n_latinoamericana" class="extiw" title="es:Integración latinoamericana">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenoturkism" title="Hellenoturkism">Hellenoturkism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanoamericanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hispanoamericanism (page does not exist)">Hispanoamericanism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanoamericanismo" class="extiw" title="es:Hispanoamericanismo">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_East_European_States" title="League of East European States">League of East European States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands-Indonesia_Union" title="Netherlands-Indonesia Union">Netherlands-Indonesian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_China" title="One China">One China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldova_and_Romania" title="Unification of Moldova and Romania">Romanian-moldovan unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_African_States" title="Union of African States">Union of African States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Federation" title="Mali Federation">Mali Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahel-Benin_Union" title="Sahel-Benin Union">Sahel-Benin Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Americanism" title="Pan-Americanism">Pan-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Andinism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pan-Andinism (page does not exist)">Pan-Andinism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panandinismo" class="extiw" title="es:Panandinismo">es</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Ecuador,_Peru_and_Bolivia" title="United Kingdom of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia">Ecuadorian-Peruvian-Bolivian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvian-Bolivian_unionism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peruvian-Bolivian unionism (page does not exist)">Peruvian-Bolivian unionism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionismo_peruano-boliviano" class="extiw" title="es:Unionismo peruano-boliviano">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation">Hashemite unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_States" title="United Arab States">United Arab States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Arab_Republics" title="Federation of Arab Republics">Federation of Arab Republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan-Syrian_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan-Syrian Union">Libyan-Syrian Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Islamic_Republic" title="Arab Islamic Republic">Arab Islamic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Hussein%27s_federation_plan" title="King Hussein's federation plan">Jordania-Palestine unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_Republics_(1972)" title="Union of Arab Republics (1972)">Union of Arab Republics (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">Iraq-Kuwait unionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Pan-Asianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Caribbean" title="Pan-Caribbean">Pan-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Caucasianism" title="Pan-Caucasianism">Pan-Caucasianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pan-Celticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Finnicism" title="Pan-Finnicism">Pan-Finnicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_identity" title="Pan-European identity">Pan-Europeanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Europe" title="Federal Europe">European unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">Pan-European nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Panhispanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian federalism">Pan-Iberism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indianism" title="Pan-Indianism">Pan-Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Pan-Iranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Latinism" title="Pan-Latinism">Pan-Latinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterraneanism" title="Mediterraneanism">Mediterraneanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Pan-Mongolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Oceanian" title="Pan-Oceanian">Pan-Oceanianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_confederation" title="Polish–Czechoslovak confederation">Polish-Czechoslovak unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reintegrationism" title="Reintegrationism">Reintegrationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saint_Martin" title="Unification of Saint Martin">Saint Martin unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Pan-Serbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Tatarism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pan-Tatarism (page does not exist)">Pan-Tatarism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" class="extiw" title="ru:Пантатаризм">ru</a>; <a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" class="extiw" title="tt:Пантатаризм">tt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattachism" title="Rattachism">Rattachism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Rhodesia-Nyasaland unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Union_Treaty" title="New Union Treaty">Soviet reunificationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Switzerland#Proposals_for_expansion" title="Territorial evolution of Switzerland">Switzerland expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism" title="Hungarian Turanism">Hungarian Turanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territorial<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abya_Yala" title="Abya Yala">Abya Yala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">African federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rapprochement" title="Great Rapprochement">Anglo-American unificationism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antillean_Confederation" title="Antillean Confederation">Antillean Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Federation" title="Balkan Federation">Balkan Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltoscandia" title="Baltoscandia">Baltoscandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">British unionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Federation" title="Imperial Federation">Imperial Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascadia_movement" title="Cascadia movement">Cascadia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossackia" title="Cossackia">Cossackia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danubian_Confederation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danubian Confederation (page does not exist)">Danubian Confederation</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donauf%C3%B6deration" class="extiw" title="de:Donauföderation">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union" title="Federalisation of the European Union">Federalisation of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_irredentism" title="Cambodian irredentism">Greater Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles" title="Greater Antilles">Caribbean Antilles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-British_Union" title="Franco-British Union">Franco-British Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Greater Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Albania_and_Kosovo" title="Unification of Albania and Kosovo">Unification of Albania and Kosovo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_irredentism" title="Argentine irredentism">Greater Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangladesh" title="Greater Bangladesh">Greater Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bosnia" title="Greater Bosnia">Greater Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_irredentism" title="Bulgarian irredentism">Greater Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">Greater China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Croatia" title="Greater Croatia">Greater Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_nationalism" title="Eritrean nationalism">Eritrean national identity nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_nationalism" title="Ethiopian nationalism">Ethiopian national identity nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Finland" title="Greater Finland">Greater Finland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galicia_irredenta" title="Galicia irredenta">Galicia irredenta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_irredentism" title="Hungarian irredentism">Greater Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Indonesia" title="Greater Indonesia">Greater Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Iraq">Greater Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Israel" title="Greater Israel">Greater Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_imperialism_under_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian imperialism under Fascism">Greater Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mauritania" title="Greater Mauritania">Greater Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista_(Mexico)" title="Reconquista (Mexico)">Greater Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Moldova" title="Greater Moldova">Greater Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Greater Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Nepal" title="Greater Nepal">Greater Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Netherlands" title="Greater Netherlands">Greater Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Norway">Greater Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Palestine">Greater Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_irredentism" title="Polish irredentism">Greater Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugaliza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portugaliza (page does not exist)">Greater Portugal</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugaliza" class="extiw" title="pt:Portugaliza">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Greater Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_unification" title="Samoan unification">Greater Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Greater Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_irredentism" title="Spanish irredentism">Greater Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Greater Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Tamil_Nadu" title="Greater Tamil Nadu">Greater Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Timor" title="Great Timor">Great Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_irredentism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian irredentism">Greater Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_irredentism" title="Vietnamese irredentism">Greater Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Yemen" title="Greater Yemen">Greater Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_irredentism" title="Yugoslav irredentism">Greater Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hispanidad" title="Hispanidad">Hispanidad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermarium" title="Intermarium">Intermarium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Poland" title="United States of Poland">United States of Poland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Union" title="North American Union">North American Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" 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