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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>St Enda's</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-St_Enda's-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Volunteers_and_Home_Rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Volunteers_and_Home_Rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The Volunteers and Home Rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Volunteers_and_Home_Rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_Republican_Brotherhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Irish Republican Brotherhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish_Republican_Brotherhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Easter_Rising_and_death" 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id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Commemoration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Commemoration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Educational_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Educational institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports_venues_and_clubs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_venues_and_clubs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sports venues and clubs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_venues_and_clubs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_commemorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_commemorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Other commemorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_commemorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Patrick Pearse</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="باتريك بيرس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="باتريك بيرس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%80%D1%81" title="Патрык Пірс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Патрык Пірс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%81" title="Патрик Пиърс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Патрик Пиърс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_Pearse" title="Pádraig Pearse – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pádraig Pearse" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Patrick Pearse" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Patrick Pearse" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_Pearse" title="Pádraig Pearse – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pádraig Pearse" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Patrick Pearse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Patrick Pearse" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Patrick Pearse" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_Mac_Piarais/Patrick_Pearse" title="Pádraig Mac Piarais/Patrick Pearse – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pádraig Mac Piarais/Patrick Pearse" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Patrick Pearse" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="پاتریک پیرس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاتریک پیرس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Patrick Pearse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_Mac_Piarais" title="Pádraig Mac Piarais – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pádraig Mac Piarais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Patrick Pearse" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Patrick Pearse" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%A8%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AD_%ED%94%BC%EC%96%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="패트릭 피어스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="패트릭 피어스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%93%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%BD" title="Պատրիկ Փիրս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պատրիկ Փիրս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Patrick Pearse" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Patrick Pearse" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Patrick Pearse" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Patrick Pearse" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="פטריק פירס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פטריק פירס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="პატრიკ პირსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პატრიკ პირსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriks_P%C4%ABrss" title="Patriks Pīrss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Patriks Pīrss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="باتريك بيرس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="باتريك بيرس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Patrick Pearse" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Patrick Pearse" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%94%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="パトリック・ピアース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パトリック・ピアース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_Pearse" title="Pádraig Pearse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pádraig Pearse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_Pearse" title="Pádraig Pearse – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pádraig Pearse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Patrick Pearse" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Patrick Pearse" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Patrick Pearse" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81,_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Пирс, Патрик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пирс, Патрик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_Pearse" title="Pádraig Pearse – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pádraig Pearse" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Patrick Pearse" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81" title="Патрик Пирс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Патрик Пирс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Patrick Pearse" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padraic_Pearse" title="Padraic Pearse – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Padraic Pearse" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%80%D1%81" title="Патрік Пірс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Патрік Пірс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padraig_Pearse" title="Padraig Pearse – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Padraig Pearse" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Patrick Pearse" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Irish revolutionary (1879–1916)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Patrick Pearse</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;">Pádraig Mac Piarais</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Patrick_Pearse_cph.3b15294.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Patrick_Pearse_cph.3b15294.jpg/220px-Patrick_Pearse_cph.3b15294.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Patrick_Pearse_cph.3b15294.jpg/330px-Patrick_Pearse_cph.3b15294.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Patrick_Pearse_cph.3b15294.jpg/440px-Patrick_Pearse_cph.3b15294.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="1113" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1879-11-10</span>)</span>10 November 1879<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">3 May 1916<span style="display:none">(1916-05-03)</span> (aged 36)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Kilmainham_Gaol" title="Kilmainham Gaol">Kilmainham Gaol</a>, Dublin, Ireland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad" title="Execution by firing squad">Execution by firing squad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Arbour_Hill_Prison" title="Arbour Hill Prison">Arbour Hill Prison</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Pádraig Pearse</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data">CBS Westland Row</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_College_Dublin" title="University College Dublin">University College Dublin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Inns" title="King's Inns">King's Inns</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Educator</li> <li>principal</li> <li>barrister</li> <li>republican activist</li> <li>poet</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Pearse" title="Margaret Pearse">Margaret Brady</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Irish_Volunteers" title="Irish Volunteers">Irish Volunteers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1913–1916</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">Commander-in-chief</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Patrick_Pearse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Signature_of_Patrick_Pearse.png/150px-Signature_of_Patrick_Pearse.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Signature_of_Patrick_Pearse.png/225px-Signature_of_Patrick_Pearse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Signature_of_Patrick_Pearse.png/300px-Signature_of_Patrick_Pearse.png 2x" data-file-width="833" data-file-height="174" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Patrick Henry Pearse</b> (also known as <b>Pádraig</b> or <b>Pádraic Pearse</b>; <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Pádraig Anraí Mac Piarais</i>; 10 November 1879 – 3 May 1916) was an Irish teacher, <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barrister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">poet</a>, writer, <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">nationalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">republican</a> political activist and revolutionary who was one of the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> in 1916. Following his execution along with fifteen others, Pearse came to be seen by many as the embodiment of the rebellion. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_influences">Early life and influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Pearse&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birthplace_of_Patrick_and_William_Pearse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Birthplace_of_Patrick_and_William_Pearse.jpg/220px-Birthplace_of_Patrick_and_William_Pearse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Birthplace_of_Patrick_and_William_Pearse.jpg/330px-Birthplace_of_Patrick_and_William_Pearse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Birthplace_of_Patrick_and_William_Pearse.jpg/440px-Birthplace_of_Patrick_and_William_Pearse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2934" data-file-height="2201" /></a><figcaption>27 Pearse Street, birthplace of Patrick and Willie Pearse</figcaption></figure> <p>Pearse, his brother <a href="/wiki/Willie_Pearse" title="Willie Pearse">Willie</a>, and his sisters <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mary_Pearse" title="Margaret Mary Pearse">Margaret</a> and Mary Brigid were born at 27 <a href="/wiki/Pearse_Street" title="Pearse Street">Great Brunswick Street</a>, Dublin, the street that is named after them today.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was here that their father, James Pearse, established a stonemasonry business in the 1850s,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a business which flourished and provided the Pearses with a comfortable middle-class upbringing.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pearse's father was a mason and monumental sculptor, and originally a <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a> from <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> in England.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Pearse" title="Margaret Pearse">Margaret Brady</a>, was from Dublin, and her father's family were native Irish speakers from <a href="/wiki/County_Meath" title="County Meath">County Meath</a>. She was James' second wife; James had two children, Emily and James, from his first marriage (two other children died in infancy). Pearse's maternal grandfather Patrick was a supporter of the 1848 <a href="/wiki/Young_Ireland" title="Young Ireland">Young Ireland</a> movement, and later a member of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</a> (IRB). Pearse recalled a visiting ballad singer performing republican songs during his childhood; afterwards, he went around looking for armed men ready to fight, but finding none, declared sadly to his grandfather that "the <a href="/wiki/Fenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenians">Fenians</a> are all dead". His maternal grand-uncle, James Savage, fought in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Irish-speaking influence of Pearse's grand-aunt Margaret, together with his schooling at the CBS Westland Row, instilled in him an early love for the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-homelife_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-homelife-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pearse grew up surrounded by books.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father had had very little formal education, but was self-educated;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pearse recalled that at the age of ten he prayed to God, promising to dedicate his life to Irish independence.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pearse's early heroes were ancient <a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Gaelic folk heroes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAchulainn" class="mw-redirect" title="Cúchulainn">Cúchulainn</a>, though in his 30s he began to take a strong interest in the leaders of past <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">republican</a> movements, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Irishmen" class="mw-redirect" title="United Irishmen">United Irishmen</a> <a href="/wiki/Theobald_Wolfe_Tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Theobald Wolfe Tone">Theobald Wolfe Tone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Emmet" title="Robert Emmet">Robert Emmet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pearse soon became involved in the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_revival" title="Gaelic revival">Gaelic revival</a>. In 1896, at the age of 16, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic League">Gaelic League</a> (<i>Conradh na Gaeilge</i>), and in 1903, at the age of 23, he became editor of its newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/An_Claidheamh_Soluis" title="An Claidheamh Soluis">An Claidheamh Soluis</a></i> ("<i>The Sword of Light</i>").<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1900, Pearse was awarded a B.A. in Modern Languages (Irish, English and French) by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_University_of_Ireland" title="Royal University of Ireland">Royal University of Ireland</a>, for which he had studied for two years privately and for one at <a href="/wiki/University_College_Dublin" title="University College Dublin">University College Dublin</a>. In the same year, he was enrolled as a <a href="/wiki/Barrister-at-Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrister-at-Law">Barrister-at-Law</a> at the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Inns" title="King's Inns">King's Inns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pearse was called to the bar in 1901. In 1905, Pearse represented <a href="/wiki/Neil_McBride_(poet)" title="Neil McBride (poet)">Neil McBride</a>, a poet and songwriter from <a href="/wiki/Creeslough" title="Creeslough">Feymore, Creeslough</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a>, who had been fined for having his name displayed in "illegible" writing (i.e. Irish) on his donkey cart. The appeal was heard before the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(England)" title="Court of King's Bench (England)">Court of King's Bench</a> in Dublin. It was Pearse's first and only court appearance as a barrister. The case was lost but it became a symbol of the struggle for Irish independence. In his 27 June 1905 <i><a href="/wiki/An_Claidheamh_Soluis" title="An Claidheamh Soluis">An Claidheamh Soluis</a></i> column, Pearse wrote of the decision, "it was in effect decided that Irish is a foreign language on the same level with Yiddish."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="St_Enda's"><span id="St_Enda.27s"></span>St Enda's</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Pearse&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: St Enda's"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pearse_Brother%27s_Museum_-_St._Enda%27s_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Pearse_Brother%27s_Museum_-_St._Enda%27s_Park.jpg/220px-Pearse_Brother%27s_Museum_-_St._Enda%27s_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Pearse_Brother%27s_Museum_-_St._Enda%27s_Park.jpg/330px-Pearse_Brother%27s_Museum_-_St._Enda%27s_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Pearse_Brother%27s_Museum_-_St._Enda%27s_Park.jpg/440px-Pearse_Brother%27s_Museum_-_St._Enda%27s_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Enda%27s_School" title="St. Enda's School">St. Enda's</a>, now the Pearse Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>As a cultural nationalist educated by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Christian_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Christian Brothers">Irish Christian Brothers</a>, like his younger brother Willie, Pearse believed that language was intrinsic to the identity of a nation. The Irish school system, he believed, raised Ireland's youth to be good <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">Englishmen</a> or obedient Irishmen and an alternative was needed. Thus for him and other language revivalists saving the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a> from extinction was a cultural priority of the utmost importance. The key to saving the language, he felt, would be a sympathetic education system. To show the way he started his own bilingual school for boys, <a href="/wiki/St._Enda%27s_School" title="St. Enda's School">St. Enda's School</a> (Scoil Éanna) in Cullenswood House in <a href="/wiki/Ranelagh" title="Ranelagh">Ranelagh</a>, a suburb of <a href="/wiki/County_Dublin" title="County Dublin">County Dublin</a>, in 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-nli_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nli-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pearse's restless idealism led him in search of an even more idyllic home for his school. He found it in The Hermitage in <a href="/wiki/Rathfarnham" title="Rathfarnham">Rathfarnham</a>, County Dublin, now home to the <a href="/wiki/Pearse_Museum" title="Pearse Museum">Pearse Museum</a>. In 1910 Pearse wrote that the Hermitage was an "ideal" location due to the aesthetics of the grounds and that if he could secure it, "the school would be on a level with" the more established schools of the day such as "<a href="/wiki/Clongowes_Wood_College" title="Clongowes Wood College">Clongowes Wood College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castleknock_College" title="Castleknock College">Castleknock College</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pearse was also involved in the foundation of Scoil Íde (St Ita's School) for girls, an institution with aims similar to those of St Enda's.<sup id="cite_ref-nli_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nli-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Volunteers_and_Home_Rule">The Volunteers and Home Rule</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Pearse&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Volunteers and Home Rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 1912 <a href="/wiki/John_Redmond" title="John Redmond">John Redmond</a> leader of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a>, which held the balance of power in the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> committed the government of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> to introduce an <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Home Rule Bill">Irish Home Rule Bill</a>. Pearse gave the bill a qualified welcome. He was one of four speakers, including Redmond, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Devlin" title="Joseph Devlin">Joseph Devlin</a> MP, leader of the Northern Nationalists, and <a href="/wiki/Eoin_MacNeill" title="Eoin MacNeill">Eoin MacNeill</a> a prominent Gaelic Leaguer, who addressed a large Home Rule Rally in Dublin at the end of March 1912. Speaking in Irish, Pearse said he thought that "a good measure can be gained if we have enough courage", but he warned, "Let the English understand that if we are again betrayed, there shall be red war throughout Ireland".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1913 Pearse was invited to the inaugural meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Volunteers" title="Irish Volunteers">Irish Volunteers</a>—formed in reaction to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteers" title="Ulster Volunteers">Ulster Volunteers</a>—whose aim was "to secure and maintain the rights and liberties common to the whole people of Ireland".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an article entitled "The Coming Revolution" (November 1913) Pearse wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As to what your work as an Irish Nationalist is to be, I cannot conjecture; I know what mine is to be, and would have you know yours and buckle yourselves to it. And it may be (nay, it is) that your and mine will lead us to a common meeting-place, and that on a certain day we shall stand together, with many more beside us, ready for a greater adventure than any of us has yet had, a trial and a triumph to be endured and achieved in common.<sup id="cite_ref-Seán_Cronin_1966,_pg.15_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seán_Cronin_1966,_pg.15-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>The Home Rule Bill just failed to pass the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, but the Lords' diminished power under the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Act_1911" title="Parliament Act 1911">Parliament Act 1911</a> meant that the Bill could only be delayed, not stopped. It was placed on the statute books with <a href="/wiki/Royal_Assent" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Assent">Royal Assent</a> in September 2014, but its implementation was suspended for the duration of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. </p><p>John Redmond feared that his "national authority" might be circumvented by the Volunteers and decided to try to take control of the new movement. Despite opposition from the Irish Republican Brotherhood, the Volunteer Executive agreed to share leadership with Redmond and a joint committee was set up. Pearse was opposed to this and was to write:<sup id="cite_ref-Seán_Cronin_1966,_pg.15_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seán_Cronin_1966,_pg.15-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The leaders in Ireland have nearly always left the people at the critical moment; they have sometimes sold them. The former Volunteer movement was abandoned by its leaders; <a href="/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell" title="Daniel O'Connell">O'Connell</a> recoiled before the cannon at <a href="/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell#Campaign_for_repeal_of_the_Union" title="Daniel O'Connell">Clontarf</a>; twice the hour of the Irish revolution struck during <a href="/wiki/Young_Ireland" title="Young Ireland">Young Ireland</a> days and twice it struck in vain, for <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Meagher" title="Thomas Francis Meagher">Meagher</a> hesitated in <a href="/wiki/Waterford" title="Waterford">Waterford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gavan_Duffy_(Australian_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Gavan Duffy (Australian politician)">Duffy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_D%27Arcy_McGee" title="Thomas D'Arcy McGee">McGee</a> hesitated in Dublin. <a href="/wiki/James_Stephens_(Fenian)" title="James Stephens (Fenian)">Stephens</a> refused to <a href="/wiki/James_Stephens_(Fenian)#Arrest_and_suppression" title="James Stephens (Fenian)">give the word in '65</a>; he never came in '66 or '67. I do not blame these men; you or I might have done the same. It is a terrible responsibility to be cast on a man, that of bidding the cannon speak and the <a href="/wiki/Grapeshot" title="Grapeshot">grapeshot</a> pour.<sup id="cite_ref-Seán_Cronin_1966,_pg.15_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seán_Cronin_1966,_pg.15-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Volunteers split, one of the issues being support for the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> and the British war effort. A majority followed Redmond into the <a href="/wiki/National_Volunteers" title="National Volunteers">National Volunteers</a> in the belief that this would ensure Home Rule on their return. Pearse, exhilarated by the dramatic events of the European war, wrote in an article in December 1915: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is patriotism that stirs the people. Belgium defending her soil is heroic, and so is Turkey . . . . . . <br />It is good for the world that such things should be done. The old heart of the earth needed to be warmed with the red wine of the battlefields.<br /> Such august homage was never before offered to God as this, the homage of millions of lives given gladly for love of country.<br />War is a terrible thing, and this is the most terrible of wars. But this war is not more terrible than the evils which it will end or help to end.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Irish_Republican_Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Pearse&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Irish Republican Brotherhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Funeral_of_O%27Donovan_Rossa,_graveside_in_Glasnevin_Cemetery,_St._James%27s_band,_crowds_(26203288753).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Funeral_of_O%27Donovan_Rossa%2C_graveside_in_Glasnevin_Cemetery%2C_St._James%27s_band%2C_crowds_%2826203288753%29.jpg/220px-Funeral_of_O%27Donovan_Rossa%2C_graveside_in_Glasnevin_Cemetery%2C_St._James%27s_band%2C_crowds_%2826203288753%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Funeral_of_O%27Donovan_Rossa%2C_graveside_in_Glasnevin_Cemetery%2C_St._James%27s_band%2C_crowds_%2826203288753%29.jpg/330px-Funeral_of_O%27Donovan_Rossa%2C_graveside_in_Glasnevin_Cemetery%2C_St._James%27s_band%2C_crowds_%2826203288753%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Funeral_of_O%27Donovan_Rossa%2C_graveside_in_Glasnevin_Cemetery%2C_St._James%27s_band%2C_crowds_%2826203288753%29.jpg/440px-Funeral_of_O%27Donovan_Rossa%2C_graveside_in_Glasnevin_Cemetery%2C_St._James%27s_band%2C_crowds_%2826203288753%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1435" /></a><figcaption>Pearse (in uniform centre-right) at the funeral of <a href="/wiki/O%27Donovan_Rossa" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Donovan Rossa">O'Donovan Rossa</a> at which he gave a <a href="/wiki/Ireland_unfree_shall_never_be_at_peace" title="Ireland unfree shall never be at peace">graveside oration</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png/200px-Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png/300px-Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png/400px-Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="1450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Irish_Republic" title="Proclamation of the Irish Republic">Proclamation of the Irish Republic</a>, read by Pearse outside the <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office_(Dublin)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Post Office (Dublin)">GPO</a> at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In December 1913 <a href="/wiki/Bulmer_Hobson" title="Bulmer Hobson">Bulmer Hobson</a> swore Pearse into the secret <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</a> (IRB),<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an organisation dedicated to the overthrow of <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Ireland" title="British rule in Ireland">British rule in Ireland</a> and its replacement with an Irish Republic. He was soon co-opted onto the IRB's Supreme Council by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Tom Clarke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pearse was then one of many people who were members of both the IRB and the Volunteers. When he became the Volunteers' Director of Military Organisation in 1914<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was the highest ranking Volunteer in the IRB membership, and instrumental in the latter's commandeering of the remaining minority of the Volunteers for the purpose of rebellion. By 1915 he was on the IRB's Supreme Council, and its secret Military Council, the core group that began planning for a rising while war raged on the European <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>. </p><p>On 1 August 1915 Pearse gave a <a href="/wiki/Ireland_unfree_shall_never_be_at_peace" title="Ireland unfree shall never be at peace">graveside oration</a> at the funeral of the <a href="/wiki/Fenian" title="Fenian">Fenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_O%27Donovan_Rossa" title="Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa">Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa</a>. He was the first republican to be filmed giving an oration.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It closed with the words: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Our foes are strong and wise and wary; but, strong and wise and wary as they are, they cannot undo the miracles of God who ripens in the hearts of young men the seeds sown by the young men of a former generation. And the seeds sown by the young men of '65 and <a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising_(1867)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenian Rising (1867)">'67</a> are coming to their miraculous ripening today. Rulers and Defenders of the Realm had need to be wary if they would guard against such processes. Life springs from death; and from the graves of patriot men and women spring living nations. The Defenders of this Realm have worked well in secret and in the open. They think that they have pacified Ireland. They think that they have purchased half of us and intimidated the other half. They think that they have foreseen everything, think that they have provided against everything; but, the fools, the fools, the fools! – They have left us our Fenian dead, and while Ireland holds these graves, Ireland unfree shall never be at peace. (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Speech_at_the_Grave_of_O%27Donovan_Rossa" class="extiw" title="s:Speech at the Grave of O'Donovan Rossa"><i>Full text of Speech)</i></a></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Easter_Rising_and_death">Easter Rising and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Pearse&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Easter Rising and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></div> <p>It was Pearse who, on behalf of the IRB shortly before Easter in 1916, issued the orders to all Volunteer units throughout the country for three days of manoeuvres beginning on Easter Sunday, which was the signal for a general uprising. When <a href="/wiki/Eoin_MacNeill" title="Eoin MacNeill">Eoin MacNeill</a>, the Chief of Staff of the Volunteers, learned what was being planned without the promised arms from Germany, he countermanded the orders via newspaper, causing the IRB to issue a last-minute order to go through with the plan the following day, greatly limiting the numbers who turned out for the rising. </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> eventually began on Easter Monday, 24 April 1916, it was Pearse who read the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Irish_Republic" title="Proclamation of the Irish Republic">Proclamation of the Irish Republic</a> from outside the <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office_(Dublin)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Post Office (Dublin)">General Post Office</a>, the headquarters of the Rising. Pearse was the person most responsible for drafting the Proclamation, and he was chosen as President of the Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After six days of fighting, heavy civilian casualties and great destruction of property, Pearse issued the order to surrender. </p><p>Pearse and fourteen other leaders, including his brother Willie, were <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martialled</a> and <a href="/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad" title="Execution by firing squad">executed by firing squad</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Thomas Clarke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_MacDonagh" title="Thomas MacDonagh">Thomas MacDonagh</a> and Pearse himself were the first of the rebels to be executed, on the morning of 3 May 1916. Pearse was 36 years old at the time of his death. <a href="/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement">Roger Casement</a>, who had tried unsuccessfully to recruit an insurgent force among Irish-born prisoners of war from the <a href="/wiki/16th_(Irish)_Division" title="16th (Irish) Division">Irish Brigade</a> in Germany, was hanged in London the following August. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Maxwell_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Maxwell (British Army officer)">Sir John Maxwell</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Ireland" title="Commander-in-Chief, Ireland">Commander-in-Chief, Ireland</a>, sent a telegram to <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>, then Prime Minister, advising him not to return the bodies of the Pearse brothers to their family, saying, "Irish sentimentality will turn these graves into martyrs' shrines to which annual processions will be made, which would cause constant irritation in this country."<sup id="cite_ref-P.H._Pearse,_Proinsias_Mac_Aonghusa_1979_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P.H._Pearse,_Proinsias_Mac_Aonghusa_1979-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maxwell also suppressed a letter from Pearse to his mother,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and two poems dated 1 May 1916. He submitted copies of them also to Prime Minister Asquith, saying that some of the content was "objectionable".<sup id="cite_ref-P.H._Pearse,_Proinsias_Mac_Aonghusa_1979_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P.H._Pearse,_Proinsias_Mac_Aonghusa_1979-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Pearse&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_padraig_pearse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Statue_padraig_pearse.jpg/170px-Statue_padraig_pearse.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Statue_padraig_pearse.jpg/255px-Statue_padraig_pearse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Statue_padraig_pearse.jpg/340px-Statue_padraig_pearse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Pearse in <a href="/wiki/Tralee" title="Tralee">Tralee</a>, County Kerry</figcaption></figure> <p>Pearse wrote stories and poems in both Irish and English. His best-known English poems include "The Mother", "The Fool", "<a href="/wiki/The_Rebel_(poem)" title="The Rebel (poem)">The Rebel</a>" and "The Wayfarer".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also wrote several <a href="/wiki/Allegorical" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegorical">allegorical</a> plays in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a>, including <i>The King</i>, <i>The Master</i>, and <i>The Singer</i>. His short stories in Irish include <i>Eoghainín na nÉan</i> ("Eoineen of the Birds"), <i>Íosagán</i> ("Little Jesus"), <i>An Gadaí</i> ("The Thief"), <i>Na Bóithre</i> ("The Roads"), and <i>An Bhean Chaointe</i> ("The Keening Woman"). These were translated into English by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell_(poet)" title="Joseph Campbell (poet)">Joseph Campbell</a> (in the <i>Collected Works</i> of 1917).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of his ideas on education are contained in his essay "<a href="/wiki/The_Murder_Machine_(Patrick_Pearse)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Murder Machine (Patrick Pearse)">The Murder Machine</a>". He also wrote many essays on politics and language, notably "The Coming Revolution" and "Ghosts". </p><p>Pearse is closely associated with his rendering of the <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite</a> <a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">sean-nós song</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Or%C3%B3_S%C3%A9_do_Bheatha_%27Bhaile" class="mw-redirect" title="Oró Sé do Bheatha 'Bhaile">Oró Sé do Bheatha 'Bhaile</a>", for which he composed republican lyrics. </p><p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/Innti" title="Innti">Innti</a></i> poet and <a href="/wiki/Literary_critic" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary critic">literary critic</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Paor" title="Louis de Paor">Louis de Paor</a>, despite Pearse's enthusiasm for the <i><a href="/wiki/Conamara_Theas" title="Conamara Theas">Conamara Theas</a></i> dialect of <a href="/wiki/Connacht_Irish" title="Connacht Irish">Connacht Irish</a> spoken around his summer cottage at <a href="/wiki/Rosmuc" title="Rosmuc">Rosmuc</a> in <a href="/wiki/Connemara" title="Connemara">Connemara</a>, he chose to follow the usual practice of the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_revival" title="Gaelic revival">Gaelic revival</a> by writing in <a href="/wiki/Munster_Irish" title="Munster Irish">Munster Irish</a>, which was considered less <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">Anglicized</a> than other Irish dialects. </p><p>Also according to Louis de Paor, Pearse's reading of the radically experimental poetry of <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a> and of the French <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (art)">Symbolists</a> led him to introduce <a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">Modernist poetry</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a>. As a <a href="/wiki/Literary_critic" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary critic">literary critic</a>, Pearse also left behind a very detailed blueprint for the <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a>, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a>. </p><p>Louis De Paor writes that Patrick Pearse was "the most perceptive <a href="/wiki/Literary_critic" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary critic">critic</a> and most accomplished poet," of the early Gaelic revival providing "a sophisticated model for a new literature in Irish that would reestablish a living connection with the pre-colonial Gaelic past while resuming its relationship with contemporary Europe, bypassing the monolithic influence of English."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For these reasons, de Paor called Pearse's death a catastrophic loss for <a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">modern literature in Irish</a>. According to de Paor, this loss only began to be healed during the 1940s by the modernist poetry of <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_%C3%93_R%C3%ADord%C3%A1in" title="Seán Ó Ríordáin">Seán Ó Ríordáin</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1irt%C3%ADn_%C3%93_Dire%C3%A1in" title="Máirtín Ó Direáin">Máirtín Ó Direáin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ire_Mhac_an_tSaoi" title="Máire Mhac an tSaoi">Máire Mhac an tSaoi</a>; and by the modernist novels <i><a href="/wiki/An_B%C3%A9al_Bocht" title="An Béal Bocht">An Béal Bocht</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Flann_O%27Brien" title="Flann O'Brien">Flann O'Brien</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9_na_Cille" title="Cré na Cille">Cré na Cille</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1irt%C3%ADn_%C3%93_Cadhain" title="Máirtín Ó Cadhain">Máirtín Ó Cadhain</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reputation">Reputation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Pearse&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reputation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the outbreak of conflict in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> in 1969, Pearse's legacy was used by the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional IRA">Provisional IRA</a>. </p><p>Pearse's ideas have been seen by Seán Farrell Moran as belonging to the context of European cultural history as a part of a rejection of <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> by European social thinkers.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, his place within Catholicism, where his orthodoxy was challenged in the early 1970s,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been addressed to suggest that Pearse's theological foundations for his political ideas share in a long-existing tradition in western Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a> <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> <a href="/wiki/Bertie_Ahern" title="Bertie Ahern">Bertie Ahern</a> described Pearse as one of his heroes and displayed a picture of Pearse over his desk in the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Taoiseach" title="Department of the Taoiseach">Department of the Taoiseach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pearse's mother <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Pearse" title="Margaret Pearse">Margaret Pearse</a> served as a <a href="/wiki/Teachta_D%C3%A1la" title="Teachta Dála">TD</a> in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a> in the 1920s. His sister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mary_Pearse" title="Margaret Mary Pearse">Margaret Mary Pearse</a> also served as a TD and <a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Senator</a>. </p><p>In a 2006 book, psychiatrists <a href="/wiki/Michael_Fitzgerald_(psychiatrist)" title="Michael Fitzgerald (psychiatrist)">Michael Fitzgerald</a> and Antoinette Walker speculated that Pearse had <a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald_and_Walker_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald_and_Walker-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pearse's apparent "sexual immaturity", and some of his behaviour, has been the subject of comment since the 1970s by historians such as <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Dudley_Edwards" title="Ruth Dudley Edwards">Ruth Dudley Edwards</a>, T. Ryle Dwyer and Seán Farrell Moran, who speculated that he was attracted to young boys.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His most recent biographer, <a href="/wiki/Joost_Augusteijn" title="Joost Augusteijn">Joost Augusteijn</a>, concluded that "it seems most probable that he was sexually inclined this way".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fitzgerald and Walker maintain that there is absolutely no evidence of <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> or <a href="/wiki/Paedophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paedophilia">paedophilia</a>; they allege that Pearse's apparent lack of sexual interest in women, and his "ascetic" and celibate lifestyle are consistent with a diagnosis of <a href="/wiki/High-functioning_autism" title="High-functioning autism">high-functioning autism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald_and_Walker_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald_and_Walker-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultural historian Elaine Sisson has further said that Pearse's interest in and idealization of young boys needs to be seen in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> "cult of the boy".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In almost all of Pearse's portraits, he struck a sideways pose, concealing his left side. This was to hide a <a href="/wiki/Strabismus" title="Strabismus">strabismus</a> or squint in his left eye, which he felt was an embarrassing condition.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Pearse&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Commemoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The building in Rathfarnham, on the south side of Dublin, that once housed Pearse's school, St Enda's, is now the <a href="/wiki/Pearse_Museum" title="Pearse Museum">Pearse Museum</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearse_Street" title="Pearse Street">Pearse Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pearse_Square" title="Pearse Square">Pearse Square</a> in Dublin were renamed in 1926 in honour of Pearse and his brother Willie, Pearse Street (previously Great Brunswick Street) being their birthplace. Other Pearse Streets can be found in <a href="/wiki/Athlone" title="Athlone">Athlone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballina,_County_Mayo" title="Ballina, County Mayo">Ballina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandon,_County_Cork" title="Bandon, County Cork">Bandon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cahir" title="Cahir">Cahir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavan" title="Cavan">Cavan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clonakilty" title="Clonakilty">Clonakilty</a> (formerly Sovereign Street), <a href="/wiki/Gorey" title="Gorey">Gorey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilkenny" title="Kilkenny">Kilkenny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinsale" title="Kinsale">Kinsale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountmellick" title="Mountmellick">Mountmellick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mullingar" title="Mullingar">Mullingar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nenagh" title="Nenagh">Nenagh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sallynoggin" title="Sallynoggin">Sallynoggin</a> (where there are also Pearse Park, Avenue, Road and other uses of the name).</li> <li>There are Pearse Roads in <a href="/wiki/Ardara,_County_Donegal" title="Ardara, County Donegal">Ardara, County Donegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballyphehane" title="Ballyphehane">Ballyphehane</a> in Cork (which also has Pearse Place and Square), <a href="/wiki/Bray,_County_Wicklow" title="Bray, County Wicklow">Bray</a>, Cookstown (County Wicklow), <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cranmore,_Sligo" title="Cranmore, Sligo">Cranmore</a> (which also has Pearse Crescent and Terrace), Dublin 16, <a href="/wiki/Enniscorthy" title="Enniscorthy">Enniscorthy</a>, Graiguecullen (County Carlow), <a href="/wiki/Letterkenny" title="Letterkenny">Letterkenny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limerick" title="Limerick">Limerick</a> (which also has Pearse Avenue), <a href="/wiki/Sligo" title="Sligo">Sligo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tralee" title="Tralee">Tralee</a></li> <li>There are Pearse Parks (residential streets) in <a href="/wiki/Drogheda" title="Drogheda">Drogheda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dundalk" title="Dundalk">Dundalk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tullamore" title="Tullamore">Tullamore</a>, and (parkland) on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Arklow" title="Arklow">Arklow</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Tralee" title="Tralee">Tralee</a> (the former demesne of <a href="/wiki/Tralee_Castle" title="Tralee Castle">Tralee Castle</a>). There are other Pearse Avenues in <a href="/wiki/Carrickmacross" title="Carrickmacross">Carrickmacross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ennis" title="Ennis">Ennis</a>, Mervue in <a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mallow,_County_Cork" title="Mallow, County Cork">Mallow</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carrigtwohill" title="Carrigtwohill">Carrigtwohill</a> has a Patrick Pearse Place and there is a Pearse Bridge in <a href="/wiki/Terenure" title="Terenure">Terenure</a>. There is a Pearse Brothers Park in <a href="/wiki/Rathfarnham" title="Rathfarnham">Rathfarnham</a> and a Pearse Terrace in <a href="/wiki/Westport,_County_Mayo" title="Westport, County Mayo">Westport</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longford" title="Longford">Longford</a> has Pearse Drive and Pearse View. <a href="/wiki/Crumlin,_Dublin" title="Crumlin, Dublin">Crumlin</a> (Dublin) has a Pearse Memorial Park.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballyheigue" title="Ballyheigue">Ballyheigue</a> has a statue built in commemoration.</li> <li>Every February, just before the Annual Irish language Dining celebration at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Inns" title="King's Inns">King's Inns</a>, the institution hosts an Irish language debate where a Bonn an Phiarsaigh (the Pearse medal) is awarded to the winner.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educational_institutions">Educational institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Pearse&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Educational institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cullenswood House, the Pearse family home in Ranelagh where Pádraic first founded St Enda's, today houses a primary <i><a href="/wiki/Gaelscoil" title="Gaelscoil">Gaelscoil</a></i> (school for education through the Irish language) called Lios na nÓg, part of a community-based effort to revive the Irish language. <a href="/wiki/Crumlin,_Dublin" title="Crumlin, Dublin">Crumlin</a> (Dublin) has the Pearse College of Further Education, and there was formerly an Irish language summer school in <a href="/wiki/Gaoth_Dobhair" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaoth Dobhair">Gaoth Dobhair</a> called Colaiste an Phiarsaigh. In <a href="/wiki/Rosmuc" title="Rosmuc">Rosmuc</a> there is an Irish-medium vocational school, Gairmscoil na bPiarsach. The main lecture hall at the Cadet School in Ireland is named after P.H. Pearse. In September 2014, Gaelcholáiste an Phiarsaigh, a new Irish language medium secondary school, opened its doors for the first time in the former Loreto Abbey buildings, just 1 km from the Pearse Museum in St Endas Park, Rathfarnham. Today Glanmire County Cork boasts the best secondary-level Irish-speaking college in Ireland called Coláiste an Phiarsaigh, which was named in honour and structured around Patrick Pearse's beliefs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_venues_and_clubs">Sports venues and clubs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Pearse&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sports venues and clubs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association" title="Gaelic Athletic Association">Gaelic Athletic Association</a> clubs and playing fields in Ireland are named after Pádraic or both Pearses: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antrim_GAA" title="Antrim GAA">Antrim</a>: Pearse Park, <a href="/wiki/Dunloy_GAC" title="Dunloy GAC">Dunloy</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_Gaelic_games_clubs_in_Ireland#Antrim" title="List of Gaelic games clubs in Ireland">Patrick Pearse's GAC</a>, Belfast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armagh_GAA" title="Armagh GAA">Armagh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Annaghmore_Pearses_GFC" title="Annaghmore Pearses GFC">Annaghmore Pearses GFC</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pearse_%C3%93g_GAC" title="Pearse Óg GAC">Pearse Óg GAC</a> and its grounds, <a href="/wiki/Pearse_%C3%93g_Park" title="Pearse Óg Park">Pearse Óg Park</a>, Armagh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_GAA" title="Cork GAA">Cork</a>: <a href="/wiki/Na_Piarsaigh_GAA" title="Na Piarsaigh GAA">CLG Na Piarsaigh</a>, Cork</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derry_GAA" title="Derry GAA">Derry</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kilrea_GAC" title="Kilrea GAC">Pádraig Pearse's GAC</a>, Kilrea; Pearse's GFC, Waterside, Derry (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donegal_GAA" title="Donegal GAA">Donegal</a>: Pearse's Park, Ardara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_GAA" title="Dublin GAA">Dublin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ballyboden_St._Enda%27s_GAA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballyboden St. Enda's GAA">Ballyboden St. Enda's GAA</a> (called after Pearse's school); Pearse's GAC, Rathfarnham (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galway_GAA" title="Galway GAA">Galway</a>: <a href="/wiki/CLG_Na_Piarsaigh" title="CLG Na Piarsaigh">CLG Na Piarsaigh</a>, Ros Muc;<a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_Pearse%27s_GAA" title="Pádraig Pearse's GAA">Pádraig Pearse's GAC</a>, Ballymacward & Gurteen; <a href="/wiki/Pearse_Stadium" title="Pearse Stadium">Pearse Stadium</a>, Salthill</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_GAA" title="Kerry GAA">Kerry</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dromid_Pearses_GAA" title="Dromid Pearses GAA">Dromid Pearses GAC</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kilflynn_Pearses" title="Kilflynn Pearses">Kilflynn Pearses</a> HC (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerick_GAA" title="Limerick GAA">Limerick</a>: <a href="/wiki/Na_Piarsaigh_GAA_(Limerick)" title="Na Piarsaigh GAA (Limerick)">CLG Na Piarsaigh</a>, Limerick</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longford_GAA" title="Longford GAA">Longford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pearse_Park_(Longford)" title="Pearse Park (Longford)">Pearse Park</a>, Longford</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louth_GAA" title="Louth GAA">Louth</a>: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Gaelic_games_clubs_in_Ireland#Louth" title="List of Gaelic games clubs in Ireland">CPG Na Piarsaigh</a>, Dundalk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaghan_GAA" title="Monaghan GAA">Monaghan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ballybay_Pearse_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballybay Pearse Brothers">Ballybay Pearse Brothers</a>, and its grounds, Pearse Park</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscommon_GAA" title="Roscommon GAA">Roscommon</a>: <a href="/wiki/Padraig_Pearses_GAA_Roscommon" title="Padraig Pearses GAA Roscommon">Pádraig Pearse's GAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrone_GAA" title="Tyrone GAA">Tyrone</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dregish_Pearse_Og_GAC" class="mw-redirect" title="Dregish Pearse Og GAC">Pearse Óg GAC</a>, Dregish; <a href="/wiki/Fintona_Pearses_GAC" title="Fintona Pearses GAC">Fintona Pearses GAC</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Galbally_Pearses_GAC" title="Galbally Pearses GAC">Galbally Pearses GAC</a>, and its grounds, Pearse Park; a defunct club, <a href="/wiki/Owen_Roe_O%27Neill%27s_GAC" title="Owen Roe O'Neill's GAC">Leckpatrick Pearse Óg GAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wexford_GAA" title="Wexford GAA">Wexford</a>: Naomh Eanna GAA (called after Pearse's school); P.H. Pearse's HC, Enniscorthy (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicklow_GAA" title="Wicklow GAA">Wicklow</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pearse_Park_(Arklow)" title="Pearse Park (Arklow)">Pearses' Park</a>, Arklow</li></ul> <p>So also are several outside Ireland: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australasia_GAA" title="Australasia GAA">Australasia</a>: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Gaelic_games_clubs_outside_Ireland#Victoria" title="List of Gaelic games clubs outside Ireland">Pádraig Pearse GAC</a>, Victoria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_GAA" title="London GAA">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Gaelic_games_clubs_outside_Ireland#London" title="List of Gaelic games clubs outside Ireland">Brother Pearse's GAC</a>, London</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_GAA" title="Scotland GAA">Scotland</a>: Pearse Park, Glasgow; Pearse Harps HC (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_GAA" title="Yorkshire GAA">Yorkshire</a>: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Gaelic_games_clubs_outside_Ireland#Yorkshire" title="List of Gaelic games clubs outside Ireland">Brothers Pearse GAC</a>, Huddersfield</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_GAA" class="mw-redirect" title="North American GAA">North America</a>: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Gaelic_games_clubs_outside_Ireland#North_American_Board_area_(USA_outside_New_York_City)" title="List of Gaelic games clubs outside Ireland">Pádraig Pearse GFC</a>, Chicago; <a href="/wiki/List_of_Gaelic_games_clubs_outside_Ireland#North_American_Board_area_(USA_outside_New_York_City)" title="List of Gaelic games clubs outside Ireland">Pádraig Pearse GFC</a>, Detroit</li></ul> <p>There are also soccer clubs named Pearse Celtic FC in <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Ringsend" title="Ringsend">Ringsend</a>, Dublin; and Liffeys Pearse FC, a south Dublin soccer club formed by the amalgamation of Liffey Wanderers and Pearse Rangers. A Pearse Rangers schoolboy football club remains in existence in Dublin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_commemorations">Other commemorations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Pearse&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other commemorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1916 the English composer <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Bax" title="Arnold Bax">Arnold Bax</a>, who had met the man, composed a tone poem entitled <i>In Memoriam Patrick Pearse</i>. It received its first public performance in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> the Pearse Club on King Street was wrecked by an explosion in May 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Westland Row Station in Dublin was renamed <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Pearse_railway_station" title="Dublin Pearse railway station">Pearse Station</a> in 1966 after the Pearse brothers.</li> <li>The silver <a href="/wiki/Ten_shilling_(Irish_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten shilling (Irish coin)">ten shilling</a> coin minted in 1966 featured the bust of Patrick Pearse. It is the sole Irish coin ever to have featured anyone associated with Irish history or politics.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Ballymun" title="Ballymun">Ballymun</a> the Patrick Pearse Tower was named after him. It was the first of Ballymun's tower blocks to be demolished in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1999 the centenary of Pearse's induction as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Gorsedd" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorsedd">Gorsedd</a> at the 1899 Pan Celtic <a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a> (when he took the <a href="/wiki/Bardic_name" title="Bardic name">Bardic name</a> Areithiwr) was marked by the unveiling of a plaque at the Consulate General of Ireland in Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Postage stamps commemorating Pearse were issued by the Irish postal service in 1966, 1979 and 2008.</li> <li>Writer <a href="/wiki/Prvoslav_Vujcic" title="Prvoslav Vujcic">Prvoslav Vujcic</a> is nicknamed Pearse after Patrick Pearse.<sup id="cite_ref-Urban_Book_Circle_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urban_Book_Circle-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2016 <a href="/wiki/Leinster_GAA" title="Leinster GAA">Leinster GAA</a> inaugurated a Pearse medal in recognition of Pearse's role as vice president of the province's Colleges' Committee. The medals are awarded to the best footballer and hurler in the Leinster senior championship each year.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Pearse&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThornley1971" class="citation journal cs1">Thornley, David (Autumn–Winter 1971). "Patrick Pearse and the Pearse Family". <i>Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review</i>. <b>60</b> (239/240). Dublin: Irish Province of the Society of Jesus: 332–346. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-3495">0039-3495</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30088734">30088734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies%3A+An+Irish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Patrick+Pearse+and+the+Pearse+Family&rft.chron=fall%E2%80%93winter&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=239%2F240&rft.pages=332-346&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30088734%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0039-3495&rft.aulast=Thornley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Pearse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1977" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Liam (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KapbAAAAMAAJ&q=%22pearse+street%22+patrick+willie"><i>The noble drama of W.B. Yeats</i></a>. Dublin: Dolmen Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-00633-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-00633-1"><bdi>978-0-391-00633-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221123052/https://books.google.com/books?id=KapbAAAAMAAJ&q=%22pearse+street%22+patrick+willie">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+noble+drama+of+W.B.+Yeats&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Dolmen+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-391-00633-1&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKapbAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522pearse%2Bstreet%2522%2Bpatrick%2Bwillie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Pearse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey2005" class="citation book cs1">Casey, Christine (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AQzYxvX_U8MC&pg=PA62"><i>Dublin: the city within the Grand and Royal Canals and the Circular Road with the Phoenix Park</i></a>. New Haven and London: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10923-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10923-8"><bdi>978-0-300-10923-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418120338/https://books.google.com/books?id=AQzYxvX_U8MC&pg=PA62">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dublin%3A+the+city+within+the+Grand+and+Royal+Canals+and+the+Circular+Road+with+the+Phoenix+Park&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10923-8&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAQzYxvX_U8MC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Pearse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2006" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, Garth (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sao_h6T4cB0C&pg=PA189"><i>Parallel paths: the development of nationalism in Ireland and Quebec</i></a>. Montreal & Kingston: <a href="/wiki/McGill-Queen%27s_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="McGill-Queen's Press">McGill-Queen's Press</a>. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3029-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3029-4"><bdi>978-0-7735-3029-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418114608/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sao_h6T4cB0C&pg=PA189">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parallel+paths%3A+the+development+of+nationalism+in+Ireland+and+Quebec&rft.place=Montreal+%26+Kingston&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-3029-4&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Garth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSao_h6T4cB0C%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Pearse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ricorso.net/rx/az-data/authors/p/Pearse_P/life.htm">Patrick Pearse: Life.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180108063851/http://www.ricorso.net/rx/az-data/authors/p/Pearse_P/life.htm">Archived</a> 8 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Ricorso</i>, Bruce Stewart. Retrieved 7 January 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>16 Lives: Patrick Pearse</i>. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=16+Lives%3A+Patrick+Pearse&rft.pages=17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Pearse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-homelife-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-homelife_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Home Life of Padraic Pearse" Edited by Mary Brigid Pearse. Published by Mercier Press Dublin and Cork.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2007" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Brendan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UA3fbLv1EQoC&pg=PA12"><i>The pedagogy of protest: the educational thought and work of Patrick H. Pearse</i></a>. Oxford: Peter Lang. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03910-941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03910-941-8"><bdi>978-3-03910-941-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418135609/https://books.google.com/books?id=UA3fbLv1EQoC&pg=PA12">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+pedagogy+of+protest%3A+the+educational+thought+and+work+of+Patrick+H.+Pearse&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-03910-941-8&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUA3fbLv1EQoC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Pearse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley2009" class="citation web cs1">Crowley, Brian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyireland.com/volumes/volume14/issue2/news/?id=114021">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The strange thing I am': his father's son?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/History_Ireland" title="History Ireland">History Ireland</a></i>. History Publications Ltd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320004027/http://www.historyireland.com/volumes/volume14/issue2/news/?id=114021">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Ireland&rft.atitle=%27The+strange+thing+I+am%27%3A+his+father%27s+son%3F&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2Fvolumes%2Fvolume14%2Fissue2%2Fnews%2F%3Fid%3D114021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Pearse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>16 Lives: Patrick Pearse</i>. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=16+Lives%3A+Patrick+Pearse&rft.pages=18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Pearse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell" class="citation news cs1">Mitchell, Angus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/robert-emmet-and-1916/">"Robert Emmet and 1916"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418104034/https://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/robert-emmet-and-1916/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Robert+Emmet+and+1916&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Angus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2F20th-century-contemporary-history%2Frobert-emmet-and-1916%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Pearse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minerva.mic.ul.ie//vol1/pearse.html">"Flanagan, Frank M., "Patrick H. Pearse", <i>The Great Educators</i>, March 20, 1995"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120925125438/http://www.minerva.mic.ul.ie/vol1/pearse.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flanagan%2C+Frank+M.%2C+%22Patrick+H.+Pearse%22%2C+The+Great+Educators%2C+March+20%2C+1995&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minerva.mic.ul.ie%2F%2Fvol1%2Fpearse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Pearse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&dq=an+claidheamh+soluis&pg=PA451">John T. Koch, <i>Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.ie/celt/pearse.html">"CELT: Chronology of Patrick Pearse, also known as Pádraig Pearse (Pádraig Mac Piarais)"</a>. <i>ucc.ie</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090511144732/http://www.ucc.ie/celt/pearse.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ucc.ie&rft.atitle=CELT%3A+Chronology+of+Patrick+Pearse%2C+also+known+as+P%C3%A1draig+Pearse+%28P%C3%A1draig+Mac+Piarais%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucc.ie%2Fcelt%2Fpearse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Pearse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://giveitsomesparkle.wordpress.com/2011/09/09/padraig-pearse-the-cart-and-an-old-song-book/">"Padraig Pearse, the cart and an old song book"</a>. <i>Sparkle</i>. 9 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906041307/https://giveitsomesparkle.wordpress.com/2011/09/09/padraig-pearse-the-cart-and-an-old-song-book/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sparkle&rft.atitle=Padraig+Pearse%2C+the+cart+and+an+old+song+book&rft.date=2011-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgiveitsomesparkle.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F09%2F09%2Fpadraig-pearse-the-cart-and-an-old-song-book%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Pearse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGill1966" class="citation journal cs1">McGill, P.J. (1966). "Pearse Defends Niall Mac Giolla Bhride in Court of King's Bench, Dublin". <i>Donegal Annual</i>. <b>1966</b>: 83–85 (from 27 June 1905 article written by Patrick Pearse) – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Donegal+Annual&rft.atitle=Pearse+Defends+Niall+Mac+Giolla+Bhride+in+Court+of+King%27s+Bench%2C+Dublin&rft.volume=1966&rft.pages=83-85+%28from+27+June+1905+article+written+by+Patrick+Pearse%29&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=McGill&rft.aufirst=P.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Pearse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nli-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nli_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nli_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060519214523/http://www.nli.ie/1916/pdf/4.4.pdf">"Patrick Pearse"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The 1916 Rising: Personalities and Perspectives</i>. National Library of Ireland. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nli.ie/1916/pdf/4.4.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+1916+Rising%3A+Personalities+and+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Patrick+Pearse&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nli.ie%2F1916%2Fpdf%2F4.4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Pearse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2007" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Brendan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UA3fbLv1EQoC&q=patrick+pearse+clongowes&pg=PA288"><i>The Pedagogy of Protest: The Educational Thought and Work of Patrick H. Pearse</i></a>. Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03910-941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03910-941-8"><bdi>978-3-03910-941-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418132447/https://books.google.com/books?id=UA3fbLv1EQoC&q=patrick+pearse+clongowes&pg=PA288">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pedagogy+of+Protest%3A+The+Educational+Thought+and+Work+of+Patrick+H.+Pearse&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-03910-941-8&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUA3fbLv1EQoC%26q%3Dpatrick%2Bpearse%2Bclongowes%26pg%3DPA288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Pearse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruth Dudley Edwards, <i>Patrick Pearse: The Triumph of Failure,</i> (1977) p. 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoyBarton2004" class="citation book cs1">Foy, Michael; Barton, Brian (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/easterrising0000foym/page/7"><i>The Easter Rising</i></a>. Sutton Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/easterrising0000foym/page/7">7–8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-3433-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-3433-6"><bdi>0-7509-3433-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Easter+Rising&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7509-3433-6&rft.aulast=Foy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Barton%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feasterrising0000foym%2Fpage%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Pearse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seán_Cronin_1966,_pg.15-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seán_Cronin_1966,_pg.15_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seán_Cronin_1966,_pg.15_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seán_Cronin_1966,_pg.15_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Seán Cronin, <i>Our Own Red Blood</i>, Irish Freedom Press, New York, 2014, p. 15 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Peace and the Gael", in Patrick H. Pearse, <i>Political writings and speeches</i>, Phoenix, Dublin, (1924) p. 216, <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Ireland" title="National Library of Ireland">National Library of Ireland</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a statement to the Bureau of Military History, dated 26 January 1948, Hobson claimed: "After the formation of the Irish Volunteers in October [<i>recte</i> November] 1913, Pádraig Pearse was sworn in by me as a member of the IRB in December of that year ... I swore him in before his departure for the States." (See: <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Ireland" title="National Library of Ireland">National Library of Ireland</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nli.ie/1916/pdf/3.2.1.pdf">3.2.1 Bulmer Hobson and Denis McCullough</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228140800/http://www.nli.ie/1916/pdf/3.2.1.pdf">Archived</a> 28 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <i>The 1916 Rising: Personalities and Perspectives</i>, p. 18. Retrieved 1 January 2008. Hobson, in his <i>Foundation of Growth of the Irish Volunteers, 1913–1914</i>, also states that Pearse was not a member of the IRB when the Irish Volunteers were founded in November.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Clarke" title="Kathleen Clarke">Kathleen Clarke</a> says in <i>My Fight for Ireland's Freedom</i> that it was "towards the end of 1913" when Tom Clarke had Pearse co-opted onto the Supreme Council of the IRB.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eoin_Neeson" title="Eoin Neeson">Eoin Neeson</a>, <i>Myths from Easter 1916</i>, Aubane Historical Society, Cork, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903497-34-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903497-34-0">978-1-903497-34-0</a> p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>16 Lives: Patrick Pearse</i>. p. 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=16+Lives%3A+Patrick+Pearse&rft.pages=121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Pearse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/centuryireland/index.php/articles/patrick-pearse">"Patrick Pearse"</a>. <i>Century Ireland</i>. <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89" title="RTÉ">RTÉ</a>/<a href="/wiki/Boston_College" title="Boston College">Boston College</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112451/http://www.rte.ie/centuryireland/index.php/articles/patrick-pearse">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Century+Ireland&rft.atitle=Patrick+Pearse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fcenturyireland%2Findex.php%2Farticles%2Fpatrick-pearse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Pearse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P.H._Pearse,_Proinsias_Mac_Aonghusa_1979-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-P.H._Pearse,_Proinsias_Mac_Aonghusa_1979_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P.H._Pearse,_Proinsias_Mac_Aonghusa_1979_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Quotations from P.H. Pearse, Proinsias Mac Aonghusa, Mercier Press, RP 1979, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85342-605-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85342-605-8">0-85342-605-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Author:Patrick_Pearse" class="extiw" title="q:Author:Patrick Pearse">Author:Patrick Pearse – Wikisource</a> at en.wikisource.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeán_McMahon_and_Jo_O'Donoghue1998" class="citation book cs1">Seán McMahon and Jo O'Donoghue (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/merciercompanion00mcma/page/183"><i>The Mercier Companion to Irish literature</i></a></span>. Cork: <a href="/wiki/Mercier_Press" title="Mercier Press">Mercier Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/merciercompanion00mcma/page/183">183</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85635-216-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85635-216-1"><bdi>1-85635-216-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mercier+Companion+to+Irish+literature&rft.place=Cork&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Mercier+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-85635-216-1&rft.au=Se%C3%A1n+McMahon+and+Jo+O%27Donoghue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmerciercompanion00mcma%2Fpage%2F183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Pearse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Pearse, <i>Short Stories</i>. Trans. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell_(poet)" title="Joseph Campbell (poet)">Joseph Campbell</a>. Ed. Anne Markey. Dublin, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Louis_De_Paor" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis De Paor">Louis De Paor</a> (2016), <i>Leabhar na hAthghabhála: Poems of Repossession: Irish-English Bilingual Edition</i>, <a href="/wiki/Bloodaxe_Books" title="Bloodaxe Books">Bloodaxe Books</a>. Page 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sean Farrell Moran, "Patrick Pearse and the European Revolt Against Reason," Journal of the History of Ideas, 1989, 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis J. Shaw, S.J., "The Canon of Irish History—A Challenge," in Studies, 61, 242, 115–53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moran, "Patrick Pearse and Patriotic Soteriology" in The Irish Terrorism Experience, eds. Yonah Alexander and Alan O'Day, 1991, 9–29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bertie Ahern, interviewed about Pearse on <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89" title="RTÉ">RTÉ</a>, 9 April 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzgerald_and_Walker-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald_and_Walker_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald_and_Walker_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2006" class="citation news cs1">Collins, Liam (9 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/rebel-pearse-was-no-gay-blade-but-had-autistic-temperment-26410577.html">"Rebel Pearse was no gay blade but had autistic temperment [sic]"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116112137/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/rebel-pearse-was-no-gay-blade-but-had-autistic-temperment-26410577.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rebel+Pearse+was+no+gay+blade+but+had+autistic+temperment+%26%2391%3Bsic%26%2393%3B&rft.date=2006-04-09&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Firish-news%2Frebel-pearse-was-no-gay-blade-but-had-autistic-temperment-26410577.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Pearse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruth Dudley Edwards, <i>Patrick Pearse: The Triumph of Failure</i>, Victor Gollancz, 1977, pp. 52–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sean Farrell Moran, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FgZbzSE1kuUC&pg=PA122">Patrick Pearse and the Politics of Redemption: The Mind of the Easter Rising, 1916</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315182929/https://books.google.com/books?id=FgZbzSE1kuUC&pg=PA122">Archived</a> 15 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, 1994, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joost Augusteijn, <i>Patrick Pearse: The Making of a Revolutionary</i>, 2009, p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><i>True Lives: P.H. Pearse; Fanatic Heart</i> (television documentary). Dublin: <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89" title="RTÉ">RTÉ</a>. 2001. Event occurs at 42:23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=True+Lives%3A+P.H.+Pearse%3B+Fanatic+Heart&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=RT%C3%89&rft.date=2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Pearse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Spain, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/pearses-heroic-sideways-pose-he-did-it-to-hide-embarrassing-squint-29524364.html">"Pearse's heroic sideways pose? He did it to hide embarrassing squint"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220061957/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/pearses-heroic-sideways-pose-he-did-it-to-hide-embarrassing-squint-29524364.html">Archived</a> 20 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Irish Independent</i>, 24 August 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130419221529/http://www.bbc.co.uk/proms/2008/interactandreviews/reviews/24jul.shtml">BBC Proms</a> 24 July 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Belfast club wrecked", <i><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Citizen" title="Ottawa Citizen">Ottawa Citizen</a></i>, p. 1, 26 May 1938</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dublincitypubliclibraries.com/dublin-buildings/seven-towers-ballymun">Dublin City Public Libraries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130118163235/http://dublincitypubliclibraries.com/dublin-buildings/seven-towers-ballymun">Archived</a> 18 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> history of Ballymun Towers</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ballinagree.freeservers.com/ppearsegd9.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001938/http://www.ballinagree.freeservers.com/ppearsegd9.html">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Account of Gorsedd commemoration, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urban_Book_Circle-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urban_Book_Circle_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.urbanbookcircle.com/prvoslav-ldquopearserdquo-vujcic.html">"Prvoslav Vujcic biography"</a>. Urban Book Circle. 16 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190210135256/https://www.urbanbookcircle.com/prvoslav-ldquopearserdquo-vujcic.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prvoslav+Vujcic+biography&rft.pub=Urban+Book+Circle&rft.date=2013-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.urbanbookcircle.com%2Fprvoslav-ldquopearserdquo-vujcic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Pearse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/sport/gaelic-games/dublin-and-kilkenny-dominate-leinster-pearse-medal-nominations-1.2863485">"Dublin and Kilkenny dominate Leinster Pearse medal nominations"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161112143751/http://www.irishtimes.com/sport/gaelic-games/dublin-and-kilkenny-dominate-leinster-pearse-medal-nominations-1.2863485">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Dublin+and+Kilkenny+dominate+Leinster+Pearse+medal+nominations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fsport%2Fgaelic-games%2Fdublin-and-kilkenny-dominate-leinster-pearse-medal-nominations-1.2863485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrick+Pearse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Pearse&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Joost Augusteijn, <i>Patrick Pearse: The Making of a Revolutionary</i>, 2009.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pat_Coogan" title="Tim Pat Coogan">Tim Pat Coogan</a>, <i>Michael Collins.</i> Hutchinson, 1990.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Dudley_Edwards" title="Ruth Dudley Edwards">Ruth Dudley Edwards</a>, <i>Patrick Pearse: the Triumph of Failure</i>, London: Gollancz, 1977.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F.S.L._Lyons" class="mw-redirect" title="F.S.L. Lyons">F.S.L. Lyons</a>, <i>Ireland Since the Famine.</i> London: Collins/Fontana, 1973.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Macardle" title="Dorothy Macardle">Dorothy Macardle</a>, <i>The Irish Republic.</i> Corgi, 1968.</li> <li>Arthur Mitchell & Pádraig Ó Snodaigh, <i>Irish Political Documents 1916–1949.</i> Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1985</li> <li>Seán Farrell Moran, <i>Patrick Pearse and the Politics of Redemption: The Mind of the Easter Rising 1916</i>, Washington, Catholic University Press, 1994 <ul><li>"Patrick Pearse and the European Revolt against Reason," in <i>The Journal of the History of Ideas</i>, 50:4 (1989), 625–43</li> <li>"Patrick Pearse and Patriotic Soteriology: The Irish Republican Tradition and the Sanctification of Political Self-Immolation" in <i>The Irish Terrorism Experience</i>, ed. Yonah Alexander and Alan O'Day, 1991, 9–29</li></ul></li> <li>Brian Murphy, <i>Patrick Pearse and the Lost Republican Ideal</i>, Dublin, James Duffy, 1990.</li> <li>Ruán O'Donnell, <i>Patrick Pearse</i>, Dublin: O'Brien Press, 2016</li> <li>Mary Pearse, <i>The Home Life of Pádraig Pearse</i>. Cork: Mercier, 1971.</li> <li>Patrick Pearse, <i>Short Stories.</i> Trans. Joseph Campbell. Ed. Anne Markey. Dublin: University College Dublin Press, 2009</li> <li>Elaine Sisson, "Pearse's Patriots: The Cult of Boyhood at St. Enda's." Cork University Press, 2004, repr. 2005</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Pearse&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Patrick_Pearse" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Patrick Pearse">Patrick Pearse</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Patrick_Pearse" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Patrick Pearse">Patrick Pearse</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Patrick_Henry_Pearse" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Patrick Henry Pearse">Patrick Pearse</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/pages/1911/Dublin/Whitechurch/Haroldsgrange_/57855/">Patrick's census information from 1911 while he was still teaching in St. Enda's School</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/reels/nai000133850/">Patrick's census form part-A</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28+Pearse+AND+%28Patrick+OR+Padraic+OR+Pádraic+OR+Pádraig+OR+Padraig+OR+%221879%E21916%22%29+%29">Works by or about Patrick Pearse</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/8678">Works by Patrick Pearse</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/E900007-001/index.html">The Murder Machine</a> – Pearse's groundbreaking article on contemporary Irish education</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20040710220732/http://www.1916rising.com/pic_pearse.html">1916 Walking Tour piece on Pearse</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.ie/celt/pearsefic.html">The Poetry of Pádraig Pearse</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Irish_Republic" title="Proclamation of the Irish Republic">Proclamation of the Republic</a><br /> (executed after the Rising)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Patrick Pearse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Tom Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_MacDonagh" title="Thomas MacDonagh">Thomas MacDonagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Plunkett" title="Joseph Plunkett">Joseph Plunkett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amonn_Ceannt" title="Éamonn Ceannt">Éamonn Ceannt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_Diarmada" title="Seán Mac Diarmada">Seán Mac Diarmada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Also executed for their role in the Rising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Daly_(Irish_revolutionary)" title="Edward Daly (Irish revolutionary)">Ned Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Pearse" title="Willie Pearse">Willie Pearse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Hanrahan" title="Michael O'Hanrahan">Michael O'Hanrahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_MacBride" title="John MacBride">John MacBride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mallin" title="Michael Mallin">Michael Mallin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Con_Colbert" title="Con Colbert">Con Colbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Heuston" title="Seán Heuston">Seán Heuston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kent" title="Thomas Kent">Thomas Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement">Roger Casement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Irish figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathal_Brugha" title="Cathal Brugha">Cathal Brugha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Markievicz" title="Constance Markievicz">Constance Markievicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domhnall_Ua_Buachalla" title="Domhnall Ua Buachalla">Domhnall Ua Buachalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_O%27Farrell" title="Elizabeth O'Farrell">Elizabeth O'Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_MacNeill" title="Eoin MacNeill">Eoin MacNeill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Sheehy-Skeffington" title="Francis Sheehy-Skeffington">Francis Sheehy-Skeffington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Grenan" title="Julia Grenan">Julia Grenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Lynn" title="Kathleen Lynn">Kathleen Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Mellows" title="Liam Mellows">Liam Mellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Gavan_Duffy" title="Louise Gavan Duffy">Louise Gavan Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_ffrench-Mullen" title="Madeleine ffrench-Mullen">Madeleine ffrench-Mullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Skinnider" title="Margaret Skinnider">Margaret Skinnider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_O%27Rahilly" title="The O'Rahilly">The O'Rahilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ashe" title="Thomas Ashe">Thomas Ashe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Maxwell_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Maxwell (British Army officer)">John Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Guest,_1st_Viscount_Wimborne" title="Ivor Guest, 1st Viscount Wimborne">Lord Wimborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Birrell" title="Augustine Birrell">Augustine Birrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Nathan" title="Matthew Nathan">Matthew Nathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lowe_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Lowe (British Army officer)">William Lowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#006633; color:#FFCC00;;background: #006633;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Martyrs" title="Manchester Martyrs">Manchester Martyrs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuba_Five" title="Cuba Five">Cuba Five</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Departure_(Ireland)" title="New Departure (Ireland)">New Departure</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Race_Conventions" title="Irish Race Conventions">Irish Race Conventions</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Obstructionism" title="Obstructionism">Obstructionism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Ram" title="Fenian Ram">Fenian Ram</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Irish Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunburst_flag_-_banner_variant.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sunburst_flag_-_banner_variant.png/120px-Sunburst_flag_-_banner_variant.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sunburst_flag_-_banner_variant.png/180px-Sunburst_flag_-_banner_variant.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sunburst_flag_-_banner_variant.png/240px-Sunburst_flag_-_banner_variant.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006633; color:#FFCC00;;width:1%">Actions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a> (<a href="/wiki/Clerkenwell_explosion" title="Clerkenwell explosion">Clerkenwell explosion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian raids</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalpa_rescue" title="Catalpa rescue">Catalpa rescue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fenian_dynamite_campaign" title="Fenian dynamite campaign">Fenian dynamite campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Army_Mutiny" title="Irish Army Mutiny">Army Mutiny</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006633; color:#FFCC00;;width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Stephens_(Fenian)" title="James Stephens (Fenian)">James Stephens</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Kelly_(Irish_nationalist)" title="Thomas J. Kelly (Irish nationalist)">Thomas J. Kelly</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._F._X._O%27Brien" title="J. F. X. O'Brien">J. F. X. O'Brien</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kickham" title="Charles Kickham">Charles Kickham</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_Power" title="John O'Connor Power">John O'Connor Power</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Leary_(Fenian)" title="John O'Leary (Fenian)">John O'Leary</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neal_O%27Boyle" title="Neal O'Boyle">Neal O'Boyle</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Mulholland_(Irish_republican)" title="John Mulholland (Irish republican)">John Mulholland</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Deakin" title="Seamus Deakin">Seamus Deakin</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denis_McCullough" title="Denis McCullough">Denis McCullough</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ashe" title="Thomas Ashe">Thomas Ashe</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_McGarry" title="Seán McGarry">Seán McGarry</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Boland" title="Harry Boland">Harry Boland</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Moylett" title="Patrick Moylett">Patrick Moylett</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(Irish_leader)" title="Michael Collins (Irish leader)">Michael Collins</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mulcahy" title="Richard Mulcahy">Richard Mulcahy</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006633; color:#FFCC00;;width:1%">Prominent <br />members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006633; color:#FFCC00;;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Bourke" title="Thomas Francis Bourke">Thomas Francis Bourke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ricard_O%27Sullivan_Burke" title="Ricard O'Sullivan Burke">Ricard O'Sullivan Burke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_O%27Meagher_Condon" title="Edward O'Meagher Condon">Edward O'Meagher Condon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Daly_(Fenian)" title="John Daly (Fenian)">John Daly</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Davitt" title="Michael Davitt">Michael Davitt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Deasy" title="Timothy Deasy">Timothy Deasy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Devoy" title="John Devoy">John Devoy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Doheny" title="Michael Doheny">Michael Doheny</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clarke_Luby" title="Thomas Clarke Luby">Thomas Clarke Luby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Mahony" title="John O'Mahony">John O'Mahony</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_O%27Donovan_Rossa" title="Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa">Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pat_Nally" title="Pat Nally">Pat Nally</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_R._Roberts" title="William R. Roberts">William R. Roberts</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006633; color:#FFCC00;;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amonn_Ceannt" title="Éamonn Ceannt">Éamonn Ceannt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Tom Clarke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulmer_Hobson" title="Bulmer Hobson">Bulmer Hobson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_Diarmada" title="Seán Mac Diarmada">Seán Mac Diarmada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diarmuid_Lynch" title="Diarmuid Lynch">Diarmuid Lynch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Patrick Pearse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Plunkett" title="Joseph Plunkett">Joseph Plunkett</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006633; color:#FFCC00;;width:1%">Informants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Miller_Beach" title="Thomas Miller Beach">Thomas Miller Beach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Plot" title="Jubilee Plot">Francis Frederick Millen</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006633; color:#FFCC00;;width:1%">Associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clan_na_Gael" title="Clan na Gael">Clan na Gael</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cumann_na_mBan" title="Cumann na mBan">Cumann na mBan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emmet_Monument_Association" title="Emmet Monument Association">Emmet Monument Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Brotherhood" title="Fenian Brotherhood">Fenian Brotherhood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fianna_%C3%89ireann" title="Fianna Éireann">Fianna Éireann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Irish_Freedom" title="Friends of Irish Freedom">Friends of Irish Freedom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1917%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Republican Army (1917–22)">Irish Republican Army</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Freedom" title="Irish Freedom">Irish Freedom (newspaper)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_People_(1863_newspaper)" title="The Irish People (1863 newspaper)">The Irish People (newspaper)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Irishmen_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United Irishmen of America">United Irishmen of America</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006633; color:#FFCC00;;width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Invincibles" title="Irish National Invincibles">Irish National Invincibles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Park_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix Park killings">Phoenix Park killings</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gaelic_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gaelic_literature" title="Template:Gaelic literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gaelic_literature" title="Template talk:Gaelic literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gaelic_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gaelic literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gaelic_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_revival" title="Gaelic revival">Gaelic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Modern literature in Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_Renaissance" title="Scottish Gaelic Renaissance">Scottish Gaelic Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Gaelic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Connacht_Irish" title="Connacht Irish">Connacht Irish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADche%C3%A1l_Breathnach" title="Mícheál Breathnach">Mícheál Breathnach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_Breathnach_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pádraig Breathnach (writer)">Pádraic Breathnach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Bhaldraithe" title="Tomás de Bhaldraithe">Tomás de Bhaldraithe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B3nall_Mac_Amhlaigh" title="Dónall Mac Amhlaigh">Dónall Mac Amhlaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Mac_Con_Iomaire" title="Liam Mac Con Iomaire">Liam Mac Con Iomaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1irt%C3%ADn_%C3%93_Cadhain" title="Máirtín Ó Cadhain">Máirtín Ó Cadhain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draic_%C3%93_Conaire" title="Pádraic Ó Conaire">Pádraic Ó Conaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dara_%C3%93_Conaola" title="Dara Ó Conaola">Dara Ó Conaola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miche%C3%A1l_%C3%93_Conghaile_(writer)" title="Micheál Ó Conghaile (writer)">Mícheál Ó Conghaile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1irt%C3%ADn_%C3%93_Dire%C3%A1in" title="Máirtín Ó Direáin">Máirtín Ó Direáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_O%27Flaherty" title="Liam O'Flaherty">Liam Ó Flaithearta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarmuid_%C3%93_Gr%C3%A1inne" title="Diarmuid Ó Gráinne">Diarmuid Ó Gráinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breand%C3%A1n_%C3%93_hEithir" title="Breandán Ó hEithir">Breandán Ó hEithir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Steve_%C3%93_Neachtain" title="Joe Steve Ó Neachtain">Joe Steve Ó Neachtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annraoi_%C3%93_Liath%C3%A1in" title="Annraoi Ó Liatháin">Annraoi Ó Liatháin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Patrick Pearse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caitl%C3%ADn_Maude" title="Caitlín Maude">Caitlín Maude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daith%C3%AD_%C3%93_Muir%C3%AD" title="Daithí Ó Muirí">Daithí Ó Muirí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doireann_N%C3%AD_Ghr%C3%ADofa" title="Doireann Ní Ghríofa">Doireann Ní Ghríofa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Munster_Irish" title="Munster Irish">Munster Irish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amhlaoibh_%C3%93_S%C3%BAilleabh%C3%A1in" title="Amhlaoibh Ó Súilleabháin">Amhlaoibh Ó Súilleabháin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Flower" title="Robin Flower">Bláithín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomas_O%27Crohan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomas O'Crohan">Tomás Ó Criomhthain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peig_Sayers" title="Peig Sayers">Peig Sayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muiris_%C3%93_S%C3%BAilleabh%C3%A1in" title="Muiris Ó Súilleabháin">Muiris Ó Súilleabháin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ire_Mhac_an_tSaoi" title="Máire Mhac an tSaoi">Máire Mhac an tSaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peadar_%C3%93_Laoghaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Peadar Ó Laoghaire">Peadar Ó Laoghaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_S._Dinneen" title="Patrick S. Dinneen">Pádraig Ó Duinnín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_%C3%93_Fiannachta" title="Pádraig Ó Fiannachta">Pádraig Ó Fiannachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADche%C3%A1l_%C3%93_Siochfhradha" title="Mícheál Ó Siochfhradha">Mícheál Ó Siochfhradha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_%C3%93_Siochfhradha" title="Pádraig Ó Siochfhradha">Pádraig Ó Siochfhradha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuala_N%C3%AD_Dhomhnaill" title="Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill">Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_Math%C3%BAna" title="Seán Mac Mathúna">Seán Mac Mathúna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_%C3%93_R%C3%ADord%C3%A1in" title="Seán Ó Ríordáin">Seán Ó Ríordáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidhc_Dain%C3%ADn_%C3%93_S%C3%A9" title="Maidhc Dainín Ó Sé">Maidhc Dainín Ó Sé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_Tyers" title="Pádraig Tyers">Pádraig Tyers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Irish" title="Ulster Irish">Ulster Irish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peadar_Toner_Mac_Fhionnlaoich" title="Peadar Toner Mac Fhionnlaoich">Peadar Toner Mac Fhionnlaoich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mic%C3%AD_Mac_Gabhann" title="Micí Mac Gabhann">Micí Mac Gabhann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seosamh_Mac_Grianna" title="Seosamh Mac Grianna">Seosamh Mac Grianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosslett_%C3%93_Cuinn" title="Cosslett Ó Cuinn">Cosslett Ó Cuinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_%C3%93_D%C3%B3naill" title="Niall Ó Dónaill">Niall Ó Dónaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9amus_%C3%93_Grianna" title="Séamus Ó Grianna">Séamus Ó Grianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flann_O%27Brien" title="Flann O'Brien">Brian Ó Nualláin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathal_%C3%93_Searcaigh" title="Cathal Ó Searcaigh">Cathal Ó Searcaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proinsias_Mac_an_Bheatha" title="Proinsias Mac an Bheatha">Proinsias Mac an Bheatha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meg_Bateman" title="Meg Bateman">Meg Bateman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus_Peter_Campbell" title="Angus Peter Campbell">Aonghas Phàdraig Caimbeul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoilios_Caimbeul" title="Maoilios Caimbeul">Maoilios Caimbeul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catr%C3%ACona_Lexy_Chaimbeul" title="Catrìona Lexy Chaimbeul">Catrìona Lexy Chaimbeul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B2mhnall_Ruadh_Chor%C3%B9na" title="Dòmhnall Ruadh Chorùna">Dòmhnall Ruadh Chorùna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B2mhnall_MacAmhlaigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dòmhnall MacAmhlaigh">Dòmhnall MacAmhlaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_mac_Mhaighstir_Alasdair" title="Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair">Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donnchadh_B%C3%A0n_Mac_an_t-Saoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Donnchadh Bàn Mac an t-Saoir">Donnchadh Bàn Mac an t-Saoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Mac_Fhearchair" title="Iain Mac Fhearchair">Iain Mac Fhearchair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_MacPherson" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary MacPherson">Màiri Mhòr nan Òran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewen_MacLachlan" title="Ewen MacLachlan">Eoghan MacLachlainn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacDonald_(poet)" title="Allan MacDonald (poet)">Ailein MacDhòmhnaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorley_MacLean" title="Sorley MacLean">Somhairle MacGill-Eain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Campbell_Hay" title="George Campbell Hay">Deòrsa Mac Iain Dheòrsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derick_Thomson" title="Derick Thomson">Ruaraidh MacThòmais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Crichton_Smith" title="Iain Crichton Smith">Iain Mac a' Ghobhainn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aonghas_MacNeacail" title="Aonghas MacNeacail">Aonghas MacNeacail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Celtic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="European literature">European literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_in_the_other_languages_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature in the other languages of Britain">Literature in the other languages of Britain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Irish_poetry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Irish_poetry" title="Template:Irish poetry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Irish_poetry" title="Template talk:Irish poetry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Irish_poetry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Irish poetry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Irish_poetry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Irish poetry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Irish poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aisling" title="Aisling">Aisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1n_D%C3%ADreach" title="Dán Díreach">Dán Díreach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dindsenchas" title="Dindsenchas">Metrical Dindshenchas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_syllabic_poetry" title="Irish syllabic poetry">Irish syllabic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildare_Poems" title="Kildare Poems">Kildare Poems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fil%C3%AD" title="Filí">Filí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ollamh_%C3%89renn" title="Ollamh Érenn">Chief Ollam of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Irish bardic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contention_of_the_bards" title="Contention of the bards">Contention of the bards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Literary_Revival" title="Irish Literary Revival">Irish Literary Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaver_Poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Weaver Poets">Weaver Poets</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_G%C3%BAm" title="An Gúm">An Gúm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1in_B%C3%B3_C%C3%BAailnge" title="Táin Bó Cúailnge">Táin Bó Cúailnge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bardic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mael_%C3%8Dsu_Ua_Brolch%C3%A1in" title="Mael Ísu Ua Brolcháin">Mael Ísu Ua Brolcháin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muircheartach_%C3%93_Cobhthaigh" title="Muircheartach Ó Cobhthaigh">Muircheartach Ó Cobhthaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilla_Mo_Dutu_%C3%9Aa_Caiside" title="Gilla Mo Dutu Úa Caiside">Gilla Mo Dutu Úa Caiside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baothghalach_M%C3%B3r_Mac_Aodhag%C3%A1in" title="Baothghalach Mór Mac Aodhagáin">Baothghalach Mór Mac Aodhagáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giolla_Brighde_Mac_Con_Midhe" title="Giolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe">Giolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofraidh_Fionn_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh" title="Gofraidh Fionn Ó Dálaigh">Gofraidh Fionn Ó Dálaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flann_mac_Lon%C3%A1in" title="Flann mac Lonáin">Flann mac Lonáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donnchadh_M%C3%B3r_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh" title="Donnchadh Mór Ó Dálaigh">Donnchadh Mór Ó Dálaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochlann_%C3%93g_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh" title="Lochlann Óg Ó Dálaigh">Lochlann Óg Ó Dálaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_Flatha_%C3%93_Gn%C3%ADmh" title="Fear Flatha Ó Gnímh">Fear Flatha Ó Gnímh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathghamhain_%C3%93_hIfearn%C3%A1in" title="Mathghamhain Ó hIfearnáin">Mathghamhain Ó hIfearnáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cormac_Mac_Con_Midhe" title="Cormac Mac Con Midhe">Cormac Mac Con Midhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoghan_Carrach_%C3%93_Siadhail" title="Eoghan Carrach Ó Siadhail">Eoghan Carrach Ó Siadhail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_Feasa_%C3%93%27n_Ch%C3%A1inte" title="Fear Feasa Ó'n Cháinte">Fear Feasa Ó'n Cháinte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadhg_Olltach_%C3%93_an_Ch%C3%A1inte" title="Tadhg Olltach Ó an Cháinte">Tadhg Olltach Ó an Cháinte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eochaidh_%C3%93_h%C3%89oghusa" title="Eochaidh Ó hÉoghusa">Eochaidh Ó hÉoghusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proinsias_%C3%93_Doibhlin" title="Proinsias Ó Doibhlin">Proinsias Ó Doibhlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarlach_Rua_Mac_D%C3%B3naill" title="Tarlach Rua Mac Dónaill">Tarlach Rua Mac Dónaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilla_C%C3%B3m%C3%A1in_mac_Gilla_Samthainde" title="Gilla Cómáin mac Gilla Samthainde">Gilla Cómáin mac Gilla Samthainde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadhg_Dall_%C3%93_h%C3%9Aig%C3%ADnn" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadhg Dall Ó hÚigínn">Tadhg Dall Ó hÚigínn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nin%C3%ADne_%C3%89ces" title="Niníne Éces">Niníne Éces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colm%C3%A1n_of_Cloyne" title="Colmán of Cloyne">Colmán of Cloyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A1ed_ua_hArtac%C3%A1in" title="Cináed ua hArtacáin">Cináed ua hArtacáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muireadhach_Albanach_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh" title="Muireadhach Albanach Ó Dálaigh">Muireadhach Albanach Ó Dálaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cearbhall_%C3%93g_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh" title="Cearbhall Óg Ó Dálaigh">Cearbhall Óg Ó Dálaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1eleoin_B%C3%B3dur_%C3%93_Maolconaire" title="Máeleoin Bódur Ó Maolconaire">Máeleoin Bódur Ó Maolconaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_Mac_an_Bhaird" title="Diarmaid Mac an Bhaird">Diarmaid Mac an Bhaird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%BA_Choigcr%C3%ADche_%C3%93_Cl%C3%A9irigh" title="Cú Choigcríche Ó Cléirigh">Cú Choigcríche Ó Cléirigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dall%C3%A1n_Forgaill" title="Dallán Forgaill">Dallán Forgaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_of_Tallaght" title="Óengus of Tallaght">Óengus of Tallaght</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedulius_Scottus" title="Sedulius Scottus">Sedulius Scottus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungal_of_Bobbio" title="Dungal of Bobbio">Saint Dungal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maol_Sheachluinn_na_n-Uirsg%C3%A9al_%C3%93_h%C3%9Aig%C3%ADnn" class="mw-redirect" title="Maol Sheachluinn na n-Uirsgéal Ó hÚigínn">Maol Sheachluinn na n-Uirsgéal Ó hÚigínn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_%C3%93_Duibhgeannain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Ó Duibhgeannain (page does not exist)">Philip Ó Duibhgeannain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th/16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_%C3%93_Cobhthaigh" title="Tomás Ó Cobhthaigh">Tomás Ó Cobhthaigh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1ibh%C3%AD_%C3%93_Bruadair" title="Dáibhí Ó Bruadair">Dáibhí Ó Bruadair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaras_Feirit%C3%A9ar" title="Piaras Feiritéar">Piaras Feiritéar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donnchadh_Mac_an_Caoilfhiaclaigh" title="Donnchadh Mac an Caoilfhiaclaigh">Donnchadh Mac an Caoilfhiaclaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aog%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Rathaille" title="Aogán Ó Rathaille">Aogán Ó Rathaille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9afraidh_%C3%93_Donnchadha" title="Séafraidh Ó Donnchadha">Séafraidh Ó Donnchadha an Ghleanna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aog%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Rathaille" title="Aogán Ó Rathaille">Aogán Ó Rathaille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Merriman" title="Brian Merriman">Brian Merriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Goldsmith" title="Oliver Goldsmith">Oliver Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hewitt_(poet)" title="John Hewitt (poet)">John Hewitt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Moore" title="Thomas Moore">Thomas Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gavan_Duffy" title="Charles Gavan Duffy">Charles Gavan Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clarence_Mangan" title="James Clarence Mangan">James Clarence Mangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ferguson" title="Samuel Ferguson">Samuel Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Allingham" title="William Allingham">William Allingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hyde" title="Douglas Hyde">Douglas Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_(poet)" title="James Henry (poet)">James Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_%C3%93_Raifteiri" title="Antoine Ó Raifteiri">Antoine Ó Raifteiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Coffey" title="Aeneas Coffey">Aeneas Coffey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dwyer_Joyce" title="Robert Dwyer Joyce">Robert Dwyer Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Davis_(Young_Irelander)" title="Thomas Davis (Young Irelander)">Thomas Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Wilde" title="Jane Wilde">Speranza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Tynan" title="Katharine Tynan">Katharine Tynan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Walsh_(poet)" title="Edward Walsh (poet)">Edward Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Patrick Pearse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Plunkett" title="Joseph Plunkett">Joseph Plunkett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_MacDonagh" title="Thomas MacDonagh">Thomas MacDonagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ledwidge" title="Francis Ledwidge">Francis Ledwidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padraic_Colum" title="Padraic Colum">Padraic Colum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._R._Higgins" title="F. R. Higgins">F. R. Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Clarke_(poet)" title="Austin Clarke (poet)">Austin Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Coffey" title="Brian Coffey">Brian Coffey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Devlin" title="Denis Devlin">Denis Devlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_MacGreevy" title="Thomas MacGreevy">Thomas MacGreevy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanaid_Salkeld" title="Blanaid Salkeld">Blanaid Salkeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Devenport_O%27Neill" title="Mary Devenport O'Neill">Mary Devenport O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Kavanagh" title="Patrick Kavanagh">Patrick Kavanagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hewitt_(poet)" title="John Hewitt (poet)">John Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_MacNeice" title="Louis MacNeice">Louis MacNeice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1irt%C3%ADn_%C3%93_Dire%C3%A1in" title="Máirtín Ó Direáin">Máirtín Ó Direáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_%C3%93_R%C3%ADord%C3%A1in" title="Seán Ó Ríordáin">Seán Ó Ríordáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ire_Mhac_an_tSaoi" title="Máire Mhac an tSaoi">Máire Mhac an tSaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hartnett" title="Michael Hartnett">Michael Hartnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Rosenstock" title="Gabriel Rosenstock">Gabriel Rosenstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuala_N%C3%AD_Dhomhnaill" title="Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill">Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miche%C3%A1l_Mac_Liamm%C3%B3ir" title="Micheál Mac Liammóir">Micheál Mac Liammóir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Greacen" title="Robert Greacen">Robert Greacen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_McFadden" title="Roy McFadden">Roy McFadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padraic_Fiacc" title="Padraic Fiacc">Padraic Fiacc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montague_(poet)" title="John Montague (poet)">John Montague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Longley" title="Michael Longley">Michael Longley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Mahon" title="Derek Mahon">Derek Mahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Muldoon" title="Paul Muldoon">Paul Muldoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kinsella" title="Thomas Kinsella">Thomas Kinsella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(poet)" title="Michael Smith (poet)">Michael Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Joyce" title="Trevor Joyce">Trevor Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Squires" title="Geoffrey Squires">Geoffrey Squires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Young" title="Augustus Young">Augustus Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Healy" title="Randolph Healy">Randolph Healy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jordan_(poet)" title="John Jordan (poet)">John Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Durcan" title="Paul Durcan">Paul Durcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Payne" title="Basil Payne">Basil Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoghan_%C3%93_Tuairisc" title="Eoghan Ó Tuairisc">Eoghan Ó Tuairisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Galvin" title="Patrick Galvin">Patrick Galvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathal_%C3%93_Searcaigh" title="Cathal Ó Searcaigh">Cathal Ó Searcaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Sands" title="Bobby Sands">Bobby Sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_Tynan_O%27Mahony" title="Nora Tynan O'Mahony">Nora Tynan O'Mahony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Ann_Higgins" title="Rita Ann Higgins">Rita Ann Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eavan_Boland" title="Eavan Boland">Eavan Boland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eil%C3%A9an_N%C3%AD_Chuillean%C3%A1in" title="Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin">Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medbh_McGuckian" title="Medbh McGuckian">Medbh McGuckian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Meehan" title="Paula Meehan">Paula Meehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_O%27Driscoll" title="Dennis O'Driscoll">Dennis O'Driscoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Dunne_(poet)" title="Seán Dunne (poet)">Seán Dunne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Cronin" title="Anthony Cronin">Anthony Cronin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._F._Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="W. F. Marshall">W. F. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McCarthy_(poet)" title="Thomas McCarthy (poet)">Thomas McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ennis_(poet)" title="John Ennis (poet)">John Ennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Boran" title="Pat Boran">Pat Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mair%C3%A9ad_Byrne" title="Mairéad Byrne">Mairéad Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciaran_Carson" title="Ciaran Carson">Ciarán Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Chapman" title="Patrick Chapman">Patrick Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Clifton_(poet)" title="Harry Clifton (poet)">Harry Clifton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Curtis_(Irish_poet)" title="Tony Curtis (Irish poet)">Tony Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_J._Daly" title="Pádraig J. Daly">Pádraig J. Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Dawe" title="Gerald Dawe">Gerald Dawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Delanty" title="Greg Delanty">Greg Delanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontia_Flynn" title="Leontia Flynn">Leontia Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Grennan" title="Eamon Grennan">Eamon Grennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vona_Groarke" title="Vona Groarke">Vona Groarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Ingoldsby" title="Pat Ingoldsby">Pat Ingoldsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Joyce" title="Trevor Joyce">Trevor Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Kennelly" title="Brendan Kennelly">Brendan Kennelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McFadden_(poet)" title="Hugh McFadden (poet)">Hugh McFadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin%C3%A9ad_Morrissey" title="Sinéad Morrissey">Sinéad Morrissey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Murphy_(poet)" title="Gerry Murphy (poet)">Gerry Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_O%27Donoghue" title="Bernard O'Donoghue">Bernard O'Donoghue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conor_O%27Callaghan_(poet)" title="Conor O'Callaghan (poet)">Conor O'Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caitriona_O%27Reilly" title="Caitriona O'Reilly">Caitriona O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Quinn" title="Justin Quinn">Justin Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Riordan" title="Maurice Riordan">Maurice Riordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Scully" title="Maurice Scully">Maurice Scully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wall_(writer)" title="William Wall (writer)">William Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Walsh_(poet)" title="Catherine Walsh (poet)">Catherine Walsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anthologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Faber_Book_of_Irish_Verse" title="Faber Book of Irish Verse">Faber Book of Irish Verse</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Epics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wanderings_of_Oisin" title="The Wanderings of Oisin">The Wanderings of Oisin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bardic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timna_Catha%C3%ADr_M%C3%A1ir_Caithr%C3%A9im_Cellaig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timna Cathaír Máir Caithréim Cellaig (page does not exist)">Timna Cathaír Máir Caithréim Cellaig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_d%C3%ADs_cuirthear_cl%C3%BA_Laighean" title="Le dís cuirthear clú Laighean">Le dís cuirthear clú Laighean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Is_acher_in_ga%C3%ADth_in-nocht..." class="mw-redirect" title="Is acher in gaíth in-nocht...">Is acher in gaíth in-nocht...</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Is_tr%C3%BAag_in_ces_i_mbiam" title="Is trúag in ces i mbiam">Is trúag in ces i mbiam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sen_dollotar_Ulaid_..." class="mw-redirect" title="Sen dollotar Ulaid ...">Sen dollotar Ulaid ...</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_D%C3%ADbirt_go_Connachta" title="An Díbirt go Connachta">An Díbirt go Connachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foraire_Uladh_ar_Aodh" title="Foraire Uladh ar Aodh">Foraire Uladh ar Aodh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_aonmhic_D%C3%A9_do_c%C3%A9asadh_thr%C3%ADnn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A aonmhic Dé do céasadh thrínn (page does not exist)">A aonmhic Dé do céasadh thrínn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_theachtaire_tig_%C3%B3n_R%C3%B3imh" title="A theachtaire tig ón Róimh">A theachtaire tig ón Róimh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_sluagh_sidhe_so_i_nEamhuin%3F" title="An sluagh sidhe so i nEamhuin?">An sluagh sidhe so i nEamhuin?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3ir_Connacht_ar_chath_Laighean" title="Cóir Connacht ar chath Laighean">Cóir Connacht ar chath Laighean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dia_libh_a_laochruidh_Gaoidhiol" title="Dia libh a laochruidh Gaoidhiol">Dia libh a laochruidh Gaoidhiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangur_B%C3%A1n" title="Pangur Bán">Pangur Bán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liamuin" title="Liamuin">Liamuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buile_Shuibhne" title="Buile Shuibhne">Buile Shuibhne</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prophecy_of_Berch%C3%A1n" title="The Prophecy of Berchán">The Prophecy of Berchán</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bean_Torrach,_fa_Tuar_Broide" title="Bean Torrach, fa Tuar Broide">Bean Torrach, fa Tuar Broide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuireamh_na_h%C3%89ireann" title="Tuireamh na hÉireann">Tuireamh na hÉireann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Traveller_(poem)" title="The Traveller (poem)">The Traveller</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suantra%C3%AD_d%C3%A1_Mhac_Tabhartha" title="Suantraí dá Mhac Tabhartha">Suantraí dá Mhac Tabhartha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mn%C3%A1_na_h%C3%89ireann" title="Mná na hÉireann">Mná na hÉireann</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tone%27s_Grave" title="Tone's Grave">Tone's Grave</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wind_That_Shakes_the_Barley" title="The Wind That Shakes the Barley">The Wind That Shakes the Barley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Love_Songs_of_Connacht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Love Songs of Connacht (page does not exist)">Love Songs of Connacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi_Uncle_Sam" title="Hi Uncle Sam">Hi Uncle Sam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meeting_The_British" title="Meeting The British">Meeting The British</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horse_Latitudes_(poetry_collection)" title="Horse Latitudes (poetry collection)">Horse Latitudes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweeney_Astray" title="Sweeney Astray">Sweeney Astray</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prayer_Before_Birth" title="Prayer Before Birth">Prayer Before Birth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D-Day_(poem)" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day (poem)">D-Day</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_Ireland" title="Poetry Ireland">Poetry Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney_Centre" title="Seamus Heaney Centre">Seamus Heaney Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dedalus_Press" title="Dedalus Press">Dedalus Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen_Press" title="Dolmen Press">Dolmen Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_Press" title="Gallery Press">Gallery Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HardPressed_Poetry" title="HardPressed Poetry">HardPressed Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapwing_Publications" title="Lapwing Publications">Lapwing Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Poetry" title="Salmon Poetry">Salmon Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SurVision" title="SurVision">SurVision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_University_Press" title="Cork University Press">Cork University Press</a> (general)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyphers_(magazine)" title="Cyphers (magazine)">Cyphers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dublin_Magazine" title="The Dublin Magazine">The Dublin Magazine</a></i> (defunct)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Icarus_(magazine)" title="Icarus (magazine)">Icarus (magazine)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lace_Curtain" title="The Lace Curtain">The Lace Curtain</a></i> (defunct)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetry_Ireland_Review" title="Poetry Ireland Review">Poetry Ireland Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stinging_Fly" title="The Stinging Fly">The Stinging Fly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Honest_Ulsterman" title="The Honest Ulsterman">The Honest Ulsterman</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAirt_International_Festival_of_Literature" title="Cúirt International Festival of Literature">Cúirt International Festival of Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoundEye_Festival" title="SoundEye Festival">SoundEye Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards / prizes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Kavanagh_Poetry_Award" title="Patrick Kavanagh Poetry Award">Patrick Kavanagh Poetry Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_Now_Award" title="Poetry Now Award">Poetry Now Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Irish_rebel_songs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Irish_rebel_songs" title="Template:Irish rebel songs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Irish_rebel_songs" title="Template talk:Irish rebel songs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Irish_rebel_songs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Irish rebel songs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Irish_rebel_songs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebel_song" title="Irish rebel song">Irish rebel songs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gaelic Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/%C3%93r%C3%B3_s%C3%A9_do_bheatha_abhaile" title="Óró sé do bheatha abhaile">Óró sé do bheatha abhaile</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follow_Me_up_to_Carlow" title="Follow Me up to Carlow">Follow Me up to Carlow</a></li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/O%27Donnell_Ab%C3%BA" title="O'Donnell Abú">O'Donnell Abú</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Irishmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Wind_that_Shakes_the_Barley" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wind that Shakes the Barley">The Wind that Shakes the Barley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rising_of_the_Moon" title="The Rising of the Moon">The Rising of the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_from_Killanne" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelly from Killanne">Kelly from Killanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boolavogue_(song)" title="Boolavogue (song)">Boolavogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wearing_of_the_Green" title="The Wearing of the Green">The Wearing of the Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Croppy_Boy" title="The Croppy Boy">The Croppy Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Boys_of_Wexford" title="The Boys of Wexford">The Boys of Wexford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Come_All_You_Warriors" title="Come All You Warriors">Come All You Warriors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone%27s_Grave" title="Tone's Grave">Tone's Grave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Famine & Young Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Fields_of_Athenry" title="The Fields of Athenry">The Fields of Athenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skibbereen_(song)" title="Skibbereen (song)">Skibbereen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_Home_in_Derry" title="Back Home in Derry">Back Home in Derry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Save_Ireland" title="God Save Ireland">God Save Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Nation_Once_Again" title="A Nation Once Again">A Nation Once Again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Join_the_British_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Join the British Army">Join the British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Peeler_and_the_Goat" title="The Peeler and the Goat">The Peeler and the Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Velvet_Band" title="The Black Velvet Band">The Black Velvet Band</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1916 & War of Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann" title="Amhrán na bhFiann">Amhrán na bhFiann</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Come_Out,_Ye_Black_and_Tans" title="Come Out, Ye Black and Tans">Come Out, Ye Black and Tans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foggy_Dew_(Irish_ballad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foggy Dew (Irish ballad)">The Foggy Dew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_by_the_Glenside_(The_Bold_Fenian_Men)" title="Down by the Glenside (The Bold Fenian Men)">Down by the Glenside (The Bold Fenian Men)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Boys_of_the_Old_Brigade" title="The Boys of the Old Brigade">The Boys of the Old Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Valley_of_Knockanure" title="The Valley of Knockanure">The Valley of Knockanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri-Colored_Ribbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tri-Colored Ribbon">Tri-Colored Ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Broad_Black_Brimmer" title="The Broad Black Brimmer">The Broad Black Brimmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifles_of_the_I.R.A._(song)" title="Rifles of the I.R.A. (song)">Rifles of the IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_Is_Ireland%27s_Enemy%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Who Is Ireland's Enemy?">Who Is Ireland's Enemy?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_from_the_Daily_Mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Man from the Daily Mail">Man from the <i>Daily Mail</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Old_Dame_Britannia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Old Dame Britannia">Grand Old Dame Britannia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erin_Go_Bragh" class="mw-redirect" title="Erin Go Bragh">Erin Go Bragh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Barry_(song)" title="Kevin Barry (song)">Kevin Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston%27s_Motor_Car" title="Johnston's Motor Car">Johnston's Motor Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_of_Mullingar" title="Pat of Mullingar">Pat of Mullingar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna_Strand_(song)" title="Banna Strand (song)">Banna Strand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Rebel" title="Dying Rebel">Dying Rebel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil War & Anti-Treaty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Take_It_Down_from_the_Mast" title="Take It Down from the Mast">Take It Down from the Mast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Patriot_Game" title="The Patriot Game">The Patriot Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_South_(song)" title="Sean South (song)">Sean South from Garryowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Troubles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Men_Behind_the_Wire" title="The Men Behind the Wire">The Men Behind the Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Joe_McDonnell" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ballad of Joe McDonnell">The Ballad of Joe McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Only_Our_Rivers_Run_Free" class="mw-redirect" title="Only Our Rivers Run Free">Only Our Rivers Run Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_People%27s_Own_MP" title="The People's Own MP">The People's Own MP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Armalite" title="Little Armalite">Little Armalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_of_Honour_(song)" title="Roll of Honour (song)">Roll of Honour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Joseph_McCall" title="Patrick Joseph McCall">Patrick Joseph McCall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Daniel_Sullivan" title="Timothy Daniel Sullivan">Timothy Daniel Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peadar_Kearney" title="Peadar Kearney">Peadar Kearney</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Patrick Pearse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey" title="Seán O'Casey">Seán O'Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_O%27Higgins" title="Brian O'Higgins">Brian O'Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_MacMahon_(writer)" title="Bryan MacMahon (writer)">Bryan MacMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_McGuigan" title="Paddy McGuigan">Paddy McGuigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Behan" title="Dominic Behan">Dominic Behan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_St._John" class="mw-redirect" title="Pete St. John">Pete St. John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Warfield" title="Derek Warfield">Derek Warfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_MacConnell" title="Mickey MacConnell">Mickey MacConnell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274143#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109147816">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/72206367">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/132/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjMwkKWjHrBMp6y8hGGpP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11954654X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50000694">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12380890m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12380890m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pearse, Patrick <1879-1916>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/DDSV257579">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35414077">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=uk2012723760&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1635096">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071741631">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000027484">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810659741505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007463325505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981059250944406706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/3b6fc46c-720c-4428-a7b5-81d9660e420e">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/944176">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.007247.v1">Ireland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11954654X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032861192">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rj4mtw">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/41022236">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Pearse&oldid=1258700915">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Pearse&oldid=1258700915</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: 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