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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Northern_War_(1700–1713)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Northern_War_(1700–1713)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Great Northern War (1700–1713) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Great_Northern_War_(1700–1713)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Great Northern War (1700–1713) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Great_Northern_War_(1700–1713)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Campaign_in_Denmark_and_the_Baltics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_in_Denmark_and_the_Baltics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Campaign in Denmark and the Baltics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_in_Denmark_and_the_Baltics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_in_Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_in_Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Campaign in Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_in_Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Director_of_the_General_War_Commissariat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Director_of_the_General_War_Commissariat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Director of the General War Commissariat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Director_of_the_General_War_Commissariat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor-General_of_Scania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor-General_of_Scania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Governor-General of Scania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governor-General_of_Scania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_in_Skåneland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_Skåneland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 War in Skåneland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_Skåneland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Danish_campaign_in_Scania_and_Blekinge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Danish_campaign_in_Scania_and_Blekinge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Danish campaign in Scania and Blekinge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Danish_campaign_in_Scania_and_Blekinge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swedish_counteroffensive_and_the_Battle_of_Helsingborg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swedish_counteroffensive_and_the_Battle_of_Helsingborg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Swedish counteroffensive and the Battle of Helsingborg </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swedish_counteroffensive_and_the_Battle_of_Helsingborg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plague_outbreak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plague_outbreak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Plague outbreak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plague_outbreak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_Councillor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Councillor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Royal Councillor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Councillor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Order_of_mobilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_of_mobilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Order of mobilization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_of_mobilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_in_Northern_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_in_Northern_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Campaign in Northern Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_in_Northern_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Gadebusch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Gadebusch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8.1 Battle of Gadebusch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Gadebusch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burning_of_Altona" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burning_of_Altona"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8.2 Burning of Altona </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burning_of_Altona-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surrender_at_Tönning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrender_at_Tönning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8.3 Surrender at Tönning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrender_at_Tönning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Captivity_(1713–1717)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Captivity_(1713–1717)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Captivity (1713–1717) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Captivity_(1713–1717)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Captivity (1713–1717) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Captivity_(1713–1717)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Letter_correspondence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letter_correspondence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Letter correspondence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letter_correspondence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planned_escape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planned_escape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Planned escape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planned_escape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imprisonment_and_defamation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imprisonment_and_defamation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Imprisonment and defamation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imprisonment_and_defamation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Death and funeral </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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</label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Magnus Stenbock</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" > 19 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%83" title="ماغنوس ستينبوك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماغنوس ستينبوك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Магнус Стенбок – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Магнус Стенбок" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Stenbock" title="Magnus Stenbock – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Magnus Stenbock" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Stenbock" title="Magnus Stenbock – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Magnus Stenbock" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Stenbock_(Feldmarschall)" title="Magnus Stenbock (Feldmarschall) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Magnus Stenbock (Feldmarschall)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Stenbock" title="Magnus Stenbock – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Magnus Stenbock" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Stenbock" title="Magnus Stenbock – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Magnus Stenbock" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Stenbock" title="Magnus Stenbock – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Magnus Stenbock" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Stenbock" title="Magnus Stenbock – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Magnus Stenbock" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Stenbock" title="Magnus Stenbock – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Magnus Stenbock" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%83" title="ماجنوس ستينبوك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماجنوس ستينبوك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Stenbock" title="Magnus Stenbock – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Magnus Stenbock" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B0%E3%83%8C%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9C%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="マグヌス・ステンボック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マグヌス・ステンボック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Stenbock" title="Magnus Stenbock – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Magnus Stenbock" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Stenbock" title="Magnus Stenbock – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Magnus Stenbock" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Stenbock" title="Magnus Stenbock – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Magnus Stenbock" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81" title="Стенбок, Магнус – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стенбок, Магнус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Stenbock" title="Magnus Stenbock – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Magnus Stenbock" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Stenbock" title="Magnus Stenbock – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Magnus Stenbock" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Swedish noble (1664–1717)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">His Excellency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Magnus Stenbock</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnus_Stenbock,_1665-1717.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Magnus_Stenbock%2C_1665-1717.jpg/220px-Magnus_Stenbock%2C_1665-1717.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Magnus_Stenbock%2C_1665-1717.jpg/330px-Magnus_Stenbock%2C_1665-1717.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Magnus_Stenbock%2C_1665-1717.jpg/440px-Magnus_Stenbock%2C_1665-1717.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2718" data-file-height="3501" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1665-05-22)22 May 1665 <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">23 February 1717(1717-02-23) (aged 51) <a href="/wiki/Kastellet,_Copenhagen" title="Kastellet, Copenhagen">Kastellet, Copenhagen</a>, Denmark</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Cathedral" title="Uppsala Cathedral">Uppsala Cathedral</a>, Sweden</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">Dutch Republic Holy Roman Empire <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service / branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Army" title="Swedish Army">Swedish Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1685–1717</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal">Field Marshal</a> (<a href="/wiki/F%C3%A4ltmarskalk" title="Fältmarskalk">Fältmarskalk</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Regiment" title="Kalmar Regiment">Kalmar Regiment</a> <a href="/wiki/Dalarna_Regiment" title="Dalarna Regiment">Dalarna Regiment</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1690)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1690)">Battle of Fleurus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1700)" title="Battle of Narva (1700)">Battle of Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_D%C3%BCna" title="Crossing of the Düna">Crossing of the Düna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vilnius_(1702)" title="Battle of Vilnius (1702)">Battle of Vilnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klisz%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Kliszów">Battle of Kliszów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pu%C5%82tusk_(1703)" title="Battle of Pułtusk (1703)">Battle of Pułtusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thorn_(1703)" title="Siege of Thorn (1703)">Siege of Thorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grodno_(1706)" title="Battle of Grodno (1706)">Battle of Grodno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Helsingborg" title="Battle of Helsingborg">Battle of Helsingborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gadebusch" title="Battle of Gadebusch">Battle of Gadebusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_T%C3%B6nning" title="Siege of Tönning">Siege of Tönning</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Eva Magdalena <a href="/wiki/Oxenstierna" title="Oxenstierna">Oxenstierna</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1690)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count</a> Magnus Stenbock (22 May 1665 – 23 February 1717) was a Swedish <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal" title="Field marshal">field marshal</a> (<a href="/wiki/F%C3%A4ltmarskalk" title="Fältmarskalk">Fältmarskalk</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Sweden" title="Privy Council of Sweden">Royal Councillor</a>. A commander of the <a href="/wiki/Caroleans" title="Caroleans">Carolean Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a>, he was a prominent member of the <a href="/wiki/Stenbock" title="Stenbock">Stenbock</a> family. He studied at <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a> and joined the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Army" title="Swedish Army">Swedish Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a>, participating in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1690)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1690)">Battle of Fleurus</a> in 1690. After the battle, he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel" title="Lieutenant colonel">lieutenant colonel</a>, entered <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a> service as <a href="/wiki/Adjutant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjutant General">Adjutant General</a>, and married Eva Magdalena Oxenstierna, daughter of statesman <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Gabrielsson_Oxenstierna" title="Bengt Gabrielsson Oxenstierna">Bengt Gabrielsson Oxenstierna</a>. Returning to Swedish service he received <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">colonelcy</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regiment</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a>, and later became colonel of the <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Regiment" title="Kalmar Regiment">Kalmar</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Dalarna_Regiment" title="Dalarna Regiment">Dalarna regiments</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a>, Stenbock served under King <a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">Charles XII</a> in his military campaigns in the Baltic and Polish fronts. As director of the General War Commissariat, Stenbock collected substantial funds and supplies for the maintenance of the Swedish army, earning the admiration of Charles XII. In 1705, he was appointed <a href="/wiki/General_of_the_infantry" title="General of the infantry">general of the infantry</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_governors-general" title="List of Swedish governors-general">Governor General</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a>. As acting governor, Stenbock displayed his administrative skills and organized Scania's defense against an invading Danish army, which he defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Helsingborg" title="Battle of Helsingborg">Battle of Helsingborg</a> in 1710. In 1712, he conducted a campaign in northern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and defeated a Saxon-Danish army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gadebusch" title="Battle of Gadebusch">Battle of Gadebusch</a>, which earned him his field marshal's baton. His career plummeted after his merciless destruction of the city of <a href="/wiki/Altona,_Hamburg" title="Altona, Hamburg">Altona</a> in 1713. Surrounded by overwhelming allied troops, Stenbock was forced to surrender to King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_IV_of_Denmark" title="Frederick IV of Denmark">Frederick IV of Denmark</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_T%C3%B6nning" title="Siege of Tönning">siege of Tönning</a>. During his captivity in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, the Danes revealed Stenbock's escape attempt and imprisoned him in <a href="/wiki/Kastellet,_Copenhagen" title="Kastellet, Copenhagen">Kastellet</a>. There he was the subject to a defamation campaign conducted by Frederick IV and died in 1717 after years of harsh treatment. Besides his military and administrative professions, Stenbock was regarded as a skilled speaker, painter and craftsman. His military successes contributed to the creation of a heroic cult in Sweden. During the age of <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">romantic nationalism</a> he was consistently praised by Swedish historians and cultural personalities, such as <a href="/wiki/Carl_Snoilsky" title="Carl Snoilsky">Carl Snoilsky</a> in his poem "Stenbock's courier". His name has inspired streets in several Swedish cities and in 1901 an <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue" title="Equestrian statue">equestrian statue</a> of Stenbock was unveiled outside <a href="/wiki/Helsingborg" title="Helsingborg">Helsingborg</a> city hall. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Stenbock&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Stenbock" title="Stenbock">Stenbock</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:358px;max-width:358px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Christina_Catharina_De_la_Gardie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Christina_Catharina_De_la_Gardie.jpg/180px-Christina_Catharina_De_la_Gardie.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Christina_Catharina_De_la_Gardie.jpg/270px-Christina_Catharina_De_la_Gardie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Christina_Catharina_De_la_Gardie.jpg/360px-Christina_Catharina_De_la_Gardie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="720" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Christina Catharina <a href="/wiki/De_la_Gardie" class="mw-redirect" title="De la Gardie">De la Gardie</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustaf_Otto_Stenbock_stor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gustaf_Otto_Stenbock_stor.jpg/170px-Gustaf_Otto_Stenbock_stor.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gustaf_Otto_Stenbock_stor.jpg/255px-Gustaf_Otto_Stenbock_stor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gustaf_Otto_Stenbock_stor.jpg/340px-Gustaf_Otto_Stenbock_stor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="710" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Otto_Stenbock" title="Gustaf Otto Stenbock">Gustaf Otto Stenbock</a></div></div></div></div></div> Magnus Stenbock was born on 22 May 1665 in the parish of Jakob, <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>. He was the sixth child of <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Otto_Stenbock" title="Gustaf Otto Stenbock">Gustaf Otto Stenbock</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Sweden" title="Privy Council of Sweden">Privy Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal">Field Marshal</a>, and Christina Catharina <a href="/wiki/De_la_Gardie" class="mw-redirect" title="De la Gardie">De la Gardie</a>, daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Constable_of_Sweden" title="Lord High Constable of Sweden">Lord High Constable</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_De_la_Gardie" title="Jacob De la Gardie">Jacob De la Gardie</a> and sister of the <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Chancellor_of_Sweden" title="Lord High Chancellor of Sweden">Lord High Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Gabriel_De_la_Gardie" title="Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie">Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie</a>. Magnus Stenbock was born a <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">count</a>, since Gustaf Otto Stenbock and his brothers Fredrik and Erik were made counts by <a href="/wiki/Christina,_Queen_of_Sweden" title="Christina, Queen of Sweden">Queen Christina</a> in 1651. The Stenbock family originates from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. De la Gardie descended from the French-born General <a href="/wiki/Pontus_De_la_Gardie" title="Pontus De la Gardie">Pontus De la Gardie</a>, who became a Swedish nobleman and Baron during the 1570s.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Magnus Stenbock spent much of his childhood with his siblings in the <a href="/wiki/Lustschloss" title="Lustschloss">pleasure palace</a> <a href="/wiki/Runsa" title="Runsa">Runsa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Uppland" title="Uppland">Uppland</a>; in the winters they moved to Bååtska Palace on <a href="/wiki/Blasieholmen" title="Blasieholmen">Blasieholmen</a> in Stockholm. When he was 10 years old, his father Gustaf Otto was deposed as <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Admiral_of_Sweden" title="Lord High Admiral of Sweden">Lord High Admiral</a> after being considered to have failed in his mission and was forced to pay the extended fleet reparation of up to 200,000 <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_daler" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian daler">daler</a>. Gustaf Otto appeased King <a href="/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden" title="Charles XI of Sweden">Charles XI</a>, who decided to halve his fine and appointed him Admiral and commander of Western Sweden during the <a href="/wiki/Scanian_War" title="Scanian War">Scanian War</a>. After the war, Gustaf Otto faced additional financial bills as a result of Charles XI's reductions and his breakdown of the old authority of the Privy Council. Gustaf Otto and Christina Catharina solved their financial hardships, but were forced to pay huge sums of money to the crown. They sold large parts of the family's properties and estates, retaining only Runsa, <a href="/wiki/Torpa_stenhus" class="mw-redirect" title="Torpa stenhus">Torpa stenhus</a> in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Västergötland">Västergötland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vapn%C3%B6_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vapnö Castle">Vapnö Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Halland" title="Halland">Halland</a>. Gustaf Otto had disgraced the Stenbock name and injured the King's confidence towards the family. His family's disgrace impacted Magnus Stenbock on a personal level and motivated him to try to restore the Stenbock name.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eriksson_17−19-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_military_service">Education and military service</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Stenbock&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education and military service">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olof_Hermelin_by_Ludwig_Weyandt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Olof_Hermelin_by_Ludwig_Weyandt.png/220px-Olof_Hermelin_by_Ludwig_Weyandt.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Olof_Hermelin_by_Ludwig_Weyandt.png/330px-Olof_Hermelin_by_Ludwig_Weyandt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Olof_Hermelin_by_Ludwig_Weyandt.png/440px-Olof_Hermelin_by_Ludwig_Weyandt.png 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Olof Hermelin was Stenbock's private teacher between 1680 and 1684.</figcaption></figure> Magnus Stenbock was tutored at home from 1671. Haquin Spegel taught him <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and reading and writing in both <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> After Spegel, Stenbock was lectured by <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> expert Erik Frykman. Frykman was succeeded by Uppsala student Olof Hermelin, who taught Stenbock between 1680 and 1684, and had a great influence on his linguistic and intellectual development. From Hermelin, Stenbock received practical oratory exercises and was lectured on leading cultural languages such as <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, and physical exercises such as <a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">fencing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dancing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equitation" title="Equitation">equitation</a>. Stenbock developed a strong interest in <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>, especially in the field of <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortification</a>, and according to Hermelin, displayed great rhetorical and linguistic talent at an early stage.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eriksson_17−19-4">[4]</a> In the autumn of 1682 Stenbock entered <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a>, where he and Olof Hermelin attended lectures with Olof Gardman, professor of <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olof_Rudbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Olof Rudbeck">Olof Rudbeck</a>, professor of <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>. To complete his master's degree, Stenbock conducted an extensive educational voyage in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. Stenbock traveled in the spring of 1684 with a small company, partly financed by Queen <a href="/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora_of_Denmark" title="Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark">Ulrika Eleonora</a>, with Hermelin serving as <a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%AEtre_d%27h%C3%B4tel" title="Maître d'hôtel">host</a>. The first destination was <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, where Stenbock practiced his language skills and took classes in <a href="/wiki/Turning" title="Turning">turning</a>. Inspired by the Dutch painters, Stenbock used his spare time to learn how to paint realistic birds. The next destination was <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, where Stenbock took private lectures in mathematics from <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ozanam" title="Jacques Ozanam">Jacques Ozanam</a>. In 1685 Hermelin left Stenbock after Christina Catharina De la Gardie withdrew her financial support.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In the spring of 1685, Stenbock returned to the Netherlands. With the help of his cousin, Countess <a href="/wiki/Maria_Aurora_von_K%C3%B6nigsmarck" title="Maria Aurora von Königsmarck">Maria Aurora von Königsmarck</a>, he attained an audience with Count Gustaf Carlsson, who was commander of a Dutch <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regiment</a>, and applied for a commission as <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(rank)" title="Ensign (rank)">ensign</a> in his regiment. The following year Stenbock obtained a Dutch commission from <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William of Orange</a>, which marked the start of his military career and the end of his travels. In 1687 Stenbock served in <a href="/wiki/Stade" title="Stade">Stade</a>, in the Swedish province of <a href="/wiki/Bremen-Verden" title="Bremen-Verden">Bremen-Verden</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Captain_(armed_forces)" title="Captain (armed forces)">captain</a> of an enlisted German regiment under the command of Stade's <a href="/wiki/Commandant" title="Commandant">commandant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a> Mauritz Vellingk.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nine_Years'_War_(1689–1695)">Nine Years' War (1689–1695)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Stenbock&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nine Years' War (1689–1695)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a></div> In September 1688 Stenbock was appointed <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">major</a> in the Swedish auxiliary corps led by General <a href="/wiki/Nils_Bielke" title="Nils Bielke">Nils Bielke</a> in the Nine Years' War against France. At that time Sweden was in an alliance with the Netherlands. In January 1689 Stenbock and the Swedish auxiliary corps, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel" title="Lieutenant colonel">lieutenant colonel</a> Johan Gabriel Banér, were sent to the garrison of <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a>. Stenbock stayed in Nijmegen while large parts of the Swedish troops were sent back to the Swedish provinces in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, due to tensions between <a href="/wiki/Denmark-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark-Norway">Denmark</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Duke of Holstein-Gottorp">Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp</a>. The duchy lay south of Denmark, and was allied with Sweden. In early June Stenbock and his regiment were sent to the garrison of <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a>. In September he was granted permission by <a href="/wiki/Prince_Georg_Friedrich_of_Waldeck" title="Prince Georg Friedrich of Waldeck">Prince Georg Friedrich of Waldeck</a> to volunteer in the allied army. He experienced no battles, and when the army established winter quarters Stenbock traveled home to Stockholm.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Fleurus_(1690).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Batalla_de_Fleurus_%281690%29.jpg/220px-Batalla_de_Fleurus_%281690%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Batalla_de_Fleurus_%281690%29.jpg/330px-Batalla_de_Fleurus_%281690%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Batalla_de_Fleurus_%281690%29.jpg/440px-Batalla_de_Fleurus_%281690%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1690)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1690)">Battle of Fleurus</a> (1690)</figcaption></figure> Stenbock returned to Maastricht in April 1690, and was immediately commissioned to the front lines in <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a>, where the Swedish auxiliary corps united with the 30,000-strong allied army of Prince Waldeck. On 29 June of the same year Waldeck was briefed that a French army of 40,000 men under the <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Henri_de_Montmorency,_duc_de_Luxembourg" title="François-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg">Duke of Luxembourg</a> was positioned at the town of <a href="/wiki/Fleurus" title="Fleurus">Fleurus</a>, which came as a huge surprise in the allied field camp. The next day Waldeck's army marched towards the <a href="/wiki/Sambre" title="Sambre">Sambre</a> river, and on 1 July the bloody <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1690)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1690)">battle of Fleurus</a> took place. Stenbock stood with the Swedish auxiliary corps on the right wing of the allied army, and witnessed the defeat of Waldeck's army at the hands of Luxembourg. During the retreat Stenbock took over the command of a Swedish <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a>, which he brought to safety from the battlefield, taking some French prisoners and a French standard. Waldeck suffered heavy losses, with the Swedish relief corps effectively destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> After the battle, King Charles XI appointed Stenbock lieutenant colonel in Mauritz Vellingk's regiment in Stade. There he worked on administrative and disciplinary tasks for the regiment. In the spring of 1692, a new Swedish auxiliary corps was sent to <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a> to support the German troops at the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>. Hundreds of men from Vellingk's regiment were assigned to the corps, including Stenbock. Stenbock was commissioned to apply for a transit permit from the <a href="/wiki/Landgrave" title="Landgrave">Landgrave</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hesse-Kassel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesse-Kassel">Hesse-Kassel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel">Charles I</a>. At the beginning of July 1692 the commander of the allied troops at the Rhine, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Ernst,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Bayreuth" title="Christian Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth">Christian Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth</a>, decided to cross the river to face Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Guy_Aldonce_de_Durfort_de_Lorges" class="mw-redirect" title="Guy Aldonce de Durfort de Lorges">Guy Aldonce de Durfort de Lorges</a> in open battle. The Margrave commissioned Stenbock to take command of a battalion of 300 men and two cannon, and bring a transport fleet via the river route from the town of <a href="/wiki/Gersheim" title="Gersheim">Gersheim</a>, 25 kilometres (16 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, to the allied headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Ladenburg" title="Ladenburg">Ladenburg</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Neckar" title="Neckar">Neckar</a>'s inflow into the Rhine. The journey to Gersheim was carried out without hindrance, however, halfway on the way back Stenbock was bombarded by French <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> batteries positioned at <a href="/wiki/Westhofen" title="Westhofen">Westhofen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a>. With minor casualties and several damaged ships, Stenbock was able to return to the allied camp and his operation was hailed as a success.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> At the end of August the allied army crossed the Rhine to face the French troops at the fortified town of Speyer. After two days of heavy bombardment from French cannons, the allied troops were forced to retreat, and Stenbock ended up among the troops securing the retreat. In June 1693, Stenbock returned to Heidelberg and enlisted with <a href="/wiki/Louis_William,_Margrave_of_Baden-Baden" title="Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden">Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden</a>, with whom he participated in the relief of <a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a>. Stenbock searched for commissions in <a href="/wiki/Celle" title="Celle">Celle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> and Hesse-Kassel, and was encouraged by Louis William to court Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, to obtain imperial employment. In September Stenbock was appointed colonel of the imperial army, but without a regiment, and was forced to recruit by himself. On the other hand, Stenbock was also promised a position as adjutant general in Louis William's army, which was participating in numerous operations around the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Palatinate" title="Electoral Palatinate">Electoral Palatinate</a>. In the spring of 1695, Stenbock was sent by the Emperor to Stockholm to present the Emperor's demand for Swedish auxiliary troops to King Charles XI, but, due to the King's indignation regarding imperial military operations in his own duchy of <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="Palatine Zweibrücken">Palatine Zweibrücken</a>, Stenbock returned empty-handed. In September 1696 Stenbock parted ways with the Margrave and the imperial army.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Stenbock&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Marriage and family">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eva_Magdalena_Oxenstierna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Eva_Magdalena_Oxenstierna.jpg/220px-Eva_Magdalena_Oxenstierna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Eva_Magdalena_Oxenstierna.jpg/330px-Eva_Magdalena_Oxenstierna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Eva_Magdalena_Oxenstierna.jpg/440px-Eva_Magdalena_Oxenstierna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3428" data-file-height="3996" /></a><figcaption>Eva Magdalena <a href="/wiki/Oxenstierna" title="Oxenstierna">Oxenstierna af Korsholm och Wasa</a></figcaption></figure> During his stay in Stockholm in 1686, Stenbock courted Eva Magdalena Oxenstierna, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Gabrielsson_Oxenstierna" title="Bengt Gabrielsson Oxenstierna">Bengt Gabrielsson Oxenstierna</a>, President of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Sweden" title="Privy Council of Sweden">Privy Council Chancellery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Stenbock" title="Magdalena Stenbock">Magdalena Stenbock</a>, a politically active countess.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Magnus and Eva exchanged letters during his garrison service in Stade and in the Netherlands. Their affections were conveyed, on behalf of Stenbock, by his mother, and on behalf of Eva Oxenstierna, by both her parents and her older brother Bengt. He sent her a written proposal of marriage on 11 January 1689. As part of the arrangement, Stenbock sent his first self-portrait to her on 29 March 1689.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Eva accepted his proposal in late spring, when Stenbock received the portrait of Eva from her brother Bengt. In November Stenbock traveled to Stockholm to meet his future wife. The wedding took place on 23 March 1690, with the members of the Privy Council and the royal family participating. Stenbock became a favorite of Charles XI, and particularly of Queen Ulrika Eleonora. Stenbock's parents-in-law would assist him in his future career, including his imperial employment and his appointments as colonel in several Swedish regiments. Bengt Oxenstierna also used him for diplomatic assignments, to secure his influence on Swedish foreign affairs.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Magnus Stenbock and Eva Oxenstierna were married for twenty-seven years, but because of Stenbock's military service, the couple only lived together for seven years. Nevertheless, they maintained a regular correspondence and Eva visited Stenbock several times in army camps. During the first ten years of their marriage they lived off Stenbock's poor officers' salary, but during the early 18th century, Stenbock was able to collect a fortune. He sent the money, along with expensive interior decors, to Eva, which she used to buy and decorate several estates. As a landowner in Sweden, she supervised the family's finances and the children's upbringing.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> They had eleven children, of which five sons and two daughters reached adulthood: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Gösta Otto Stenbock (1691–1693)</li> <li>Ulrika Magdalena Stenbock (1692–1715)</li> <li>Bengt Ludvig Stenbock (1694–1737)</li> <li>Fredrik Magnus Stenbock (1696–1745)</li> <li>Johan Gabriel Stenbock (1698–1699)</li> <li>Carl Fredrik Stenbock (1700)</li> <li>Carl Magnusson Stenbock (1701–1746)</li> <li>Erik Magnusson Stenbock (1706)</li> <li>Johan Magnusson Stenbock (1709–1754)</li> <li>Eva Charlotta Stenbock (1710–1785)</li> <li>Gustaf Leonard Stenbock (1711–1758)</li></ul> </div> The oldest daughter, Ulrika Magdalena, married Admiral Carl Wachtmeister, while the youngest, Eva Charlotta, married Christian Barnekow, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Kristianstad_County" title="Kristianstad County">Kristianstad County</a>. Stenbock's four oldest sons pursued military careers, while the youngest, Gustaf Leonard, became a judge and vice governor of <a href="/wiki/Kronoberg_County" title="Kronoberg County">Kronoberg County</a>. The older sons, Bengt Ludvig and Fredrik Magnus, made their joint peregrination from the Netherlands to Paris in 1712 and were presented to King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Adrien_Maurice_de_Noailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrien Maurice de Noailles">Duke of Noailles</a> and Erik Sparre. Bengt Ludvig left his military career when he inherited and moved to the Kolk estate in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, where he became a noble councillor. Contemporary descendants of Magnus Stenbock originate from his sons Fredrik Magnus and Gustaf Leonard.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regimental_commander_(1695–1700)">Regimental commander (1695–1700)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Stenbock&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Regimental commander (1695–1700)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miniatyrspinnrock_svarvad_av_elfenben,_monterad_p%C3%A5_kvadratisk_sockel_av_ebenholts_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_92140.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Miniatyrspinnrock_svarvad_av_elfenben%2C_monterad_p%C3%A5_kvadratisk_sockel_av_ebenholts_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_92140.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Miniatyrspinnrock_svarvad_av_elfenben%2C_monterad_p%C3%A5_kvadratisk_sockel_av_ebenholts_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_92140.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Miniatyrspinnrock_svarvad_av_elfenben%2C_monterad_p%C3%A5_kvadratisk_sockel_av_ebenholts_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_92140.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Miniatyrspinnrock_svarvad_av_elfenben%2C_monterad_p%C3%A5_kvadratisk_sockel_av_ebenholts_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_92140.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Miniatyrspinnrock_svarvad_av_elfenben%2C_monterad_p%C3%A5_kvadratisk_sockel_av_ebenholts_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_92140.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Miniatyrspinnrock_svarvad_av_elfenben%2C_monterad_p%C3%A5_kvadratisk_sockel_av_ebenholts_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_92140.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3514" data-file-height="5271" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spinning_wheel" title="Spinning wheel">A miniature spinning wheel</a> lathed by <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, mounted on a square plinth made by <a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">ebony</a>. Made by Magnus Stenbock and exhibited in <a href="/wiki/Skokloster_Castle" title="Skokloster Castle">Skokloster Castle</a>.</figcaption></figure> During his military service, Stenbock suffered from growing economic problems. He was forced to support the needs of his family in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> by sending money exchanges. Stenbock visited <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>, where he was invited to a princely masquerade ball and received gifts from Landgrave Charles I and his son, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Sweden" title="Frederick I of Sweden">Prince Frederick</a>. The Landgrave offered Stenbock a commission as <a href="/wiki/Equerry" title="Equerry">equerry</a> and colonel for a <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hessian</a> infantry regiment, but Stenbock rejected the Landgrave's offer for fear of his position with Charles XI. In January 1697 Stenbock courted <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Elector Frederick III</a> at his court in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> to collect an old debt sent by his father to <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a> in 1655. After Stenbock's audience with the Elector half of the debt was repaid, and Stenbock received the remaining 6,000 <a href="/wiki/Swedish_riksdaler" title="Swedish riksdaler">riksdaler</a> as a deposit for a later time. He sent most of his compensation to Berlin as a money exchange to his wife. He then returned to Stade to prepare for the family's arrival, but due to sickness and economic problems, the family was forced to remain in Frankfurt.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Charles XI died in April 1697 and was succeeded on the Swedish throne by his son, <a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">Charles XII</a>. At the end of May 1697, the young king appointed Stenbock to succeed Jakob von Kemphen as regimental colonel and commandant in <a href="/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a>. After redeeming a wage claim of 3,000 riksdaler at the imperial court in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Stenbock could pay his family's debts to creditors in Frankfurt and in August the family moved into the commandant's residence in Wismar. As commandant, Stenbock was responsible for the repair of Wismar's defenses. His regiment in the city consisted of about 1,000 German infantry recruits. Stenbock also spent time writing a war manual called Den svenska knekteskolan (The Swedish Soldier's School), which described different infantry tactics, march techniques, the use of military barriers, and basic fortification; he never published it. On 2 January 1699 Stenbock was appointed colonel of the Kalmar Regiment. A few weeks later, Stenbock and his family moved to the colonel's residence of Kronobäck in <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land" title="Småland">Småland</a>. On 16 February 1700, Stenbock was appointed colonel of the <a href="/wiki/Dalarna_Regiment" title="Dalarna Regiment">Dalarna Regiment</a> by the King. This was made possible thanks to Count <a href="/wiki/Carl_Piper" title="Carl Piper">Carl Piper</a>, after his wife <a href="/wiki/Christina_Piper" title="Christina Piper">Christina Piper</a>'s recommendation, when Magdalena Stenbock gave Christina a pair of precious earrings.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Before Stenbock was able to move into his new colonel's residence in Näs Kungsgård, close to the <a href="/wiki/Dal%C3%A4lven" title="Dalälven">Dalälven</a>, his regiment received orders to mobilize and march south to <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a>, at the start of the Great Northern War.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Great_Northern_War_(1700–1713)">Great Northern War (1700–1713)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Stenbock&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Great Northern War (1700–1713)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_in_Denmark_and_the_Baltics">Campaign in Denmark and the Baltics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Stenbock&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Campaign in Denmark and the Baltics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Humleb%C3%A6k" title="Landing at Humlebæk">Landing at Humlebæk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1700)" title="Battle of Narva (1700)">Battle of Narva (1700)</a></div> The Great Northern War began on 12 February 1700, when the King of <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Elector of Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">August II</a>, besieged the city of <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> in <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Livonia" title="Swedish Livonia">Swedish Livonia</a>. Simultaneously, King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_IV_of_Denmark" title="Frederick IV of Denmark">Frederick IV of Denmark</a> ordered his Danish troops to invade Holstein-Gottorp. Russia entered the war on August the same year, and on September, Russian troops under Tsar <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I</a> invaded Swedish Ingria and besieged the outpost of <a href="/wiki/Narva" title="Narva">Narva</a> in <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Estonia">Estonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Stenbock was ordered to immediately join his regiment that was marching towards Scania. He arranged field equipment in Stockholm and joined his regiment in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ping" title="Köping">Köping</a>. Stenbock bid farewell to his family in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4xj%C3%B6" title="Växjö">Växjö</a>, and his regiment arrived at <a href="/wiki/Landskrona" title="Landskrona">Landskrona</a> in July to await embarkation for further transport to <a href="/wiki/Zealand" title="Zealand">Zealand</a>. On 25 July Swedish troops led by the King <a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Humleb%C3%A6k" title="Landing at Humlebæk">landed at Humlebæk</a>, where the Danish defenders were quickly routed, and the Swedes established a <a href="/wiki/Bridgehead" title="Bridgehead">bridgehead</a> on Zealand. Two weeks after the landing, Stenbock and the Dalarna Regiment arrived on Zealand, strengthening the Swedish force there to about 10,000 men. This forced Frederick IV to withdraw from the war on 8 August 1700 with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Traventhal" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Traventhal">treaty of Traventhal</a>. Stenbock and his regiment were shipped back to Scania in late August.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In early October, Stenbock sailed with the Dalarna Regiment to <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4rnu" title="Pärnu">Pernau</a>, and joined Charles XII and the Swedish main army marching towards Narva. On 20 November, the Swedish army arrived at the outskirts of Narva. Through reconnaissance the Swedes learned that the Russians, who were about 30,000 strong including thousands of camp followers, had built a fortification system in a semicircle between the north and south sides of the city. <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">Lieutenant general</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Rehnski%C3%B6ld" title="Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld">Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld</a> took command of the army. He drafted a battle plan where two Swedish <a href="/wiki/Column_(formation)" title="Column (formation)">columns</a> would attack and break through the fortification line, and each column would then move to the south and north along the line and roll up the Russian defense so that the Russian army would be trapped in two pockets against the <a href="/wiki/Narva_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Narva River">Narva River</a>. Rehnskiöld himself commanded the left column while General <a href="/wiki/Otto_Vellingk" title="Otto Vellingk">Otto Vellingk</a> commanded the right column. Within Rehnskiöld's column, Stenbock was appointed to command an <a href="/wiki/Vanguard" title="Vanguard">advance guard</a> of 516 men, consisting of about fifty <a href="/wiki/Grenadier" title="Grenadier">grenadiers</a>, a battalion of dalcarlians (soldiers of the Dalarna Regiment) and a supporting battalion from a Finnish regiment. Stenbock and his troops spearheaded the first wave of Swedish attacks.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slaget_vid_Narva_1700.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Slaget_vid_Narva_1700.jpg/220px-Slaget_vid_Narva_1700.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Slaget_vid_Narva_1700.jpg/330px-Slaget_vid_Narva_1700.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Slaget_vid_Narva_1700.jpg/440px-Slaget_vid_Narva_1700.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1700)" title="Battle of Narva (1700)">Battle of Narva</a> (1870)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1700)" title="Battle of Narva (1700)">Battle of Narva</a> took place on the afternoon of 20 November. The two Swedish columns, hidden by a heavy snowstorm that blew directly into the eyes of the Russians, breached the Russian fortifications. The breakthroughs caused panic among the Russian troops, and after a wild rout the Russian army surrendered and were allowed to withdraw back to Russia. About 9,000 Russian soldiers died during the battle, and their entire command was captured, while the Swedish casualties were estimated to be around 1,900. Among Stenbock's troops, about 60 were killed and 149 were severely wounded; Stenbock himself was hit in the leg by a musket ball. The commander of the Russian army, Duke <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Cro%C3%BF" title="Charles Eugène de Croÿ">Charles Eugène de Croÿ</a>, and several senior officers surrendered themselves to Stenbock, who personally brought them to the King's camp as prisoners of war.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnus_Stenbock,_Anton_Ulrik_Berndes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Magnus_Stenbock%2C_Anton_Ulrik_Berndes.jpg/220px-Magnus_Stenbock%2C_Anton_Ulrik_Berndes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Magnus_Stenbock%2C_Anton_Ulrik_Berndes.jpg/330px-Magnus_Stenbock%2C_Anton_Ulrik_Berndes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Magnus_Stenbock%2C_Anton_Ulrik_Berndes.jpg/440px-Magnus_Stenbock%2C_Anton_Ulrik_Berndes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="1338" /></a><figcaption>Magnus Stenbock (1820)</figcaption></figure> Stenbock was bedridden for two weeks after the battle. Just a few days later, Charles XII visited his sickbed, congratulated Stenbock for his bravery and promoted him to <a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">major general</a> of infantry. During December, the main Swedish army overwintered outside the town of <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Dorpat</a> and the dilapidated <a href="/wiki/Laiuse_Castle" title="Laiuse Castle">Laiuse Castle</a>. On the way to the castle, Stenbock accompanied the state secretary Carl Piper in his wagon, which meant that Stenbock now stood in the King's innermost circle. On 25 December Charles XII ordered Stenbock to take 600 men and four cannons into Russian territory, with the aim of occupying the city of <a href="/wiki/Gdov" title="Gdov">Gdov</a> on the other side of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Peipus" title="Lake Peipus">Lake Peipus</a>. On 29 December Stenbock started his march with 300 Finnish <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> units and an equal number of infantry units, mostly dalcarlians travelling on sleds with five men each. After five days they encountered an advance guard of about 300 Russian <a href="/wiki/Dragoon" title="Dragoon">dragoons</a>. With the help of his field artillery, Stenbock repelled the Russian attacks and continued his march. During the night after the battle, Stenbock and his troops were hit by a blizzard. The combination of overwhelming Russian troops deployed around them and the persistent cold weather forced Stenbock to retreat to Estonian soil. He burned down villages in the area surrounding Gdov and, after several skirmishes with Russian troops, returned to the main Swedish army on 6 January 1701. Upon return to the royal camp, only 100 of his 600 men were combat effective.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Throughout the winter and spring of 1701 Stenbock courted Charles XII and maintained his regiment. On 28 January the Swedish army command gathered in Stenbock's quarters at the Laisholm estate, where Stenbock and his regiment arranged a large feast and a theater performance, with songs celebrating Charles XII and his victory at Narva. At this time, Stenbock was nicknamed "Måns Bock" (Måns the buck), "Måns Lurifax" (Måns the sly dog) and "Bocken" (billy goat) by Charles XII.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> On 8 March Stenbock arranged a snowball fight where hundreds of soldiers fought against each other in a simulated siege, later concluding with Stenbock exercising his dalcarlians in front of the King. Stenbock's ventures were highly appreciated by the King, who awarded him with a magnificent horse and appointed him general drill instructor to every infantry regiment during the winter break. His drills laid the foundation for a new infantry regulation issued during the spring of 1701. Stenbock was also praised by Bengt Oxenstierna, who in letters to Stenbock urged him to offer advice to the King, and to persuade him to commence peace talks with the hostile states to sustain the balance of power in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_in_Poland">Campaign in Poland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Stenbock&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Campaign in Poland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_invasion_of_Poland_(1701%E2%80%931706)" title="Swedish invasion of Poland (1701–1706)">Swedish invasion of Poland (1701–1706)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bergquist_Magnus_Stenbock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bergquist_Magnus_Stenbock.jpg/220px-Bergquist_Magnus_Stenbock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bergquist_Magnus_Stenbock.jpg/330px-Bergquist_Magnus_Stenbock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bergquist_Magnus_Stenbock.jpg/440px-Bergquist_Magnus_Stenbock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="1713" /></a><figcaption>Magnus Stenbock</figcaption></figure> With reinforcements from the Swedish mainland, the Swedish main army broke camp in June and marched south towards Riga to confront King <a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Augustus II</a>'s Saxon and Russian troops. By 7 July the army was outside Riga. Charles XII and Rehnskiöld planned to cross the Daugava river right next to the city and assault Augustus II troops on the opposite shore. In the Swedish battle plan, drafted by Rehnskiöld, Carl Magnus Stuart and <a href="/wiki/Erik_Dahlbergh" title="Erik Dahlbergh">Erik Dahlbergh</a>, the troops were ordered to collect landing boats near Riga and construct floating batteries. The batteries would convey infantry units across the river to establish a bridgehead. During <a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_D%C3%BCna" title="Crossing of the Düna">the operation</a> on 9 July, Stenbock assisted in the construction of a floating bridge to allow the cavalry to cross the river. However, strong currents caused the floating bridge to be destroyed, and by the time it was repaired it was too late to influence the outcome of the battle. The main army occupied <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Courland</a> and overwintered at the castle of Würgen outside of <a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Libau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Since Charles XII failed to defeat Augustus II during the Daugava operation, he decided to carry out a military campaign on Polish territory to defeat Augustus' army, and secure his own back before attacking Russia. Stenbock received a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum" title="Memorandum">memorandum</a> regarding the war situation and Sweden's foreign policy from Bengt Oxenstierna, who shortly before his death, entrusted Stenbock to present it to Charles XII and persuade the King to end his campaign against Augustus II and instead direct his attention towards the Russian border. However, Charles XII went his own way and, by the end of January 1702, the Swedish main army had entered the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> part of Poland. Charles XII marched against <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> with the bulk of his army, while Stenbock and the Dalarna Regiment were sent to <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> in March along with major general Carl Mörner and the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland_Cavalry_Regiment" title="Östergötland Cavalry Regiment">Östergötland Cavalry Regiment</a>. Stenbock and Mörner was tasked with hunting down the troops of <a href="/wiki/Grzegorz_Antoni_Ogi%C5%84ski" title="Grzegorz Antoni Ogiński">Grzegorz Antoni Ogiński</a> and <a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Serwacy_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki" title="Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki">Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki</a>, and with collecting contributions for the main army's maintenance. Vilnius was taken during late March, and the Swedish garrison was subsequently reinforced. During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vilnius_(1702)" title="Battle of Vilnius (1702)">Battle of Vilnius</a> on 6 April the garrison was overwhelmed by Wiśniowiecki's troops. However, following vicious fighting inside the city, the attackers were repelled with the loss of 100 men, while the Swedish garrison lost 50 men.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Klisz%C3%B3w.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Battle_of_Klisz%C3%B3w.png/220px-Battle_of_Klisz%C3%B3w.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Battle_of_Klisz%C3%B3w.png/330px-Battle_of_Klisz%C3%B3w.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Battle_of_Klisz%C3%B3w.png/440px-Battle_of_Klisz%C3%B3w.png 2x" data-file-width="1815" data-file-height="1389" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klisz%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Kliszów">Battle of Kliszów</a> (1703)</figcaption></figure> Mörner and Stenbock were ordered to bring their 4,000 troops from Vilnius to Warsaw. The march across central Poland was obstructed by skirmishes against Wiśniowiecki's troops and wide rivers. On several occasions Stenbock used his engineering skills to build bridges, and the Dalarna Regiment served as <a href="/wiki/Sapper" title="Sapper">sappers</a> both in Stenbock's and Charles XII's marches.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In July 1702 Charles XII and his main army caught up with Augustus II at the village of <a href="/wiki/Klisz%C3%B3w,_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Voivodeship" title="Kliszów, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship">Kliszów</a>, northeast of <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>. Mörner and Stenbock reunited with the main army on the evening of 8 July. On the following morning Charles XII <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klisz%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Kliszów">attacked</a> Augustus II's Saxon and Polish troops. Stenbock was stationed with the infantry on the center of the first line of attack, under the command of lieutenant general Bernhard von Liewen. When Saxon and Polish cavalry attacked the Swedish left wing, Charles XII reinforced it with some cavalry squadrons and with Stenbock and the Dalarna Regiment. The cavalry attack was repulsed, and the Swedish main forces advanced into the Saxon camp, took control of the Saxon artillery, and threatened to encircle the Saxon center. Augustus II was forced to retreat, and lost about 4,000 men, while the Swedish losses were estimated at 1,100. Later, Stenbock recalled the battle as the most difficult he had ever experienced.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GlowackiJanNepomucen.WidokNaWawel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/GlowackiJanNepomucen.WidokNaWawel.jpg/220px-GlowackiJanNepomucen.WidokNaWawel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/GlowackiJanNepomucen.WidokNaWawel.jpg/330px-GlowackiJanNepomucen.WidokNaWawel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/GlowackiJanNepomucen.WidokNaWawel.jpg/440px-GlowackiJanNepomucen.WidokNaWawel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1078" /></a><figcaption>Stenbock was the Commandant of <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> in 1702 and represented the Swedish empire in <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Castle" title="Wawel Castle">Wawel Castle</a>.</figcaption></figure> After the battle of Kliszów, Charles XII spread his troops around Kraków to cut off Augustus II's line of retreat. But since Augustus II was already far away from the area, Charles XII decided to take Kraków. He sent Stenbock with a contingent of dalcarlians and cavalry units from the Småland Cavalry Regiment to scout the city, and ordered Stenbock to persuade its commandant, <a href="/wiki/Starost" class="mw-redirect" title="Starost">starost</a> <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Wielopolski" title="Franciszek Wielopolski">Franciszek Wielopolski</a>, to open the city gates. During Stenbock's advance on 1 August, his troops were bombarded by cannon from the city walls, killing six of his cavalry. A squad managed to reach the city gate, and Stenbock negotiated with Wielopolski, who refused to give up Kraków. Charles XII arrived with a contingent of <a href="/wiki/Svea_Life_Guards" title="Svea Life Guards">Life Guards</a>. After a short battle, Charles XII and Stenbock broke into the city, killing its sentries, and captured Wielopolski.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adlerfelt_112–114-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> As a token of appreciation, Stenbock was appointed Commandant of Kraków. He was commissioned to collect a contribution of 60,000 riksdaler from its citizens. In two days Stenbock's patrols collected the entire amount, including large amounts of cattle and grain. Pleased with his effort, Charles XII donated 4,000 riksdaler from the contribution to Stenbock as a personal gift and assigned him the role of "le Diable de la Ville" (the Devil of the city). Stenbock was installed at the <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Castle" title="Wawel Castle">Wawel Castle</a> and became the highest Swedish representative in Kraków. During his stay, Stenbock maintained a fitting banquet for the King, his generals and foreign envoys, and sent regular deliveries of spoils and gifts back to his wife in Stockholm.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adlerfelt_112–114-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Director_of_the_General_War_Commissariat">Director of the General War Commissariat</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Stenbock&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Director of the General War Commissariat">edit</a>]</div> On 18 August 1702 Stenbock was appointed to succeed Anders Lagercrona as director of the newly established General War Commissariat, and became responsible for the main army's food supply. With the help of <a href="/wiki/War_commissary" title="War commissary">war commissary</a> Jöran Adlersteen, Stenbock decentralized the maintenance of the Swedish troops by appointing a commissary to each regiment, to monitor and record the collection of supplies.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> On 19 October Stenbock was ordered to personally command a contingent of 3,000 men to <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a> southeast of Kraków. His task was to collect substantial contributions, and to force the local magnate <a href="/wiki/Hieronim_Augustyn_Lubomirski" title="Hieronim Augustyn Lubomirski">Hieronim Augustyn Lubomirski</a> and other Polish nobles to renounce their allegiance to Augustus. He sent war commissars with proclamations about his collection to the villages and cities around Galicia, but when several commissars returned empty handed, Stenbock took severe measures. On 28 October he set an example by burning down the city of <a href="/wiki/Pilzno" title="Pilzno">Pilzno</a>. Between November and December the villages of <a href="/wiki/D%C4%99bica" title="Dębica">Dębica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wysoka,_Wadowice_County" title="Wysoka, Wadowice County">Wysoka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weso%C5%82a,_Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Wesoła, Lesser Poland Voivodeship">Wesola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dub,_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Lubelski_County" title="Dub, Tomaszów Lubelski County">Dub</a> were burned on Stenbock's orders, acknowledged by Charles XII in their letter correspondence. In December Stenbock executed an expedition south to <a href="/wiki/Krosno" title="Krosno">Krosno</a>, but he soon returned to Reschow and travelled on to <a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw" title="Jarosław">Jarosław</a>. In January 1703, he continued across <a href="/wiki/Oleszyce" title="Oleszyce">Oleszyce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uhniv" title="Uhniv">Uhniv</a> to <a href="/wiki/Belz" title="Belz">Belz</a>, and in February he passed <a href="/wiki/Tyszowce" title="Tyszowce">Tyszowce</a> and arrived at the fortified city of <a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Zamość">Zamość</a>. Since he lacked troops and siege artillery to attack the city, he continued to <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82m" title="Chełm">Chełm</a> and rejoined the main army in Warsaw on 28 February. From Galicia, Stenbock collected over 300,000 riksdaler, including seventy wagons loaded with grain, slaughtered cattle and clothes. Stenbock filled his own coffers with church silver, which he sent with personal greetings to churches and friends in Sweden. Stenbock's expedition led to a strong anti-Swedish sentiment amongst the Galician nobility, a mood which over the years continued to grow throughout Poland.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_XII_och_Magnus_Stenbock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Karl_XII_och_Magnus_Stenbock.jpg/220px-Karl_XII_och_Magnus_Stenbock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Karl_XII_och_Magnus_Stenbock.jpg/330px-Karl_XII_och_Magnus_Stenbock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Karl_XII_och_Magnus_Stenbock.jpg/440px-Karl_XII_och_Magnus_Stenbock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Charles XII and Magnus Stenbock during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thorn_(1703)" title="Siege of Thorn (1703)">siege of Thorn</a></figcaption></figure> On 21 April 1703 Stenbock participated, along with Charles XII, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pu%C5%82tusk_(1703)" title="Battle of Pułtusk (1703)">Battle of Pułtusk</a> against the Saxon Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Adam_Heinrich_von_Steinau" title="Adam Heinrich von Steinau">Adam Heinrich von Steinau</a>. On May of that year, Charles XII <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thorn_(1703)" title="Siege of Thorn (1703)">laid siege</a> to <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Thorn</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Weichsel</a> river. Since he lacked siege artillery, Charles XII ordered cannons and equipment from Riga and Stockholm, which had to pass through <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Danzig</a> at the mouth of the Weichsel. Stenbock was sent incognito to Danzig to negotiate with the city's magistrate free passage for the Swedish transport vessels. At the end of July the transport fleet from Riga arrived at Danzig with 4,000 Swedish and Finnish recruits. Even though Stenbock was granted a contribution of 100,000 riksdaler, the city refused to open its harbor barriers for the Swedish vessels and Stenbock was forced to transport the siege artillery by land. He arrived at the Swedish field camp at Thorn with the artillery at the end of August. The city was bombarded during the autumn and, on 3 October, the city's garrison surrendered to Charles XII. In December a new conflict with Danzig was triggered by Stenbock attempting to recruit troops around the area, even though freedom from enlistment was one of Danzig's privileges. However, Charles XII demanded that recruitment must be allowed, and the city submitted to his demands in January 1704. Subsequently, the King further demanded a refund of 15,000 silver marks which the exiled <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles VIII of Sweden">Charles VIII of Sweden</a> offered to the city nearly 250 years earlier in return for fishing revenue from <a href="/wiki/Puck,_Poland" title="Puck, Poland">Putzig</a>. Members of the <a href="/wiki/Gyldenstierne_(noble_family)" title="Gyldenstierne (noble family)">Gyllenstierna</a> family had already presented the demands as heirs to Charles VIII the previous year, and Stenbock and the King returned to Danzig to press Gyllenstierna's demands. Eventually the city relented and paid 136,000 riksdaler in exchange for a letter of safe conduct from Charles XII.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vapn%C3%B6_slott.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Vapn%C3%B6_slott.jpg/220px-Vapn%C3%B6_slott.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Vapn%C3%B6_slott.jpg/330px-Vapn%C3%B6_slott.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Vapn%C3%B6_slott.jpg/440px-Vapn%C3%B6_slott.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vapn%C3%B6_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vapnö Castle">Vapnö Castle</a> was bought in 1661 by Gustaf Otto Stenbock, and was owned by Magnus Stenbock and his sons until 1741.</figcaption></figure> In 1704 Stenbock was commissioned to set up his own dragoon regiment of 600 men, which was expanded to 1,000 men in 1707. At the end of August 1704 Stenbock accompanied the King during the occupation and plundering of <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lemberg</a> in southeast Poland. During Charles XII's continued campaign against Augustus II, Stenbock commanded the King's vanguard, comprising the Dalarna Regiment and other regiments. He was also tasked with collecting contributions and establishing supply depots. On the way to Warsaw, he burned down the city of <a href="/wiki/Krasnystaw" title="Krasnystaw">Krasnystaw</a>. The main army overwintered around <a href="/wiki/Rawicz" title="Rawicz">Rawicz</a> near the border of <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, where Stenbock was responsible for accommodation and provisioning. On 4 November Stenbock was promoted to lieutenant general of infantry, which he regarded as an important acknowledgment. On 15 November Stenbock's mother Christina Catharina died and he inherited Vapnö Castle.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> During the winter months between 1705 and 1706, Stenbock accompanied Charles XII and the main army in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grodno_(1706)" title="Battle of Grodno (1706)">blockade of Grodno</a> in Polish Livonia, which was occupied by a Russian army under the command of Georg Benedict von Ogilvy. In August 1706, Stenbock marched with Charles XII and the main army into Saxony for a final resolution with Augustus II. On 14 September the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Altranst%C3%A4dt_(1706)" title="Treaty of Altranstädt (1706)">treaty of Altranstädt</a> was signed. Augustus II was forced to break all ties with his allies, renounce his claims to the Polish crown, and accept <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_I_Leszczy%C5%84ski" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanisław I Leszczyński">Stanisław I Leszczyński</a> as the new King. The Swedish army stayed in Saxony for a year, where Charles XII prepared and mobilized his army to go east and fight against Russia, though this time without Stenbock. Earlier in July Stenbock had been promoted to general of infantry and had succeeded Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_governors-general" title="List of Swedish governors-general">Governor-General</a> of Scania on 25 December 1705. In April 1707 he held his last audience with Charles XII; on his way home to Sweden he visited the health resort of <a href="/wiki/Karlovy_Vary" title="Karlovy Vary">Karlsbad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> to treat his kidney stone disease.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governor-General_of_Scania">Governor-General of Scania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Stenbock&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Governor-General of Scania">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnus_Stenbock,_David_von_Krafft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Magnus_Stenbock%2C_David_von_Krafft.jpg/220px-Magnus_Stenbock%2C_David_von_Krafft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Magnus_Stenbock%2C_David_von_Krafft.jpg/330px-Magnus_Stenbock%2C_David_von_Krafft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Magnus_Stenbock%2C_David_von_Krafft.jpg/440px-Magnus_Stenbock%2C_David_von_Krafft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption>Magnus Stenbock</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Descriptio_nova_et_accurata_Scaniae_Blekingae_et_Hallandiae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Descriptio_nova_et_accurata_Scaniae_Blekingae_et_Hallandiae.jpg/220px-Descriptio_nova_et_accurata_Scaniae_Blekingae_et_Hallandiae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Descriptio_nova_et_accurata_Scaniae_Blekingae_et_Hallandiae.jpg/330px-Descriptio_nova_et_accurata_Scaniae_Blekingae_et_Hallandiae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Descriptio_nova_et_accurata_Scaniae_Blekingae_et_Hallandiae.jpg/440px-Descriptio_nova_et_accurata_Scaniae_Blekingae_et_Hallandiae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2533" data-file-height="2126" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5neland" title="Skåneland">Skåneland</a> by <a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Seutter" title="Matthäus Seutter">Matthäus Seutter</a></figcaption></figure> On 4 June 1707, Stenbock arrived in <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a> and reunited with his family at <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A5n%C3%A4s_Manor" title="Rånäs Manor">Rånäs Manor</a>, which his wife acquired in 1704. He entered the governor's post on 18 September. At that time, the province was severely crisis-ridden, partly because it was close to Denmark and was depleted of able-bodied men throughout the war, and partly because of administrative mismanagement. Stenbock's predecessor, Rehnskiöld, had remained outside of the province since the outbreak of the war in 1700, and hence Scania's administration had passed over to the deputy-governor, Axel von Faltzburg. von Faltzburg was considered an invisible leader due to his weakness, corruption and disinterest, so administrative responsibilities were distributed between various <a href="/wiki/Bailiff" title="Bailiff">bailiffs</a> and officials, who spent their time in turf wars, despoilments and arbitrary exercises of power, which angered the Scanian peasantry.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Stenbock's first act was to inspect the provincial office reports, where he discovered that the financial accounting was in disarray and that the <a href="/wiki/Urbaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbaria">urbaria</a> had not been updated for over 20 years. He replaced von Faltzburg with his own family companion and <a href="/wiki/Accountant" title="Accountant">accountant</a>, Peter Malmberg. In October and November 1707 Stenbock undertook an extended inspection tour across Scania, to obtain fresh recruits and form an opinion of the situation in the province. He was told that the peasants were pressured to pay unreasonably high taxes by the officials, whose ruthless conduct had caused over a thousand rural settlements to lay desolated. Stenbock reported on the situation to the Privy Council in Stockholm, suggesting that a state commission of inquiry should be assigned in Scania to investigate accusations of corruption. The Privy Council approved his proposal in February 1708, which resulted in several corrupt officials being discharged and arrested. In addition to his work within the commission of inquiry, which occupied much of his time, Stenbock combated shifting sand afflicting coastal farms, erected milestones on the royal highways, planted trees to resolve the growing shortage of wood, and hired <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">land surveyors</a> for the necessary provincial measurement.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Stenbock spent his time with his family in various properties and estates: in the governor's residence in Malmö which was used for representation; in the crown's property of Börringe in Scania; in Rånäs, where the couple controlled a huge farm and built a new mansion; and in Vapnö, where Stenbock spent his time with artistic activities and his wife took care of the daily operation of the estate and its <a href="/wiki/Stud_farm" title="Stud farm">stud farm</a>, and established a wallpaper printing house where they produced wallpaper for sale. The couple congregated with Scanian landlords during dinners and hunting parties. Stenbock visited the <a href="/wiki/Raml%C3%B6sa_H%C3%A4lsobrunn" title="Ramlösa Hälsobrunn">mineral spa in the village of Ramlösa</a>, which was inaugurated as a health resort on 17 June 1707 by the provincial physician of Scania, <a href="/wiki/Johan_Jacob_D%C3%B6belius" title="Johan Jacob Döbelius">Johan Jacob Döbelius</a>. Since the source of the well, according to Döbelius, had a medicinal effect, Stenbock saw a personal incentive to support it, since he suffered from kidney stone disease. Stenbock supported ground clearance around the spa and its decoration.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> On the late summer of 1709, Stenbock received recurring reports from <a href="/wiki/Envoy_(title)" title="Envoy (title)">Envoy</a> Anders Leijonkloo regarding a rapid increase of Danish military activity in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, with Danish warships being loaded with troops and supplies. These signs suggested that the Danes were preparing for an invasion.<a href="#cite_note-Marklund_2008,_p._175-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_Skåneland">War in Skåneland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Stenbock&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: War in Skåneland">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:15-07-05-Schlo%C3%9F-Caputh-RalfR-N3S_1712.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/15-07-05-Schlo%C3%9F-Caputh-RalfR-N3S_1712.jpg/220px-15-07-05-Schlo%C3%9F-Caputh-RalfR-N3S_1712.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/15-07-05-Schlo%C3%9F-Caputh-RalfR-N3S_1712.jpg/330px-15-07-05-Schlo%C3%9F-Caputh-RalfR-N3S_1712.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/15-07-05-Schlo%C3%9F-Caputh-RalfR-N3S_1712.jpg/440px-15-07-05-Schlo%C3%9F-Caputh-RalfR-N3S_1712.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3424" /></a><figcaption>The meeting between the kings <a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Augustus II the Strong</a> (left), <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Frederick I of Prussia</a> (center) and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_IV_of_Denmark" title="Frederick IV of Denmark">Frederick IV of Denmark</a> (right) in <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> between 2 and 17 July 1709.</figcaption></figure> News of the disastrous defeat of Charles XII at the hands of Peter I and his army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava" title="Battle of Poltava">battle of Poltava</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, on 28 June 1709, spread across the Swedish empire throughout that summer. Charles XII escaped across the border to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, accompanied by roughly 1,000 men, but the remnants of his army <a href="/wiki/Surrender_at_Perevolochna" title="Surrender at Perevolochna">surrendered at the village of Perevolochna</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> river. The defeats at <a href="/wiki/Poltava" title="Poltava">Poltava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perevolochna" title="Perevolochna">Perevolochna</a> resulted in the deaths of 7,000 Swedish soldiers and the capture of 23,000 soldiers and non-combatants. With the Swedish main army destroyed, Denmark and Saxony returned to the war, forming a new coalition against Sweden. Saxon troops entered Poland to recapture the royal crown of Augustus II, whilst Danish-Norwegian troops under Frederick IV invaded Scania and <a href="/wiki/Bohusl%C3%A4n" title="Bohuslän">Bohuslän</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marklund_2008,_p._175-79">[79]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnus_Stenbock_talar_till_folket_p%C3%A5_r%C3%A5dhustrappan_i_Malm%C3%B6_1709.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Magnus_Stenbock_talar_till_folket_p%C3%A5_r%C3%A5dhustrappan_i_Malm%C3%B6_1709.jpg/220px-Magnus_Stenbock_talar_till_folket_p%C3%A5_r%C3%A5dhustrappan_i_Malm%C3%B6_1709.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Magnus_Stenbock_talar_till_folket_p%C3%A5_r%C3%A5dhustrappan_i_Malm%C3%B6_1709.jpg/330px-Magnus_Stenbock_talar_till_folket_p%C3%A5_r%C3%A5dhustrappan_i_Malm%C3%B6_1709.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Magnus_Stenbock_talar_till_folket_p%C3%A5_r%C3%A5dhustrappan_i_Malm%C3%B6_1709.jpg/440px-Magnus_Stenbock_talar_till_folket_p%C3%A5_r%C3%A5dhustrappan_i_Malm%C3%B6_1709.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2046" data-file-height="2694" /></a><figcaption>Magnus Stenbock talks to the people on the staircase of Malmö City Hall in 1709 (1892)</figcaption></figure> After receiving Leijonkloo's reports of Danish rearmament, Stenbock summoned a meeting with several dignitaries from Malmö. He urged that the city's defenses must be strengthened and food and reinforcements acquired in preparation for a siege, since Malmö formed a strategic key point for the dominion of Scania and the defense of the Swedish mainland. Landskrona was also in need of reinforcement, and Stenbock appealed that a provisional fortress should be built in <a href="/wiki/Kristianstad" title="Kristianstad">Kristianstad</a> to prevent the Danes from moving into <a href="/wiki/Blekinge" title="Blekinge">Blekinge</a>. However, the fortifications of <a href="/wiki/Helsingborg" title="Helsingborg">Helsingborg</a> were dilapidated to the extent that the city was deemed impossible to defend. The coastal guard was reinforced, and <a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">beacons</a> were erected at <a href="/wiki/Barseb%C3%A4ck" title="Barsebäck">Barsebäck</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A5%C3%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Råå">Råå</a> and other exposed stretches along the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96resund" class="mw-redirect" title="Öresund">Öresund</a> coast, where Stenbock expected the Danes would land. Apart from the fortress garrisons, Stenbock had only a few regiments at his disposal, and most of their men were poorly equipped. On 22 August Stenbock reported the Danish threat to the Defense Commission. The commission agreed to send three cavalry regiments from Västergötland to Scania's defense, and in October, they reassembled both the <a href="/wiki/Scanian_Hussar_Regiment" title="Scanian Hussar Regiment">Northern and Southern Scanian cavalry regiments</a>, who previously been wiped out at Poltava. Stenbock himself mustered 3,000 fresh troops. In September he issued a general declaration calling the people of Scania to fidelity to the Swedish King, to prevent <a href="/wiki/Snapphane" title="Snapphane">pro-Danish guerrilla</a> organization and collaboration. On 27 September 1709, Stenbock made an inspired speech to the citizens of Malmö, dispelling their concerns about the loss at Poltava and reminding them of their duty to their King and fatherland. Addressing the people of Scania as brethren, he was prepared to die by their side.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">You all know how the great Kings of Sweden, <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles X Gustav of Sweden">Charles X Gustav</a> and Charles XI, strived to [...] preserve this duchy and this fortress, as one of the foremost jewels within the royal Swedish crown. Still, they have never exempted themselves from wearing bloody shirts like their brave men, who let their blood flow on the sandy hills of <a href="/wiki/Assault_on_Copenhagen_(1659)" title="Assault on Copenhagen (1659)">Copenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halmstad" title="Battle of Halmstad">Halmstad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lund" title="Battle of Lund">Lund</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landskrona" title="Battle of Landskrona">Landskrona</a>. [...] Since we own a King, who with the same care watches over our well-being, why should we step away from the famous footsteps of our ancestors? I am a living witness to the good intent of His Royal Majesty, in which I for seven consecutive years have witnessed him, with peerless courage, march straight towards his enemies, in order to obtain a safe and lasting peace for his faithful subjects; thus leaving each and every one to judge, whether something would be more to our interests than to, with our faithfulness, reward His Majesty's untiring effort in his difficult campaign, and assert his immortal praise with valor. And since this duchy might be called the key to the Kingdom of the Swedes, including this fortress to the duchy, I will, as the governor of this domain, regard this as my greatest duty, that through the protection of this city, I will safeguard the welfare and property of each and every one of you, and I shall also have lives and blood unspared at all times, in my belief that you as well from now on, as honest men and faithful subjects, show your willingness in unadulterated fidelity. Thus, I am watchful of my most gracious King and fatherland, and I want to share the danger and pain with you through all ends, thereon, I bear witness to the living God.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Magnus Stenbock<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Danish_campaign_in_Scania_and_Blekinge">Danish campaign in Scania and Blekinge</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Stenbock&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Danish campaign in Scania and Blekinge">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CDReventlow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/CDReventlow.jpg/220px-CDReventlow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/CDReventlow.jpg/330px-CDReventlow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/CDReventlow.jpg/440px-CDReventlow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="1594" /></a><figcaption>Contemporary engraving of <a href="/wiki/Christian_Ditlev_Reventlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Ditlev Reventlow">Christian Ditlev Reventlow</a></figcaption></figure> The Privy Council in Stockholm received the Danish declaration of war on 18 October. By then the fortifications along the Öresund coast had been made moderately defensible, especially in Malmö where the garrison had been expanded to 3,550 men. Three cavalry regiments were positioned along the Öresund coast under Colonel Göran Gyllenstierna's command, and both Malmö and Landskrona had enough ammunition and supplies to withstand a six-month siege. On 31 October more than 250 transport vessels sailed from Copenhagen, escorted by 12 warships led by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Ulrik_Christian_Gyldenl%C3%B8ve" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulrik Christian Gyldenløve">Ulrik Christian Gyldenløve</a>. The Danish invasion army consisted of 15,000 men with <a href="/wiki/Christian_Ditlev_Reventlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Ditlev Reventlow">Christian Ditlev Reventlow</a> as commanding general. Stenbock discovered the fleet from <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_Castle" title="Malmö Castle">Malmö Castle</a> on 1 November, and a signal shot from Landskrona reported that the Danish armada had anchored at Råå. The cavalry regiments marched towards the site and positioned themselves at the villages of Raus, Katslösa and <a href="/wiki/Rya,_Sweden" title="Rya, Sweden">Rya</a>; Stenbock establishing his headquarters at the latter. Upon discovering elite Danish troops at Råå, covered by Danish warships, Stenbock decided to retreat to the southeast, destroying all the bridges along the way. By 5 November the invasion army was in full force, and took Helsingborg without resistance.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In November the Danes occupied central Scania and established supply routes from <a href="/wiki/%C3%84ngelholm" title="Ängelholm">Ängelholm</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ringsj%C3%B6n" title="Ringsjön">Ringsjön</a>. At the end of November, Malmö was blockaded by a Danish contingent of 2,000 men, while Landskrona was encircled in early December. Since the Danes lacked siege artillery, their plan was to starve out the Swedish garrisons. Stenbock was ordered by the Defense Commission to leave Malmö on 9 December to take command of a newly organized Swedish field army, which would march south towards the assembly point at Loshult. The defense of Malmö was handed over to major general Carl Gustaf Skytte and Stenbock left the city on 1 December escorted by a small company. On 7 December he established his headquarters in Kristianstad. Due to problems with supply chains, Stenbock wanted to carry out a rapid campaign to prevent the Danes from establishing a safe base of operations in southern Sweden, but he was ordered by the Defense Commission to hold his positions in northern Scania before the arrival of the Swedish field army. On 3 January 1710 Reventlow began his march towards Kristianstad with a contingent of 6,000 men and eight guns, under orders from Frederick IV to capture <a href="/wiki/Karlskrona" title="Karlskrona">Karlskrona</a> and burn the Swedish battle fleet. On Epiphany, Stenbock was briefed of this and ordered his troops from Kristianstad to transport army supplies to <a href="/wiki/Karlshamn" title="Karlshamn">Karlshamn</a> and to various villages in Småland. While he organized defenses in Karlshamn with <a href="/wiki/General_admiral" title="General admiral">General admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Wachtmeister" title="Hans Wachtmeister">Hans Wachtmeister</a> and the governors of Blekinge and Kronoberg counties, he handed over the command of the troops to Göran Gyllenstierna, who positioned the troops at fords and strategic points along the Helge River. The position at <a href="/wiki/Torsebro" title="Torsebro">Torsebro</a> was attacked by Danish troops on 13 January. Gyllenstierna was forced to retreat, and his rearguard fought against Danish cavalry units at <a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%A4lkinge" title="Fjälkinge">Fjälkinge</a>. After the battle, about 60 Swedes were killed and an entire battalion from the Saxon infantry regiment was captured. Eastern Scania and several Swedish food stores ended up in Danish hands.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wetterberg_160−161-87">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bucken_med_sine_Gedepoge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Bucken_med_sine_Gedepoge.jpg/220px-Bucken_med_sine_Gedepoge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Bucken_med_sine_Gedepoge.jpg/330px-Bucken_med_sine_Gedepoge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Bucken_med_sine_Gedepoge.jpg/440px-Bucken_med_sine_Gedepoge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1882" data-file-height="1388" /></a><figcaption>Bucken med sine Gedepoge (1851)</figcaption></figure> Stenbock gathered his remaining troops and established his headquarters in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6rrum" title="Mörrum">Mörrum</a>. There he received permission from the Defense Commission to organize levy recruits on 17 January, and received free rein to attack when the opportunity was favorable. The troops gathered in <a href="/wiki/Ronneby" title="Ronneby">Ronneby</a> on 18 January, whence the infantry was sent to Karlskrona's defense. Gyllenstierna was assigned a cavalry contingent and was ordered to destroy bridges and obstruct Danish movements in Blekinge. On 20 January Stenbock went to Växjö to assemble the field army, since Loshult was considered an insecure assembly point. On 19 January, Reventlow entered Blekinge and conquered Karlshamn, seizing supplies and 12,000 riksdaler from its citizens. The Danes withdrew on 24 January and established winter quarters from Ängelholm to <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6lvesborg" title="Sölvesborg">Sölvesborg</a>. On 21 January, Stenbock arrived in Växjö, where he met with lieutenant general Jacob Burensköld, some companies from <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland_Infantry_Regiment" title="Östergötland Infantry Regiment">Östergötland Infantry Regiment</a>, and 150 levies from Småland. Reinforcements arrived in stages during the next few days, consisting of the newly assembled <a href="/wiki/Uppland_Regiment" title="Uppland Regiment">Uppland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kronoberg_Regiment" title="Kronoberg Regiment">Kronoberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping_Regiment" title="Jönköping Regiment">Jönköping</a>, Kalmar, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland_Infantry_Regiment" title="Östergötland Infantry Regiment">Östergötland</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Regiment_(infantry)" title="Södermanland Regiment (infantry)">Södermanland infantry regiments</a>, as well as Adelsfanan, Horse Life Regiment, Småland and <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland_Cavalry_Regiment" title="Östergötland Cavalry Regiment">Östergötland</a> cavalry regiments. The army was well-equipped but was short of swords and several soldiers lacked basic uniforms. On 31 January, Stenbock broke camp and a few days later his army encamped at <a href="/wiki/Osby" title="Osby">Osby</a>. On 8 February, major general Christian Ludvig von Ascheberg joined the army along with the <a href="/wiki/%C3%84lvsborg_Regiment" title="Älvsborg Regiment">Älvsborg Regiment</a>, Saxon Infantry Regiment and Queen Dowager of the Realm's Horse Life Regiment, as well as bringing field guns and several ammunition wagons. On 11 February, Gyllenstierna arrived with his three cavalry regiments from Blekinge. Stenbock was now in command of 19 regiments and about 16,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wetterberg_160−161-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Swedish_counteroffensive_and_the_Battle_of_Helsingborg">Swedish counteroffensive and the Battle of Helsingborg</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Stenbock&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Swedish counteroffensive and the Battle of Helsingborg">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Helsingborg" title="Battle of Helsingborg">Battle of Helsingborg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VAUPELL(1870)_p1.449_Plan_der_Schlacht_von_Helsingborg,_M%C3%A4rz_1710.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/VAUPELL%281870%29_p1.449_Plan_der_Schlacht_von_Helsingborg%2C_M%C3%A4rz_1710.jpg/220px-VAUPELL%281870%29_p1.449_Plan_der_Schlacht_von_Helsingborg%2C_M%C3%A4rz_1710.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/VAUPELL%281870%29_p1.449_Plan_der_Schlacht_von_Helsingborg%2C_M%C3%A4rz_1710.jpg/330px-VAUPELL%281870%29_p1.449_Plan_der_Schlacht_von_Helsingborg%2C_M%C3%A4rz_1710.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/VAUPELL%281870%29_p1.449_Plan_der_Schlacht_von_Helsingborg%2C_M%C3%A4rz_1710.jpg/440px-VAUPELL%281870%29_p1.449_Plan_der_Schlacht_von_Helsingborg%2C_M%C3%A4rz_1710.jpg 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption>The respective positions of the Swedish and Danish armies before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Helsingborg" title="Battle of Helsingborg">battle of Helsingborg</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hj%C3%A4lmshults_kungsg%C3%A5rd_-_KMB_-_16001000020828.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Hj%C3%A4lmshults_kungsg%C3%A5rd_-_KMB_-_16001000020828.jpg/220px-Hj%C3%A4lmshults_kungsg%C3%A5rd_-_KMB_-_16001000020828.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Hj%C3%A4lmshults_kungsg%C3%A5rd_-_KMB_-_16001000020828.jpg/330px-Hj%C3%A4lmshults_kungsg%C3%A5rd_-_KMB_-_16001000020828.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Hj%C3%A4lmshults_kungsg%C3%A5rd_-_KMB_-_16001000020828.jpg/440px-Hj%C3%A4lmshults_kungsg%C3%A5rd_-_KMB_-_16001000020828.jpg 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>Hjälmshults kungsgård at <a href="/wiki/Allerum" title="Allerum">Allerum</a> was used as Stenbock's headquarters the days before and after the battle at Helsingborg.</figcaption></figure> On 12 February, the army broke camp at Osby and marched south. The same day Swedish troops met with a Danish reconnaissance patrol of 200 cavalry units under lieutenant general <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Rantzau" title="Jørgen Rantzau">Jørgen Rantzau</a> in the forests of <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4stveda" title="Hästveda">Hästveda</a>. After a short and confused battle, the Danes withdrew with the loss of forty soldiers, while the Swedes lost between three and ten. When Reventlow was informed, he decided to retreat with his troops to <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4" title="Vä">Vä</a> and later to Skarhult. Stenbock's movements were a diversion, as he had divided his field army into two columns that marched towards Hästveda and Glimminge, to trick Reventlow by threatening his headquarters in Kristianstad and force him to retreat to Helsingborg. Reventlow, however, marched south to Barsebäck, where the Danes had a good retreat route across the strait and could continue their encirclement of Malmö and control the southern plains of Scania. During a night-time reconnaissance at Ringsjön, Reventlow caught a severe cold and high fever, and he appointed lieutenant general Rantzau as his deputy on 17 February.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> On 18 February, Stenbock crossed the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6nne_(river)" title="Rönne (river)">River Rönne</a> at Forestad and Hasslebro. At <a href="/wiki/Trollen%C3%A4s_Castle" title="Trollenäs Castle">Trollenäs Castle</a>, the Uppland cavalry regiment encountered 300 Danish dragoons, who withdrew after a short battle. The next day, Rantzau positioned his army at Roslöv north of <a href="/wiki/Flyinge" title="Flyinge">Flyinge</a>, and ordered the troops besieging Malmö to withdraw immediately. After an emergency meeting with his generals on 19 February, Rantzau ordered his troops to return to Helsingborg. When Stenbock was informed that the Danes had passed Stora Harrie, he decided to pursue them and divided his army into five columns. On 20 February, Stenbock's cavalry encountered the Danish <a href="/wiki/Rearguard" title="Rearguard">rearguard</a> at <a href="/wiki/Asmundtorp" title="Asmundtorp">Asmundtorp</a>, but Stenbock called them off and withdrew to <a href="/wiki/Annel%C3%B6v" title="Annelöv">Annelöv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norrvidinge" class="mw-redirect" title="Norrvidinge">Norrvidinge</a>, since the cover of darkness and Danish shelling halted the Swedish advance. Stenbock himself galloped to Malmö to resupply, and on 24 February he returned to the army with food, reinforcements and 24 artillery pieces. He was informed that the Danes had made battle preparations at Helsingborg and, following a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_war" title="Council of war">council of war</a> with the high command, Stenbock decided to seek a confrontation with the Danes. His troops decamped from Norrvidinge on 26 February and made an evasive movement towards the heights north of Helsingborg, setting up camp at Fleninge Church the following day. Stenbock established his headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Allerum" title="Allerum">Hjälmshults</a> kungsgård a few kilometers west. The troops prepared to march at midnight and carried out an evasive movement south through <a href="/wiki/%C3%96d%C3%A5kra" title="Ödåkra">Ödåkra</a> and Pilshult.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stenbocks_getapojkar_vid_H%C3%A4lsingborg_1710.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Stenbocks_getapojkar_vid_H%C3%A4lsingborg_1710.jpg/220px-Stenbocks_getapojkar_vid_H%C3%A4lsingborg_1710.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Stenbocks_getapojkar_vid_H%C3%A4lsingborg_1710.jpg/330px-Stenbocks_getapojkar_vid_H%C3%A4lsingborg_1710.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Stenbocks_getapojkar_vid_H%C3%A4lsingborg_1710.jpg/440px-Stenbocks_getapojkar_vid_H%C3%A4lsingborg_1710.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Stenbocks getapojkar vid Hälsingborg 1710 (1897)</figcaption></figure> On the morning of 28 February Rantzau and the Danish army of 14,000 men and 32 guns were positioned on a front which stretched 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) north to south from Pålsjö forest and the Ringstorp Height to Husensjö. The troops were protected by impassable semi-frozen marshlands. Stenbock's army of 14,000 men and 36 guns was formed in a line between Senderöd and Brohuset. To get past the marshlands, Stenbock made a very time-consuming maneuver that finally placed the Swedish left wing between Brohuset and Filborna. Stenbock's maneuver succeeded in causing the Danes to leave their favorable position to avoid encirclement. Rantzau ordered the Danish right wing to advance, which started a furious cavalry fight. The Swedish cavalry suffered heavy casualties, but since the Danish right wing advanced too quickly, the Danish infantry and artillery fell behind. When they subsequently formed a new line of attack, confusion arose among the ranks, and Stenbock discovered a gap between the Danish right wing and center. He ordered an attack against the Danish center, and after heavy resistance the Danish line fell apart. During the battle's final stages, the Danes fled to Helsingborg's fortifications with Swedish cavalry units in pursuit. After three hours of battle, Danish losses amounted to 1,500 dead, 3,500 wounded and 2,700 prisoners. Among Stenbock's troops, 900 were dead and 2,100 were wounded. Lieutenant general Burensköld was captured but was exchanged a few weeks later, and Stenbock injured his back when he fell from his horse in a swamp.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnus_Stenbock_vid_Helsingborg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Magnus_Stenbock_vid_Helsingborg.jpg/220px-Magnus_Stenbock_vid_Helsingborg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Magnus_Stenbock_vid_Helsingborg.jpg/330px-Magnus_Stenbock_vid_Helsingborg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Magnus_Stenbock_vid_Helsingborg.jpg/440px-Magnus_Stenbock_vid_Helsingborg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2286" data-file-height="3492" /></a><figcaption>Magnus Stenbock at Helsingborg (1892)</figcaption></figure> The Danes entrenched themselves in Helsingborg and transported the wounded soldiers, together with the city's women and children, to <a href="/wiki/Helsing%C3%B8r" title="Helsingør">Helsingør</a>. Rantzau handed over command to major general Frantz Joachim von Dewitz. Stenbock refrained from storming the city and on 1 March he installed a battery at Pålsjö beach, which bombarded Danish ship traffic. On 3 March, Stenbock began the bombardment of Helsingborg, destroying much of the city. Frederick IV ordered von Dewitz to evacuate the city immediately and transport the troops to Zealand, and the Danish evacuation began the following day under intense Swedish artillery fire. The Danes burned their carriages, threw away their food stores and slaughtered thousands of horses which they left in the streets, basements and wells of the city. On 5 March, von Dewitz was the last Dane to leave Scania on a boat. At the entrance of the reclaimed city, Stenbock was forced to command farmers to dispose of the horse carcasses, which were buried in mass graves or dumped in the sea. Stenbock left the city on 9 March and reunited with his family in Malmö.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> After Stenbock's victory at Helsingborg, a heroic cult began to grow around him in the Swedish empire. He received personal congratulations from the Queen Dowager <a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Eleonora_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp">Hedvig Eleonora</a>, Princess <a href="/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora,_Queen_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden">Ulrika Eleonora</a>, Duke <a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_of_Holstein-Gottorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp">Charles Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp</a>, King Stanisław Leszczyński and the <a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">Duke of Marlborough</a>. Stenbock's victory was celebrated with tributes and artistic works, and a general thanksgiving ceremony was held on 18 March, where Stenbock's name was praised. In April, Stenbock traveled to Stockholm to inform the Privy Council about the new strategic situation. On arrival, he was hailed by the citizens of Stockholm and he held several victory speeches before the clergy and peasant estates. The <a href="/wiki/Riksdag_of_the_Estates" title="Riksdag of the Estates">Riksdag of the Estates</a> offered him the Bååtska palace, and on 21 May the Privy council appointed him field marshal, sending the letter of appointment to Charles XII in <a href="/wiki/Bender,_Moldova" title="Bender, Moldova">Bender</a> for the King's signature.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plague_outbreak">Plague outbreak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Stenbock&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Plague outbreak">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak" title="Great Northern War plague outbreak">Great Northern War plague outbreak</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnus_Stenbock_by_Wedekind.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Magnus_Stenbock_by_Wedekind.jpg/220px-Magnus_Stenbock_by_Wedekind.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Magnus_Stenbock_by_Wedekind.jpg/330px-Magnus_Stenbock_by_Wedekind.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Magnus_Stenbock_by_Wedekind.jpg/440px-Magnus_Stenbock_by_Wedekind.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption>Magnus Stenbock (1710)</figcaption></figure> Stenbock's field army garrisoned in the Scanian cities and villages, to defend against Danish marines, who looted the coastal villages between Kullen and Barsebäck during the spring. In the summer of 1710 Sweden had a bad harvest, and starving soldiers in Scania were forced to steal food from the peasants. Stenbock could not maintain their discipline and demanded food deliveries from other parts of the Kingdom. At the same time, he received news from Stockholm and Blekinge about strange deaths. On 10 September the Privy Council sent a message to all governors that Stockholm was suffering from a severe infection that was killing people by the hundreds. The Collegium Medicum determined that the epidemic in Stockholm was the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak" title="Great Northern War plague outbreak">bubonic plague</a>, that had ravaged the southern and eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea since autumn 1708. These signs forced Stenbock to isolate the entire Scanian region to keep the epidemic at bay. On 28 October armed barricades were placed on the major highways to Scania from Halland, Småland and Blekinge, and sentries were posted at <a href="/wiki/Margretetorp" title="Margretetorp">Margretetorp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Markaryd" title="Markaryd">Markaryd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kivik" title="Kivik">Kivik</a>. Smoking stations were erected at the barricades and travelers to Scania were forced to present a valid bill of health and to allow their belongings to be fumigated with cleansing herbs before they could enter. Letters from postal offices were also fumigated. Between 1710 and 1713, 100,000 people in Sweden succumbed to the plague, of which 20,000 were in Stockholm. Thousands of people died in Scania, mainly in Göinge and the northeastern parts of the region, while neighboring villages were free from plague-related deaths.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_Councillor">Royal Councillor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Stenbock&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Royal Councillor">edit</a>]</div> In February 1711 Stenbock received a royal order from Charles XII to resign from his governor post and install himself in Stockholm as <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Sweden" title="Privy Council of Sweden">Royal Councillor</a> and member of the Privy Council. His letter of appointment as field marshal was omitted and Burensköld was appointed as the new governor. Stenbock regarded this as an insulting downgrade, partly because, due to the Kingdom's poor economic state, he would now receive an uncertain salary as royal councillor compared to his stable income and benefits as Scanian governor, and partly because, unlike his subordinate generals, he was not promoted after the victory at Helsingborg. However, Stenbock would still be responsible for Scania's border defense, and received a royal order to build fortifications outside <a href="/wiki/Barseb%C3%A4ck" title="Barsebäck">Barsebäck</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6gan%C3%A4s" title="Höganäs">Höganäs</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6lle" title="Mölle">Mölle</a>, as well as a 2-kilometre (1.2 mi) mound at Råå. Between 1711 and 1712 Stenbock was appointed chancellor of <a href="/wiki/Lund_University" title="Lund University">Lund University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stenbock.1700.1709.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stenbock.1700.1709.jpg/220px-Stenbock.1700.1709.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stenbock.1700.1709.jpg/330px-Stenbock.1700.1709.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stenbock.1700.1709.jpg/440px-Stenbock.1700.1709.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption>Chickens (1710) by Magnus Stenbock</figcaption></figure> In Bender, Charles XII made revenge plans against Russia, and convinced the Ottoman government in the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a> to ally with Sweden. He gave orders to the Privy Council to send a field army to Pomerania, which would enter Poland from the west, while Charles XII would march from the south in command of an Ottoman army. The united armies would once again dethrone Augustus II, march against Moscow, and force Denmark to an unfavorable peace treaty. Council President <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Horn" title="Arvid Horn">Arvid Horn</a> and Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Nils_Gyllenstierna" title="Nils Gyllenstierna">Nils Gyllenstierna</a> opposed the King's plans and, in spring 1710 ratified a declaration of neutrality with the Western powers of Europe in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, favoring the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_dominions" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish dominions">Swedish dominions</a> in Germany. Since Charles XII regarded Horn as unreliable, he entrusted Stenbock with putting together and overseeing a new field army. In his first council session in April 1711 Stenbock pleaded for the King's order, which was criticized by Horn and several other council members. Stenbock was supported in this matter by Hans Wachtmeister and Stanisław Leszczyński, who had sought protection in <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a>, and was granted an annual <a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">appanage</a> by the King, a decision which angered the council. When Denmark, Russia and Saxony learned of Charles XII's dismissive attitude towards the declaration of neutrality, a Danish army of 30,000 men entered Pomerania through <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg" title="Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a> in August 1711, while Saxon troops marched from the south. Frederick IV and Augustus II converged outside of <a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a>, to which they later <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stralsund_(1711%E2%80%9315)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Stralsund (1711–15)">laid siege</a>. King Stanisław traveled to Sweden, met with Stenbock in Kristianstad, and went to the Privy Council to ask for reinforcements.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The Privy Council agreed to send four infantry regiments of 4,000 men to Stralsund's defense. With the council's approval, Stenbock traveled to Karlskrona in October to assist Wachtmeister with the preparations and execution of the troop transport. The transport fleet sailed on 24 November and a few days later the troops were debarked at Perd on the island of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCgen" title="Rügen">Rügen</a>. Stralsund's commandant, lieutenant general <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_D%C3%BCcker" title="Carl Gustaf Dücker">Carl Gustaf Dücker</a>, regarded these reinforcements as less than he had hoped for, since he was informed that the Danes and the Saxons would carry out a major offensive the following year. Stenbock returned to Karlskrona in early December, and at Christmas received a royal order to guard the Swedish west coast, while lieutenant general Gustaf Adam Taube would lead Scania's defense in Stenbock's absence.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Order_of_mobilization">Order of mobilization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Stenbock&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Order of mobilization">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnus_Stenbock,_1712.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Magnus_Stenbock%2C_1712.jpg/220px-Magnus_Stenbock%2C_1712.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Magnus_Stenbock%2C_1712.jpg/330px-Magnus_Stenbock%2C_1712.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Magnus_Stenbock%2C_1712.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>Magnus Stenbock (1712)</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a>, on 19 May 1712, Stenbock received a new order from Charles XII, this time that he would immediately transport a field army to Pomerania. He was authorized to carry out the transport independently of the Privy Council. He would also submit to King Stanisław Leszczyński and consult with Mauritz Vellingk, who was now governor of Bremen-Verden and commanding general of the Swedish troops in Germany. Stenbock and King Stanisław were to organize the transport in consultation with Wachtmeister and the Admiralty in Karlskrona.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wetterberg_182−183-110">[110]</a> In mid-June 1712 Stenbock spoke with King Stanisław and the council members Horn and Gyllenstierna in Vadstena, where he presented the financial requirements from Karlskrona for a contribution of 200,000 daler silver coins and 1,500 experienced sailors. Horn and Gyllenstierna were able to obtain only a quarter of the requested amount, citing the Kingdom's general distress and shortage of funds. Stenbock accompanied them to Stockholm and together with <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Cronhielm" title="Gustaf Cronhielm">Gustaf Cronhielm</a>, Stenbock spoke with the head of the Agency for Public Management to find out about the Kingdom's financial situation. Together they set up a financing proposal that would address the population with appeals for money loans, mainly from the wealthier subjects. Throughout July, Stenbock undertook his borrowing campaign by sending letters to the Swedish governors and magistrates, and holding speeches and banquets in Stockholm. He appealed to the bourgeoisie for money and cargo vessels to bring the King back to Sweden, as well as to improve the badly damaged Swedish foreign trade. In a short time, Stenbock and his helpers collected 400,000 daler and a loan of nine double-decked bulk carriers. With this contribution, the Swedish high command was able to send decampment orders to the regiments, purchase grain, muster sailors and assemble a transport fleet in Karlskrona at the end of July, while the war fleet was made combat-ready.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wetterberg_182−183-110">[110]</a> Stenbock left Stockholm and spent a week in Vapnö to say goodbye to his family. In August, Wachtmeister sailed with a fleet of 27 warships from Karlskrona. Stenbock joined the transport fleet at anchor in Karlshamn on 23 August, and set sail for Rügen. The following day, Wachtmeister chased off a Danish fleet led by Admiral Gyldenløve, who retreated to Copenhagen, while Wachtmeister dropped anchor in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B8ge_Bugt" class="mw-redirect" title="Køge Bugt">Køge Bugt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_in_Northern_Germany">Campaign in Northern Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Stenbock&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Campaign in Northern Germany">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnus_Stenbock_by_Bernigeroth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnus_Stenbock_by_Bernigeroth.jpg/220px-Magnus_Stenbock_by_Bernigeroth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnus_Stenbock_by_Bernigeroth.jpg/330px-Magnus_Stenbock_by_Bernigeroth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnus_Stenbock_by_Bernigeroth.jpg/440px-Magnus_Stenbock_by_Bernigeroth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2082" data-file-height="3303" /></a><figcaption>Magnus Stenbock (1713)</figcaption></figure> On 25 August Stenbock landed at <a href="/wiki/Wittow" title="Wittow">Wittow</a> on the north coast of Rügen and toured for the next few days between Stralsund and various places on Rügen. On 14 September the rest of the transport fleet anchored at Wittow, and two days later, 9,500 men and twenty guns disembarked from the ships. Most of the troops were accommodated on Rügen, while some were sent to Stralsund. On the night between 18 and 19 September, the transport fleet that was anchored at Langkenhoff suffered a surprise attack from Gyldenløve's fleet, who bypassed Wachtmeister's battle fleet. Over 50 Swedish transport ships were lost during the attack, half of which were captured by the Danes, and most of the winter storages were lost.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wetterberg_182−183-110">[110]</a> The loss of the transport fleet was a major logistical problem for Stenbock and the Swedish troops in Germany. Stenbock sent a message to the Privy Council to send a new transport fleet with fresh winter supplies and 4,000 cavalry units that had not yet been transported from Sweden. Meanwhile, Stenbock was ordered by King Stanisław to begin secret negotiations with the Saxon Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Heinrich_von_Flemming" title="Jacob Heinrich von Flemming">Jacob Heinrich von Flemming</a> to investigate the possibility of a separate peace with King Augustus II. The meeting took place on 11 October in Pütte, 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) west of Stralsund, where Stenbock, together with major generals Georg Reinhold Patkul and Fredrik von Mevius, negotiated with Flemming and his companions, the Russian <a href="/wiki/Master-General_of_the_Ordnance" title="Master-General of the Ordnance">Master-General of the Ordnance</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bruce" title="Jacob Bruce">Jacob Bruce</a> and the Danish colonels Bendix Meyer and <a href="/wiki/Poul_Vendelbo_L%C3%B8ven%C3%B8rn" title="Poul Vendelbo Løvenørn">Poul Vendelbo Løvenørn</a>. Because Flemming rejected King Stanisław's demands regarding Lithuania the negotiations were inconclusive. Stenbock held a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_war" title="Council of war">council of war</a> with his generals and colonels to decide by which route they should march. Since the road to Poland was devastated and blocked by between 20,000 and 30,000 Russian and Saxon troops, Stenbock decided to go west to Mecklenburg where the troops could establish reliable supply lines.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> On 1 November, 16,000 men marched out of Stralsund under Stenbock's direct command. They moved parallel to the enemy lines, which were concentrated south of Stralsund. They crossed the <a href="/wiki/Recknitz" title="Recknitz">Recknitz</a> river at <a href="/wiki/Ribnitz-Damgarten" title="Ribnitz-Damgarten">Damgarten</a> on 4 November, and entered <a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a> without a fight ten days later. Stenbock set up headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Schwaan" title="Schwaan">Schwaan</a>, south of Rostock, and established communications with Wismar. In Mecklenburg, the contribution collection commenced under the command of General War Commissar Peter Malmberg, and the Swedes confiscated significant quantities of food, wagons and horses. At the same time, Danish troops remained around <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> and Danish <a href="/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein">Holstein</a>, while Saxon and Russian troops advanced from the east. On 5 November Stenbock and King Stanisław negotiated with Flemming. Stanisław announced his thoughts on giving up the Polish crown, which created opportunities for an <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">armistice</a>. On 24 November Stenbock was ordered by King Stanisław to discuss a three-month armistice with the enemy alliance. The negotiations, between Stenbock and major general Carl Gustaf Mellin on one side and Flemming, the Russian commander <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Danilovich_Menshikov" title="Alexander Danilovich Menshikov">Prince Alexander Menshikov</a> and Colonels Meyer and Løvenørn on the other, took place a few days later in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCssow,_G%C3%BCstrow" title="Lüssow, Güstrow">Lüssow</a>. Stenbock was also given the opportunity to discuss directly with Augustus II, who was not a participant at the talks, but as a guest of the widowed duchess <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Sibylla_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Magdalena Sibylla of Holstein-Gottorp">Magdalena Sibylla</a> in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCstrow" title="Güstrow">Güstrow</a>. The parties agreed to a two-week ceasefire, starting on 1 December, which allowed the Swedes to collect food reserves and gave them more time to assemble a new transport fleet. On 29 November, King Stanisław departed towards Bender to inform Charles XII about the negotiations. Stenbock remained in Wismar for two weeks due to severe colic attacks. He was informed that a transport fleet under Admiral Gustaf Wattrang had assembled in Karlskrona and tried to sail to Wismar, but due to frequent storms, the fleet failed three times.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wetterberg_184−185-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Gadebusch">Battle of Gadebusch</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Stenbock&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Battle of Gadebusch">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gadebusch" title="Battle of Gadebusch">Battle of Gadebusch</a></div> At the end of the truce, Stenbock was informed that a large Danish army had broken into Mecklenburg from the west and attacked Malmberg's supply troops. To prevent the Danes from joining the other allies, Stenbock decided to prepare his army to march. On 15 December, the Swedes destroyed the bridges across the <a href="/wiki/Warnow" title="Warnow">Warnow</a> river, securing the army's rear and flanks, and the army moved west the following morning. Two days later, they stopped at <a href="/wiki/Karow,_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Karow, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Karow</a>, where Stenbock was informed that the Danes encamped at <a href="/wiki/Gadebusch" title="Gadebusch">Gadebusch</a> and that Saxon cavalry regiments were about to join them. 16,000 Danish troops had set up camp outside Gadebusch's walls under the command of lieutenant general Jobst von Scholten, while King Frederick IV established headquarters in the city's castle. On 18 December Stenbock marched against Gadebusch and divided his army into columns. He camped at the Lütken Brütz mansion, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) east of Gadebusch, on 19 December, where his troops were discovered by Scholten's reconnaissance units after midnight. At daybreak the Danish and Swedish troops prepared for combat.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnus_Stenbock_vid_Gadebusch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Magnus_Stenbock_vid_Gadebusch.png/220px-Magnus_Stenbock_vid_Gadebusch.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Magnus_Stenbock_vid_Gadebusch.png/330px-Magnus_Stenbock_vid_Gadebusch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Magnus_Stenbock_vid_Gadebusch.png/440px-Magnus_Stenbock_vid_Gadebusch.png 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>Contemporary illustration of Magnus Stenbock at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gadebusch" title="Battle of Gadebusch">battle of Gadebusch</a> in 1712</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gadebusch1712.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gadebusch1712.jpg/220px-Gadebusch1712.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gadebusch1712.jpg/330px-Gadebusch1712.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gadebusch1712.jpg/440px-Gadebusch1712.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5511" data-file-height="7854" /></a><figcaption>Map of the battle of Gadebusch (1712)</figcaption></figure> On the morning of 20 December, the Danes took up defensive positions at Wakenstädt, 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) south of Gadebusch, in anticipation of a Swedish attack. In the meantime Flemming arrived with Saxon reinforcements. A total of 16,000 Danes and 3,500 Saxons stood before Stenbock's army, which numbered about 14,000. At the advice of the artillery commander Carl Cronstedt, Stenbock let his artillery play an important role in the battle. It was placed in front of the infantry under the protection of one infantry battalion. At 700 metres (2,300 ft) from the enemy ranks, the Swedish guns bombarded the Danish line; then they were pulled forward with horses and a new bombardment started. At the beginning of the battle, the Swedish cavalry on the right wing surrounded the Danish cavalry on the left wing. The Danes began to flee backwards, but when they received Saxon reinforcements, the Swedish advance was stopped. The breakthrough left the Danish infantry on the left unprotected. The Swedish infantry advanced in columns and, only when in the immediate vicinity of the enemy, formed a line and opened fire. The Swedish infantry was successful, especially on the right where they penetrated the unprotected Danish cavalry. The Danish infantry sustained heavy losses, but through Saxon reinforcements, the Danish right wing managed to repel the Swedish attacks. The battle faded during dusk and the remaining Danish and Saxon troops withdrew to Holstein. The Swedish cavalry were too exhausted to pursue them. Danish losses amounted to 2,500 dead and injured, while the Saxon losses were between 700 and 900 killed and injured. In addition, 2,500 Danes and 100 Saxons were taken prisoners. Swedish losses came to 550 killed and 1,000 injured.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The exhausted Swedish troops were quartered at various locations between Gadebusch and Wismar, while Stenbock went to Wismar with his prisoners and wounded soldiers. Stenbock's victory was celebrated across Sweden, and he received letters of congratulations from the Queen Dowager and Princess of Sweden, Duke <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William,_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Frederick William, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Frederick William of Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a> and King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Wilhelm_I_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Wilhelm I of Prussia">Frederick Wilhelm I of Prussia</a>. In addition, King Louis XIV mentioned Stenbock in his New Year's speech before his court in <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Versailles</a>, and Charles XII ratified Stenbock's appointment as Field Marshal. The letter of appointment was issued in January 1713 and arrived with Stenbock in July the same year.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Burning_of_Altona">Burning of Altona</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Stenbock&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Burning of Altona">edit</a>]</div> On 30 December, Stenbock marched across the <a href="/wiki/Trave" title="Trave">Trave</a> river into Holstein, to support his troops from there. From his headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Bad_Schwartau" title="Bad Schwartau">Schwartau</a>, he sent proclamations regarding contributions to both the Danish and Ducal parts of Holstein, as well as to the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanseatic City of Lübeck">Hanseatic City of Lübeck</a>. He sent orders to Governor General Mauritz Vellingk requesting large quantities of clothing for his troops. Vellingk was posted in Hamburg since September 1712, following the occupation of Stade and Bremen-Verden by Danish troops. As Vellingk wanted to avenge the Danes for their destruction of Stade, he advised Stenbock to march into the Danish part of Holstein to destroy the Danish city of <a href="/wiki/Altona,_Hamburg" title="Altona, Hamburg">Altona</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> river. On 7 January 1713 Stenbock established his headquarters in Pinneberg, north of Hamburg, while Colonels Ulrich Carl von Bassewitz and Johan Carl Strömfelt were sent to Altona with 200 cavalry and 800 dragoon units. On the following morning Stenbock arrived in Altona and arrested the city's provisional bourgeois commission, causing the citizens to negotiate a ransom of 36,000 riksdaler. When Stenbock discussed the matter with Vellingk in Hamburg later that day, the latter argued that Altona must be burned, since the city and its large quantities of food posed a strategic interest for the Allies. Stenbock, however, argued that the city's destruction would cause retaliatory action in Swedish Pomerania and Bremen, and that he had promised the people of Holstein that they were safe if they stayed calm and paid contributions. Vellingk warned Stenbock that unless the city was set on fire, he would suffer unpleasant consequences. Stenbock returned to Altona that evening, threatening its citizens that he would burn the city to the ground if they could not give him 100,000 riksdaler before midnight. Even though Bassewitz persuaded Stenbock to reduce the ransom to 50,000 riksdaler, the citizens were unable to collect the sum in such a short time. They panicked and pleaded with Stenbock to spare their lives. Nevertheless, Stenbock left Altona and ordered Strömfelt to burn it down.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wetterberg_184−185-121">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altona.brand.1713.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Altona.brand.1713.jpg/220px-Altona.brand.1713.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Altona.brand.1713.jpg/330px-Altona.brand.1713.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Altona.brand.1713.jpg/440px-Altona.brand.1713.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hamburg-Altona" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg-Altona">Altona</a> burns to the ground</figcaption></figure> On the night between 8 and 9 January the citizens of Altona were dragged out of their homes by Stromfelt's dragoons, who then ignited the houses. By the morning of 9 January Altona was transformed into a smoldering ghost town, and hundreds of the citizens died in the flames or froze to death. Only a few hundred of the city's 2,000 houses survived the fire. After the destruction, Stenbock sent a letter to government official <a href="/wiki/Ditlev_Vibe" title="Ditlev Vibe">Ditlev Vibe</a>, stating that he found himself compelled by "justification and an inevitable necessity" to burn down Altona. The Allies sharply criticized Stenbock's action. He received a personal letter from Flemming and Scholten expressing their disgust. Stenbock's act of violence was difficult to defend since Altona's citizens were defenseless and of the same <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran-evangelical</a> denomination as the Swedes. He now became a target of anti-Swedish propaganda and a notorious, bloodthirsty arsonist. His actions became widely known as "der Schwedenbrand" (the Swedish Bonfire) or "die Schwedische Einäscherung" (the Swedish Cremation).<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_T%C3%B6nning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Map_of_T%C3%B6nning.jpg/220px-Map_of_T%C3%B6nning.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Map_of_T%C3%B6nning.jpg/330px-Map_of_T%C3%B6nning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Map_of_T%C3%B6nning.jpg/440px-Map_of_T%C3%B6nning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6nning" title="Tönning">Tönning</a> at the time of the Great Northern War</figcaption></figure> In mid-January Danish and Saxon troops approached Hamburg, and a Russian army under Tsar Peter I marched from Mecklenburg towards Holstein. On 18 January, Stenbock and his army crossed the <a href="/wiki/Eider_Canal" title="Eider Canal">Eider Canal</a>, marched into <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig" title="Duchy of Schleswig">Schleswig</a> and set up camp in <a href="/wiki/Husum" title="Husum">Husum</a>. Cavalry divisions under Bassewitz and Strömfelt were sent to <a href="/wiki/Flensburg" title="Flensburg">Flensburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aabenraa" title="Aabenraa">Aabenraa</a>. From there, they reported that the northern roads, following heavy rainfalls, were turned into mud and that the villages and farms in the surrounding area were abandoned and emptied of food and valuables. On 22 January, Stenbock held a council of war, where they agreed to occupy the <a href="/wiki/Eiderstedt" title="Eiderstedt">Eiderstedt</a> peninsula and establish food stores under the protection of Holstein-Gottorp's main fortress, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6nning" title="Tönning">Tönning</a>. Following the destruction of Altona Stenbock had entered negotiations with secret envoys from Holstein-Gottorp, which was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Christian_August_of_Holstein-Gottorp,_Prince_of_Eutin" title="Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince of Eutin">Christian August</a>. When the duchy was threatened with destruction by Denmark and its allies, Christian August wanted to use Stenbock's army to defend it. A secret treaty, in which the Swedes were guaranteed Tönning's protection while they in return would ensure the protection of the Duchy during future peace negotiations with Denmark, was signed by Stenbock, Christian August and Geheimräte Henrik Reventlow, Johan Claesson Banér, and <a href="/wiki/Georg_Heinrich_von_G%C3%B6rtz" title="Georg Heinrich von Görtz">Georg Heinrich von Görtz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The allied troops crossed the Eider Canal on 23 January, and a few days later Stenbock's troops clashed with Russian troops at the bridge of <a href="/wiki/Hollingstedt" title="Hollingstedt">Hollingstedt</a> between Husum and the city of <a href="/wiki/Schleswig,_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig</a>. Afterwards Stenbock marched to Eiderstedt, spread his troops around the peninsula, and built small redoubts at strategic locations. At the beginning of February, Danish and Saxon troops commenced their attack from Husum while Russian troops advanced across <a href="/wiki/Friedrichstadt" title="Friedrichstadt">Friedrichstadt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koldenb%C3%BCttel" title="Koldenbüttel">Koldenbüttel</a>. Stenbock retreated towards Tönning and lost several cannons and food stores to the Allies. The Swedish vanguard entered Tönning on 14 February, and were followed by the rest of the infantry, about 2,000 sick soldiers, and the cavalry, who camped on the plains outside the fortress. Stenbock delegated command of the army to major general Georg Reinhold Patkul and Stackelberg, and, together with the cavalry, Stenbock tried to cross the Eider Canal with boats and obtain reinforcements from Sweden. The ship transport failed due to heavy winds, and Tsar Peter moved towards the Swedish bridgehead with 10,000 Russian troops. Stenbock sounded the retreat and half of his cavalry surrendered to the Russians, while the rest slaughtered their horses and escaped to Tönning.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surrender_at_Tönning">Surrender at Tönning</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Stenbock&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Surrender at Tönning">edit</a>]</div> Inside Tönning's walls, 12,000 Swedes were crowded with soldiers and citizens from Holstein. The fortress lacked firewood, food and drinkable water. The Privy Council rejected Stenbock's cries of distress, referring to the Kingdom's critical situation. From the sea, Tönning was blocked by Danish warships, and Stenbock could not expect any help from Charles XII, since he had been informed by Vellingk that the King had been transferred to <a href="/wiki/Didymoteicho" title="Didymoteicho">Demotika</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Skirmish_at_Bender" title="Skirmish at Bender">skirmish at Bender</a>. The Ottomans could no longer trust Swedish arms when Stenbock, instead of breaking into Poland, chose to negotiate with the enemy. Stenbock began to feel depressed on account of his setbacks, often quarreling with the fortress Commandant Zacharias Wolf, and locked himself in his chamber. He wrote angry letters to the Privy Council and several defensive statements regarding his actions in the campaign. Afterwards, Stenbock reluctantly held an audience with Baron von Görtz, who said that the fortress only had supplies for three months, that the allied troops had started their advance towards the fortress walls, and suggested that Stenbock consider "an honorable capitulation". When Stenbock's troops entered Tönning, the Danes considered the formerly neutral duchy to be a warring nation. Between 16 and 18 February Danish troops occupied the ducal parts of Schleswig, sent the duchy's troops to <a href="/wiki/Rendsburg" title="Rendsburg">Rendsburg</a> as prisoners of war, and replaced the ducal officials with Danish counterparts, while Christian August fled to Hamburg.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolai_Abildgaard_-_Magnus_Stenbock_Surrenders_the_Fortress_of_T%C3%B8nningen_to_Frederik_IV_in_1714_-_KMS1139g_-_Statens_Museum_for_Kunst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Nicolai_Abildgaard_-_Magnus_Stenbock_Surrenders_the_Fortress_of_T%C3%B8nningen_to_Frederik_IV_in_1714_-_KMS1139g_-_Statens_Museum_for_Kunst.jpg/220px-Nicolai_Abildgaard_-_Magnus_Stenbock_Surrenders_the_Fortress_of_T%C3%B8nningen_to_Frederik_IV_in_1714_-_KMS1139g_-_Statens_Museum_for_Kunst.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Nicolai_Abildgaard_-_Magnus_Stenbock_Surrenders_the_Fortress_of_T%C3%B8nningen_to_Frederik_IV_in_1714_-_KMS1139g_-_Statens_Museum_for_Kunst.jpg/330px-Nicolai_Abildgaard_-_Magnus_Stenbock_Surrenders_the_Fortress_of_T%C3%B8nningen_to_Frederik_IV_in_1714_-_KMS1139g_-_Statens_Museum_for_Kunst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Nicolai_Abildgaard_-_Magnus_Stenbock_Surrenders_the_Fortress_of_T%C3%B8nningen_to_Frederik_IV_in_1714_-_KMS1139g_-_Statens_Museum_for_Kunst.jpg/440px-Nicolai_Abildgaard_-_Magnus_Stenbock_Surrenders_the_Fortress_of_T%C3%B8nningen_to_Frederik_IV_in_1714_-_KMS1139g_-_Statens_Museum_for_Kunst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3136" data-file-height="5024" /></a><figcaption>Magnus Stenbock surrenders the fortress of Tönning to Frederik IV</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoyerswort_Herrenhaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hoyerswort_Herrenhaus.jpg/220px-Hoyerswort_Herrenhaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hoyerswort_Herrenhaus.jpg/330px-Hoyerswort_Herrenhaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hoyerswort_Herrenhaus.jpg/440px-Hoyerswort_Herrenhaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Stenbock signed the surrender agreement on <a href="/wiki/Oldenswort" title="Oldenswort">Oldenswort</a>'s Manor on 16 May 1713.</figcaption></figure> Baron von Görtz's goal was to re-establish Holstein-Gottorp as a sovereign principality, and through Flemming he received an audience with Frederick IV. Görtz succeeded in convincing the King that Christian August was unaware of the events surrounding Tönning. After several meetings with Flemming, Vibe and other dignitaries, Görtz received a letter promising that Holstein-Gottorp would regain its fiefs and rights if Görtz convinced the Swedes to surrender. Görtz returned to Tönning on 16 April. At that time, 2,000 Swedish soldiers had died inside the fortress, diseases spread, and discipline was impossible to maintain, resulting in the desertion of several soldiers. The fortress was surrounded by 30,000 allied troops, who dug trenches outside the walls and brought forth heavy siege artillery. Stenbock convened with his subordinate officers regarding a probable surrender, and the officers agreed to begin negotiations, with Görtz acting as an <a href="/wiki/Intermediary" title="Intermediary">intermediary</a>. A Swedish delegation was sent to <a href="/wiki/Simonsberg,_Germany" title="Simonsberg, Germany">Simonsberg</a> to negotiate with the Danish representatives, and on 21 April a Danish <a href="/wiki/Ultimatum" title="Ultimatum">ultimatum</a> was presented to the Swedish army. The ultimatum, bearing Frederick IV's signature, required the Swedes to surrender their firearms, colors and artillery. Stenbock rejected the proposal and sent back Görtz, who claimed that he could procure a better agreement. However, Frederick IV became tired of Görtz, and on 3 May Stenbock learned that the Danes canceled all negotiations. Shortly thereafter, a Danish colonel informed the Swedes that they had 24 hours to consider the King's ultimatum. Otherwise, the siege artillery would begin their bombardment.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Stenbock received a passport and an invitation to <a href="/wiki/Oldenswort" title="Oldenswort">Oldenswort</a> for direct negotiations with Frederick IV and the allied commanders. He headed a delegation consisting of two major generals and four colonels. The negotiations, which were held in Prince Menshikov's quarters, lasted for over a week. The final agreement still forced the Swedes to hand over their firearms, horses, artillery and colors, but they were permitted to keep their luggage and uniforms, as well as letters and documents. Transport of the troops back to Sweden would also be allowed in due course, after exchange of prisoners. Tönning would remain in the hands of the duchy, and Flemming and Menshikov assured that the siege would be lifted as soon as the Swedes exited the fortress. After a final council of war with his officers in Tönning, Stenbock was persuaded to accept the terms, and the surrender agreement was signed in Oldenwort on 16 May. Stenbock proclaimed his surrender in a letter to Charles XII. On 20 May, around 9,000 Swedish soldiers and 1,000 officers marched out of Tönning and were taken to Danish prison camps. Stenbock accompanied Frederick IV to Oldenswort as guest of honor at the King's table.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Captivity_(1713–1717)">Captivity (1713–1717)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Stenbock&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Captivity (1713–1717)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letter_correspondence">Letter correspondence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Stenbock&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Letter correspondence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnus_Stenbock,_sj%C3%A4lvportr%C3%A4tt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Magnus_Stenbock%2C_sj%C3%A4lvportr%C3%A4tt.png/220px-Magnus_Stenbock%2C_sj%C3%A4lvportr%C3%A4tt.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Magnus_Stenbock%2C_sj%C3%A4lvportr%C3%A4tt.png/330px-Magnus_Stenbock%2C_sj%C3%A4lvportr%C3%A4tt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Magnus_Stenbock%2C_sj%C3%A4lvportr%C3%A4tt.png/440px-Magnus_Stenbock%2C_sj%C3%A4lvportr%C3%A4tt.png 2x" data-file-width="2116" data-file-height="1808" /></a><figcaption>This self-portrait, painted by Magnus Stenbock during his captivity in Denmark, was completed during the summer or autumn of 1713. The fortress of Tönning, where his army surrendered had in May that year, can be seen in the background. On the paper, held by Stenbock, is written: Lord, release your prisoner. The portrait was a gift to the Danish king; today it is exhibited in the museum of <a href="/wiki/Rosenborg_Castle" title="Rosenborg Castle">Rosenborg Castle</a> in Copenhagen.</figcaption></figure> During the captivity, General War Commissar Malmberg was responsible for prisoner exchange talks, while Stenbock paid 8,000 riksdaler out of his own pocket for the prisoners' needs. By Christmas of 1713, about half of the 10,000 Swedish prisoners had died of hunger and exhaustion, escaped, or entered Danish service. In his quarters in Flensburg, Stenbock devoted his time to his artistic interests, and wrote new defensive statements in which he blamed Vellingk, Görtz and the Privy Council in Stockholm for his surrender. Colonel Carl Cronstedt and major general Carl Gustaf Wulfrath were sent to Sweden to carry out fundraising and assemble means of transport, and at the same time, they visited Vapnö to give presents and letters from Stenbock to Eva and their children. In June, Wulfrath was able to transfer 100,000 riksdaler to Vellingk in Hamburg, and a smaller Swedish transport fleet was sent to Åbenrå. However, the sum of money was first reduced by a poor rate of exchange in Hamburg, then Vellingk used some of the money for Wismar's rearmament, on the orders of the Privy Council. The remaining amount was not enough to free the prisoners, and on 18 August Vellingk was told that the Privy Council had given up hope of procuring the prisoners' release, and that Sweden's remaining resources must be used for the defense of the kingdom's borders.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_af_Stenbukkens_Gaard_p%C3%A5_H%C3%B8jbro_Plads.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Illustration_af_Stenbukkens_Gaard_p%C3%A5_H%C3%B8jbro_Plads.png/220px-Illustration_af_Stenbukkens_Gaard_p%C3%A5_H%C3%B8jbro_Plads.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Illustration_af_Stenbukkens_Gaard_p%C3%A5_H%C3%B8jbro_Plads.png/330px-Illustration_af_Stenbukkens_Gaard_p%C3%A5_H%C3%B8jbro_Plads.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Illustration_af_Stenbukkens_Gaard_p%C3%A5_H%C3%B8jbro_Plads.png/440px-Illustration_af_Stenbukkens_Gaard_p%C3%A5_H%C3%B8jbro_Plads.png 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="869" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Marsvin" title="Ellen Marsvin">Marsvin</a> Estate (also known as Stenbukkens Gaard) at <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8jbro_Plads" title="Højbro Plads">Højbro Plads</a> in Copenhagen.</figcaption></figure> On 20 November, Stenbock was brought with his servants to Copenhagen and moved into the <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Marsvin" title="Ellen Marsvin">Marsvin</a> Estate, a palace located at <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8jbro_Plads" title="Højbro Plads">Højbro Plads</a> not far from <a href="/wiki/Str%C3%B8get" title="Strøget">Strøget</a>. Four Danish grenadiers were posted outside the palace windows, and two Danish colonels were Stenbock's personal wardens. In the company of the colonels, Stenbock was able to move freely in Copenhagen, and the Danes reviewed all his letters and books. Immediately after his arrival, Stenbock began to write yet another defensive statement, this time directed at Görtz and Frederick IV, and addressed to all "revered brothers, loving and highly honored Swedish compatriots".<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Stenbock's stay in Marsvin Estate attracted people from Copenhagen's richer circles, who wanted to see and exchange words with him, including Frederick IV's councillors Ditlev Vibe, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Christophersen_Sehested" title="Christian Christophersen Sehested">Christian Christophersen Sehested</a>, and Valentin von Eickstedt, as well as foreign envoys such as Prince <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Lukich_Dolgorukov" title="Vasily Lukich Dolgorukov">Vasily Lukich Dolgorukov</a> and Poussin, an envoy from France. The latter received direct orders from Versailles to assist the Swedish Crown's interests in Copenhagen. Poussin's benevolence and respect helped to make Stenbock's captivity more bearable, and from Poussin, Stenbock received rumors and gossip from Frederick IV's court. With this information, Stenbock sent letters with Poussin's seal to the Privy Council and Princess Ulrika Eleonora.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Alongside Poussin, Stenbock made some contacts that helped him with confidential deliveries. One of these was Aron Goldzier, a merchant who supplied his home with groceries daily, and whom Stenbock used to send and receive letters unnoticed. Another contact was Johan Lyth, who owned a diner in the adjoining floor at Marsvin Estate and, through the cracks of the wall, conveyed secret mail between Lyth and Stenbock's servants. Stenbock used various pseudonyms in his letters, such as Mattias Maas, Zacharias Hinder and Catharina Hinder, and several of them were compiled in ciphered form. He exchanged several letters with Eva, who, through her network of contacts, gave Stenbock information from the Privy Council, as well as small money exchanges and gifts.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planned_escape">Planned escape</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Stenbock&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Planned escape">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stenbock_vid_svarfstolen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Stenbock_vid_svarfstolen.jpg/220px-Stenbock_vid_svarfstolen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Stenbock_vid_svarfstolen.jpg/330px-Stenbock_vid_svarfstolen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Stenbock_vid_svarfstolen.jpg/440px-Stenbock_vid_svarfstolen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3438" data-file-height="2505" /></a><figcaption>Stenbock by the Lathe (1891–1894)</figcaption></figure> After his arrival at Marsvin Estate, Stenbock received a letter from Malmberg, in which he inquired about the opportunities to escape from captivity. Initially, Stenbock rejected a plan of escape, since a failed attempt would seriously harm his reputation. But when the prospect of a release became unrealistic, and Stenbock's surveillance tightened, he reluctantly changed his attitude. On 1 May 1714 Stenbock sent a letter to Charles XII discussing a potential escape. Shortly thereafter, he gave Malmberg approval to rent a ship to transfer him to Sweden during the summer of 1714. In Lübeck, on 5 July, Malmberg signed a formal contract with <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> skipper Christian Rötke. The escape plan was that Rötke and his crew would sail to Copenhagen under Prussian flag to deposit a cargo of firewood from Stralsund. The skipper would then visit Stenbock, smuggle him out of his home, and put him ashore on the Scanian coast. However, Stenbock sent a letter to Malmberg on 13 July calling off the project, as he thought the plan was too risky and unclear. On 27 July, he informed Malmberg that Marsvin Estate was patrolled at night by over three guards, and that the guards strip-searched all who went in or out of the building. On the same day, he wrote a letter to the city commandant Hans Christoph von Schönfeldt, in which he complained about the harsh surveillance and that, as a man of honor, he was unaccustomed to seek escape. At the same time, he helped his secretary Andreas Peter Wiingren to burn the drafts of all his letters and notes from the past six months, and with Poussin's help, he smuggled sensitive documents to Hamburg.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_Roosters_and_a_Hen_(Magnus_Stenbock)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_21857.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Two_Roosters_and_a_Hen_%28Magnus_Stenbock%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_21857.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Two_Roosters_and_a_Hen_%28Magnus_Stenbock%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_21857.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Two_Roosters_and_a_Hen_%28Magnus_Stenbock%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_21857.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Two_Roosters_and_a_Hen_%28Magnus_Stenbock%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_21857.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Two_Roosters_and_a_Hen_%28Magnus_Stenbock%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_21857.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Two_Roosters_and_a_Hen_%28Magnus_Stenbock%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_21857.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1527" /></a><figcaption>Two roosters and a hen (1713) by Magnus Stenbock</figcaption></figure> A few days later Stenbock received a reply from Schönfeldt, with a royal order to confine Stenbock into two interior rooms in Marsvin Estate and separate him from all but two of his servants. Schönfeldt appointed seven colonels to take turns guarding Stenbock, and the guard force was increased to ten posts. On 6 August Christian Rötke arrived in Copenhagen and explored the possibilities for Stenbock's escape. A few days later, Rötke and his crew were arrested by Danish soldiers and imprisoned at <a href="/wiki/Holmen,_Copenhagen" title="Holmen, Copenhagen">Holmen</a>. Frederick IV was aware of Stenbock's escape plan thanks to his royal post spy, the postal inspector Christian Erlund. He had controlled Stenbock's secret correspondence and had deciphered his encrypted correspondence with Malmberg. Later, Erlund learned how to plagiarize the different cursive methods in the letters to be able to manipulate the mail to and from Marsvin Estate. Erlund was then able to tip a Danish Vice Admiral posted at <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%B8vestenen,_Copenhagen" title="Prøvestenen, Copenhagen">Prøvestenen</a> about Rötke's ship, trace Stenbock's secret documents in Hamburg, and seize Stenbock's field archive, which had been placed, along with secret documents, in a coffin at the Swedish agent Herman Fock's hideout in Lübeck. The coffin was presented to Frederick IV and his councillors; it contained 45 folders of letters from, among others, Charles XII, King Stanisław, Christian August and the ministers of the Ducal Holstein, the Swedish Privy Council, and Vellingk. The biggest find for the Danes was Stenbock's treaty with Christian August regarding the entry of the Swedish army into Tönning. As evidence, the secret agreement constituted a significant propaganda tool against Stenbock, Sweden and Holstein-Gottorp. Frederick IV presented the information to the emissaries from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, The Netherlands, Prussia and Russia. When the commission of inquiry interrogated Stenbock's servants, his secretary Wiingren and the kitchen scribe Johan Anton Bon revealed that they were responsible for the encryption and security of Stenbock's letters.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imprisonment_and_defamation">Imprisonment and defamation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Stenbock&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Imprisonment and defamation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kastellet_-_Arresten_c._1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Kastellet_-_Arresten_c._1860.jpg/220px-Kastellet_-_Arresten_c._1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Kastellet_-_Arresten_c._1860.jpg/330px-Kastellet_-_Arresten_c._1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Kastellet_-_Arresten_c._1860.jpg/440px-Kastellet_-_Arresten_c._1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption>Painting from 1860 of the prison building and church in <a href="/wiki/Kastellet,_Copenhagen" title="Kastellet, Copenhagen">Citadellet Frederikshavn</a></figcaption></figure> On 17 November 1714 Stenbock was transferred in a covered wagon to <a href="/wiki/Kastellet,_Copenhagen" title="Kastellet, Copenhagen">Citadellet Frederikshavn</a>, also known as Kastellet, where Commandant Jacob Peter von Bonar received him and declared that he could no longer communicate with the outside world. Stenbock was accommodated with two chamber servants in Bonar's house. The dwelling had a tiled stove and Stenbock received four to five daily meals with wine and bread from the Commandant's kitchen. Upon arriving at Kastellet, Stenbock immediately begun a new petition to Frederick IV, wherein he accused Malmberg of producing the escape plan and denied that it was his intention to escape. On 20 November the petition was sent to the king at <a href="/wiki/Christiansborg_Palace" title="Christiansborg Palace">Christiansborg Palace</a>. At the same time, Stenbock completed two secret letters addressed to Charles XII and Ulrika Eleonora, in which he blamed the Danes for their rudeness and espionage. When he tried to send the letters through one of his chamber servants, they were seized by a Danish guard, who handed the letters over to Bonar. Stenbock learned about this the same day, and quickly wrote an anxious letter to Bonar in which he appealed to the commandant not to report the matter further. Stenbock's letter had no effect, and on 4 December Bonar was ordered to arrange a special prison for Stenbock.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danish_medal_of_Magnus_Stenbock%27s_surrender_at_T%C3%B6nning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Danish_medal_of_Magnus_Stenbock%27s_surrender_at_T%C3%B6nning.jpg/220px-Danish_medal_of_Magnus_Stenbock%27s_surrender_at_T%C3%B6nning.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Danish_medal_of_Magnus_Stenbock%27s_surrender_at_T%C3%B6nning.jpg/330px-Danish_medal_of_Magnus_Stenbock%27s_surrender_at_T%C3%B6nning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Danish_medal_of_Magnus_Stenbock%27s_surrender_at_T%C3%B6nning.jpg/440px-Danish_medal_of_Magnus_Stenbock%27s_surrender_at_T%C3%B6nning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3170" data-file-height="3229" /></a><figcaption>The front of a Danish medal with the burning Altona in the background. An elephant (Denmark) holds a burning torch against a barrel (Tönning), from whose side a buck (Magnus Stenbock) looks out. The date of surrender is on the lid of the barrel and on the barrel is a sentence in Latin: In a pressured situation. On the bottom of the medal is the sentence: Your hopes and plans will fail you.</figcaption></figure> Stenbock was moved into the residence of the fortress chaplain, which was converted into a high-status prison, with barred windows and exterior doors. The residence had stoves in each room for heating and Stenbock could furnish it as he pleased. However, the rooms were darkly lit, and the whole residence lacked floor insulation, tormenting Stenbock since moisture and odors came up from the basement. Frederick IV appointed a new commission against Stenbock and his servants and collaborators. The commission began to question Stenbock on 20 December 1714. The commissioners showcased his correspondence with Malmberg, revealing their escape plan. Three days later, his secret treaty with the ministers of Holstein was revealed, along with his field archive with all his secret documents. Stenbock was frightened by the Danes' discovery, since his reputation was at stake. On 25 January 1715 Stenbock was questioned for the second and last time by the commissioners. They explained that Stenbock's documents were now the property of Frederick IV and that his servants had been released. Stenbock, on the other hand, was accused of committing espionage and defaming the Danish regent, thus being guilty of <a href="/wiki/Lese-majeste" class="mw-redirect" title="Lese-majeste">lese-majeste</a>. Stenbock quickly wrote a detailed appeal to Frederick IV, confessing his correspondence and implored the King to not brand him as a spy.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stenbock_i_f%C3%A4ngelse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Stenbock_i_f%C3%A4ngelse.jpg/220px-Stenbock_i_f%C3%A4ngelse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Stenbock_i_f%C3%A4ngelse.jpg/330px-Stenbock_i_f%C3%A4ngelse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Stenbock_i_f%C3%A4ngelse.jpg/440px-Stenbock_i_f%C3%A4ngelse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1710" data-file-height="1306" /></a><figcaption>Stenbock in prison (1851)</figcaption></figure> It took over a year for Frederick IV to reply to Stenbock's appeal. During 1715 the King entrusted historian Christoph Heinrich Amthor with compiling his public accusation against Stenbock, using examples from Stenbock's own letters to describe his planned secret escape to Scania, his forbidden correspondence with the King's enemies, and his mocking letters about the King, his councillors and the Danish nation as a whole. Stenbock's appeals to Frederick IV were also used in the script, where Amthor made them appear false and opportunistic, and characterized Stenbock as not living up to his own criteria of being an honorable man. In the spring of 1716, Amthor's script was presented to Stenbock. Several months earlier, Stenbock had begun to write a long defensive statement, explaining his failed campaign in Germany, that Vellingk forced him to burn Altona, that Görtz tricked him into surrendering Tönning, and that Frederick IV violated the surrender agreement and treated Stenbock and the Swedish prisoners of war as "wicked criminals". Stenbock also lamented his own failures, especially the destruction of Altona, and his lack of time and love for his family. He wrote that he was ready to die and wished that God would give "a quick, gentle and gracious end upon my current misery." He completed the script on his twenty-sixth wedding anniversary, 23 March 1716.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> During Stenbock's last years of life his health deteriorated steadily: he had permanent kidney and joint pains and, from 1716, a visual impairment. He was forced to dismiss two of his chamber servants who stole valuables from him, and eventually the food served to him by Commandant Bonar's wife became so inedible that Stenbock could only eat bread and drink wine. In August 1716 Stenbock received an unexpected visit from Tsar Peter I, during which he complained about his harsh captivity and inedible food. Peter I passed these complaints to Frederick IV, and soon afterwards Bonar was dismissed and a new Commandant made sure that Stenbock received better meals. At some point in 1716, Stenbock received news that his daughter Ulrika Magdalena had died during her first labor, on 21 January 1716 at the age of 22. This loss severely damaged his will to live.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_funeral">Death and funeral</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Stenbock&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Death and funeral">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_of_Magnus_Stenbock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Grave_of_Magnus_Stenbock.jpg/220px-Grave_of_Magnus_Stenbock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Grave_of_Magnus_Stenbock.jpg/330px-Grave_of_Magnus_Stenbock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Grave_of_Magnus_Stenbock.jpg/440px-Grave_of_Magnus_Stenbock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2552" data-file-height="2536" /></a><figcaption>Grave of Magnus Stenbock in <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Cathedral" title="Uppsala Cathedral">Uppsala Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> Stenbock died on 23 February 1717 in his cell at Kastellet. The cause of death has not been determined with certainty, but it was probably due to his long illness and lifestyle-related fragility. His defense script, along with other belongings, were hidden in a double-bottomed coffin that was brought to Sweden, and it took several decades before his writings came to public knowledge. On Frederick IV's orders, Stenbock's effects were registered and sealed, and his residence was draped in black velvet. Stenbock <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lay in state</a> for a few days until he was buried "with all the conventional military honors" in the <a href="/wiki/Garrison_Church,_Copenhagen" title="Garrison Church, Copenhagen">Garrison Church</a> in Copenhagen. His coffin was later transported from Helsingør to Helsingborg in November 1719 and then, after a solemn procession across the city, taken to Vapnö Castle Church. Stenbock laid there until the death of his wife on 11 May 1722, when they were interred side by side in the Oxenstierna family crypt in <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Cathedral" title="Uppsala Cathedral">Uppsala Cathedral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Stenbock&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnus_Stenbock,_postcard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Magnus_Stenbock%2C_postcard.jpg/220px-Magnus_Stenbock%2C_postcard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Magnus_Stenbock%2C_postcard.jpg/330px-Magnus_Stenbock%2C_postcard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Magnus_Stenbock%2C_postcard.jpg/440px-Magnus_Stenbock%2C_postcard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Postcard of Magnus Stenbock</figcaption></figure> Stenbock is one of the few figures in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">history of Sweden</a> to be described as a hero by Swedish historians and become a figure in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian folklore">Swedish folklore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marklund_338-161">[161]</a> Through his open letters, speeches and defense scripts, Stenbock was able to defend his reputation and spread the image of a bold and far-sighted military leader in 18th-century Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Marklund_338-161">[161]</a> The mystique around Stenbock continued to spread throughout the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">romantic nationalism</a> during the 19th and early 20th centuries. He was called "the great <a href="/wiki/Caroleans" title="Caroleans">Carolean</a>" by historians such as <a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Erik Gustaf Geijer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anders_Fryxell" title="Anders Fryxell">Anders Fryxell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claes_Annerstedt" title="Claes Annerstedt">Claes Annerstedt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Grimberg" title="Carl Grimberg">Carl Grimberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marklund_339-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Among romantic nationalistic cultural personalities, Stenbock has been portrayed in <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Cederstr%C3%B6m" title="Gustaf Cederström">Gustaf Cederström</a>'s <a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">historical paintings</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Carl_Snoilsky" title="Carl Snoilsky">Carl Snoilsky</a>'s poems "Stenbock's courier" and "By the Lathe",<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> as well as in the poem "Stenbock" by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Patric_Sturzen-Becker" title="Oscar Patric Sturzen-Becker">Oscar Patric Sturzen-Becker</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> and in the play "Magnus Stenbock" by Arnold Munthe.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> The opinion of Stenbock has been less positive abroad. Polish historians called him a war criminal and in <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, he was associated with the burning of Altona. However, Danish historians such as Knud Fabricius, August Tuxen,<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> and Palle Lauring have written more positively about Stenbock; Lauring wrote: "at that time in Denmark, we had not a single man who possessed the skill, intelligence and human carat of Stenbock".<a href="#cite_note-Marklund_339-162">[162]</a> The Swedish memory of Stenbock faded after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> and the long period between 1932 and 1976 when the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party" title="Swedish Social Democratic Party">Swedish Social Democratic Party</a> were in power.<a href="#cite_note-Marklund_339-162">[162]</a> Some of Stenbock's writings were assembled in 1721 by Joachim Christoph Nemeitz in French called Mémoires de Stenbock.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Stenbock has been the subject of several biographies. The first was written by Samuel Loenbom on behalf of Stenbock's son, Gustaf Leonard Stenbock, and was printed between 1757 and 1765 in four parts of 1,200 pages in total.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Subsequent biographies and memoirs have been written by Anders Magnus Strinnholm in 1821,<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/Emilie_Risberg" title="Emilie Risberg">Emilie Risberg</a> in 1866,<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Claes Annerstedt in 1906,<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ebbe_Bring" title="Samuel Ebbe Bring">Samuel Ebbe Bring</a> in 1910,<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Sven Wikberg in 1931,<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Ingvar Eriksson in 2007,<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> and Andreas Marklund in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tagit_studenten_Helsingborg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tagit_studenten_Helsingborg.jpg/220px-Tagit_studenten_Helsingborg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tagit_studenten_Helsingborg.jpg/330px-Tagit_studenten_Helsingborg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tagit_studenten_Helsingborg.jpg/440px-Tagit_studenten_Helsingborg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Graduated students walk seven laps around the statue of Magnus Stenbock in Stortorget in Helsingborg.</figcaption></figure> An <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue" title="Equestrian statue">equestrian statue</a> of Magnus Stenbock was unveiled on 3 December 1901 at Stortorget in Helsingborg, with large festivities gathering thousands of people.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> It was rumored that King <a href="/wiki/Oscar_II_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar II of Sweden">Oscar II</a> declined to attend the inauguration, claiming that only members of the royal family should be allowed to be depicted on equestrian statues. However, the king sent a <a href="/wiki/Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegram">telegram</a> for the inauguration, which read: "Although prevented from attending today's memorable feast, I am pleased to say that henceforth, Stenbock's memorial shall adorn Helsingborg's town square, always reminding all descendants to serve and protect this beloved motherland just as he did. Oscar."<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> It is one of very few non-royal equestrian statues in Sweden. The statue was created by sculptors <a href="/wiki/John_B%C3%B6rjeson" title="John Börjeson">John Börjeson</a> and Carl Johan Nilsson in Otto Meyer's foundry in Stockholm. Börjeson's original proposal for the statue was that Stenbock would raise his hand against Denmark, but this was changed since the gesture was considered an unnecessary provocation.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> For traffic reasons, the statue was moved on 14 May 1959, about 20 metres (66 ft) to the right close to Helsingborg's city hall. The statue is highly debated among Helsingborg's municipal politicians.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> By tradition the city's newly graduated students walk seven laps around the statue every June.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Stenbock is honored in several other ways in Helsingborg. Among other things, a former school,<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> a church and a mall<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> have been named after him. Ferdinand Edvard Ring made a statue of Stenbock, which is in Höganäs.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> One of <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5netrafiken" title="Skånetrafiken">Skånetrafiken</a>'s <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A5gat%C3%A5gen" title="Pågatågen">pågatågen</a> (interurban trains) has been named Magnus Stenbock.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Streets have been named after him in up to 30 cities in Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Stenbock&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Glädie spel och ähre-sång, som uti en förträflig opera, hans kongl. may:t til ähra, och hugnad, efter then emot ryssarna ärhållna oförlijkeliga segren, uppå then stora och lyckliga Carols-dag, som war den 28 januarii uti thes winterqwarter : wid Lais slått anstält af kongl. may:tz tro man och gen. major högwälb:ne hr : grefwe Stenbock. Stockholm. 1701.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gl%C3%A4die+spel+och+%C3%A4hre-s%C3%A5ng%2C+som+uti+en+f%C3%B6rtr%C3%A4flig+opera%2C+hans+kongl.+may%3At+til+%C3%A4hra%2C+och+hugnad%2C+efter+then+emot+ryssarna+%C3%A4rh%C3%A5llna+of%C3%B6rlijkeliga+segren%2C+upp%C3%A5+then+stora+och+lyckliga+Carols-dag%2C+som+war+den+28+januarii+uti+thes+winterqwarter+%3A+wid+Lais+sl%C3%A5tt+anst%C3%A4lt+af+kongl.+may%3Atz+tro+man+och+gen.+major+h%C3%B6gw%C3%A4lb%3Ane+hr+%3A+grefwe+Stenbock&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.date=1701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanselli1878" class="citation book cs1">Hanselli, Per (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/svsf/22/0313.html">Samlade vitterhetsarbeten af svenska författare från Stjernhjelm till Dalin. 22, Samuel Petri Brask, Magnus Stenbock, Jacob Fabricius</a>. Uppsala: Per Hanselli. p. 305−322.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samlade+vitterhetsarbeten+af+svenska+f%C3%B6rfattare+fr%C3%A5n+Stjernhjelm+till+Dalin.+22%2C+Samuel+Petri+Brask%2C+Magnus+Stenbock%2C+Jacob+Fabricius&rft.place=Uppsala&rft.pages=305%E2%88%92322&rft.pub=Per+Hanselli&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Hanselli&rft.aufirst=Per&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fsvsf%2F22%2F0313.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Stenbock&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Marklund (2008), pp. 15–16 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Eriksson (2007), pp. 11–16 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Marklund (2008), pp. 27–29 </li> <li id="cite_note-Eriksson_17−19-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eriksson_17−19_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eriksson_17−19_4-1">b</a> Eriksson (2007), pp. 17–19 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Marklund (2008), p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Marklund (2008), pp. 29–32 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Marklund (2008), pp. 34–38 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Eriksson (2007), pp. 20–21 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Marklund (2008), p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Eriksson (2007), p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Marklund (2008), pp. 44–49 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Eriksson (2007), pp. 24–25 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Marklund (2008), pp. 55–62 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a 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Stockholm: Geber.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magnus+Stenbock%3A+den+store+karolinen&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Geber&rft.date=1931&rft.au=Wikberg%2C+Sven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Eriksson (2007) </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Marklund (2008) </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Eriksson (2007), p. 341 </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015183157/https://stadslexikon.helsingborg.se/magnus-stenbocksstatyn/">"Magnus Stenbocksstatyn"</a> [The statue of Magnus Stenbock] (in Swedish). Helsingborgs stadslexikon. 8 December 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stadslexikon.helsingborg.se/magnus-stenbocksstatyn/">the original</a> on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magnus+Stenbocksstatyn&rft.pub=Helsingborgs+stadslexikon&rft.date=2016-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstadslexikon.helsingborg.se%2Fmagnus-stenbocksstatyn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306201456/https://www.hd.se/2012-08-25/stenbock-pekade-inte-mot-danmark#page-top">"Stenbock pekade inte mot Danmark"</a> [Stenbock did not point at Denmark]. <a href="/wiki/Helsingborgs_Dagblad" title="Helsingborgs Dagblad">Helsingborgs Dagblad</a> (in Swedish). 25 August 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hd.se/2012-08-25/stenbock-pekade-inte-mot-danmark">the original</a> on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Helsingborgs+Dagblad&rft.atitle=Stenbock+pekade+inte+mot+Danmark&rft.date=2012-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hd.se%2F2012-08-25%2Fstenbock-pekade-inte-mot-danmark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlofsson,_Sven-Åke2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Olofsson, Sven-Åke (8 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190215143708/https://www.hd.se/2010-04-08/det-ar-skillnad-pa-statyer">"Det är skillnad på statyer"</a> [There is a difference between statues]. Helsingborgs Dagblad (in Swedish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hd.se/2010-04-08/det-ar-skillnad-pa-statyer">the original</a> on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Helsingborgs+Dagblad&rft.atitle=Det+%C3%A4r+skillnad+p%C3%A5+statyer&rft.date=2010-04-08&rft.au=Olofsson%2C+Sven-%C3%85ke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hd.se%2F2010-04-08%2Fdet-ar-skillnad-pa-statyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommelius,_Sören2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6ren_Sommelius" title="Sören Sommelius">Sommelius, Sören</a> (22 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190215143522/https://www.hd.se/2009-10-22/vack-med-stenbocksstatyn">"Väck med Stenbocksstatyn!"</a> [Remove the statue of Stenbock!]. Helsingborgs Dagblad (in Swedish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hd.se/2009-10-22/vack-med-stenbocksstatyn">the original</a> on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Helsingborgs+Dagblad&rft.atitle=V%C3%A4ck+med+Stenbocksstatyn%21&rft.date=2009-10-22&rft.au=Sommelius%2C+S%C3%B6ren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hd.se%2F2009-10-22%2Fvack-med-stenbocksstatyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190215135554/https://www.hd.se/2009-10-22/stenbocksflytt-fick-nobben">"Stenbocksflytt fick nobben"</a> [Stenbock's move called off]. Helsingborgs Dagblad (in Swedish). 22 October 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hd.se/2009-10-22/stenbocksflytt-fick-nobben">the original</a> on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Helsingborgs+Dagblad&rft.atitle=Stenbocksflytt+fick+nobben&rft.date=2009-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hd.se%2F2009-10-22%2Fstenbocksflytt-fick-nobben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvensson,_Torbjörn2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Svensson, Torbjörn (31 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320110419/https://www.hd.se/2016-10-29/david-och-stenbock-lar-fa-sta-kvar-men-vad-tycker-du">"David och Stenbock lär få stå kvar – men vad tycker du?"</a> [David and Stenbock are allowed to stay – but what do you think?]. Helsingborgs Dagblad (in Swedish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hd.se/2016-10-29/david-och-stenbock-lar-fa-sta-kvar-men-vad-tycker-du">the original</a> on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Helsingborgs+Dagblad&rft.atitle=David+och+Stenbock+l%C3%A4r+f%C3%A5+st%C3%A5+kvar+%E2%80%93+men+vad+tycker+du%3F&rft.date=2016-10-31&rft.au=Svensson%2C+Torbj%C3%B6rn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hd.se%2F2016-10-29%2Fdavid-och-stenbock-lar-fa-sta-kvar-men-vad-tycker-du&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindquist,_Kenny2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lindquist, Kenny (8 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306201650/https://www.hd.se/2007-06-08/studenten--da-ar-det-fest-dag-och-natt">"Studenten — då är det fest dag och natt"</a> [Graduation – then it's party day and night]. Helsingborgs Dagblad (in Swedish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hd.se/2007-06-08/studenten--da-ar-det-fest-dag-och-natt">the original</a> on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Helsingborgs+Dagblad&rft.atitle=Studenten+%E2%80%94+d%C3%A5+%C3%A4r+det+fest+dag+och+natt&rft.date=2007-06-08&rft.au=Lindquist%2C+Kenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hd.se%2F2007-06-08%2Fstudenten--da-ar-det-fest-dag-och-natt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalmöhus2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Malmöhus, P4 (8 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306201917/https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=96&artikel=6972947">"Öronbedövande utspring: "Vill inte slita på fabrik, därför valde vi teknik""</a> [Earsplitting celebration: "Don't want to drudge in a factory, that's why we chose engineering"]. <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Radio" title="Sveriges Radio">P4 Malmöhus</a> (in Swedish). <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Radio" title="Sveriges Radio">Sveriges Radio</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=96&artikel=6972947">the original</a> on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=P4+Malm%C3%B6hus&rft.atitle=%C3%96ronbed%C3%B6vande+utspring%3A+%22Vill+inte+slita+p%C3%A5+fabrik%2C+d%C3%A4rf%C3%B6r+valde+vi+teknik%22&rft.date=2018-06-08&rft.aulast=Malm%C3%B6hus&rft.aufirst=P4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsverigesradio.se%2Fsida%2Fartikel.aspx%3Fprogramid%3D96%26artikel%3D6972947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRantala,_Anette2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rantala, Anette (30 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102062005/https://www.hd.se/2016-12-30/minns-du-alla-turerna-kring-magnus-stenbocksskolan">"Minns du alla turerna kring Magnus Stenbocksskolan?"</a> [Do you remember all the trips around Magnus Stenbock's school?]. Helsingborgs Dagblad (in Swedish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hd.se/2016-12-30/minns-du-alla-turerna-kring-magnus-stenbocksskolan">the original</a> on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Helsingborgs+Dagblad&rft.atitle=Minns+du+alla+turerna+kring+Magnus+Stenbocksskolan%3F&rft.date=2016-12-30&rft.au=Rantala%2C+Anette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hd.se%2F2016-12-30%2Fminns-du-alla-turerna-kring-magnus-stenbocksskolan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402221241/https://www.gallerianmagnusstenbock.se/om-gallerian">"Om gallerian"</a> [About the mall] (in Swedish). Gallerian Magnus Stenbock. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gallerianmagnusstenbock.se/om-gallerian">the original</a> on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Om+gallerian&rft.pub=Gallerian+Magnus+Stenbock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallerianmagnusstenbock.se%2Fom-gallerian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngvaldson,_Suzanne2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ingvaldson, Suzanne (1 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190215141611/https://www.hd.se/2010-03-01/ring-runt-ruuth-och-stenbock">"Ring runt Ruuth och Stenbock"</a> [Circle around Ruuth and Stenbock]. Helsingborgs Dagblad (in Swedish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hd.se/2010-03-01/ring-runt-ruuth-och-stenbock">the original</a> on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Helsingborgs+Dagblad&rft.atitle=Ring+runt+Ruuth+och+Stenbock&rft.date=2010-03-01&rft.au=Ingvaldson%2C+Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hd.se%2F2010-03-01%2Fring-runt-ruuth-och-stenbock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jarnvag.net/vagnguide/x11">"X11 − Vagnguide"</a> [X11 − Wagon guide] (in Swedish). järnväg.net. Retrieved 23 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=X11+%E2%88%92+Vagnguide&rft.pub=j%C3%A4rnv%C3%A4g.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jarnvag.net%2Fvagnguide%2Fx11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svenskaplatser.se/sok/?gata=Stenbock">"Sökresultat för Stenbock"</a> [Search results for Stenbock] (in Swedish). SvenskaPlatser.se. Retrieved 23 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S%C3%B6kresultat+f%C3%B6r+Stenbock&rft.pub=SvenskaPlatser.se&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svenskaplatser.se%2Fsok%2F%3Fgata%3DStenbock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Stenbock&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Adlerfelt" title="Gustaf Adlerfelt">Adlerfelt, Gustaf</a>; Bring, Samuel Ebbe (1919), Karl XII:s krigsföretag 1700–1706 [Charles XII's campaigns 1700–1706], Stockholm: <a href="/wiki/Norstedts_f%C3%B6rlag" title="Norstedts förlag">Norstedt</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+XII%3As+krigsf%C3%B6retag+1700%E2%80%931706&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Norstedt&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Adlerfelt&rft.aufirst=Gustaf&rft.au=Bring%2C+Samuel+Ebbe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Artéus, Gunnar (2005), Svensk fältherrekonst [Swedish art of war], <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4llingby" title="Vällingby">Vällingby</a>: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Defence_University" title="Swedish Defence University">Swedish Defence University</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9185401064" title="Special:BookSources/9185401064"><bdi>9185401064</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svensk+f%C3%A4ltherrekonst&rft.place=V%C3%A4llingby&rft.pub=Swedish+Defence+University&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9185401064&rft.aulast=Art%C3%A9us&rft.aufirst=Gunnar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Eriksson, Ingvar (2007), Karolinen Magnus Stenbock [Carolean Magnus Stenbock] (in Swedish), Stockholm: Atlantis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7353-158-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7353-158-0"><bdi>978-91-7353-158-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karolinen+Magnus+Stenbock&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Atlantis&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-91-7353-158-0&rft.aulast=Eriksson&rft.aufirst=Ingvar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Anders_Fryxell" title="Anders Fryxell">Fryxell, Anders</a> (1868), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sw3AQAAMAAJ">Berättelser ur Svenska Historien, Del 21 (andra upplagan)</a> [Stories from Swedish History, Part 21 (Second edition)], Stockholm: <a href="/wiki/Lars_Johan_Hierta" title="Lars Johan Hierta">L. J. Hiertas Förlag</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/985122698">985122698</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ber%C3%A4ttelser+ur+Svenska+Historien%2C+Del+21+%28andra+upplagan%29&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=L.+J.+Hiertas+F%C3%B6rlag&rft.date=1868&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F985122698&rft.aulast=Fryxell&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Sw3AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Kuvaja, Christer (2008), Karolinska krigare 1660–1721 [Carolean warriors 1660–1721], Stockholm: Schildts Förlags AB, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-50-1823-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-50-1823-6"><bdi>978-951-50-1823-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karolinska+krigare+1660%E2%80%931721&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Schildts+F%C3%B6rlags+AB&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-951-50-1823-6&rft.aulast=Kuvaja&rft.aufirst=Christer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Laidre, Margus; Melberg, Enel (1996), Segern vid Narva: början till en stormakts fall [The victory at Narva: the beginning of the end of a great power] (in Swedish), Stockholm: <a href="/wiki/Natur_%26_Kultur" title="Natur & Kultur">Natur & Kultur</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-27-05601-5" title="Special:BookSources/91-27-05601-5"><bdi>91-27-05601-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Segern+vid+Narva%3A+b%C3%B6rjan+till+en+stormakts+fall&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Natur+%26+Kultur&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=91-27-05601-5&rft.aulast=Laidre&rft.aufirst=Margus&rft.au=Melberg%2C+Enel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Liljegren, Bengt (2000), Karl XII: en biografi [Charles XII: a biograpfy] (in Swedish), Lund: Historiska Media, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-89442-65-2" title="Special:BookSources/91-89442-65-2"><bdi>91-89442-65-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+XII%3A+en+biografi&rft.place=Lund&rft.pub=Historiska+Media&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=91-89442-65-2&rft.aulast=Liljegren&rft.aufirst=Bengt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Marklund, Andreas (2008), Stenbock: ära och ensamhet i Karl XII:s tid [Stenbock: honor and solitude in the age of Charles XII], Lund: Historiska media, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789185377640" title="Special:BookSources/9789185377640"><bdi>9789185377640</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stenbock%3A+%C3%A4ra+och+ensamhet+i+Karl+XII%3As+tid&rft.place=Lund&rft.pub=Historiska+media&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789185377640&rft.aulast=Marklund&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Norrhem, Svante (2007), Kvinnor vid maktens sida: 1632–1772 [Women by the side of Power: 1632–1772] (in Swedish), Lund: Nordic Academic Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-89116-91-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-89116-91-7"><bdi>978-91-89116-91-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kvinnor+vid+maktens+sida%3A+1632%26ndash%3B1772&rft.place=Lund&rft.pub=Nordic+Academic+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-91-89116-91-7&rft.aulast=Norrhem&rft.aufirst=Svante&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wetterberg, Gunnar (2006), Från tolv till ett: Arvid Horn (1664–1742) [From twelve to one: Arvid Horn (1664–1742)] (in Swedish), Stockholm: Atlantis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-7353-125-1" title="Special:BookSources/91-7353-125-1"><bdi>91-7353-125-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fr%C3%A5n+tolv+till+ett%3A+Arvid+Horn+%281664%26ndash%3B1742%29&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Atlantis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=91-7353-125-1&rft.aulast=Wetterberg&rft.aufirst=Gunnar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Stenbock&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfao/0242.html">Magnus Stenbock</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nordisk_familjebok" title="Nordisk familjebok">Nordisk familjebok</a> (first edition, 1891)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfcf/0649.html">Magnus Stenbock</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nordisk_familjebok" title="Nordisk familjebok">Nordisk familjebok</a> (second edition, 1917)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Aikin" title="John Aikin">Aikin, John</a> (1814), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H0MDAAAAYAAJ&q=Poussin+stenbock&pg=PA232">General Biography: Or, Lives, Critical and Historical, of the Most Eminent Persons of All Ages, Countries, Conditions, and Professions, Arranged According to Alphabetical Order, Volume 9</a>, G. G. and J. Robinson, pp. 232–234</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Biography%3A+Or%2C+Lives%2C+Critical+and+Historical%2C+of+the+Most+Eminent+Persons+of+All+Ages%2C+Countries%2C+Conditions%2C+and+Professions%2C+Arranged+According+to+Alphabetical+Order%2C+Volume+9&rft.pages=232-234&rft.pub=G.+G.+and+J.+Robinson&rft.date=1814&rft.aulast=Aikin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH0MDAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DPoussin%2Bstenbock%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Asker, Björn (2007–2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=20072">Magnus Stenbock</a> in <a href="/wiki/Svenskt_biografiskt_lexikon" title="Svenskt biografiskt lexikon">Svenskt biografiskt lexikon</a> (in Swedish)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtney1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Courtney, William Prideaux (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Stenbock,_Magnus_Gustafsson,_Count">"Stenbock, Magnus Gustafsson, Count" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). p. 878.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stenbock%2C+Magnus+Gustafsson%2C+Count&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=878&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Courtney&rft.aufirst=William+Prideaux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Anders_Fryxell" title="Anders Fryxell">Fryxell, Anders</a>; Sjögren, Otto (1857), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/svhistfry/25/">Berättelser ur svenska historien / 25. Karl den tolftes regering. H. 5. Magnus Stenbocks sista fälttåg, fångenskap och död samt Sverige och svenskarna under konungens frånvaro 1713–1714.</a> [Stories from Swedish History / 25. Charles XII's Government. H. 5. Magnus Stenbock's last campaign, captivity and death, and Sweden and the Swedes during the king's absence 1713–1714.] (in Swedish), Stockholm: L. J. Hiertas Förlag</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ber%C3%A4ttelser+ur+svenska+historien+%2F+25.+Karl+den+tolftes+regering.+H.+5.+Magnus+Stenbocks+sista+f%C3%A4ltt%C3%A5g%2C+f%C3%A5ngenskap+och+d%C3%B6d+samt+Sverige+och+svenskarna+under+konungens+fr%C3%A5nvaro+1713%E2%80%931714.&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=L.+J.+Hiertas+F%C3%B6rlag&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Fryxell&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft.au=Sj%C3%B6gren%2C+Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fsvhistfry%2F25%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonsson,_Alexander2006" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jonsson, Alexander (2006). "Magnus Stenbock: fältherre med hemlängtan" [Magnus Stenbock: military commander with homesickness]. Personhistorisk tidskrift (in Swedish). Vol. 2006, no. 1. pp. 45–59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personhistorisk+tidskrift&rft.atitle=Magnus+Stenbock%3A+f%C3%A4ltherre+med+heml%C3%A4ngtan&rft.volume=2006&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-59&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Jonsson%2C+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarklund,_Andreas2009" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marklund, Andreas (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://popularhistoria.se/krig/befalhavare/magnus-stenbocks-ode">"Magnus Stenbocks öde"</a> [Magnus Stenbock's destiny]. Populär historia (in Swedish). Vol. 2009, no. 1. pp. 36–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popul%C3%A4r+historia&rft.atitle=Magnus+Stenbocks+%C3%B6de&rft.volume=2009&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36-41&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Marklund%2C+Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopularhistoria.se%2Fkrig%2Fbefalhavare%2Fmagnus-stenbocks-ode&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mellin, Gustaf Henrik (1857), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/svestorman/0431.html">Sveriges store män, snillen, statsmän, hjeltar och fosterlandsvänner samt märkvärdigaste fruntimmer / Magnus Stenbock</a> [Sweden's great men, geniuses, statesmen, heroes and patriots and the most remarkable ladies / Magnus Stenbock] (in Swedish), Stockholm: H. R. Looströms förlag, p. 1849</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sveriges+store+m%C3%A4n%2C+snillen%2C+statsm%C3%A4n%2C+hjeltar+och+fosterlandsv%C3%A4nner+samt+m%C3%A4rkv%C3%A4rdigaste+fruntimmer+%2F+Magnus+Stenbock&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=1849&rft.pub=H.+R.+Loostr%C3%B6ms+f%C3%B6rlag&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Mellin&rft.aufirst=Gustaf+Henrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fsvestorman%2F0431.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Palmgren, Sebell (1848), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=_8cEAAAAIAAJ&hl=sv&pg=GBS.PA304">Biographiskt lexicon öfver namnkunnige svenska män: Femtonde bandet</a> [Biographical lexicon of renowned Swedish men: Volume Five] (in Swedish), <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wahlstr%C3%B6m_%26_Widstrand" title="Wahlström & Widstrand">Wahlström & Widstrand</a>, pp. 304–347</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographiskt+lexicon+%C3%B6fver+namnkunnige+svenska+m%C3%A4n%3A+Femtonde+bandet&rft.place=Uppsala&rft.pages=304-347&rft.pub=Wahlstr%C3%B6m+%26+Widstrand&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Palmgren&rft.aufirst=Sebell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3D_8cEAAAAIAAJ%26hl%3Dsv%26pg%3DGBS.PA304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Stenbock" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Stenbock&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000116764767">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/77088866">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1955224/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxxft3bgkRMFWw3W4pwYP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/117270598">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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href="http://kulturnav.org/f464196d-af67-4527-a99a-a0c0a7e9b377">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117270598.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/117270598">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/187539235">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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