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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_and_taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_and_taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classification and taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification_and_taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification and taxonomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification_and_taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethiopian_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopian_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ethiopian churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopian_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zionist_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zionist_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Zionist churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zionist_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Messianic_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Messianic_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Messianic churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Messianic_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aladura_Pentecostal_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aladura_Pentecostal_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Aladura Pentecostal churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aladura_Pentecostal_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesias_Instituidas_en_%C3%81frica" title="Iglesias Instituidas en África – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iglesias Instituidas en África" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_d%27institution_africaine" title="Église d'institution africaine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Église d'institution africaine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4_%ED%86%A0%EC%B0%A9%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C" title="아프리카 토착교회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아프리카 토착교회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiese_indipendenti_africane" title="Chiese indipendenti africane – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chiese indipendenti africane" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikai_Int%C3%A9zm%C3%A9nyes%C3%BClt_Egyh%C3%A1zak" title="Afrikai Intézményesült Egyházak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Afrikai Intézményesült Egyházak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Independent Christian church</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benin_-_batism_ceremony_in_Cotonou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Benin_-_batism_ceremony_in_Cotonou.jpg/300px-Benin_-_batism_ceremony_in_Cotonou.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Benin_-_batism_ceremony_in_Cotonou.jpg/450px-Benin_-_batism_ceremony_in_Cotonou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Benin_-_batism_ceremony_in_Cotonou.jpg/600px-Benin_-_batism_ceremony_in_Cotonou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3135" data-file-height="1344" /></a><figcaption>"Spiritual headwashing" in <a href="/wiki/Cotonou" title="Cotonou">Cotonou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Celestial_Church_of_Christ" title="Celestial Church of Christ">Celestial Church of Christ</a> is a religion which started in Benin in the middle of the 20th century by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Oshoffa" title="Samuel Oshoffa">Samuel Joseph Biléou Oschoffa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>African-initiated church</b> (<b>AIC</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Christian_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian church">Christian church</a> independently started in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> by Africans rather than chiefly by <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> from another continent. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-initiated_church&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A variety of overlapping terms exist for these forms of Christianity: <b>African-initiated churches</b>, <b>African independent churches</b>, <b>African indigenous churches</b>, and <b>African-instituted churches</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMwaura2005161Oduro2008181_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMwaura2005161Oduro2008181-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abbreviation <b>AIC</b> covers them all. The differences in names correspond to the aspect that a researcher wishes to emphasise. For instance, those who wish to point out that AICs exhibit African cultural forms, describe them as <i>indigenous</i>. These terms have largely been imposed upon such groups and may not be the way they would describe themselves. </p><p>The term <i>African</i> refers to the fact that these Christian groupings formed in Africa, but AICs differ from one another. Not all African cultural systems are the same. Regional variations occur among West, East, North, Central, and Southern Africans, and the AICs will reflect these. AICs can now be found outside Africa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-initiated_church&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>African-initiated churches are found across Africa; they are particularly well-documented in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">southern Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>. Pauw suggests that at least 36 per cent of the population of Africa belong to an African-initiated church.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-initiated_church&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the colonial era starting in the 1800s, when European powers took control of <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">most of the African continent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a> converts to Christianity were unable fully to reconcile their beliefs with the teachings of their church leaders, and split from their parent churches. The reasons for these splits were usually either: </p> <ul><li>Political – an effort to escape <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a> control</li> <li>Historical – many of the parent churches, particularly those from a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> tradition, had themselves emerged from a process of <a href="/wiki/Schism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schism (religion)">schism</a> and synthesis</li> <li>Cultural – the result of trying to accommodate Christian belief within an African <a href="/wiki/World_view" class="mw-redirect" title="World view">world view</a></li></ul> <p>Some scholars argue that independent churches or religious movements demonstrate <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> or partial integration between aspects of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> belief and African traditional religion. Often, these churches have resulted from a process of <a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">acculturation</a> between traditional African beliefs and <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> Christianity and have split from their parent churches.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Sundkler" title="Bengt Sundkler">Bengt Sundkler</a>, one of the most prominent pioneers of research on African independent churches in South Africa, initially argued that AICs were bridges back to a pre-industrial culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPobeeOsitelu1998_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPobeeOsitelu1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, he recognized instead that AICs helped their affiliates to adapt to a modernizing world that was hostile to their cultural beliefs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1925, the <a href="/wiki/Cherubim_and_Seraphim_(Nigerian_church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherubim and Seraphim (Nigerian church)">Cherubim and Seraphim (Nigerian church)</a> was established as the first African-initiated church.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamport_Jenkins_Tahaafe-Williams_Welby_2018_p._592_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamport_Jenkins_Tahaafe-Williams_Welby_2018_p._592-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_and_taxonomy">Classification and taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-initiated_church&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification and taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are thousands of African-initiated churches (more than 10,000 in South Africa alone), and each one has its own characteristics. <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missiology" title="Missiology">missiologists</a>, sociologists, and others have tried to group them according to shared characteristics, though disagreements have arisen about which characteristics are most significant and which taxonomy is most accurate. Although it is possible to distinguish groups of denominations with common features, there is also much overlap, with some denominations sharing the characteristics of two or more groups. </p><p>Many AICs share traditions with Christians from other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian world">Christian world</a>, which can also be used to classify them. There are AICs that share some beliefs or practices with Protestant churches<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (October 2024)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Juergensmeyer_2005_p._7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juergensmeyer_2005_p.-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some are <a href="/wiki/Sabbatarianism" title="Sabbatarianism">Sabbatarian</a>, some are <a href="/wiki/Zionist_churches" title="Zionist churches">Zionist</a>, and others neither. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethiopian_churches">Ethiopian churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-initiated_church&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ethiopian churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ethiopian churches generally retain their <a href="/wiki/Mother_church" title="Mother church">mother church</a>'s Christian <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a> in an unreformed state. Ethiopian African-initiated churches, which are recently-formed Protestant congregations mostly in southern Africa, arose from the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_movement" title="Ethiopian movement">Ethiopian movement</a> of the late nineteenth century, which taught that Black people should control African Christian churches. They should not be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church</a>, which have a much longer and distinct doctrinal histories. Some denominations that arose from the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_movement" title="Ethiopian movement">Ethiopian movement</a> have united with these earlier denominations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zionist_churches">Zionist churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-initiated_church&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Zionist churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Zionist_churches" title="Zionist churches">Zionist churches</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Zion_Christian_Church" title="Zion Christian Church">Zion Christian Church</a>, trace their origins to the <a href="/wiki/Christ_Community_Church" title="Christ Community Church">Christ Community Church</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Dowie" title="John Alexander Dowie">John Alexander Dowie</a>, with its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Zion,_Illinois" title="Zion, Illinois">Zion, Illinois</a>. Zionist churches are found chiefly in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>. In the early 1900s, Zionist Christian <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> went to <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> from the United States and established congregations. They emphasised <a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">divine healing</a>, abstention from pork, and wearing white robes. </p><p>The Zionist missionaries were followed by <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a> ones, whose teaching concentrated on <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_gift" title="Spiritual gift">spiritual gifts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">baptism with the Holy Spirit</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">glossolalia</a> as the initial evidence of this. The predominantly white <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Faith_Mission_of_South_Africa" title="Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa">Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa</a> arose out of this missionary effort and emphasised the Pentecostal teaching. </p><p>The Black Zionists retained much of the original Zionist tradition. The Zionists split into several different denominations, but the reason for this was the rapid growth of the movement rather than divisions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A split in the Zionist movement in the U.S. meant that after 1908, few missionaries came to southern Africa. The movement in southern Africa and its growth resulted from Black leadership and initiative<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Opinion" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view/FAQ#Assert_facts,_not_opinions" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ"><span title="This statement may be opinion presented as fact. (October 2024)">opinion</span></a></i>]</sup>. As time passed, some Zionist groups began to mix aspects of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">traditional African beliefs</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">veneration of the dead</a>, with Christian doctrine. Many Zionists stress <a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">faith healing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a>, and in many congregations, the leader is viewed as a <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Messianic_churches">Messianic churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-initiated_church&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Messianic churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some researchers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (October 2024)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> have described some AICs with strong leadership as <a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">messianic</a>, but opinions have also changed. The churches that have been called messianic focus on the power and sanctity of their leaders; often, the leaders are thought by their followers to possess <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>-like characteristics. Denominations described as messianic include <a href="/wiki/Kimbanguism" title="Kimbanguism">Kimbanguism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Nazareth_Baptist_Church" title="Nazareth Baptist Church">Nazareth Baptist Church</a> of <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Shembe" title="Isaiah Shembe">Isaiah Shembe</a> in <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a>, South Africa; the <a href="/wiki/Zion_Christian_Church" title="Zion Christian Church">Zion Christian Church</a> of <a href="/wiki/Engenas_Lekganyane" title="Engenas Lekganyane">Engenas Lekganyane</a> with headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Limpopo" title="Limpopo">Limpopo</a>, South Africa; and the Ibandla Lenkosi Apostolic Church in Zion of South Africa and <a href="/wiki/Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kimbanguism" title="Kimbanguism">Kimbanguism</a> is estimated to be the largest African-initiated church.<sup id="cite_ref-Meister_Beilby_2013_p._1060_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meister_Beilby_2013_p._1060-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aladura_Pentecostal_churches">Aladura Pentecostal churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-initiated_church&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aladura Pentecostal churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Aladura" title="Aladura">Aladura</a> Pentecostal churches originated in Nigeria. They rely on the <a href="/wiki/Efficacy_of_prayer" title="Efficacy of prayer">power of prayer</a> and baptism of the Holy Spirit. Today, such churches include <a href="/wiki/Christ_Apostolic_Church" title="Christ Apostolic Church">Christ Apostolic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cherubim_and_Seraphim_(Nigerian_church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherubim and Seraphim (Nigerian church)">Cherubim and Seraphim</a> movement, <a href="/wiki/Celestial_Church_of_Christ" title="Celestial Church of Christ">Celestial Church of Christ</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Lord_(Aladura)" title="Church of the Lord (Aladura)">Church of the Lord (Aladura)</a>. The first Aladura movement was started in 1918 in <a href="/wiki/Ijebu_Ode" title="Ijebu Ode">Ijebu Ode</a>, now in <a href="/wiki/Ogun_State" title="Ogun State">Ogun State</a>, Nigeria, by Sophia Odunlami and Joseph Sadare. They both attended St. Saviour's Anglican Church. They rejected <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">infant baptism</a> and all forms of medicine, whether Western or traditional. Consequently, they initiated the "Prayer Band", popularly called <i>Egbe Aladura</i>. Joseph Sadare was compelled to give up his post in the Synod<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup>; others were forced to resign their jobs and withdraw their children from the Anglican School. The Aladura began as a <a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Christian revival</a> in search of true spirituality.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Opinion" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view/FAQ#Assert_facts,_not_opinions" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ"><span title="This statement may be opinion presented as fact. (October 2024)">opinion</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A revival took place during the <a href="/wiki/1918_flu_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 flu pandemic">1918 flu pandemic</a>. This consolidated the formation of the prayer group, which was named <i>Precious Stone</i> and later the <i>Diamond Society</i>. By 1920, the Diamond Society had grown tremendously and started forming branches around the Western region of Nigeria. In particular, David Odubanjo went to start the Lagos branch. The group emphasised divine healing, holiness, and reliance on the divine—three cardinal beliefs of the Church today. For this reason, the group associated with Faith Tabernacle of Philadelphia changed its name to <i>Faith Tabernacle of Nigeria</i>. </p><p>The Nigerian revival started in 1930, and the leaders of the Cherubim & Seraphim, The Church of the Lord (Aladura), and the Faith Tabernacle played important roles. Adherents believed that the leaders—Joseph Sadare of "Egbe Aladura", David Odubanjo of "Diamond Society", Moses Orimolade of "Cherubim & Seraphim", and Josiah Ositelu of "The Church of the Lord (Aladura)"—performed several miracles. The revival started in Ibadan in the southwest of Nigeria and later spread to other parts of the country. </p><p>The group went through several name changes until, 24 years after formation, it adopted the name <a href="/wiki/Christ_Apostolic_Church" title="Christ Apostolic Church">Christ Apostolic Church</a> (CAC) in 1942. Today, the CAC has spread worldwide and is the precursor of Aladura Pentecostal Churches in Nigeria. The church has established several educational institutions in Nigeria, including <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ayo_Babalola_University" title="Joseph Ayo Babalola University">Joseph Ayo Babalola University</a> and primary and secondary schools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-initiated_church&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_of_Johane_Marange" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostles of Johane Marange">Apostles of Johane Marange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_Church_of_Christ" title="Celestial Church of Christ">Celestial Church of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeper_Life_Bible_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Deeper Life Bible Church">Deeper Life Bible Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Lord_(Aladura)" title="Church of the Lord (Aladura)">Church of the Lord (Aladura)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Apostolic_Church" title="Christ Apostolic Church">Christ Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_Maria" title="Legio Maria">Legio Maria</a> of African Church Mission</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimbanguism" title="Kimbanguism">Kimbanguist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zion_Christian_Church" title="Zion Christian Church">Zion Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">List of Christian denominations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-initiated_church&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Philomena_Njeri_Mwaura" title="Philomena Njeri Mwaura">Philomena Njeri Mwaura</a> wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>These African responses to Christianity have been described variously as African initiatives in Christianity, African Independent, African Indigenous, African Initiated or African Instituted Churches. The term "African Independent" indicates that these churches have originated in Africa and have no foreign financial or ecclesiastical control. "African Initiated Churches" indicates that they were started as a result of African initiative in African countries but they may be affiliated to wider bodies that include non-African members. African indigenous indicates that they have retained an African ethos and that their ideology has a distinctive African flavour. "African Instituted Churches" hints that their establishment and growth have taken place on African soil, under the initiatives of Africans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMwaura2005161_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMwaura2005161-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-initiated_church&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-initiated_church&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMwaura2005161-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMwaura2005161_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMwaura2005">Mwaura 2005</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMwaura2005161Oduro2008181-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMwaura2005161Oduro2008181_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMwaura2005">Mwaura 2005</a>, p. 161; <a href="#CITEREFOduro2008">Oduro 2008</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>African Initiated Christianity and the Decolonisation of Development</i>. e book: Routledge. 2020. pp. 95–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-82382-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-82382-5"><bdi>978-0-367-82382-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Initiated+Christianity+and+the+Decolonisation+of+Development&rft.place=e+book&rft.pages=95-100&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-367-82382-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-initiated+church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPobeeOsitelu1998-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPobeeOsitelu1998_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPobeeOsitelu1998">Pobee & Ositelu 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lamport_Jenkins_Tahaafe-Williams_Welby_2018_p._592-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lamport_Jenkins_Tahaafe-Williams_Welby_2018_p._592_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamportJenkinsTahaafe-WilliamsWelby2018" class="citation book cs1">Lamport, M.A.; Jenkins, P.; Tahaafe-Williams, K.; Welby, J.; Robert, D.L.; Maxwell, D.; Freston, P.; Yang, F.; Kings, G. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B6xVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA592"><i>Encyclopedia of Christianity in the Global South</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 592. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-7157-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-7157-9"><bdi>978-1-4422-7157-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Christianity+in+the+Global+South&rft.pages=592&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-7157-9&rft.aulast=Lamport&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+P.&rft.au=Tahaafe-Williams%2C+K.&rft.au=Welby%2C+J.&rft.au=Robert%2C+D.L.&rft.au=Maxwell%2C+D.&rft.au=Freston%2C+P.&rft.au=Yang%2C+F.&rft.au=Kings%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB6xVDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-initiated+church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Juergensmeyer_2005_p.-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Juergensmeyer_2005_p._7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuergensmeyer2005" class="citation book cs1">Juergensmeyer, M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vhpf1jcl83gC&q=African+initiated+potestant"><i>Religion in Global Civil Society</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804069-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804069-9"><bdi>978-0-19-804069-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+in+Global+Civil+Society&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-804069-9&rft.aulast=Juergensmeyer&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvhpf1jcl83gC%26q%3DAfrican%2Binitiated%2Bpotestant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-initiated+church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meister_Beilby_2013_p._1060-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meister_Beilby_2013_p._1060_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeisterBeilby2013" class="citation book cs1">Meister, C.; Beilby, J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bvDGBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT1060"><i>The Routledge Companion to Modern Christian Thought</i></a>. Routledge Religion Companions. Taylor & Francis. p. 1060. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-67799-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-67799-1"><bdi>978-1-136-67799-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Modern+Christian+Thought&rft.series=Routledge+Religion+Companions&rft.pages=1060&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-67799-1&rft.aulast=Meister&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Beilby%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbvDGBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT1060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-initiated+church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-initiated_church&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus1994" class="citation book cs1">Marcus, Harold G. (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofethiopi00marc"><i>A History of Ethiopia</i></a></span>. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08121-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08121-5"><bdi>978-0-520-08121-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ethiopia&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08121-5&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Harold+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofethiopi00marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-initiated+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMwaura2005" class="citation journal cs1">Mwaura, Philomena Njeri (2005). "African Instituted Churches in East Africa". <i>Studies in World Christianity</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 160–184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fswc.2004.10.2.160">10.3366/swc.2004.10.2.160</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1354-9901">1354-9901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+World+Christianity&rft.atitle=African+Instituted+Churches+in+East+Africa&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=160-184&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fswc.2004.10.2.160&rft.issn=1354-9901&rft.aulast=Mwaura&rft.aufirst=Philomena+Njeri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-initiated+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOduro2008" class="citation book cs1">Oduro, Thomas (2008). "Water Baptism in African Independent Churches: The Paradigm of Christ Holy Church International". In Best, Thomas F. (ed.). <i>Baptism Today: Understanding, Practice, Ecumenical Implications</i>. World Council of Churches Faith and Order Paper. Vol. 207. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. pp. 181–191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-6221-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-6221-2"><bdi>978-0-8146-6221-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Water+Baptism+in+African+Independent+Churches%3A+The+Paradigm+of+Christ+Holy+Church+International&rft.btitle=Baptism+Today%3A+Understanding%2C+Practice%2C+Ecumenical+Implications&rft.place=Collegeville%2C+Minnesota&rft.series=World+Council+of+Churches+Faith+and+Order+Paper&rft.pages=181-191&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-6221-2&rft.aulast=Oduro&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-initiated+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPobeeOsitelu1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_S._Pobee" title="John S. Pobee">Pobee, John S.</a>; Ositelu, Gabriel II (1998). <i>African Initiatives in Christianity: The Growth, Gifts, and Diversities of Indigenous African Churches: A Challenge to the Ecumenical Movement</i>. Risk Book Series. Vol. 83. Geneva: WCC Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8254-1277-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8254-1277-0"><bdi>978-2-8254-1277-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Initiatives+in+Christianity%3A+The+Growth%2C+Gifts%2C+and+Diversities+of+Indigenous+African+Churches%3A+A+Challenge+to+the+Ecumenical+Movement&rft.place=Geneva&rft.series=Risk+Book+Series&rft.pub=WCC+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-2-8254-1277-0&rft.aulast=Pobee&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft.au=Ositelu%2C+Gabriel+II&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-initiated+church" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-initiated_church&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allan_Anderson_(theologian)" title="Allan Anderson (theologian)">Anderson, Allan</a> (2000). <i>Zion and Pentecost: The Spirituality and Experience of Pentecostal and Zionist/Apostolic Churches in South Africa</i>. African Initiatives in Christian Mission. Vol. 6. Pretoria, South Africa: University of South Africa Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86888-143-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86888-143-7"><bdi>978-1-86888-143-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zion+and+Pentecost%3A+The+Spirituality+and+Experience+of+Pentecostal+and+Zionist%2FApostolic+Churches+in+South+Africa&rft.place=Pretoria%2C+South+Africa&rft.series=African+Initiatives+in+Christian+Mission&rft.pub=University+of+South+Africa+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-86888-143-7&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-initiated+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett1968" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, David B. (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/schismrenewalina00barr"><i>Schism and Renewal in Africa: An Analysis of Six Thousand Contemporary Religious Movements</i></a></span>. Nairobi: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-690374-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-690374-3"><bdi>978-0-19-690374-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/780456736">780456736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schism+and+Renewal+in+Africa%3A+An+Analysis+of+Six+Thousand+Contemporary+Religious+Movements&rft.place=Nairobi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F780456736&rft.isbn=978-0-19-690374-3&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fschismrenewalina00barr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-initiated+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByaruhanga2015" class="citation book cs1">Byaruhanga, Christopher (2015). <i>The History and Theology of the Ecumenical Movement in East Africa</i>. Kampala, Uganda: Fountain Publishers. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11951%2F184">20.500.11951/184</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9970-25-285-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9970-25-285-5"><bdi>978-9970-25-285-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Theology+of+the+Ecumenical+Movement+in+East+Africa&rft.place=Kampala%2C+Uganda&rft.pub=Fountain+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11951%2F184&rft.isbn=978-9970-25-285-5&rft.aulast=Byaruhanga&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-initiated+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaneel1987" class="citation book cs1">Daneel, M. L. (1987). <i>Quest for Belonging: Introduction to a Study of African Independent Churches</i>. Gweru, Zimbabwe: Mambo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86922-426-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86922-426-7"><bdi>978-0-86922-426-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quest+for+Belonging%3A+Introduction+to+a+Study+of+African+Independent+Churches&rft.place=Gweru%2C+Zimbabwe&rft.pub=Mambo+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-86922-426-7&rft.aulast=Daneel&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-initiated+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2003" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Stephen (2003). "Issues of 'Catholic' Ecclesiology in Ethiopian-Type AICs". In Cuthbertson, Greg; Pretorius, Hennie; <a href="/wiki/Dana_L._Robert" title="Dana L. Robert">Robert, Dana</a> (eds.). <i>Frontiers of African Christianity</i>. African Initiatives in Christian Mission. Vol. 8. Pretoria, South Africa: University of South Africa Press. pp. 137–152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86888-193-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86888-193-2"><bdi>978-1-86888-193-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Issues+of+%27Catholic%27+Ecclesiology+in+Ethiopian-Type+AICs&rft.btitle=Frontiers+of+African+Christianity&rft.place=Pretoria%2C+South+Africa&rft.series=African+Initiatives+in+Christian+Mission&rft.pages=137-152&rft.pub=University+of+South+Africa+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-86888-193-2&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-initiated+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖhlmannFrostGräb2016" class="citation journal cs1">Öhlmann, Philipp; Frost, Marie-Luise; Gräb, Wilhelm (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4102%2Fhts.v72i4.3825">"African Initiated Churches' Potential as Development Actors"</a>. <i>HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies</i>. <b>72</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4102%2Fhts.v72i4.3825">10.4102/hts.v72i4.3825</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2072-8050">2072-8050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HTS+Teologiese+Studies+%2F+Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=African+Initiated+Churches%27+Potential+as+Development+Actors&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4102%2Fhts.v72i4.3825&rft.issn=2072-8050&rft.aulast=%C3%96hlmann&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft.au=Frost%2C+Marie-Luise&rft.au=Gr%C3%A4b%2C+Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4102%252Fhts.v72i4.3825&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-initiated+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlowe2007" class="citation book cs1">Olowe, Abi (2007). <i>Great Revivals, Great Revivalist: Joseph Ayo Babalola</i>. Omega Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Revivals%2C+Great+Revivalist%3A+Joseph+Ayo+Babalola&rft.pub=Omega+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Olowe&rft.aufirst=Abi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-initiated+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOosthuizen1968" class="citation book cs1">Oosthuizen, G. C. (1968). <i>Post-Christianity in Africa: A Theological and Anthropological Study</i>. London: C. Hurst and Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1017765202">1017765202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Christianity+in+Africa%3A+A+Theological+and+Anthropological+Study&rft.place=London&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+and+Co.&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1017765202&rft.aulast=Oosthuizen&rft.aufirst=G.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-initiated+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOosthuizen1996" class="citation journal cs1"> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  (1996). "African Independent/Indigenous Churches in the Social Environment: An Empirical Analysis". <i>Africa Insight</i>. <b>26</b> (4): 308–324. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10520%2FAJA02562804_1467">10520/AJA02562804_1467</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0256-2804">0256-2804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa+Insight&rft.atitle=African+Independent%2FIndigenous+Churches+in+the+Social+Environment%3A+An+Empirical+Analysis&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=308-324&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10520%2FAJA02562804_1467&rft.issn=0256-2804&rft.aulast=Oosthuizen&rft.aufirst=Gerhardus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-initiated+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsitelu2002" class="citation book cs1">Ositelu, Rufus Okikiola Olubiyi (2002). <i>African Instituted Churches: Diversities, Growth, Gifts, Spirituality and Ecumenical Understanding of African Initiated Churches</i>. Münster, Germany: LIT Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-6087-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-6087-5"><bdi>978-3-8258-6087-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Instituted+Churches%3A+Diversities%2C+Growth%2C+Gifts%2C+Spirituality+and+Ecumenical+Understanding+of+African+Initiated+Churches&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster%2C+Germany&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-6087-5&rft.aulast=Ositelu&rft.aufirst=Rufus+Okikiola+Olubiyi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-initiated+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsitelu2009" class="citation book cs1"> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  (2009). <i>The Journey So Far: Visionary and Result-Oriented Leadership</i>. Ogere, Nigeria: TCLAW Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-978-900-478-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-978-900-478-2"><bdi>978-978-900-478-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journey+So+Far%3A+Visionary+and+Result-Oriented+Leadership&rft.place=Ogere%2C+Nigeria&rft.pub=TCLAW+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-978-900-478-2&rft.aulast=Ositelu&rft.aufirst=Rufus+Okikiola+Olubiyi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-initiated+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPauw1995" class="citation journal cs1">Pauw, C. M. (1995). "African Independent Churches as a 'People's Response' to the Christian Message". <i>Journal for the Study of Religion</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 3–25. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2413-3027">2413-3027</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24764145">24764145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+Religion&rft.atitle=African+Independent+Churches+as+a+%27People%27s+Response%27+to+the+Christian+Message&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-25&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24764145%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2413-3027&rft.aulast=Pauw&rft.aufirst=C.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-initiated+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSundkler1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bengt_Sundkler" title="Bengt Sundkler">Sundkler, Bengt G. M.</a> (1961). <i>Bantu Prophets in South Africa</i>. London: International African Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bantu+Prophets+in+South+Africa&rft.place=London&rft.pub=International+African+Institute&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Sundkler&rft.aufirst=Bengt+G.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-initiated+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenter2004" class="citation book cs1">Venter, Dawid, ed. (2004). <i>Engaging Modernity: Methods and Cases for Studying African Independent Churches in South Africa</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96903-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96903-5"><bdi>978-0-275-96903-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engaging+Modernity%3A+Methods+and+Cases+for+Studying+African+Independent+Churches+in+South+Africa&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96903-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-initiated+church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelbourn1961" class="citation book cs1">Welbourn, Frederick Burkewood (1961). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eastafricanrebel0000welb"><i>East African Rebels: A Study of Some Independent Churches</i></a></span>. London: SCM Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1140589">1140589</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+African+Rebels%3A+A+Study+of+Some+Independent+Churches&rft.place=London&rft.pub=SCM+Press&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1140589&rft.aulast=Welbourn&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Burkewood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feastafricanrebel0000welb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican-initiated+church" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African-initiated_church&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africanchristian.org">African Christians, focus on African Initiated Orthodoxies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/missionalia/aic.htm">African initiated churches</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026224144/http://geocities.com/missionalia/aic.htm">Archived</a> 2009-10-24)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ooo-bcs.org/">Brotherhood of the Cross and Star</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_religious_movements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:New_Religious_Movements" title="Template:New Religious Movements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Religious_Movements" title="Template talk:New Religious Movements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Religious_Movements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Religious Movements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_religious_movements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Dharm" title="Adi Dharm">Adi Dharm</a>/<a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Seventh_Day)" title="Church of God (Seventh Day)">CoG7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">SDA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetherius_Society" title="Aetherius Society">Aetherius Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement">Lahore Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Marga" title="Ananda Marga">Ananda Marga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mystical_Order_Rosae_Crucis" title="Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis">Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophical_Society" title="Anthroposophical Society">Anthroposophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinism" title="Antoinism">Antoinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrongism" title="Armstrongism">Armstrongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Kumaris" title="Brahma Kumaris">Brahma Kumaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_Davidians" title="Branch Davidians">Branch Davidians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_the_Cross_and_Star" title="Brotherhood of the Cross and Star">Brotherhood of the Cross and Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahidism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Chinese salvationist religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmaya_Mission" title="Chinmaya Mission">Chinmaya Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Divine_Science" title="Church of Divine Science">Church of Divine Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Church of the Guanche People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Family_International" title="The Family International">The Family International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fung_Loy_Kok_Institute_of_Taoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fung Loy Kok Institute of Taoism">Fung Loy Kok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven%27s_Gate_(religious_group)" title="Heaven's Gate (religious group)">Heaven's Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Mission_movement" title="International Peace Mission movement">International Peace Mission movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invitation_to_Life" title="Invitation to Life">Invitation to Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Jewish Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jesus_Christ_(church)" title="Kingdom of Jesus Christ (church)">Kingdom of Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Church_of_Kopimism" title="Missionary Church of Kopimism">Kopimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Bodhi_Society" title="Maha Bodhi Society">Maha Bodhi Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Rodnovery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Science Temple of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition" title="New Kadampa Tradition">New Kadampa Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Science" title="Religious Science">Religious Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Church" title="Unity Church">Unity Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuwaubian_Nation" title="Nuwaubian Nation">Nuwaubian Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oomoto" title="Oomoto">Oomoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_Temple" title="Peoples Temple">Peoples Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_of_Ar%C3%A8s" title="Pilgrims of Arès">Pilgrims of Arès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathyaksha_Raksha_Daiva_Sabha" title="Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha">Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_Church_of_the_Final_Judgment" title="Process Church of the Final Judgment">The Process Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission" title="Ramakrishna Mission">Ramakrishna Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%8D_K%C5%8Dsei_Kai" title="Risshō Kōsei Kai">Risshō Kōsei Kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaja_Yoga" title="Sahaja Yoga">Sahaja Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Muerte" title="Santa Muerte">Santa Muerte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Daime" title="Santo Daime">Santo Daime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LaVeyan_Satanism" title="LaVeyan Satanism">LaVeyan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Satan" title="Church of Satan">Church of Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Set" title="Temple of Set">Temple of Set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Temple" title="The Satanic Temple">The Satanic Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_Satanism" title="Theistic Satanism">Theistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joy_of_Satan_Ministries" title="Joy of Satan Ministries">Joy of Satan Ministries</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba_movement" title="Sathya Sai Baba movement">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Training" title="Shambhala Training">Shambhala Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Ram_Chandra_Mission" title="Shri Ram Chandra Mission">Shri Ram Chandra Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukyo_Mahikari" title="Sukyo Mahikari">Sukyo Mahikari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation_movement" title="Transcendental Meditation movement">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Buddha_School" title="True Buddha School">True Buddha School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_communities" title="Twelve Tribes communities">Twelve Tribes communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unarius_Academy_of_Science" title="Unarius Academy of Science">Unarius Academy of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist_Association" title="Unitarian Universalist Association">Unitarian Universalist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism#United_Submitters_International" title="Quranism">United Submitters International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Church_of_the_Kingdom_of_God" title="Universal Church of the Kingdom of God">Universal Church of the Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">Universal White Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lightning" title="Eastern Lightning">Eastern Lightning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Way_International" title="The Way International">The Way International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weixinism" title="Weixinism">Weixinjiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_of_Faith" title="Word of Faith">Word of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Mission_Society_Church_of_God" title="World Mission Society Church of God">World Mission Society Church of God</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Drew_Ali" title="Noble Drew Ali">Noble Drew Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Applewhite" title="Marshall Applewhite">Marshall Applewhite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_W._Armstrong" title="Herbert W. Armstrong">Herbert W. Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoko_Asahara" title="Shoko Asahara">Shoko Asahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1b" title="Báb">Báb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Baháʼu'lláh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Bailey" title="Alice Bailey">Alice Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda_Saraswati" title="Chinmayananda Saraswati">Chinmayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Berg" title="David Berg">David Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy" title="Sri Chinmoy">Sri Chinmoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fillmore_(Unity_Church)" title="Charles Fillmore (Unity Church)">Charles Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelsang_Gyatso" title="Kelsang Gyatso">Kelsang Gyatso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hak_Ja_Han" title="Hak Ja Han">Hak Ja Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhi" title="Li Hongzhi">Li Hongzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Koresh" title="David Koresh">David Koresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_LaVey" title="Anton LaVey">Anton LaVey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_%C3%81ngel_Livraga_Rizzi" title="Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi">Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Sheng-yen" title="Lu Sheng-yen">Lu Sheng-yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meher_Baba" title="Meher Baba">Meher Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikky%C5%8D_Niwano" title="Nikkyō Niwano">Nikkyō Niwano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Myung_Moon" title="Sun Myung Moon">Sun Myung Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakayama_Miki" title="Nakayama Miki">Nakayama Miki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineas_Parkhurst_Quimby" title="Phineas Parkhurst Quimby">Phineas Parkhurst Quimby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABl" title="Raël">Raël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh" title="Rajneesh">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Rawat" title="Prem Rawat">Prem Rawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Roerich" title="Helena Roerich">Helena Roerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Franklin_Rutherford" title="Joseph Franklin Rutherford">Joseph Franklin Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahn_Sahng-hong" title="Ahn Sahng-hong">Ahn Sahng-hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar" title="Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar">Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Dayal_Singh" title="Shiv Dayal Singh">Shiv Dayal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Srivastava" title="Nirmala Srivastava">Nirmala Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Tkach" title="Joseph W. Tkach">Joseph W. Tkach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Chögyam Trungpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen G. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poykayil_Yohannan" title="Poykayil Yohannan">Poykayil Yohannan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements_in_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="New religious movements in the Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">African-initiated church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_messianism" title="Chabad messianism">Chabad messianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_classifications_of_religious_movements" title="Sociological classifications of religious movements">Classifications of religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">Cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersectarianism" title="Cybersectarianism">Cybersectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_cult" title="Doomsday cult">Doomsday cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">Heresy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu reform movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group favoritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese new religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_religion" title="Open-source religion">Open-source religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Religious conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">Religious syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">Sect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_religion" title="Self religion">Self religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_evolution" title="Spiritual evolution">Spiritual evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CESNUR" title="CESNUR">CESNUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INFORM" title="INFORM">INFORM (Information Network Focus on Religious Movements)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Religions_and_Spirituality_Project" title="World Religions and Spirituality Project">World Religions and Spirituality Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholarship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_study_of_new_religious_movements" title="Academic study of new religious movements">Academic study of new religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_Religion" title="Journal of Contemporary Religion">Journal of Contemporary Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Religio" title="Nova Religio">Nova Religio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology of religion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/When_Prophecy_Fails" title="When Prophecy Fails">When Prophecy Fails</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_new_religious_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to new religious movements">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">Anti-cult movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_countercult_movement" title="Christian countercult movement">Christian countercult movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Anti-Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Persecution of Ahmadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Persecution of Baháʼís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Persecution of Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Persecution of Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Religious discrimination against modern pagans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_study_of_new_religious_movements" title="Academic study of new religious movements">Academic study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements_and_cults_in_popular_culture" title="New religious movements and cults in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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