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href="#Governors-general"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Governors-general</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governors-general-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Swedish_infantry_and_cavalry_regiments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swedish_infantry_and_cavalry_regiments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Swedish infantry and cavalry regiments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swedish_infantry_and_cavalry_regiments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ليفونيا السويدية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليفونيا السويدية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv%C3%B2nia_Sueca" title="Livònia Sueca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Livònia Sueca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsk%C3%A9_Livonsko" title="Švédské Livonsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Švédské Livonsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svensk_Livland" title="Svensk Livland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Svensk Livland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwedisch-Livland" title="Schwedisch-Livland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwedisch-Livland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonia_Sueca" title="Livonia Sueca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Livonia Sueca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonie_su%C3%A9doise" title="Livonie suédoise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Livonie suédoise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonia_Swedia" title="Livonia Swedia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Livonia Swedia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonia_svedese" title="Livonia svedese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Livonia svedese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zviedru_Vidzeme" title="Zviedru Vidzeme – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zviedru Vidzeme" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0vedijos_Livonija" title="Švedijos Livonija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Švedijos Livonija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%A9d_Liv%C3%B3nia" title="Svéd Livónia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Svéd Livónia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Шведска Ливонија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шведска Ливонија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweeds_Lijfland" title="Zweeds Lijfland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zweeds Lijfland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svensk_Livland" title="Svensk Livland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Svensk Livland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svensk_Livland" title="Svensk Livland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Svensk Livland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflanty_szwedzkie" title="Inflanty szwedzkie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Inflanty szwedzkie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv%C3%B4nia_sueca" title="Livônia sueca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Livônia sueca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Шведская Ливония – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шведская Ливония" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0vedska_Livonija" title="Švedska Livonija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Švedska Livonija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruotsin_Liivinmaa" title="Ruotsin Liivinmaa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ruotsin Liivinmaa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_Livland" title="Svenska Livland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Svenska Livland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sve%C3%A7_Livonyas%C4%B1" title="İsveç Livonyası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İsveç Livonyası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Шведська Лівонія – Ukrainian" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Swedish_Livonia&params=56.9667_N_24.1333_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">56°58′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">24°08′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">56.9667°N 24.1333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">56.9667; 24.1333</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Baltic dominion of the Swedish Empire (1629–1721)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Swedish Livonia</div><div class="ib-country-names"><i>Svenska Livland</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1629–1721</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Livonia"><img alt="Flag of Livonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/125px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/188px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/250px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Sweden" title="List of flags of Sweden">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Swedish_Livonia_(18th_century).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms (18th century) of Livonia"><img alt="Coat of arms (18th century) of Livonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Coat_of_arms_of_Swedish_Livonia_%2818th_century%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Swedish_Livonia_%2818th_century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Coat_of_arms_of_Swedish_Livonia_%2818th_century%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Swedish_Livonia_%2818th_century%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Coat_of_arms_of_Swedish_Livonia_%2818th_century%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Swedish_Livonia_%2818th_century%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="760" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Vidzeme" title="Coat of arms of Vidzeme"> Coat of arms<br />(18th century)</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sw_BalticProv_en.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Baltic provinces of Swedish Empire in the 17th century."><img alt="Baltic provinces of Swedish Empire in the 17th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Sw_BalticProv_en.png/250px-Sw_BalticProv_en.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Sw_BalticProv_en.png/375px-Sw_BalticProv_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Sw_BalticProv_en.png/500px-Sw_BalticProv_en.png 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="829" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Baltic provinces of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a> in the 17th century.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dominions_of_Sweden" title="Dominions of Sweden">Dominion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <small>as lingua franca</small>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_monarchs" title="List of Swedish monarchs">King of Sweden</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1611–1632 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustav II Adolf</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1720–1751 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Sweden" title="Frederick I of Sweden">Frederick I</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Governors-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Governors-General">Governor-General</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1622–1628 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Jacob De la Gardie</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1696–1702 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Erik Dahlberg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diet_(assembly)" title="Diet (assembly)">Diet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Conquered by <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1621</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Truce of Altmark </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 September 1629</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Treaty of Oliva </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 April 1660</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Great Northern War </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1700–1721</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">Conquered</a> by <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1713</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Treaty of Nystad </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 August 1721</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/POL_Inflanty_IRP_COA.svg/20px-POL_Inflanty_IRP_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/POL_Inflanty_IRP_COA.svg/30px-POL_Inflanty_IRP_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/POL_Inflanty_IRP_COA.svg/40px-POL_Inflanty_IRP_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="915" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia" title="Duchy of Livonia">Duchy of Livonia</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Riga_Governorate" title="Riga Governorate">Riga Governorate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Latvia" title="Category:History of Latvia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">History of <span class="fn org label">Latvia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia.svg/210px-Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia.svg/280px-Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="620" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Ancient Latvia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunda_culture" title="Kunda culture">Kunda culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narva_culture" title="Narva culture">Narva culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber_Road" title="Amber Road">Amber Road</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aesti" title="Aesti">Aesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finns" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Finns">Baltic Finns</a> (<a href="/wiki/Livonian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Livonian people">Livonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vends" class="mw-redirect" title="Vends">Vends</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latgalians" title="Latgalians">Latgalians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curonians" title="Curonians">Curonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selonians" title="Selonians">Selonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semigallians" title="Semigallians">Semigallians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Middle Ages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Jersika" title="Principality of Jersika">Principality of Jersika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Koknese" title="Principality of Koknese">Principality of Koknese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81lava" title="Tālava">Tālava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Brothers_of_the_Sword" title="Livonian Brothers of the Sword">Livonian Brothers of the Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Riga" title="Archbishopric of Riga">Archbishopric of Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Courland" title="Bishopric of Courland">Bishopric of Courland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic Germans</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Livonia" title="Kingdom of Livonia">Kingdom of Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia" title="Duchy of Livonia">Duchy of Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflanty_Voivodeship" title="Inflanty Voivodeship">Inflanty Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Swedish Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Swedish wars">Polish–Swedish Wars <small>(1600–1629)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couronian_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Couronian colonization">Couronian colonization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">National Awakening</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">Governorate of Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courland_Governorate" title="Courland Governorate">Courland Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitebsk_Governorate" title="Vitebsk Governorate">Vitebsk Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_Latvian_National_Awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="The First Latvian National Awakening">The First Latvian National Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Current" title="New Current">New Current</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Modern Latvia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Riflemen" title="Latvian Riflemen">Latvian Riflemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic">Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Latvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1934 Latvian coup d'état">1934 Latvian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">1940 Soviet occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Latvia_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany">Nazi occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">The Holocaust in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_Latvia_in_1944" title="Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944">1944 Soviet re-occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Latvia" title="Popular Front of Latvia">Popular Front of Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Restoration_of_Independence_of_the_Republic_of_Latvia" title="On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia">Restoration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Latvian_financial_crisis" title="2008 Latvian financial crisis">2008 Latvian financial crisis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Latvian_history" title="Timeline of Latvian history"><b>Chronology</b></a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latvia" title="Portal:Latvia">Latvia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Latvia" title="Template:History of Latvia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Latvia" title="Template talk:History of Latvia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Latvia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Latvia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Swedish Livonia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Svenska Livland</i>) was a <a href="/wiki/Dominions_of_Sweden" title="Dominions of Sweden">dominion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a> from 1629 until 1721. The territory, which constituted the southern part of modern <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> (including the island of <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Ösel</a> ceded by <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Treaty_of_Br%C3%B6msebro_(1645)" title="Second Treaty of Brömsebro (1645)">Treaty of Brömsebro</a>) and the northern part of modern <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Vidzeme" title="Vidzeme">Vidzeme</a> region), represented the conquest of the major part of the Polish-Lithuanian <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia_(1561%E2%80%931621)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Livonia (1561–1621)">Duchy of Livonia</a> during the 1600–1629 <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1600%E2%80%931629)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1600–1629)">Polish-Swedish War</a>. Parts of Livonia and the city of <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> were under Swedish control as early as 1621 and the situation was formalized in the <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Altmark" title="Truce of Altmark">Truce of Altmark</a> 1629, but the whole territory was not ceded formally until the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Oliva" title="Treaty of Oliva">Treaty of Oliva</a> in 1660. The minority part of the <a href="/wiki/Wenden_Voivodeship" title="Wenden Voivodeship">Wenden Voivodeship</a> retained by the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Inflanty_Voivodeship" title="Inflanty Voivodeship">Inflanty Voivodeship</a> ("<i>Livonian Principality</i>"), which today corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Latgale" title="Latgale">Latgale</a> region of Latvia. </p><p>Riga was the second largest city in the Swedish Empire at the time. Together with other Baltic Sea dominions, Livonia served to secure the Swedish <i><a href="/wiki/Dominium_maris_baltici" title="Dominium maris baltici">dominium maris baltici</a></i>. In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Estonia">Swedish Estonia</a>, which had submitted to Swedish rule voluntarily in 1561 and where traditional local laws remained largely untouched, the <a href="/wiki/Uniformity_policy" title="Uniformity policy">uniformity policy</a> was applied in Swedish Livonia under <a href="/wiki/Karl_XI_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl XI of Sweden">Karl XI of Sweden</a>: serfdom was abolished, peasants were offered education as well as military, administrative or ecclesiastical careers, and nobles had to transfer domains to the king in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Reduction" title="Great Reduction">Great Reduction</a>. </p><p>The territory in turn was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> and, following the <a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Estonia_and_Livonia" title="Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia">Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia</a> in 1710, formed <a href="/wiki/Riga_Governorate" title="Riga Governorate">Riga Governorate</a>. Formally, it was ceded to Russia in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nystad" title="Treaty of Nystad">Treaty of Nystad</a> in 1721, together with Swedish Estonia and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Ingria" title="Swedish Ingria">Swedish Ingria</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kings_and_Queen_of_Livonia">Kings and Queen of Livonia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Livonia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Kings and Queen of Livonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>the House of Vasa </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus" title="Gustavus Adolphus"><b>Gustav II</b> Adolf</a> the Great (Gustavs II Ādolfs Lielais) (1611 – 1632)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Christina,_Queen_of_Sweden" title="Christina, Queen of Sweden">Christina</a> (Kristīna) (1632 – 1654)</b></li></ul> <p>House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles X Gustav of Sweden"><b>Charles X</b> Gustav</a> (Kārlis X Gustavs) (1654 –1660)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden" title="Charles XI of Sweden">Charles XI</a> (Kārlis XI) (1660 – 1697)</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">Charles XII</a> (Kārlis XII) (1697 – 1718)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora_of_Sweden" title="Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden"><b>Ulrika</b> Eleonora</a> (Ulrika Elenora) (1719 – 1720)</li></ul> <p>House of Hesse </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Sweden" title="Frederick I of Sweden">Frederick I</a> (Frederiks I) (1720 – 1751)</b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governors-general">Governors-general</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Livonia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Governors-general"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dominion was ruled by appointed <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_in_the_Swedish_Realm" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General in the Swedish Realm">governors-general</a>, but retained its own <a href="/wiki/Diet_(assembly)" title="Diet (assembly)">diet</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_De_la_Gardie" title="Jacob De la Gardie">Jacob De la Gardie</a> (1622–1628)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Horn" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustaf Horn">Gustaf Horn</a> (1628–1629)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Skytte" title="Johan Skytte">Johan Skytte</a> (1629–1633)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nils_Assersson_Mannersk%C3%B6ld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nils Assersson Mannersköld (page does not exist)">Nils Assersson Mannersköld</a> (1633–1634)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengt_Oxenstierna_(1591-1643)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengt Oxenstierna (1591-1643)">Bengt Oxenstierna</a> (1634–1643)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Wrangel" title="Herman Wrangel">Herman Wrangel</a> (1643)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erik_Eriksson_Ryning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erik Eriksson Ryning (page does not exist)">Erik Eriksson Ryning</a> (1644)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bengtsson_Oxenstierna" title="Gabriel Bengtsson Oxenstierna">Gabriel Bengtsson Oxenstierna</a> (1645–1647)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Gabriel_De_la_Gardie" title="Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie">Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie</a> (1649–1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Horn" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustaf Horn">Gustaf Horn</a> (1652–1653)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Gabriel_De_la_Gardie" title="Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie">Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie</a> (1655–1657)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_Lillie" title="Axel Lillie">Axel Lillie</a> (1661)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengt_Gabrielsson_Oxenstierna" title="Bengt Gabrielsson Oxenstierna">Bengt Oxenstierna</a> (1662–1665)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clas_%C3%85kesson_Tott_(the_younger)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clas Åkesson Tott (the younger) (page does not exist)">Clas Åkesson Tott (the younger)</a> (1665–1671)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_von_Fersen" title="Fabian von Fersen">Fabian von Fersen</a> (1671–1674)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krister_Klasson_Horn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krister Klasson Horn (page does not exist)">Krister Klasson Horn</a> (1674–1686)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Johan_Hastfer" title="Jacob Johan Hastfer">Jacob Johan Hastfer</a> (1687–1695)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Dahlberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Erik Dahlberg">Erik Dahlberg</a> (1696–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Fr%C3%B6lich" title="Carl Gustaf Frölich">Carl Gustaf Frölich</a> (1702–1706)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ludwig_Lewenhaupt" title="Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt">Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt</a> (1706–1709)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Otto_Albedyll" title="Henrik Otto Albedyll">Henrik Otto Albedyll</a> (1709)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Jonsson_Stromberg_af_Clastorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Niels Jonsson Stromberg af Clastorp">Niels Jonsson Stromberg af Clastorp</a> (1709–1710)</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 405px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 400px; height: 380px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ducatuum_Livoniae_et_Curlandiae_Nova_Tabula,_1705.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Duchies of Livonia and Courland on the map of Frederik de Witt (1616–1698), modified and published by Pieter Mortier in 1705."><img alt="Duchies of Livonia and Courland on the map of Frederik de Witt (1616–1698), modified and published by Pieter Mortier in 1705." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ducatuum_Livoniae_et_Curlandiae_Nova_Tabula%2C_1705.jpg/370px-Ducatuum_Livoniae_et_Curlandiae_Nova_Tabula%2C_1705.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ducatuum_Livoniae_et_Curlandiae_Nova_Tabula%2C_1705.jpg/555px-Ducatuum_Livoniae_et_Curlandiae_Nova_Tabula%2C_1705.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ducatuum_Livoniae_et_Curlandiae_Nova_Tabula%2C_1705.jpg/740px-Ducatuum_Livoniae_et_Curlandiae_Nova_Tabula%2C_1705.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4089" data-file-height="3400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Duchies of Livonia and Courland on the map of Frederik de Witt (1616–1698), modified and published by Pieter Mortier in 1705.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Livonia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Swedish_Livonia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Coat_of_arms_of_Swedish_Livonia.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Swedish_Livonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Coat_of_arms_of_Swedish_Livonia.svg/255px-Coat_of_arms_of_Swedish_Livonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Coat_of_arms_of_Swedish_Livonia.svg/340px-Coat_of_arms_of_Swedish_Livonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Swedish Livonia (1660)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swedish_infantry_and_cavalry_regiments">Swedish infantry and cavalry regiments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Livonia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Swedish infantry and cavalry regiments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_regiments" title="List of Swedish regiments">List of Swedish regiments</a></div> <dl><dt>Infantry regiments</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garnisonsregementet_i_Riga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garnisonsregementet i Riga (page does not exist)">Garnisonsregementet i Riga</a></i> (Garrison Regiment in Riga)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guven%C3%B6rsregementet_i_Riga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guvenörsregementet i Riga (page does not exist)">Guvenörsregementet i Riga</a></i> (Governor's Regiment in Riga)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livl%C3%A4ndsk_infanteribataljon_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livländsk infanteribataljon I (page does not exist)">Livländsk infanteribataljon I</a></i> (Livonian Infantry Battalion I)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livl%C3%A4ndsk_infanteribataljon_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livländsk infanteribataljon II (page does not exist)">Livländsk infanteribataljon II</a></i> (Livonian Infantry Battalion II)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livl%C3%A4ndsk_infanteribataljon_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livländsk infanteribataljon III (page does not exist)">Livländsk infanteribataljon III</a></i> (Livonian Infantry Battalion III)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livl%C3%A4ndsk_infanteribataljon_IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livländsk infanteribataljon IV (page does not exist)">Livländsk infanteribataljon IV</a></i> (Livonian Infantry Battalion IV)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livl%C3%A4ndskt_infanteriregemente_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livländskt infanteriregemente I (page does not exist)">Livländskt infanteriregemente I</a></i> (Livonian Infantry Regiment I)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livl%C3%A4ndskt_infanteriregemente_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livländskt infanteriregemente II (page does not exist)">Livländskt infanteriregemente II</a></i> (Livonian Infantry Regiment II)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livl%C3%A4ndskt_infanteriregemente_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livländskt infanteriregemente III (page does not exist)">Livländskt infanteriregemente III</a></i> (Livonian Infantry Regiment III)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livl%C3%A4ndskt_infanteriregemente_IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livländskt infanteriregemente IV (page does not exist)">Livländskt infanteriregemente IV</a></i> (Livonian Infantry Regiment IV)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livl%C3%A4ndskt_infanteriregemente_V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livländskt infanteriregemente V (page does not exist)">Livländskt infanteriregemente V</a></i> (Livonian Infantry Regiment V)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Cavalry regiments</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurentzens_fridragoner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laurentzens fridragoner (page does not exist)">Laurentzens fridragoner</a></i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolter_Wolfgang_von_Laurentzen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolter Wolfgang von Laurentzen (page does not exist)">Wolter Wolfgang von Laurentzen</a>'s Free Dragoons)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewenhaupts_frikompani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewenhaupts frikompani (page does not exist)">Lewenhaupts frikompani</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Adam_Ludwig_Lewenhaupt" title="Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt">Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Free_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Company">Free Company</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelsfanan_i_Livland_och_%C3%96sel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adelsfanan i Livland och Ösel (page does not exist)">Adelsfanan i Livland och Ösel</a></i> (Livonian and Öselian Banner of Nobles)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livl%C3%A4ndsk_dragonskvadron_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livländsk dragonskvadron I (page does not exist)">Livländsk dragonskvadron I</a></i> (Livonian Dragoon Squadron I)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livl%C3%A4ndsk_dragonskvadron_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livländsk dragonskvadron II (page does not exist)">Livländsk dragonskvadron II</a></i> (Livonian Dragoon Squadron II)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livl%C3%A4ndskt_dragonregemente_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livländskt dragonregemente I (page does not exist)">Livländskt dragonregemente I</a></i> (Livonian Dragoon Regiment I)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livl%C3%A4ndskt_dragonregemente_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livländskt dragonregemente II (page does not exist)">Livländskt dragonregemente II</a></i> (Livonian Dragoon Regiment II)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96selska_lantdragonskvadronen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Öselska lantdragonskvadronen (page does not exist)">Öselska lantdragonskvadronen</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Öselian</a> County Dragoon Squadron)</li></ul> <p>Temporary cavalry regiments: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livl%C3%A4ndska_st%C3%A5ndsdragonbataljonen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livländska ståndsdragonbataljonen (page does not exist)">Livländska ståndsdragonbataljonen</a></i> (Livonian Rank Dragoon Battalion)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96selska_st%C3%A5ndsdragonbataljonen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Öselska ståndsdragonbataljonen (page does not exist)">Öselska ståndsdragonbataljonen</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Ösel</a> Rank Dragoon Battalion)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Livonia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Sweden_as_a_Great_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Sweden as a Great Power">Rise of Sweden as a Great Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Estonia_(1561%E2%80%931721)" title="Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721)">Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_under_Swedish_rule" title="Estonia under Swedish rule">Estonia under Swedish rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_%C3%96sel-Wiek" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek">Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Livonia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <ul><li>Andrejs Plakans, <i>A Concise History of the Baltic States</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2011, pp. 105ff</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Livonia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Heikki Pihlajamäki. Conquest and the Law in Swedish Livonia, ca. 1630–1710: A Case of Legal Pluralism in Early Modern Europe. Northern World Series. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2017</li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Swedish_Livonia&params=56.9667_N_24.1333_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">56°58′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">24°08′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">56.9667°N 24.1333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">56.9667; 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