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<span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Christianity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Eastern Orthodoxy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lutheranism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutheranism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Lutheranism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutheranism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglicanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglicanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Anglicanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglicanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Methodism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-religious_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-religious_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Non-religious usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-religious_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Heresy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettery" title="Kettery – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kettery" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4resie" title="Häresie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Häresie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9" title="هرطقة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هرطقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herex%C3%ADa" title="Herexía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Herexía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bid%C9%99t" title="Bidət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bidət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AA%E2%81%BF-toan" title="Īⁿ-toan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Īⁿ-toan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%82%D3%99%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Мөртәтлек – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мөртәтлек" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Ерась – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ерась" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Ерась – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ерась" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Ерес – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ерес" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereza" title="Hereza – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hereza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heretgia" title="Heretgia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Heretgia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereze" title="Hereze – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hereze" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresi" title="Heresi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Heresi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A6tteri" title="Kætteri – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kætteri" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4resie" title="Häresie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Häresie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketserlus" title="Ketserlus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ketserlus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Αίρεση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αίρεση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herej%C3%ADa" title="Herejía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Herejía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herezo" title="Herezo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Herezo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresia" title="Heresia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Heresia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="بدعت دینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بدعت دینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9r%C3%A9sie" title="Hérésie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hérésie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herex%C3%ADa" title="Herexía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Herexía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%A8" title="이단 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이단" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հերետիկոսություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հերետիկոսություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="अपधर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अपधर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krivovjerje" title="Krivovjerje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Krivovjerje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herezio" title="Herezio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Herezio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajaran_sesat" title="Ajaran sesat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ajaran sesat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresia" title="Heresia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Heresia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villutr%C3%BA" title="Villutrú – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Villutrú" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eresia" title="Eresia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eresia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94_(%D7%93%D7%AA)" title="כפירה (דת) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כפירה (דת)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ересьтер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ересьтер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haeresis" title="Haeresis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Haeresis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6ecer%C4%ABba" title="Ķecerība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķecerība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erezija" title="Erezija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Erezija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eresia" title="Eresia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Eresia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eretneks%C3%A9g" title="Eretnekség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eretnekség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Ерес – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ерес" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fampianaran-diso_(fivavahana)" title="Fampianaran-diso (fivavahana) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fampianaran-diso (fivavahana)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%A4" title="പാഷണ്ഡത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാഷണ്ഡത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%82%D9%87" title="هرطقه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هرطقه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketterij" title="Ketterij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ketterij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E7%AB%AF" title="異端 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="異端" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresi" title="Heresi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Heresi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjetteri" title="Kjetteri – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kjetteri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9r%C3%A9sie" title="Hérésie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Hérésie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eretgia" title="Eretgia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Eretgia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herezja" title="Herezja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Herezja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresia" title="Heresia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Heresia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erezie" title="Erezie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Erezie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Кацирство – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Кацирство" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Ересь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ересь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Иэрэс – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Иэрэс" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Heresy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herezia" title="Herezia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Herezia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Heresy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her%C3%A9za" title="Heréza – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Heréza" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herezija" title="Herezija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Herezija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Јерес – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јерес" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereza" title="Hereza – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hereza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerettil%C3%A4isyys" title="Kerettiläisyys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kerettiläisyys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4tteri" title="Kätteri – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kätteri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erehiya" title="Erehiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Erehiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="திரிபுக் கொள்கை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திரிபுக் கொள்கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%95" title="นอกรีต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นอกรีต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalalet" title="Dalalet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dalalet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Єресь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Єресь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="بدعت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بدعت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erezia" title="Erezia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Erezia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BB%8B_gi%C3%A1o" title="Dị giáo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dị giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E7%AB%AF" title="異端 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="異端" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established belief or customs</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Heretic", "heretical", and "heresies" redirect here. For the website, see <a href="/wiki/Heretical_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretical (website)">Heretical (website)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Heretic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Heretic (disambiguation)">Heretic (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heresy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Heresy (disambiguation)">Heresy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hearsay" title="Hearsay">Hearsay</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GustafVasakyrkan_RightAltargroup1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/GustafVasakyrkan_RightAltargroup1.jpg/220px-GustafVasakyrkan_RightAltargroup1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/GustafVasakyrkan_RightAltargroup1.jpg/330px-GustafVasakyrkan_RightAltargroup1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/GustafVasakyrkan_RightAltargroup1.jpg/440px-GustafVasakyrkan_RightAltargroup1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gospel">The Gospel</a> triumphs over Heresia and the <a href="/wiki/Serpent_(symbolism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpent (symbolism)">Serpent</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Vasa_Church" title="Gustaf Vasa Church">Gustaf Vasa Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockholm,_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm, Sweden">Stockholm, Sweden</a>, sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Burchard_Precht" title="Burchard Precht">Burchard Precht</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AT-119587_Fassadendetails_der_Jesuitenkirche_in_Wien_-hu-_8947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/AT-119587_Fassadendetails_der_Jesuitenkirche_in_Wien_-hu-_8947.jpg/220px-AT-119587_Fassadendetails_der_Jesuitenkirche_in_Wien_-hu-_8947.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/AT-119587_Fassadendetails_der_Jesuitenkirche_in_Wien_-hu-_8947.jpg/330px-AT-119587_Fassadendetails_der_Jesuitenkirche_in_Wien_-hu-_8947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/AT-119587_Fassadendetails_der_Jesuitenkirche_in_Wien_-hu-_8947.jpg/440px-AT-119587_Fassadendetails_der_Jesuitenkirche_in_Wien_-hu-_8947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4656" /></a><figcaption>A statue in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> portraying <a href="/wiki/Saint_Ignatius_of_Loyola" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Ignatius of Loyola">Saint Ignatius of Loyola</a> trampling on a heretic</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supplice_des_Amauriciens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Supplice_des_Amauriciens.jpg/220px-Supplice_des_Amauriciens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Supplice_des_Amauriciens.jpg/330px-Supplice_des_Amauriciens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Supplice_des_Amauriciens.jpg/440px-Supplice_des_Amauriciens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1718" data-file-height="1446" /></a><figcaption>The burning of the <a href="/wiki/Pantheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantheistic">pantheistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Amalrician" title="Amalrician">Amalrician</a> heretics in 1210, in the presence of King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip II Augustus">Philip II Augustus</a>. In the background is the <a href="/wiki/Gibbet_of_Montfaucon" title="Gibbet of Montfaucon">Gibbet of Montfaucon</a> and, anachronistically, the <i>Grosse Tour</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_(Paris)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple (Paris)">Temple</a>. Illumination from the <i><a href="/wiki/Grandes_Chroniques_de_France" title="Grandes Chroniques de France">Grandes Chroniques de France</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 1455–1460</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Heresy</b> is any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs, particularly the accepted beliefs or <a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">religious law</a> of a religious organization.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <b>heretic</b> is a proponent of heresy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heresy in <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Judaism" title="Heresy in Judaism">Judaism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bid%E2%80%98ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bid‘ah">Islam</a> has at times been met with censure ranging from <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> to the death penalty.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heresy is distinct from <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a>, which is the explicit renunciation of one's religion, principles or cause;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a>, which is an impious utterance or action concerning God or sacred things.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Heresiology" title="Heresiology">Heresiology</a> is the study of heresy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Derived from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <i>haíresis</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">αἵρεσις</span></span>), the English <i>heresy</i> originally meant "choice" or "thing chosen".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it came to mean the "party, or school, of a man's choice",<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Lacks citation for examination of various philosophies (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The word <i>heresy</i> is usually used within a Christian, Jewish, or Islamic context, and implies slightly different meanings in each. The founder or leader of a heretical movement is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Heresiarch" title="Heresiarch">heresiarch</a></i>, while individuals who espouse heresy or commit heresy are known as <i>heretics</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Martin_Luther_as_an_Augustinian_Monk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Portrait_of_Martin_Luther_as_an_Augustinian_Monk.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Martin_Luther_as_an_Augustinian_Monk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Portrait_of_Martin_Luther_as_an_Augustinian_Monk.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Martin_Luther_as_an_Augustinian_Monk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Portrait_of_Martin_Luther_as_an_Augustinian_Monk.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Martin_Luther_as_an_Augustinian_Monk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4257" data-file-height="6088" /></a><figcaption>Former German Catholic <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friar</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> was famously excommunicated as a heretic by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a> by his <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Decet_Romanum_Pontificem" title="Decet Romanum Pontificem">Decet Romanum Pontificem</a></i> in 1520. To this day, the papal decree has not been rescinded.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">Heresy in Christianity</a></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Titus_3" title="Titus 3">Titus 3</a>:10 a divisive person should be warned twice before separating from him. The Greek for the phrase "divisive person" became a technical term in the early Church for a type of "heretic" who promoted dissension.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, correct teaching is called sound not only because it builds up the faith, but because it protects it against the corrupting influence of false teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 155–240</span>) implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: "From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that <a href="/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism's view of Jesus">Jesus was not the Christ</a>]."<sup id="cite_ref-RobertM1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RobertM1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of the word <i>heresy</i> was given wide currency by <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> in his 2nd-century tract <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Detection_and_Overthrow_of_the_So-Called_Gnosis" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis">Contra Haereses</a></i> (<i>Against Heresies</i>) to describe and discredit his opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community. He described the community's beliefs and doctrines as <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodox</a> (from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὀρθός</span></span>, <i>orthos</i>, "straight" or "correct" and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">δόξα</span></span>, <i>doxa</i>, "belief") and the <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostics</a>' teachings as heretical.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He also invoked the concept of <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a> to support his arguments.<sup id="cite_ref-Frend_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frend-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>, who along with <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifex Maximus">Pontifex Maximus</a>, the high priest of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Pontiffs" title="College of Pontiffs">College of Pontiffs</a> (<i>Collegium Pontificum)</i> of all recognized religions in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>. To put an end to the doctrinal debate initiated by <a href="/wiki/Arius" title="Arius">Arius</a>, Constantine called the first of what would afterwards be called the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical councils</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then enforced orthodoxy by Imperial authority.<sup id="cite_ref-Stephenson_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephenson-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Thessalonica" title="Edict of Thessalonica">Edict of Thessalonica</a> of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Freeman_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freeman-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which made Christianity the <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">state church of the Roman Empire</a>. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as "heresy". By this edict the state's authority and that of the Church became somewhat overlapping. One of the outcomes of this blurring of Church and state was the sharing of state powers of legal enforcement with church authorities. </p><p>Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, <a href="/wiki/Priscillian" title="Priscillian">Priscillian</a>, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers.<sup id="cite_ref-EEC_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EEC-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and by Pope Siricius,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who opposed Priscillian's heresy, but "believed capital punishment to be inappropriate at best and usually unequivocally evil."<sup id="cite_ref-EEC_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EEC-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The edict of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a> (435) provided severe punishments for those who had or spread writings of Nestorius.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson2009_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson2009-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who possessed writings of Arius were sentenced to death.<sup id="cite_ref-MV2010_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MV2010-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 7th-century text <i><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus#Teachings_and_dogmatic_works" title="John of Damascus">Concerning Heresy</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_John_of_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint John of Damascus">Saint John of Damascus</a> named <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> as Christological heresy, referring to it as the "heresy of the Ishmaelites" (see <i><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Christian_views_on_Muhammad" title="Medieval Christian views on Muhammad">medieval Christian views on Muhammad</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The position remained popular in Christian circles well into the 20th century, by theologians such as the Congregationalist cleric <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hugh_Foster" title="Frank Hugh Foster">Frank Hugh Foster</a> and the Roman Catholic historian <a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Hilaire Belloc</a>, the latter describing it as "the great and enduring heresy of Mohammed."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For some years after the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>, Protestant churches were also known to execute those they considered heretics; for example, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Servetus" title="Michael Servetus">Michael Servetus</a> was declared a heretic by both the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Church">Reformed Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> for rejecting the Christian doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity">Holy Trinity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Caravale2017_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caravale2017-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last known heretic executed by sentence of the Catholic Church was Spanish schoolmaster <a href="/wiki/Cayetano_Ripoll" title="Cayetano Ripoll">Cayetano Ripoll</a> in 1826. The number of people executed as heretics under the authority of the various "ecclesiastical authorities"<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is not known.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a> criticizes writings for "ambiguities and errors" without using the word "heresy."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 July 2007, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> stated that some Protestant groups are "ecclesial communities" rather than Churches.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Representatives of some of these Christian denominations accused the Vatican of effectively calling them heretics.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Pope Benedict<span class="nowrap"> </span>XVI clarified that the phrase "ecclesial community" did not necessitate explicit heresy, but only that the communities lacked certain "essential elements" of an apostolic church, as he had written in the document <a href="/wiki/Dominus_Iesus" title="Dominus Iesus">Dominus Iesus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Heresy in the Catholic Church">Heresy in the Catholic Church</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg/250px-Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg/375px-Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg/500px-Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2040" data-file-height="2524" /></a><figcaption>Massacre of the <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a> of <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_M%C3%A9rindol" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacre of Mérindol">Mérindol</a> in 1545</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before <a href="/wiki/Excommunication_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Excommunication in the Catholic Church">excommunication</a> is incurred. The <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Justinianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Justinianus">Codex Justinianus</a></i> (1:5:12) defines "everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith" a heretic.<sup id="cite_ref-RobertM2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RobertM2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Church had always dealt harshly with strands of Christianity that it considered heretical, but before the 11th century these tended to centre on individual preachers or small localised sects, like <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a>. The diffusion of the almost <a href="/wiki/Manichaean" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichaean">Manichaean</a> sect of <a href="/wiki/Paulician" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulician">Paulicians</a> westwards gave birth to the famous 11th- and 12th-century heresies of Western Europe. The first one was that of <a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a> in modern-day Bulgaria, a sort of sanctuary between Eastern and Western Christianity. By the 11th century, more organised groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Pataria" title="Pataria">Patarini</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cathars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathars">Cathars</a> were beginning to appear in the towns and cities of northern Italy, southern France and Flanders. </p><p>In France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cathar_Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathar Crusade">Cathar Crusade</a> was initiated by the Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Durand_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heresy was a major justification for the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> (<i>Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis</i>, Inquiry on Heretical Perversity) and for the <a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a> associated with the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg/250px-Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg/375px-Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg/500px-Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1567" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cristiano_Banti" title="Cristiano Banti">Cristiano Banti</a>'s 1857 painting <i>Galileo facing the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Inquisition" title="Roman Inquisition">Roman Inquisition</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> was <a href="/wiki/Galileo_affair" title="Galileo affair">brought before the Inquisition</a> for heresy, but <a href="/wiki/Abjuration" title="Abjuration">abjured</a> his views and was sentenced to <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a>, under which he spent the rest of his life. Galileo was found "vehemently suspect of heresy", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>, and that the Earth is not at its centre and moves, and that one may hold and defend an opinion as probable after it has been declared contrary to Holy Scripture. He was required to "abjure, curse and detest" those opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most contemporary historians of science believe the Galileo affair is an exception in the overall relationship between science and Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a> stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish people in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: "The more the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews." He labeled all heresy as "Jewish", claiming that Judaism would "pollute [Catholics and] deceive them with sacrilegious seduction."<sup id="cite_ref-RobertM76_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RobertM76-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The identification of Jews and heretics in particular occurred several times in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Roman_law" title="Medieval Roman law">Roman-Christian law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RobertM2_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RobertM2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jensky_kodex_Zizka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Jensky_kodex_Zizka.jpg/190px-Jensky_kodex_Zizka.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Jensky_kodex_Zizka.jpg/285px-Jensky_kodex_Zizka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Jensky_kodex_Zizka.jpg/380px-Jensky_kodex_Zizka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1347" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>Between 1420 and 1431 the <a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussite</a> heretics defeated five anti-Hussite <a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Crusades</a> ordered by the Pope.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodoxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Heresy" title="Special:EditPage/Heresy">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a> heresy most commonly refers to those beliefs declared heretical by the <a href="/wiki/First_seven_Ecumenical_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="First seven Ecumenical Councils">first seven Ecumenical Councils</a>. Since the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, various Christian churches have also used the concept in proceedings against individuals and groups those churches deemed heretical. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> also rejects the early Christian heresies such as <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origenism" title="Origenism">Origenism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lutheranism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a>, who played an instrumental part in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Churches</a>, condemned <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Agricola" title="Johannes Agricola">Johannes Agricola</a> and his doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">antinomianism</a> – the belief that Christians were free from the moral law contained in the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> – as a heresy.<sup id="cite_ref-SeelyeSelby2018_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeelyeSelby2018-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional Lutheranism, espoused by Luther himself, teaches that after justification, "the Law of God continued to guide people in how they were to live before God."<sup id="cite_ref-SeelyeSelby2018_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeelyeSelby2018-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a> of 1539, which is among the foundational documents of Lutheranism, lists 10 heresies by name which are condemned: <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eunomians" class="mw-redirect" title="Eunomians">Eunomians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Mohammedans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Samosata" title="Paul of Samosata">Samosatenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatists</a> and "certain Jewish opinions".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Anglicanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/39_Articles" class="mw-redirect" title="39 Articles">39 Articles</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> condemn <a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a> as a heresy.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2011_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2011-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Britain, the 16th-century <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a> resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>'s reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treason, notably <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_More" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas More">Sir Thomas More</a> and Cardinal <a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a>, for refusing to accept the king's supremacy over the Church in England.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI</a>, the heresy laws were repealed in 1547 only to be reintroduced in 1554 by <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a>; even so two radicals were executed in Edward's reign (one for denying the reality of the incarnation, the other for denying Christ's divinity).<sup id="cite_ref-Dickens_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickens-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Mary, around two hundred and ninety people were burned at the stake between 1555 and 1558 after the restoration of papal jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickens_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickens-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a> came to the throne, the concept of heresy was retained in theory but severely restricted by the 1559 <i><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Supremacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Supremacy">Act of Supremacy</a></i> and the one hundred and eighty or so Catholics who were executed in the forty-five years of her reign were put to death because they were considered members of "a subversive <a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">fifth column</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Neill_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neill-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last execution of a "heretic" in England occurred under <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a> in 1612.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the charge was technically one of "blasphemy" there was one later execution in Scotland (still at that date an entirely independent kingdom) when in 1697 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aikenhead" title="Thomas Aikenhead">Thomas Aikenhead</a> was accused, among other things, of denying the doctrine of the Trinity.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_martyrs" title="Boston martyrs">Boston martyrs</a> in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a>, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a>. At the time, the colony leaders were apparently hoping to achieve their vision of a "purer absolute theocracy" within their colony.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As such, they perceived the teachings and practices of the rival Quaker sect as heretical, even to the point where laws were passed and executions were performed with the aim of ridding their colony of such perceived "heresies." <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methodism">Methodism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Methodism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Religion_(Methodist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of Religion (Methodist)">Articles of Religion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church">Methodist Churches</a> teach that <a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a> is a heresy.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2011_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2011-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>, the founder of the Methodist tradition, harshly criticized antinomianism,<sup id="cite_ref-YrigoyenWarrick2013_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YrigoyenWarrick2013-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> considering it the "worst of all heresies".<sup id="cite_ref-Hurst1903_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurst1903-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He taught that Christian believers are bound to follow the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">moral law</a> for their <a href="/wiki/Sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctification">sanctification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YrigoyenWarrick2013_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YrigoyenWarrick2013-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methodist Christians thus teach the necessity of following the moral law as contained in the Ten Commandments, citing <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus'</a> teaching, "If ye love me, keep my commandments" (cf. Saint John 14:15).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam">Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bid%E2%80%98ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bid‘ah">Bid‘ah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zind%C4%ABq" class="mw-redirect" title="Zindīq">Zindīq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">Persecution of minority Muslim groups</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">Takfir</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mehdiana_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mehdiana_1.jpg/250px-Mehdiana_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mehdiana_1.jpg/375px-Mehdiana_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mehdiana_1.jpg/500px-Mehdiana_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mehdiana_Sahib" title="Mehdiana Sahib">Mehdiana Sahib</a>: the Killing of <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Dayala" title="Bhai Dayala">Bhai Dayala</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a>, by the Mughals at Chandni Chowk, India in 1675</figcaption></figure> <p>Starting in medieval times, Muslims began to refer to heretics and those who antagonized Islam as <i><a href="/wiki/Zindiq" class="mw-redirect" title="Zindiq">zindiqs</a></i>, the charge being punishable by death.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim the Grim</a> regarded the <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> as heretics.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shiites, in general, have often been considered heretics by <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslim">Sunni Muslims</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a> were heretics.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989, <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a>, supreme religious leader of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, issued a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> that declared the writing of <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a> to be heretical, and a bounty was issued for anyone who assassinated him. Heresy remains an <a href="/wiki/Religious_offense" title="Religious offense">offense</a> punishable by death in some nations. The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> is considered an Islamic heresy in Iran, with systematic <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">persecution of Baháʼís</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judaism">Judaism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Judaism" title="Heresy in Judaism">Heresy in Judaism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Orthodox_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Heresy in Orthodox Judaism">Heresy in Orthodox Judaism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> considers views on the part of Jews who depart from traditional <a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Jewish principles of faith</a> heretical. In addition, the more right-wing groups within Orthodox Judaism hold that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>'s 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, most of Orthodox Judaism considers <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist Judaism</a> heretical movements, and regards most of <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a> as heretical. The liberal wing of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodoxy</a> is more tolerant of Conservative Judaism, particularly its right wing, as there is some theological and practical overlap between these groups. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_religions">Other religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The act of using <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a> techniques in a form different from that originally described by <a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a> is referred to within Scientology as "<a href="/wiki/Squirreling" class="mw-redirect" title="Squirreling">squirreling</a>" and is said by Scientologists to be <i>high treason</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Religious_Technology_Center" title="Religious Technology Center">Religious Technology Center</a> has prosecuted breakaway groups who have practiced Scientology <a href="/wiki/Free_Zone_(Scientology)" title="Free Zone (Scientology)">outside the official Church</a> without authorization. </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> has had an historical tolerance for other religions, it also held sects like <a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a> heretical to its main dogma and has violently persecuted them, such as burying Mazdakians with their feet upright as "human gardens." In later periods Zoroastrians cooperated with Muslims to kill other Zoroastrians deemed heretical.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> monks in medieval China often called each other "heretics" and competed to be praised by the royal court. Although today most Chinese believe in a hybrid of the "Three Teachings" (Buddhism, Taoism, Confucian) the competition between the two religions may still be seen in some teachings and commentaries given by both religions today. A similar situation happened with <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> in Japan. <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Confucian">Neo-Confucian</a> heresy has also been described.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-religious_usage">Non-religious usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Non-religious usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In other contexts the term does not necessarily have <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the <i><a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a></i> in any practice and branch of knowledge. </p><p>Scientist/author <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> considered heresy as an abstraction, mentioning religious, political, socioeconomic and scientific heresies.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldsmith_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He divided scientific heretics into: endoheretics, those from within the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_community" title="Scientific community">scientific community</a>; and exoheretics, those from without. Characteristics were ascribed to both and examples of both kinds were offered. Asimov concluded that science orthodoxy defends itself well against endoheretics (by control of science education, grants and publication as examples), but is nearly powerless against exoheretics. He acknowledged by examples that heresy has repeatedly become orthodoxy. </p><p>Publishing his findings as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dinosaur_Heresies" title="The Dinosaur Heresies">The Dinosaur Heresies</a></i>, revisionist <a href="/wiki/Paleontologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleontologist">paleontologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Bakker" title="Robert T. Bakker">Robert T. Bakker</a>, himself a scientific endoheretic, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Bakker_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakker-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough.<sup id="cite_ref-Bakker_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakker-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27">: 27 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He adds that, "Most taxonomists, however, have viewed such new terminology as dangerously destabilizing to the traditional and well-known scheme."<sup id="cite_ref-Bakker_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakker-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 462">: 462 </span></sup> The illustrations by the author show dinosaurs in very active poses, in contrast to the traditional perception of lethargy. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky" title="Immanuel Velikovsky">Immanuel Velikovsky</a> is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate <a href="/wiki/Credential#Academic_and_professional_credentials" title="Credential">scientific credentials</a> and did not publish in <a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">scientific journals</a>. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of <a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">catastrophic change</a> (<a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">extinction event</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium" title="Punctuated equilibrium">punctuated equilibrium</a>) has gained acceptance in recent decades. </p><p>The term <i>heresy</i> is used not only with regard to religion but also in the context of political theory.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term heresy is also used as an ideological <a href="/wiki/Pigeonholing" title="Pigeonholing">pigeonhole</a> for contemporary writers because, by definition, heresy depends on contrasts with an established <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodoxy</a>. For example, the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a "<a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> heresy" a "<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> heresy" or a "<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> heresy", are <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphors</a> that invariably retain a <a href="/wiki/Subtext" title="Subtext">subtext</a> that links orthodoxies in <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> or <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> or any other field to religion. These expanded metaphoric senses allude to both the difference between the person's views and the mainstream and the boldness of such a person in propounding these views. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention (norm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviationism" title="Deviationism">Deviationism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herem_(censure)" title="Herem (censure)">Herem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodoxy" title="Heterodoxy">Heterodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_(social)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (social)">Norm (social)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohairesis" title="Prohairesis">Prohairesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_offense" title="Religious offense">Religious offense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schism (religion)">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Sin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An "ecclesiastical authority" was initially an assembly of bishops, later the Pope, then an inquisitor (a delegate of the Pope) and later yet the leadership of a Protestant church (which would itself be regarded as heretical by the Pope). The definitions of "state", "cooperation", "suppress" and "heresy" were all subject to change during the past 16 centuries.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Only very fragmentary records have been found of the executions carried out under Christian "heresy laws" during the first millennium. Somewhat more complete records of such executions can be found for the second millennium. To estimate the total number of executions carried out under various Christian "heresy laws" from AD 385 until the last official Catholic "heresy execution" in 1826 would require far more complete historical documentation than is currently available. The Catholic Church by no means had a monopoly on the execution of heretics. The charge of heresy was a weapon that could fit many hands. A century and a half after heresy was made a state crime, the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> (a heretical Christian Germanic tribe), used the law to prosecute thousands of (orthodox) Catholics with penalties of torture, mutilation, slavery and banishment.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vandals were overthrown; orthodoxy was restored; "No toleration whatsoever was to be granted to heretics or schismatics."<sup id="cite_ref-Frend2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frend2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heretics were not the only casualties. 4000 Roman soldiers were killed by heretical peasants in one campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some lists of <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_burned_as_heretics" title="List of people burned as heretics">heretics</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_heresies_in_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heresies in Catholicism">heresies</a> are available. About seven thousand people were burned at the stake by the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Catholic Inquisition</a>, which lasted for nearly seven centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Carroll_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carroll-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From time to time, heretics were burned at the stake by an enraged local populace, in a certain type of "vigilante justice", without the official participation of the Church or State.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Religious_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Wars">Religious Wars</a> slaughtered millions. During these wars, the charge of "heresy" was often leveled by one side against another as a sort of propaganda or rationalization for the undertaking of such wars.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.reference.com/browse/heresy?s=t">"Heresy | Define Heresy at Dictionary.com"</a>. Dictionary.reference.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heresy+%26%23124%3B+Define+Heresy+at+Dictionary.com&rft.pub=Dictionary.reference.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fheresy%3Fs%3Dt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120720065026/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/heresy">"heresy – definition of heresy in English from the Oxford dictionary"</a>. <i>oxforddictionaries.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/heresy">the original</a> on July 20, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oxforddictionaries.com&rft.atitle=heresy+%E2%80%93+definition+of+heresy+in+English+from+the+Oxford+dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fheresy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandle, Mark. 2007. "Soviet and Eastern bloc Marxism." pp. 59–77 in <i>Twentieth-Century Marxism</i>, edited by D. Glaser and D. M. Walker. London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13597974-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13597974-4">978-1-13597974-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MwuUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA62">p. 62</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130717065224/http://www.reference.com/browse/apostasy">"Apostasy | Learn everything there is to know about Apostasy at"</a>. Reference.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reference.com/browse/Apostasy">the original</a> on 2013-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apostasy+%26%23124%3B+Learn+everything+there+is+to+know+about+Apostasy+at&rft.pub=Reference.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2FApostasy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/blasphemy">"Definitions of "blasphemy" at Dictionary.com"</a>. Dictionary.reference.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definitions+of+%22blasphemy%22+at+Dictionary.com&rft.pub=Dictionary.reference.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fblasphemy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/F._L._Cross" title="F. L. Cross">Cross, F. L.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Livingstone" title="Elizabeth Livingstone">E. A. Livingstone</a>, eds. 1974. "Heresy." <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/F._F._Bruce" title="F. F. Bruce">Bruce, F. F.</a> 1964. <i>The Spreading Flame</i>. Exeter: <a href="/wiki/Paternoster_Press" title="Paternoster Press">Paternoster</a>. p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/NIV_Study_Bible" title="NIV Study Bible"><i>The NIV Study Bible</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Zondervan" title="Zondervan">Zondervan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton" title="Hodder & Stoughton">Hodder & Stoughton</a>. 1987. Titus 3:10n.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/NIV_Study_Bible" title="NIV Study Bible"><i>The NIV Study Bible</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Zondervan" title="Zondervan">Zondervan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton" title="Hodder & Stoughton">Hodder & Stoughton</a>. 1987. Titus 1:9n.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RobertM1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RobertM1_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael2011" class="citation book cs1">Michael, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZnFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28"><i>A History of Catholic Antisemitism : The Dark Side of the Church</i></a> (1st Palgrave Macmillan pbk. ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 28–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230111318" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230111318"><bdi>978-0230111318</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Catholic+Antisemitism+%3A+The+Dark+Side+of+the+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=28-30&rft.edition=1st+Palgrave+Macmillan+pbk.&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0230111318&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ZnFAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frend-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frend_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW.H.C._Frend1984" class="citation book cs1">W.H.C. Frend (1984). <i>The Rise of Christianity</i>. Chapter 7, The Emergence of Orthodoxy 135–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-1931-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-1931-2"><bdi>978-0-8006-1931-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Christianity&rft.place=Chapter+7%2C+The+Emergence+of+Orthodoxy+135%E2%80%9393&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-1931-2&rft.au=W.H.C.+Frend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> Appendices provide a timeline of Councils, Schisms, Heresies and Persecutions in the years 193–604. They are described in the text.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cross, F.L.; Livingstone, E.A., eds. (1974). "Milan, Edict of". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Chadwick_(theologian)" title="Henry Chadwick (theologian)">Chadwick, Henry</a>. 1967. <i>The Early Christian Church</i>. Pelican. pp. 129–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephenson-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stephenson_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Stephenson2009" class="citation book cs1">Paul Stephenson (2009). "Chapter 11". <i>Constantine: Roman Emperor, Christian Victor</i>. Harry N. Abrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59020-324-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59020-324-8"><bdi>978-1-59020-324-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+11&rft.btitle=Constantine%3A+Roman+Emperor%2C+Christian+Victor&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59020-324-8&rft.au=Paul+Stephenson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span> The Emperor established and enforced orthodoxy for domestic tranquility and the efficacy of prayers in support of the empire.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freeman-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Freeman_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Freeman2008" class="citation book cs1">Charles Freeman (2008). <i>A.D. 381 – Heretics, Pagans, and the Dawn of the Monotheistic State</i>. Harry N. Abrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59020-171-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59020-171-8"><bdi>978-1-59020-171-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A.D.+381+%E2%80%93+Heretics%2C+Pagans%2C+and+the+Dawn+of+the+Monotheistic+State&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59020-171-8&rft.au=Charles+Freeman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span> As Christianity placed its stamp upon the Empire, the Emperor shaped the church for political purposes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EEC-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EEC_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EEC_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bassett, Paul M. 2013. "Priscillian." pp. 949–950 in <i>Encyclopedia of Early Christianity</i> (2nd ed.), edited by <a href="/wiki/Everett_Ferguson" title="Everett Ferguson">E. Ferguson</a>. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13661158-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13661158-2">978-1-13661158-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oUFFAQAAQBAJ&dq=Chadwick+Early+Church+Priscillian&pg=PA950">p. 950</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u4i8jv0b7IkC&dq=Chadwick+Early+Church+Priscillian&pg=PA284">John Anthony McGuckin, <i>The Westminster Handbook to Patristic Theology</i> (Westminster John Knox Press 2004</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-66422396-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-66422396-0">978-0-66422396-0</a>), p. 284</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477170/Priscillian">"Priscillian"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Priscillian&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2024-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F477170%2FPriscillian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chadwick, Henry. <i>The Early Church</i>, Pelican, London, 1967. p. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson2009-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson2009_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJay_E._Thompson2009" class="citation book cs1">Jay E. Thompson (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=anocDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA138"><i>A Tale of Five Cities: A History of the Five Patriarchal Cities of the Early Church</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-7447-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-7447-0"><bdi>978-1-4982-7447-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tale+of+Five+Cities%3A+A+History+of+the+Five+Patriarchal+Cities+of+the+Early+Church&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4982-7447-0&rft.au=Jay+E.+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DanocDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MV2010-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MV2010_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaría_Victoria_Escribano_Paño2010" class="citation book cs1">María Victoria Escribano Paño (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p_Udwo-g7VIC&pg=PA135">"Chapter Three. Heretical texts and <i>maleficium</i> in the <i>Codex Theodosianum</i> (<i>CTh.</i> 16.5.34)"</a>. In Richard Lindsay Gordon; Francisco Marco Simón (eds.). <i>Magical Practice in the Latin West: Papers from the International Conference Held at the University of Zaragoza, 30 Sept. – 1st Oct. 2005</i>. BRILL. pp. 135–136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17904-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17904-2"><bdi>978-90-04-17904-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Three.+Heretical+texts+and+maleficium+in+the+Codex+Theodosianum+%28CTh.+16.5.34%29&rft.btitle=Magical+Practice+in+the+Latin+West%3A+Papers+from+the+International+Conference+Held+at+the+University+of+Zaragoza%2C+30+Sept.+%E2%80%93+1st+Oct.+2005&rft.pages=135-136&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17904-2&rft.au=Mar%C3%ADa+Victoria+Escribano+Pa%C3%B1o&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp_Udwo-g7VIC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith2010" class="citation book cs1">Griffith, Sidney H. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IwV2G-A-Oz0C&q=Islam+Christian+heresy+Damascus&pg=PA41"><i>The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque: Christians and Muslims in the World of Islam</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14628-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14628-7"><bdi>978-0-691-14628-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+in+the+Shadow+of+the+Mosque%3A+Christians+and+Muslims+in+the+World+of+Islam&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14628-7&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Sidney+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIwV2G-A-Oz0C%26q%3DIslam%2BChristian%2Bheresy%2BDamascus%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWismer2016" class="citation book cs1">Wismer, Don (2016). <i>Routledge Revivals: The Islamic Jesus (1977): An Annotated Bibliography of Sources in English and French</i>. Routledge. <q>The old opinion of John of Damascus continues to persist among Christian orientalists. The author here replies to Frank Hugh Foster (see 233), who said that Islam is in fact heretical Christianity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Revivals%3A+The+Islamic+Jesus+%281977%29%3A+An+Annotated+Bibliography+of+Sources+in+English+and+French&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Wismer&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2017" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Douglas (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dk6mDgAAQBAJ&q=the+great+and+enduring+heresy+of+Mohammed+belloc&pg=PA131"><i>The Strange Death of Europe: Immigration, Identity, Islam</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-4222-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-4222-7"><bdi>978-1-4729-4222-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strange+Death+of+Europe%3A+Immigration%2C+Identity%2C+Islam&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4729-4222-7&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddk6mDgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Bgreat%2Band%2Benduring%2Bheresy%2Bof%2BMohammed%2Bbelloc%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caravale2017-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caravale2017_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaravale2017" class="citation book cs1">Caravale, Giorgio (2017). <i>Censorship and Heresy in Revolutionary England and Counter-Reformation Rome: Story of a Dangerous Book</i>. Springer. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-57439-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-57439-4"><bdi>978-3-319-57439-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Censorship+and+Heresy+in+Revolutionary+England+and+Counter-Reformation+Rome%3A+Story+of+a+Dangerous+Book&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-57439-4&rft.aulast=Caravale&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbon1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon1_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Gibbon1862" class="citation book cs1">Edward Gibbon (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533456"><i>History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i></a>. Chapter 37, Part III.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=Chapter+37%2C+Part+III&rft.date=1862&rft.au=Edward+Gibbon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.533456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frend2-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frend2_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW.H.C._Frend1984" class="citation book cs1">W.H.C. Frend (1984). <i>The Rise of Christianity</i>. Fortress Press. p. 833. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-1931-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-1931-2"><bdi>978-0-8006-1931-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Christianity&rft.pages=833&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-1931-2&rft.au=W.H.C.+Frend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbon2-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon2_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Gibbon1862" class="citation book cs1">Edward Gibbon (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533456"><i>History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i></a>. Chapter 21, Part VII.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=Chapter+21%2C+Part+VII&rft.date=1862&rft.au=Edward+Gibbon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.533456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carroll-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carroll_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Carroll2001" class="citation book cs1">James Carroll (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constantinesswor00carr"><i>Constantine's Sword</i></a></span>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 357. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-21908-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-21908-0"><bdi>0-618-21908-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine%27s+Sword&rft.pages=357&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-618-21908-0&rft.au=James+Carroll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconstantinesswor00carr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWill_&_Ariel_Durant1950" class="citation book cs1">Will & Ariel Durant (1950). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageoffaithhistor00dura"><i>The Age of Faith</i></a></span>. p. 778.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Faith&rft.pages=778&rft.date=1950&rft.au=Will+%26+Ariel+Durant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageoffaithhistor00dura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An example is the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20010515_vidal_en.html">Notification regarding certain writings of Fr. Marciano Vidal, C.Ss.R.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. the documents <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html">"Responses to Some Questions"</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_commento-responsa_en.html">"Commentary"</a> from the Congregation on the Doctrine of the Faith.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/jul/11/catholicism.religion">Dismay and anger as Pope declares Protestants cannot have churches</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 11 July 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.progressivetheology.org/essays/2007.07.11-Pope-Ecumenism.html">Will the Pope's Pronouncement Set Ecumenism Back a Hundred Years?</a>" <i>Progressive Theology</i>. 11 July 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RobertM2-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RobertM2_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RobertM2_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael2011" class="citation book cs1">Michael, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZnFAAAAQBAJ&q=heretic&pg=PA28"><i>A History of Catholic Antisemitism : The Dark Side of the Church</i></a> (1st Palgrave Macmillan pbk. ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230111318" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230111318"><bdi>978-0230111318</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Catholic+Antisemitism+%3A+The+Dark+Side+of+the+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=219&rft.edition=1st+Palgrave+Macmillan+pbk.&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0230111318&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ZnFAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dheretic%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080302011854/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-1,00.html">Massacre of the Pure</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. April 28, 1961.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Reese Strayer (1992). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lskGFVtySXsC&pg=PA143">The Albigensian Crusades</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. p. 143. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-06476-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-06476-2">0-472-06476-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Durand-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Durand_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWill_&_Ariel_Durant1950" class="citation book cs1">Will & Ariel Durant (1950). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageoffaithhistor00dura"><i>The Age of Faith</i></a></span>. Chapter XXVIII, The Early Inquisition: 1000–1300.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Faith&rft.place=Chapter+XXVIII%2C+The+Early+Inquisition%3A+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.date=1950&rft.au=Will+%26+Ariel+Durant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageoffaithhistor00dura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFantoli2005" class="citation book cs1">Fantoli, A. (2005). <i>The Disputed Injunction and its Role in Galileo's Trial</i>. p. 139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Disputed+Injunction+and+its+Role+in+Galileo%27s+Trial&rft.pages=139&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Fantoli&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinocchiaro1989" class="citation book cs1">Finocchiaro, M. A. (1989). <i>The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 288–293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06662-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06662-5"><bdi>978-0-520-06662-5</bdi></a>. <q>We say, pronounce, sentence, and declare that you, the above-mentioned Galileo, because of the things deduced in the trial and confessed by you as above, have rendered yourself according to this Holy Office vehemently suspected of heresy, namely of having held and believed a doctine which is false and contrary to the divine and Holy Scripture: that the sun is the center of the world and does not move from east to west, and the earth moves and is not the center of the world, and that one may hold and defend as probable an opinion after it has been declared and defined contrary to Holy Scripture. Consequently you have incurred all the censures and penalties imposed and promulgated by the sacred canons and all particular and general laws against such delinquents. We are willing to absolve you from them provided that first, with a sincere heart and unfeigned faith, in front of us you abjure, curse, and detest the above-mentioned errors and heresies, and every other error and heresy contrary to the Catholic and Apostolic Church, in the manner and form we will prescribe to you.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Galileo+Affair%3A+A+Documentary+History&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=288-293&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06662-5&rft.aulast=Finocchiaro&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinocchiaro2014" class="citation book cs1">Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (2014). "Introduction". <i>The Trial of Galileo : Essential Documents</i>. Hackett Publishing Company, Incorporated. pp. 1–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62466-132-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62466-132-7"><bdi>978-1-62466-132-7</bdi></a>. <q>..one of the most common myths widely held about the trial of Galileo, including several elements: that he "saw" the earth's motion (an observation still impossible to make even in the twenty-first century); that he was "imprisoned" by the Inquisition (whereas he was actually held under house arrest); and that his crime was to have discovered the truth. And since to condemn someone for this reason can result only from ignorance, prejudice, and narrow-mindedness, this is also the myth that alleges the incompatibility between science and religion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Trial+of+Galileo+%3A+Essential+Documents&rft.pages=1-4&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing+Company%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62466-132-7&rft.aulast=Finocchiaro&rft.aufirst=Maurice+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJules_Speller2008" class="citation book cs1">Jules Speller (2008). <i>Galileo's Inquisition Trial Revisited</i>. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publisher)" title="Peter Lang (publisher)">Peter Lang</a>. pp. 55–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-56229-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-56229-1"><bdi>978-3-631-56229-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Inquisition+Trial+Revisited&rft.pages=55-56&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-631-56229-1&rft.au=Jules+Speller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-McMullin-2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">McMullin, Ernan (2008). "Robert Bellarmine". In Gillispie, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Scientific_Biography" title="Dictionary of Scientific Biography">Dictionary of Scientific Biography</a></i>. Scribner & American Council of Learned Societies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Robert+Bellarmine&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft.pub=Scribner+%26+American+Council+of+Learned+Societies&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=McMullin&rft.aufirst=Ernan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RobertM76-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RobertM76_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael2011" class="citation book cs1">Michael, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZnFAAAAQBAJ&q=heretic&pg=PA28"><i>A History of Catholic Antisemitism : The Dark Side of the Church</i></a> (1st Palgrave Macmillan pbk. ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230111318" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230111318"><bdi>978-0230111318</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Catholic+Antisemitism+%3A+The+Dark+Side+of+the+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=76&rft.edition=1st+Palgrave+Macmillan+pbk.&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0230111318&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ZnFAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dheretic%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Sirmondian_constitutions" title="Sirmondian constitutions">Constitutio Sirmondiana</a></i> 6, 14; <i>Theodosius<span class="nowrap"> </span>II – Novella</i><span class="nowrap"> </span>3; <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a></i> 16:5:44, 16:8:27, 16:8:27; <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Justinianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Justinianus">Codex Justinianus</a></i> 1:3:54, 1:5:12,21, 1:10:2; <i>Justinian, <a href="/wiki/Novel_(Roman_law)" title="Novel (Roman law)">Novellae</a></i> 37, 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SeelyeSelby2018-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SeelyeSelby2018_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SeelyeSelby2018_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeelyeSelby2018" class="citation book cs1">Seelye, James E.; Selby, Shawn (2018). <i>Shaping North America: From Exploration to the American Revolution</i>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440836695" title="Special:BookSources/9781440836695"><bdi>9781440836695</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shaping+North+America%3A+From+Exploration+to+the+American+Revolution&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781440836695&rft.aulast=Seelye&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft.au=Selby%2C+Shawn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://bookofconcord.org/augsburg-confession/">https://bookofconcord.org/augsburg-confession/</a> Book of Concord.org, Articles 1–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson2011-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson2011_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson2011_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2011" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Kenneth (2011). <i>Methodist Theology</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567317469" title="Special:BookSources/9780567317469"><bdi>9780567317469</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodist+Theology&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780567317469&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagnerSchmid2012" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, John A.; Schmid, Susan Walters (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EUCY3otvttEC&q=More+refusal+accept+royal+supremacy+church&pg=PA221"><i>Encyclopedia of Tudor England</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598842982" title="Special:BookSources/9781598842982"><bdi>9781598842982</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Tudor+England&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781598842982&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft.au=Schmid%2C+Susan+Walters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEUCY3otvttEC%26q%3DMore%2Brefusal%2Baccept%2Broyal%2Bsupremacy%2Bchurch%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christenson, Ron. 1991. <i>Political Trials in History</i>. Transaction Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88738406-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88738406-6">978-0-88738406-6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wBdOvs2THGEC&dq=More+refusal+accept+royal+supremacy+church&pg=PA302">p. 302</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_O%27Donovan" title="Oliver O'Donovan">O'Donovan, Oliver</a>, and Joan Lockwood O'Donovan. 1999. <i>From Irenaeus to Grotius</i>. Eerdmans. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80284209-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80284209-1">978-0-80284209-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pwoTGSsiqa4C&dq=More+refusal+accept+royal+supremacy+church&pg=PA558">p. 558</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dickens-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dickens_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dickens_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dickens, A.G. <i>The English Reformation</i> Fontana/Collins 1967, pp. 327, 364</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neill-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neill_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Neill" title="Stephen Neill">Neill, Stephen</a>. <i>Anglicanism</i>. Pelican. pp. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">MacCulloch, Diarmaid</a>. 1996. <i>Thomas Cranmer</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 477.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">MacCulloch, Diarmaid</a>. 2003. <i>The Reformation</i>. Penguin. p. 679.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YrigoyenWarrick2013-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YrigoyenWarrick2013_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YrigoyenWarrick2013_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYrigoyenWarrick2013" class="citation book cs1">Yrigoyen, Charles Jr.; Warrick, Susan E. (2013). <i>Historical Dictionary of Methodism</i>. Scarecrow Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810878945" title="Special:BookSources/9780810878945"><bdi>9780810878945</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Methodism&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780810878945&rft.aulast=Yrigoyen&rft.aufirst=Charles+Jr.&rft.au=Warrick%2C+Susan+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hurst1903-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hurst1903_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurst1903" class="citation book cs1">Hurst, John Fletcher (1903). <i>John Wesley the Methodist: A Plain Account of His Life and Work</i>. Eaton & Mains. p. 200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Wesley+the+Methodist%3A+A+Plain+Account+of+His+Life+and+Work&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Eaton+%26+Mains&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Hurst&rft.aufirst=John+Fletcher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Wesleyan Methodist Association Magazine</i>. Vol. 12. R. Abercrombie. 1849. p. 368.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wesleyan+Methodist+Association+Magazine&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=R.+Abercrombie&rft.date=1849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Bowker. "Zindiq." <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions</i>. 1997 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad" title="Jalal Al-e-Ahmad">Āl-e-Aḥmad, Jalāl</a>. 1982. <i>Plagued by the West</i>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sprachman" title="Paul Sprachman">P. Sprachman</a>. Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88206-047-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88206-047-7">978-0-88206-047-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Limbert2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Limbert" class="mw-redirect" title="John Limbert">John Limbert</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negotiatingwithi00limb/page/29"><i>Negotiating with Iran: Wrestling the Ghosts of History</i></a>. US Institute of Peace Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/negotiatingwithi00limb/page/29">29</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781601270436" title="Special:BookSources/9781601270436"><bdi>9781601270436</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negotiating+with+Iran%3A+Wrestling+the+Ghosts+of+History&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=US+Institute+of+Peace+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781601270436&rft.au=John+Limbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnegotiatingwithi00limb%2Fpage%2F29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasooda_Bano2012" class="citation book cs1">Masooda Bano (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rationalbeliever00bano"><i>The Rational Believer: Choices and Decisions in the Madrasas of Pakistan</i></a></span>. Cornell University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rationalbeliever00bano/page/73">73</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801464331" title="Special:BookSources/9780801464331"><bdi>9780801464331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rational+Believer%3A+Choices+and+Decisions+in+the+Madrasas+of+Pakistan&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780801464331&rft.au=Masooda+Bano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frationalbeliever00bano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2012" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Thomas A., ed. (2012). <i>Power, National Security, and Transformational Global Events: Challenges Confronting America, China, and Iran</i> (illustrated ed.). CRC Press. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439884225" title="Special:BookSources/9781439884225"><bdi>9781439884225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power%2C+National+Security%2C+and+Transformational+Global+Events%3A+Challenges+Confronting+America%2C+China%2C+and+Iran&rft.pages=162&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781439884225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanasarian2000" class="citation book cs1">Sanasarian, Eliz (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521770736/page/52"><i>Religious Minorities in Iran</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521770736/page/52">52–53</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-77073-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-77073-4"><bdi>0-521-77073-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Minorities+in+Iran&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=52-53&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-77073-4&rft.aulast=Sanasarian&rft.aufirst=Eliz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780521770736%2Fpage%2F52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Marc_B._Shapiro" title="Marc B. Shapiro">Shapiro, Marc B.</a> <i>The Limits of Orthodox Theology: Maimonides' Thirteen Principles Reappraised</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874774-90-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-874774-90-0">1-874774-90-0</a>. (A book written as a contentious rebuttal to an article written in the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah_u%27Maddah_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torah u'Maddah Journal (page does not exist)">Torah u'Maddah Journal</a></i>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelkosSappell,_Joel1990" class="citation news cs1">Welkos, Robert W.; Sappell, Joel (29 June 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-scientology062990b,0,4204659.story">"When the Doctrine Leaves the Church"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=When+the+Doctrine+Leaves+the+Church&rft.date=1990-06-29&rft.aulast=Welkos&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft.au=Sappell%2C+Joel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fla-scientology062990b%2C0%2C4204659.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1936), <i>First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936</i>: E.J. Brill, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004097964" title="Special:BookSources/9789004097964">9789004097964</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_B._Henderson1998" class="citation book cs1">John B. Henderson (1998). <i>The construction of orthodoxy and heresy: Neo-Confucian, Islamic, Jewish, and early Christian patterns</i>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3760-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3760-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-3760-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+construction+of+orthodoxy+and+heresy%3A+Neo-Confucian%2C+Islamic%2C+Jewish%2C+and+early+Christian+patterns&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3760-5&rft.au=John+B.+Henderson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldsmith-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goldsmith_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Goldsmith1977" class="citation book cs1">Donald Goldsmith (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ufosascientificd0000unse"><i>Scientists Confront Velikovsky</i></a></span>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-0961-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-0961-6"><bdi>0-8014-0961-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientists+Confront+Velikovsky&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-8014-0961-6&rft.au=Donald+Goldsmith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fufosascientificd0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span> Asimov's views are in "Forward: The Role of the Heretic".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bakker-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bakker_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bakker_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bakker_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_T._Bakker1986" class="citation book cs1">Robert T. Bakker (1986). <i>The Dinosaur Heresies</i>. Citadel Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2260-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2260-9"><bdi>978-0-8065-2260-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dinosaur+Heresies&rft.pub=Citadel+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8065-2260-9&rft.au=Robert+T.+Bakker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,763942,00.html">"Religion: Anti-Religion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. 6 May 1940.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Religion%3A+Anti-Religion&rft.date=1940-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C763942%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isreview.org/issue/91/exploring-high-moments-and-small-mountain-roads-marxism">"Exploring the high moments and small mountain roads of Marxism"</a>. <i>isreview.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=isreview.org&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+high+moments+and+small+mountain+roads+of+Marxism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisreview.org%2Fissue%2F91%2Fexploring-high-moments-and-small-mountain-roads-marxism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bauer" title="Walter Bauer">Walter Bauer</a> (1971), <i>Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity</i>, (Philadelphia, Fortress Press (original edition 1934) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-1363-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-1363-5">0-8006-1363-5</a> (on-line: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/rak/publics/new/BAUER00.htm">Updated Electronic English Edition by Robert A. Kraft, 1993</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson1998" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, John B. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FALN_kpyzEUC"><i>The Construction of Orthodoxy and Heresy: Neo-Confucian, Islamic, Jewish, and Early Christian Patterns</i></a>. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791437599" title="Special:BookSources/9780791437599"><bdi>9780791437599</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+Orthodoxy+and+Heresy%3A+Neo-Confucian%2C+Islamic%2C+Jewish%2C+and+Early+Christian+Patterns&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780791437599&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFALN_kpyzEUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeresy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Le_Boulluec" title="Alain Le Boulluec">Alain Le Boulluec</a> (1985), <i>La notion d'hérésie dans la littérature grecque</i>, 2 voll., Paris, Etudes Augustiniennes, (<i>The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries</i>, New York, Oxford University Press, 2022)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heresy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/heresy" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/heresy">heresy</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Heresy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Heresy">Heresy</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Heresy" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Heresy">Heresy</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Some quotes and information in this article came from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07256b.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070315063834/http://www.chemins-cathares.eu/05_02_cathares_philosophie_histoire.php">Cathars of the middle age</a>, Philosophy and History <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wlsessays.net/handle/123456789/1777">What Is Heresy?</a> by Wilbert R. 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title="Chinmaya Mission">Chinmaya Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Divine_Science" title="Church of Divine Science">Church of Divine Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Church of the Guanche People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Family_International" title="The Family International">The Family International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fung_Loy_Kok_Institute_of_Taoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fung Loy Kok Institute of Taoism">Fung Loy Kok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven%27s_Gate_(religious_group)" title="Heaven's Gate (religious group)">Heaven's Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Mission_movement" title="International Peace Mission movement">International Peace Mission movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invitation_to_Life" title="Invitation to Life">Invitation to Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Jewish Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jesus_Christ_(church)" title="Kingdom of Jesus Christ (church)">Kingdom of Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Church_of_Kopimism" title="Missionary Church of Kopimism">Kopimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Bodhi_Society" title="Maha Bodhi Society">Maha Bodhi Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Rodnovery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Science Temple of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition" title="New Kadampa Tradition">New Kadampa Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Science" title="Religious Science">Religious Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Church" title="Unity Church">Unity Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuwaubian_Nation" title="Nuwaubian Nation">Nuwaubian Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oomoto" title="Oomoto">Oomoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_Temple" title="Peoples Temple">Peoples Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_of_Ar%C3%A8s" title="Pilgrims of Arès">Pilgrims of Arès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathyaksha_Raksha_Daiva_Sabha" title="Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha">Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_Church_of_the_Final_Judgment" title="Process Church of the Final Judgment">The Process Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission" title="Ramakrishna Mission">Ramakrishna Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%8D_K%C5%8Dsei_Kai" title="Risshō Kōsei Kai">Risshō Kōsei Kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaja_Yoga" title="Sahaja Yoga">Sahaja Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Muerte" title="Santa Muerte">Santa Muerte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Daime" title="Santo Daime">Santo Daime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LaVeyan_Satanism" title="LaVeyan Satanism">LaVeyan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Satan" title="Church of Satan">Church of Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Set" title="Temple of Set">Temple of Set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Temple" title="The Satanic Temple">The Satanic Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_Satanism" title="Theistic Satanism">Theistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joy_of_Satan_Ministries" title="Joy of Satan Ministries">Joy of Satan Ministries</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba_movement" title="Sathya Sai Baba movement">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Training" title="Shambhala Training">Shambhala Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Ram_Chandra_Mission" title="Shri Ram Chandra Mission">Shri Ram Chandra Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukyo_Mahikari" title="Sukyo Mahikari">Sukyo Mahikari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation_movement" title="Transcendental Meditation movement">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Buddha_School" title="True Buddha School">True Buddha School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_communities" title="Twelve Tribes communities">Twelve Tribes communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unarius_Academy_of_Science" title="Unarius Academy of Science">Unarius Academy of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist_Association" title="Unitarian Universalist Association">Unitarian Universalist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism#United_Submitters_International" title="Quranism">United Submitters International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Church_of_the_Kingdom_of_God" title="Universal Church of the Kingdom of God">Universal Church of the Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">Universal White Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lightning" title="Eastern Lightning">Eastern Lightning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Way_International" title="The Way International">The Way International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weixinism" title="Weixinism">Weixinjiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_of_Faith" title="Word of Faith">Word of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Mission_Society_Church_of_God" title="World Mission Society Church of God">World Mission Society Church of God</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Drew_Ali" title="Noble Drew Ali">Noble Drew Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Applewhite" title="Marshall Applewhite">Marshall Applewhite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_W._Armstrong" title="Herbert W. Armstrong">Herbert W. Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoko_Asahara" title="Shoko Asahara">Shoko Asahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1b" title="Báb">Báb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Baháʼu'lláh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Bailey" title="Alice Bailey">Alice Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda_Saraswati" title="Chinmayananda Saraswati">Chinmayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Berg" title="David Berg">David Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy" title="Sri Chinmoy">Sri Chinmoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fillmore_(Unity_Church)" title="Charles Fillmore (Unity Church)">Charles Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelsang_Gyatso" title="Kelsang Gyatso">Kelsang Gyatso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hak_Ja_Han" title="Hak Ja Han">Hak Ja Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhi" title="Li Hongzhi">Li Hongzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Koresh" title="David Koresh">David Koresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_LaVey" title="Anton LaVey">Anton LaVey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_%C3%81ngel_Livraga_Rizzi" title="Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi">Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Sheng-yen" title="Lu Sheng-yen">Lu Sheng-yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meher_Baba" title="Meher Baba">Meher Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikky%C5%8D_Niwano" title="Nikkyō Niwano">Nikkyō Niwano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Myung_Moon" title="Sun Myung Moon">Sun Myung Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakayama_Miki" title="Nakayama Miki">Nakayama Miki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineas_Parkhurst_Quimby" title="Phineas Parkhurst Quimby">Phineas Parkhurst Quimby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABl" title="Raël">Raël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh" title="Rajneesh">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Rawat" title="Prem Rawat">Prem Rawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Roerich" title="Helena Roerich">Helena Roerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Franklin_Rutherford" title="Joseph Franklin Rutherford">Joseph Franklin Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahn_Sahng-hong" title="Ahn Sahng-hong">Ahn Sahng-hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar" title="Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar">Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Dayal_Singh" title="Shiv Dayal Singh">Shiv Dayal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Srivastava" title="Nirmala Srivastava">Nirmala Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Tkach" title="Joseph W. Tkach">Joseph W. Tkach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Chögyam Trungpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen G. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poykayil_Yohannan" title="Poykayil Yohannan">Poykayil Yohannan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements_in_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="New religious movements in the Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-initiated_church" title="African-initiated church">African-initiated church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_messianism" title="Chabad messianism">Chabad messianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_classifications_of_religious_movements" title="Sociological classifications of religious movements">Classifications of religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">Cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersectarianism" title="Cybersectarianism">Cybersectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_cult" title="Doomsday cult">Doomsday cult</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heresy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu reform movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group favoritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese new religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_religion" title="Open-source religion">Open-source religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Religious conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">Religious syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">Sect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_religion" title="Self religion">Self religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_evolution" title="Spiritual evolution">Spiritual evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CESNUR" title="CESNUR">CESNUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INFORM" title="INFORM">INFORM (Information Network Focus on Religious Movements)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Religions_and_Spirituality_Project" title="World Religions and Spirituality Project">World Religions and Spirituality Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholarship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_study_of_new_religious_movements" title="Academic study of new religious movements">Academic study of new religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_Religion" title="Journal of Contemporary Religion">Journal of Contemporary Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Religio" title="Nova Religio">Nova Religio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology of religion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/When_Prophecy_Fails" title="When Prophecy Fails">When Prophecy Fails</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_new_religious_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to new religious movements">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">Anti-cult movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_countercult_movement" title="Christian countercult movement">Christian countercult movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Anti-Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Persecution of Ahmadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Persecution of Baháʼís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Persecution of Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Persecution of Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Religious discrimination against modern pagans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_study_of_new_religious_movements" title="Academic study of new religious movements">Academic study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements_and_cults_in_popular_culture" title="New religious movements and cults in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li></ul> 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4022838-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Heresy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85060383">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hérésie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12005387c">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hérésie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12005387c">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="hereze"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120684&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558051205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dalalet">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heresy&oldid=1257911976">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heresy&oldid=1257911976</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heresy" title="Category:Heresy">Heresy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dissent" title="Category:Dissent">Dissent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_law" title="Category:Religious 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