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the ancient competition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_of_the_ancient_competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fighting_stances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fighting_stances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Fighting stances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fighting_stances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Striking_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Striking_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Striking techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Striking_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Punch_and_other_hand_strikes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punch_and_other_hand_strikes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Punch and other hand strikes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punch_and_other_hand_strikes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strikes_with_the_legs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strikes_with_the_legs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Strikes with the legs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strikes_with_the_legs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Straight_kick_to_the_stomach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Straight_kick_to_the_stomach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.1</span> <span>Straight kick to the stomach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Straight_kick_to_the_stomach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locking_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locking_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Locking techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locking_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arm_locks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arm_locks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Arm locks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arm_locks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Single_shoulder_lock_(overextension)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single_shoulder_lock_(overextension)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1.1</span> <span>Single shoulder lock (overextension)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single_shoulder_lock_(overextension)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Single_arm_bar_(elbow_lock)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single_arm_bar_(elbow_lock)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1.2</span> <span>Single arm bar (elbow lock)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single_arm_bar_(elbow_lock)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arm_bar_–_shoulder_lock_combination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arm_bar_–_shoulder_lock_combination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1.3</span> <span>Arm bar – shoulder lock combination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arm_bar_–_shoulder_lock_combination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leg_locks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leg_locks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Leg locks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leg_locks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Choking_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choking_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Choking techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choking_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tracheal_grip_choke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracheal_grip_choke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Tracheal grip choke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tracheal_grip_choke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tracheal_dig_using_the_thumb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracheal_dig_using_the_thumb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Tracheal dig using the thumb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tracheal_dig_using_the_thumb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Choke_from_behind_with_the_forearm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choke_from_behind_with_the_forearm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Choke from behind with the forearm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choke_from_behind_with_the_forearm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Throws_and_takedowns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Throws_and_takedowns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Throws and takedowns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Throws_and_takedowns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heave_from_a_reverse_waist_lock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heave_from_a_reverse_waist_lock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Heave from a reverse waist lock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heave_from_a_reverse_waist_lock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heave_from_a_waist_lock_following_a_sprawl" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heave_from_a_waist_lock_following_a_sprawl"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Heave from a waist lock following a sprawl</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heave_from_a_waist_lock_following_a_sprawl-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heave_from_a_waist_lock_from_behind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heave_from_a_waist_lock_from_behind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>Heave from a waist lock from behind</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heave_from_a_waist_lock_from_behind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategy_and_tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategy_and_tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Strategy and tactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategy_and_tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Positioning_in_the_skamma_(σκάμμα_"pit")" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positioning_in_the_skamma_(σκάμμα_"pit")"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Positioning in the <span><i>skamma</i></span> (<span><span>σκάμμα</span></span> "pit")</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positioning_in_the_skamma_(σκάμμα_"pit")-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remaining_standing_versus_going_to_the_ground" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remaining_standing_versus_going_to_the_ground"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>Remaining standing versus going to the ground</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remaining_standing_versus_going_to_the_ground-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offensive_versus_reactive_fighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offensive_versus_reactive_fighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.3</span> <span>Offensive versus reactive fighting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offensive_versus_reactive_fighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identifying_and_exploiting_the_weak_side_of_the_opponent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identifying_and_exploiting_the_weak_side_of_the_opponent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.4</span> <span>Identifying and exploiting the weak side of the opponent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identifying_and_exploiting_the_weak_side_of_the_opponent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparation_and_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation_and_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Preparation and practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparation_and_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Olympic_pankration_champions_and_famous_pankratiasts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Olympic_pankration_champions_and_famous_pankratiasts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ancient Olympic pankration champions and famous pankratiasts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Olympic_pankration_champions_and_famous_pankratiasts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_pankration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_pankration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Modern pankration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_pankration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pankration</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86" title="بانكريشن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بانكريشن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancraciu" title="Pancraciu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pancraciu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pankration" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Панкратыён – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Панкратыён" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Панкратион – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Панкратион" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancraci" title="Pancraci – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pancraci" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankr%C3%A1tion" title="Pankrátion – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pankrátion" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pankration" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pankration" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankraation" title="Pankraation – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pankraation" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Παγκράτιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παγκράτιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancracio" title="Pancracio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pancracio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankraco" title="Pankraco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pankraco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pankration" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="پانکریشن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پانکریشن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancrace" title="Pancrace – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pancrace" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancracio" title="Pancracio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pancracio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%A1%ED%81%AC%EB%9D%BC%ED%8B%B0%EC%98%A8" title="팡크라티온 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팡크라티온" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Պանկրատիոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պանկրատիոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pankration" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankraco" title="Pankraco – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pankraco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pankration" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancrazio" title="Pancrazio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pancrazio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F" title="פאנקרטיון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פאנקרטיון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პანკრატიონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პანკრატიონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Панкратион – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Панкратион" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancration" title="Pancration – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pancration" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankrationas" title="Pankrationas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pankrationas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93kori_g%C3%B6r%C3%B6g_pankr%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Ókori görög pankráció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ókori görög pankráció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="پانکریشن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پانکریشن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pankration" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%81%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3" title="パンクラチオン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パンクラチオン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pankration" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pankration" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancraci" title="Pancraci – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pancraci" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pankration" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancr%C3%A1cio" title="Pancrácio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pancrácio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Панкратион – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Панкратион" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pankration" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pankration" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Панкратион – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Панкратион" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pankration" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pankration" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pankration" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pankration" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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</nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pancratium" redirects here. For the plant genus, see <a href="/wiki/Pancratium_(plant)" title="Pancratium (plant)">Pancratium (plant)</a>. 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Panathenaic amphora, made in Athens in 332–331 BC, during the archonship of Niketes. From Capua.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Focus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_martial_arts" title="Hybrid martial arts">Hybrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strike_(attack)" title="Strike (attack)">striking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">grappling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Olympic sport</th><td class="infobox-data">Introduced in 648 BC</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pankration</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">παγκράτιον</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="grc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[paŋkráti.on]</a></span>) was an unarmed <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sport</a> introduced into the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> in 648 BC. The athletes used <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a> techniques but also others, such as kicking, holds, <a href="/wiki/Joint_lock" title="Joint lock">joint locks</a>, and chokes on the ground, making it similar to modern <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">mixed martial arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pankration_-_A_Historical_Look_at_the_Original_Mixed-Martial_Arts_Competition_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pankration_-_A_Historical_Look_at_the_Original_Mixed-Martial_Arts_Competition-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term comes from the Ancient Greek word <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:παγκράτιον">παγκράτιον</a></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>pankrátion</i></span>), meaning "all of power" (from <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%E1%BE%B6%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:πᾶν">πᾶν</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>pân</i></span>)</i> 'all' and <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:κράτος">κράτος</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>krátos</i></span>)</i> 'strength, might, power').<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:07Delphi_Aghias.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/07Delphi_Aghias.jpg/220px-07Delphi_Aghias.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/07Delphi_Aghias.jpg/330px-07Delphi_Aghias.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/07Delphi_Aghias.jpg/440px-07Delphi_Aghias.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A statue of Agias, son of Acnonius, and winner of the pankration in three <a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Games" title="Panhellenic Games">Panhellenic Games</a>. This statue occupies Position III of the <a href="/wiki/Ex_voto_of_Daochos" title="Ex voto of Daochos">ex voto of Daochos</a>. Height: 2 metres (6 feet 7 inches). </figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, it was said that the heroes <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a> invented pankration as a result of using both wrestling and boxing in their confrontations with opponents. Theseus was said to have used pankration to defeat <a href="/wiki/Cercyon_of_Eleusis" title="Cercyon of Eleusis">Cercyon of Eleusis</a> in a wrestling match, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Minotaur" title="Minotaur">minotaur</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Labyrinth" title="Labyrinth">labyrinth</a>. Heracles too was often depicted in ancient artworks subduing the <a href="/wiki/Nemean_lion" title="Nemean lion">Nemean lion</a> using pankration.<sup id="cite_ref-Pankration_-_A_Historical_Look_at_the_Original_Mixed-Martial_Arts_Competition_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pankration_-_A_Historical_Look_at_the_Original_Mixed-Martial_Arts_Competition-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this context, pankration was also referred to as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pammachon</i></span> or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pammachion</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πάμμαχον</span></span> or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">παμμάχιον</span></span>), meaning "total combat", from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πᾶν-</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pān-</i></span>, "all-" or "total", and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μάχη</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">machē</i></span>, "matter". The term <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pammachon</i></span> is older,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and would later become used less than the term <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pankration</i></span>. </p><p>The mainstream academic view has been that pankration developed in the archaic Greek society of the 7th century BC, whereby, as the need for expression in violent sport increased, pankration filled a niche of "total contest" that neither boxing nor wrestling could.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some evidence suggests that pankration, in both its sporting form and its combative form, may have been practiced in Greece already from the second millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pankration, as practiced in historical antiquity, was an athletic event that combined techniques of both <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_boxing" title="Ancient Greek boxing">boxing</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pygmē</i></span>/<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pygmachia</i></span> – <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πυγμή</span></span>/<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πυγμαχία</span></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Greek_wrestling" title="Greek wrestling">wrestling</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">palē</i></span> – <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πάλη</span></span>), as well as additional elements, such as the use of strikes with the legs, to create a broad fighting sport similar to today's <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">mixed martial arts</a> competitions. There is evidence that, although knockouts were common, most pankration competitions were decided on the basis of submission (yielding to a submission or joint lock).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Pankratiasts were highly skilled <a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">grapplers</a> and were extremely effective in applying a variety of <a href="/wiki/Takedown_(grappling)" title="Takedown (grappling)">takedowns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chokehold" title="Chokehold">chokes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joint_lock" title="Joint lock">joint locks</a>. In extreme cases a pankration competition could even result in the death of one of the opponents, which was considered a win for the surviving combatant. </p><p>However, pankration was more than just an event in the athletic competitions of the ancient Greek world; it was also part of the arsenal of Greek soldiers – including the famous <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartan</a> <a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">hoplites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a>. It is said that the <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartans</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae" title="Battle of Thermopylae">Battle of Thermopylae</a> fought with their bare hands and teeth once their swords and spears broke.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> mentions that in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mycale" title="Battle of Mycale">battle of Mycale</a> between the Greeks and the <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> in 479 BC, those of the Greeks who fought best were the Athenians, and the Athenian who fought best was a distinguished pankratiast, Hermolycus, son of Euthynus.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polyaemus describes King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II</a>, the father of Alexander the Great, practicing with another pankratiast while his soldiers watched.<sup id="cite_ref-Pankration_-_A_Historical_Look_at_the_Original_Mixed-Martial_Arts_Competition_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pankration_-_A_Historical_Look_at_the_Original_Mixed-Martial_Arts_Competition-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pancratist_Amphora,_by_the_Berlin_Painter_-_Red_Figure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Pancratist_Amphora%2C_by_the_Berlin_Painter_-_Red_Figure.jpg/220px-Pancratist_Amphora%2C_by_the_Berlin_Painter_-_Red_Figure.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Pancratist_Amphora%2C_by_the_Berlin_Painter_-_Red_Figure.jpg/330px-Pancratist_Amphora%2C_by_the_Berlin_Painter_-_Red_Figure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Pancratist_Amphora%2C_by_the_Berlin_Painter_-_Red_Figure.jpg/440px-Pancratist_Amphora%2C_by_the_Berlin_Painter_-_Red_Figure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>Pankratiasts represented on a <a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_amphora" title="Panathenaic amphora">Panathenaic amphora</a>, c.490 BC, <a href="/wiki/Staatliche_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Staatliche Museum">Staatliche Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The feats of the ancient pankratiasts became legendary in the annals of Greek athletics. Stories abound of past champions who were considered invincible beings. <a href="/wiki/Arrhichion" title="Arrhichion">Arrhichion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dioxippus" title="Dioxippus">Dioxippus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polydamas_of_Skotoussa" title="Polydamas of Skotoussa">Polydamas of Skotoussa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theogenes" title="Theogenes">Theogenes</a> (often referred to as Theagenes of Thasos after the first century AD) are among the most highly recognized names. Their accomplishments defying the odds were some of the most inspiring of ancient Greek athletics and they served as inspiration to the Hellenic world for centuries, as <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the ancient traveller and writer indicates when he re-tells these stories in his narrative of his travels around Greece.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dioxippus" title="Dioxippus">Dioxippus</a> was an Athenian who had won the Olympic Games in 336 BC, and was serving in Alexander the Great's army in its expedition into Asia. As an admired champion, he naturally became part of the circle of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. In that context, he accepted a challenge from one of Alexander's most skilled soldiers named <a href="/wiki/Coragus" title="Coragus">Coragus</a> to fight in front of Alexander and the troops in armed combat. While Coragus fought with weapons and full armour, Dioxippus showed up armed only with a club and defeated Coragus without killing him, making use of his pankration skills. Later, however, Dioxippus was framed for theft, which led him to commit suicide.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In an odd turn of events, a pankration fighter named <a href="/wiki/Arrhichion" title="Arrhichion">Arrhichion</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀρριχίων</span></span>) of <a href="/wiki/Phigalia" title="Phigalia">Phigalia</a> won the pankration competition at the Olympic Games despite being dead. His opponent had locked him in a chokehold and Arrhichion, desperate to loosen it, broke his opponent's toe (some records say his ankle). The opponent nearly passed out from pain and submitted. As the referee raised Arrhichion's hand, it was discovered that he had died from the <a href="/wiki/Chokehold" title="Chokehold">chokehold</a>. His body was crowned with the olive wreath and returned to Phigaleia as a hero.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Imperial Period</a>, the Romans had adopted the Greek combat sport (spelled in Latin as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pancratium</i></span>) into their Games.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 393 AD, the pankration, along with gladiatorial combat and all pagan festivals, was abolished by <a href="/wiki/Edict" title="Edict">edict</a> by the Christian Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> mentions the wrestler Leontiscus (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Λεοντίσκος</span></span>) from <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messene</a>. He wrote that Leontiscus's technique of wrestling was similar to the pankration of Sostratus the Sicyonian because Leontiscus didn't know how to throw his opponents; he won by bending their fingers instead.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_of_the_ancient_competition">Structure of the ancient competition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure of the ancient competition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were neither weight divisions nor time limits in pankration competitions. However, there were two or three age groups in the competitions of antiquity. In the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympic Games</a> specifically there were only two such age groups: men (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">andres</i></span> – <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄνδρες</span></span>) and boys (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">paides</i></span> – <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">παῖδες</span></span>). The pankration event for boys was established at the Olympic Games in 200 BC. In pankration competitions, referees were armed with stout rods or switches to enforce the rules. In fact, there were only two rules regarding combat: no <a href="/wiki/Eye_gouging" class="mw-redirect" title="Eye gouging">eye gouging</a> or biting.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> was the only place eye gouging and biting were allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contest itself usually continued uninterrupted until one of the combatants submitted, which was often signalled by the submitting contestant raising his index finger. The judges appear, however, to have had the right to stop a contest under certain conditions and award the victory to one of the two athletes; they could also declare the contest a tie.<sup id="cite_ref-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pankration competitions were held in tournaments, most being outside of the Olympics. Each tournament began with a ritual which would decide how the tournament would take place. <a href="/wiki/Grecophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Grecophone">Grecophone</a> satirist <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a> describes the process in detail: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A sacred silver urn is brought, in which they have put bean-size lots. On two lots an alpha is inscribed, on two a beta, and on another two a gamma, and so on. If there are more athletes, two lots always have the same letter. Each athlete comes forth, prays to Zeus, puts his hand into the urn and draws out a lot. Following him, the other athletes do the same. Whip bearers are standing next to the athletes, holding their hands and not allowing them to read the letter they have drawn. When everyone has drawn a lot, the alytarch,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or one of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc-Latn" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hellanodikai" title="Hellanodikai">Hellanodikai</a></span></span> walks around and looks at the lots of the athletes as they stand in a circle. He then joins the athlete holding the alpha to the other who has drawn the alpha for wrestling or pankration, the one who has the beta to the other with the beta, and the other matching inscribed lots in the same manner.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This process was apparently repeated every round until the finals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There would be a <a href="/wiki/Bye_(sports)" title="Bye (sports)">bye</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἔφεδρος</span></span> – <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">ephedros</i></span> "reserve") in every round containing an odd number of athletes, which could potentially be in every round until the final (but also potentially in none of the rounds, if the number of competitors was a power of 2 and none of the winners quit before fighting their next round, or any other irregularities). The same athlete could be an ephedros more than once, and this could of course be of great advantage to him as the ephedros would be spared the wear and tear of the rounds imposed on his opponent(s). To win a tournament without being an <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc">ephedros</i></span> in any of the rounds (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀνέφεδρος</span></span> – <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">anephedros</i></span> "non-reserve") was thus an honorable distinction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There is evidence that the major Games in Greek antiquity easily had four tournament rounds, that is, a field of sixteen athletes. However, there is clear evidence from <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, who refers to competitors in the <a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Games" title="Panhellenic Games">Panhellenic Games</a>, with opponents numbering in the thousands. Moreover, in the first century A.D., the Greco-Jewish philosopher <a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo of Alexandria">Philo of Alexandria</a>—who was himself probably a practitioner of pankration—makes a statement that could be an allusion to preliminary contests in which an athlete would participate and then collect his strength before coming forward fresh in the major competition. Therefore, we can assume regional and preliminary contests leading up to the major games could include upwards of hundreds of competitors, of which a select few will qualify to compete in the most important games.<sup id="cite_ref-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pankratiast_in_fighting_stance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Pankratiast_in_fighting_stance.jpg/220px-Pankratiast_in_fighting_stance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Pankratiast_in_fighting_stance.jpg/330px-Pankratiast_in_fighting_stance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Pankratiast_in_fighting_stance.jpg/440px-Pankratiast_in_fighting_stance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Pankratiast in fighting stance, Ancient Greek <a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">red-figure</a> amphora, 440 BC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pankration_Black_Terracotta_Panathenaic_prize_amphora_Attributed_to_the_Kleophrades_Painter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Pankration_Black_Terracotta_Panathenaic_prize_amphora_Attributed_to_the_Kleophrades_Painter.jpg/220px-Pankration_Black_Terracotta_Panathenaic_prize_amphora_Attributed_to_the_Kleophrades_Painter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Pankration_Black_Terracotta_Panathenaic_prize_amphora_Attributed_to_the_Kleophrades_Painter.jpg/330px-Pankration_Black_Terracotta_Panathenaic_prize_amphora_Attributed_to_the_Kleophrades_Painter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Pankration_Black_Terracotta_Panathenaic_prize_amphora_Attributed_to_the_Kleophrades_Painter.jpg/440px-Pankration_Black_Terracotta_Panathenaic_prize_amphora_Attributed_to_the_Kleophrades_Painter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="1247" /></a><figcaption>Pankratiasts fighting under the eyes of a judge. Side B of a <a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_Games" title="Panathenaic Games">Panathenaic</a> prize <a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_amphora" title="Panathenaic amphora">amphora</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span> BC.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foul_pankration_at_Kylix_by_the_Foundry_Painter_BM_VaseE78.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Foul_pankration_at_Kylix_by_the_Foundry_Painter_BM_VaseE78.jpg/220px-Foul_pankration_at_Kylix_by_the_Foundry_Painter_BM_VaseE78.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Foul_pankration_at_Kylix_by_the_Foundry_Painter_BM_VaseE78.jpg/330px-Foul_pankration_at_Kylix_by_the_Foundry_Painter_BM_VaseE78.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Foul_pankration_at_Kylix_by_the_Foundry_Painter_BM_VaseE78.jpg/440px-Foul_pankration_at_Kylix_by_the_Foundry_Painter_BM_VaseE78.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2105" /></a><figcaption>Pankration scene: the pankriatiast on the right tries to gouge his opponent's eye; the umpire is about to strike him for this foul. Detail from an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> Attic <a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">red-figure</a> <a href="/wiki/Kylix_(drinking_cup)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kylix (drinking cup)">kylix</a>, 490–480 BC, from <a href="/wiki/Vulci" title="Vulci">Vulci</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, London.</figcaption></figure> <p>The athletes engaged in a pankration competition – i.e., the pankratiasts (sg. <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">παγκρατιαστής</span></span>, pl. <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">παγκρατιασταί</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – employed a variety of techniques in order to strike their opponent as well as take him to the ground in order to use a submission technique. When the pankratiasts fought standing, the combat was called <b><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Anō Pankration</i></span></b> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄνω παγκράτιον</span></span>, "upper Pankration");<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and when they took the fight to the ground, that stage of pankration competition was called <b><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Katō pankration</i></span></b> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κάτω παγκράτιον</span></span>, "lower Pankration"). </p><p>Some of the techniques that would be applied in <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">anō pankration</i></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">katō pankration</i></span>, respectively, are known to us through depictions on ancient pottery and sculptures, as well as in descriptions in ancient literature. There were also strategies documented in ancient literature that were meant to be used to obtain an advantage over the competitor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fighting_stances">Fighting stances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fighting stances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pankratiast faces his opponent with a nearly frontal stance—only slightly turned sideways. This is an intermediate directional positioning, between the wrestler's more frontal positioning and the boxer's more sideways stance, and is consistent with the need to preserve both the option of using striking and protecting the center line of the body and the option of applying grappling techniques. Thus, the left side of the body is slightly forward than the right side of the body and the left hand is more forward than the right one. Both hands are held high so that the tips of the fingers are at the level of the hairline or just below the top of the head. The hands are partially open, the fingers are relaxed, and the palms are facing naturally forward, down, and slightly toward each other. The front arm is nearly fully extended but not entirely so; the rear arm is more cambered than the front arm, but more extended than a modern-day boxer's rear arm. The back of the athlete is somewhat rounded, but not as much as a wrestler's would be. The body is only slightly leaning forward. </p><p>The weight is virtually all on the back (right) foot with the front (left) foot touching the ground with the ball of the foot. It is a stance in which the athlete is ready at the same time to give a kick with the front leg as well as defend against the opponent's low-level kicks by lifting the front knee and blocking. The back leg is bent for stability and power and is facing slightly to the side, to go with the slightly sideways body position. The head and torso are behind the protecting two upper limbs and front leg.<sup id="cite_ref-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Striking_techniques">Striking techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Striking techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Punch_and_other_hand_strikes">Punch and other hand strikes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Punch and other hand strikes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pankration uses boxing punches and other ancient boxing hand strikes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Strikes_with_the_legs">Strikes with the legs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Strikes with the legs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Strikes delivered with the legs were an integral part of pankration and one of its most characteristic features. Kicking well was a great advantage to the pankratiast. <a href="/wiki/Epictetus" title="Epictetus">Epiktētos</a> makes a derogatory reference to a compliment one may give another: "<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μεγάλα λακτίζεις</span></span>" ("you kick great"). Moreover, in an accolade to the fighting prowess of the pankratiast Glykon from Pergamo, the athlete is described as "wide foot". The characterization comes actually before the reference to his "unbeatable hands", implying at least as crucial a role for strikes with the feet as with the hands in pankration. That proficiency in kicking could carry the pankratiast to victory is indicated in a sarcastic passage of Galen, where he awards the winning prize in pankration to a donkey because of its excellence in kicking. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panathenaic_Amphora_by_the_Berlin_Painter,_inscribed_TON_ATHENETHEN_ATHLON,_c._480-470_BC,_earthenware_with_slip_decoration,_view_1_-_Hood_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC09142_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Panathenaic_Amphora_by_the_Berlin_Painter%2C_inscribed_TON_ATHENETHEN_ATHLON%2C_c._480-470_BC%2C_earthenware_with_slip_decoration%2C_view_1_-_Hood_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC09142_01.JPG/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Panathenaic_Amphora_by_the_Berlin_Painter%2C_inscribed_TON_ATHENETHEN_ATHLON%2C_c._480-470_BC%2C_earthenware_with_slip_decoration%2C_view_1_-_Hood_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC09142_01.JPG/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Panathenaic_Amphora_by_the_Berlin_Painter%2C_inscribed_TON_ATHENETHEN_ATHLON%2C_c._480-470_BC%2C_earthenware_with_slip_decoration%2C_view_1_-_Hood_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC09142_01.JPG/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>A pankratiast quickly takes to the rear side of his opponent. Panathenaic Amphora by the Berlin Painter, inscribed 'TON ATHENETHEN ATHLON' (a prize from Athens<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), c. 480-470 BC, <a href="/wiki/Hood_Museum_of_Art" title="Hood Museum of Art">Hood Museum of Art</a>, New Hampshire.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Straight_kick_to_the_stomach">Straight kick to the stomach</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Straight kick to the stomach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The straight kick with the bottom of the foot to the stomach (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γαστρίζειν</span></span>/<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">λάκτισμα εἰς γαστέραν</span></span> – <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">gastrizein</i></span> or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">laktisma eis gasteran</i></span>, "kicking in the stomach") was apparently a common technique, given the number of depictions of such kicks on vases. This type of kick is mentioned by Lucian. </p><p><i>Counter</i>: The athlete sidesteps the oncoming kick to the inside of the opponent's leg. He catches and lifts the heel/foot of the planted leg with his rear hand and with the front arm goes under the knee of the kicking leg, hooks it with the nook of his elbow, and lifts while advancing to throw the opponent backward. The athlete executing the counter has to lean forward to avoid hand strikes by the opponent. This counter is shown on a <a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_amphora" title="Panathenaic amphora">Panathenaic amphora</a> now in <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>. In another counter, the athlete sidesteps, but now to the outside of the oncoming kick and grasps the inside of the kicking leg from behind the knee with his front hand (overhand grip) and pulls up, which tends to unbalance the opponent so that he falls backward as the athlete advances. The back hand can be used for striking the opponent while he is preoccupied maintaining his balance.<sup id="cite_ref-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locking_techniques">Locking techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Locking techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arte_romana,_Lottatori,_1-100_circa_da_un_originale_del_III_secolo_a.C._02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Arte_romana%2C_Lottatori%2C_1-100_circa_da_un_originale_del_III_secolo_a.C._02.JPG/220px-Arte_romana%2C_Lottatori%2C_1-100_circa_da_un_originale_del_III_secolo_a.C._02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Arte_romana%2C_Lottatori%2C_1-100_circa_da_un_originale_del_III_secolo_a.C._02.JPG/330px-Arte_romana%2C_Lottatori%2C_1-100_circa_da_un_originale_del_III_secolo_a.C._02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Arte_romana%2C_Lottatori%2C_1-100_circa_da_un_originale_del_III_secolo_a.C._02.JPG/440px-Arte_romana%2C_Lottatori%2C_1-100_circa_da_un_originale_del_III_secolo_a.C._02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1516" data-file-height="1636" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Pancrastinae" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pancrastinae">The Pancrastinae</a>. A Roman statue portraying the pancratium, which was an event showcased at the <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a>. Even as late as the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, statues were put up in Rome and other cities to honour remarkable pankratiasts. This statue is a Roman copy of a lost Greek original, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3rd</span> century BC. <a href="/wiki/Uffizi_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Uffizi Gallery">Uffizi Gallery</a>, Florence.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arm_locks">Arm locks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Arm locks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arm locks can be performed in many different situations using many different techniques. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Single_shoulder_lock_(overextension)"><span id="Single_shoulder_lock_.28overextension.29"></span>Single shoulder lock (overextension)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Single shoulder lock (overextension)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The athlete is behind the opponent and has him leaning down, with the right knee of the opponent on the ground. The athlete has the opponent's right arm straightened out and extended maximally backward at the shoulder joint. With the opponent's right arm across his own torso, the athlete uses his left hand to keep the pressure on the opponent's right arm by grabbing and pressing down on it just above the wrist. The right hand of the athlete is pressing down at the (side of) the head of the opponent, thus not permitting him to rotate to his right to relieve the pressure on his shoulder. As the opponent could escape by lowering himself closer to the ground and rolling, the athlete steps with his left leg over the left leg of the opponent and wraps his foot around the ankle of the opponent stepping on his instep, while pushing his body weight on the back of the opponent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Single_arm_bar_(elbow_lock)"><span id="Single_arm_bar_.28elbow_lock.29"></span>Single arm bar (elbow lock)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Single arm bar (elbow lock)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this technique, the position of the bodies is very similar to the one described just above. The athlete executing the technique is standing over his opponent's back, while the latter is down on his right knee. The left leg of the athlete is straddling the left thigh of the opponent—the left knee of the opponent is not on the floor—and is trapping the left foot of the opponent by stepping on it. The athlete uses his left hand to push down on the side/back of the head of the opponent while with his right hand he pulls the opponent's right arm back, against his midsection. This creates an arm bar on the right arm with the pressure now being mostly on the elbow. The fallen opponent cannot relieve it, because his head is being shoved the opposite way by the left hand of the athlete executing the technique. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pankratiasten_in_fight_greek_statue_2_century_bC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pankratiasten_in_fight_greek_statue_2_century_bC.jpg/220px-Pankratiasten_in_fight_greek_statue_2_century_bC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pankratiasten_in_fight_greek_statue_2_century_bC.jpg/330px-Pankratiasten_in_fight_greek_statue_2_century_bC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pankratiasten_in_fight_greek_statue_2_century_bC.jpg/440px-Pankratiasten_in_fight_greek_statue_2_century_bC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1884" data-file-height="2693" /></a><figcaption>Pankratiasts fighting. Greek bronze, 2nd century BC. <a href="/wiki/Staatliche_Antikensammlungen" title="Staatliche Antikensammlungen">Staatliche Antikensammlungen</a>, Munich.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Arm_bar_–_shoulder_lock_combination"><span id="Arm_bar_.E2.80.93_shoulder_lock_combination"></span>Arm bar – shoulder lock combination</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Arm bar – shoulder lock combination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this technique, the athlete is again behind his opponent, has the left arm of his opponent trapped, and is pulling back on his right arm. The trapped left arm is bent, with the fingers and palm trapped inside the armpit of the athlete. To trap the left arm, the athlete has pushed (from outside) his own left arm underneath the left elbow of the opponent. The athlete's left hand ends up pressing down on the scapula region of his opponent's back. This position does not permit the opponent to pull out his hand from the athlete's armpit and puts pressure on the left shoulder. The right arm of the athlete is pulling back at the opponent's right wrist (or forearm). In this way, the athlete keeps the right arm of his opponent straightened and tightly pulled against his right hip/lower abdomen area, which results in an arm bar putting pressure on the right elbow. The athlete is in full contact on top of the opponent, with his right leg in front of the right leg of the opponent to block him from escaping by rolling forward.<sup id="cite_ref-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Leg_locks">Leg locks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Leg locks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pankratiasts would refer to two different kinds of athletes: "the one who wrestles with the heel" and "the one who wrestles with the ankle", which indicates early knowledge of what is now known as the straight ankle-lock, and the <a href="/wiki/Leglock#Heel_hook" title="Leglock">heel hook</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Choking_techniques">Choking techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Choking techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tracheal_grip_choke">Tracheal grip choke</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tracheal grip choke"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In executing this choking technique (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄγχειν</span></span> – <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">anchein</i></span>), the athlete grabs the <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrate trachea">tracheal</a> area (<a href="/wiki/Windpipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Windpipe">windpipe</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_apple" title="Adam's apple">Adam's apple</a>") between his thumb and his four fingers and squeezes. This type of choke can be applied with the athlete being in front or behind his opponent. Regarding the hand grip to be used with this choke, the web area between the thumb and the index finger is to be quite high up the neck and the thumb is bent inward and downward, "reaching" behind the Adam's apple of the opponent. The main fingers which do much of the squeezing, is the thumb, index and middle finger, with the ring finger putting minimal force and, the pinky having no impact. It is unclear if such a grip would have been considered gouging and thus illegal in the Panhellenic Games. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tracheal_dig_using_the_thumb">Tracheal dig using the thumb</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tracheal dig using the thumb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The athlete grabs the throat of the opponent with the four fingers on the outside of the throat and the tip of the thumb pressing in and down the hollow of the throat, putting pressure on the trachea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Choke_from_behind_with_the_forearm">Choke from behind with the forearm</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Choke from behind with the forearm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rear naked choke (RNC) is a chokehold in martial arts applied from an opponent's back. Depending on the context, the term may refer to one of two variations of the technique, either arm can be used to apply the choke in both cases. The term "rear naked choke" likely originated from the technique in <a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">jujutsu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a> known as the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">hadaka jime</i></span> or "naked strangle". The word "naked" in this context suggests that, unlike other strangulation techniques found in jujutsu/judo, this hold does not require the use of a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">keikogi</i></span> ("<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">gi</i></span>") or training uniform. </p><p>The choke has two variations. In one version, the attacker's arm encircles the opponent's neck and then grabs his own biceps on the other arm (see below for details); in the second version, the attacker clasps his hands together instead after encircling the opponent's neck. These are very effective moves. </p><p>A counter to the choke from behind involves the twisting of one of the fingers of the choking arm. This counter is mentioned by Philostratus. In case the choke was set together with a grapevine body lock, another counter was the one applied against that lock; by causing enough pain to the ankle of the opponent, the latter could give up his choke.<sup id="cite_ref-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Throws_and_takedowns">Throws and takedowns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Throws and takedowns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heave_from_a_reverse_waist_lock">Heave from a reverse waist lock</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Heave from a reverse waist lock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From a reverse waist lock set from the front, and staying with hips close to the opponent, the athlete lifts and rotates his opponent using the strength of his hips and legs (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀναβαστάσαι εἰς ὕψος</span></span> – <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">anabastasai eis hypsos</i></span>, "high lifting"). Depending on the torque the athlete imparts, the opponent becomes more or less vertically inverted, facing the body of the athlete. If however the reverse waist lock is set from the back of the opponent, then the latter would face away from the athlete in the inverted position. </p><p>To finish the attack, the athlete has the option of either dropping his opponent head-first to the ground, or driving him into the ground while retaining the hold. To execute the latter option, the athlete bends one of his legs and goes down on that knee while the other leg remains only partially bent; this is presumably to allow for greater mobility in case the "pile driver" does not work. Another approach emphasizes less putting the opponent in an inverted vertical position and more the throw; it is shown in a sculpture in the <a href="/wiki/Metope_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metope (architecture)"><i>metōpē</i></a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μετώπη</span></span>) of the <a href="/wiki/Hephaesteion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephaesteion">Hephaisteion</a> in Athens, where Theseus is depicted heaving <a href="/wiki/Cercyon" title="Cercyon">Kerkyōn</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heave_from_a_waist_lock_following_a_sprawl">Heave from a waist lock following a sprawl</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Heave from a waist lock following a sprawl"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The opponents are facing in opposite directions with the athlete at a higher level, over the back of his opponent. The athlete can get in this position after making a shallow sprawl to counter a tackle attempt. From here the athlete sets a waist lock by encircling, from the back, the torso of the opponent with his arms and securing a "handshake" grip close to the abdomen of the opponent. He then heaves the opponent back and up, using the muscles of his legs and his back, so that the opponent's feet rise in the air and he ends up inverted, perpendicular to the ground, and facing away from the athlete. The throw finishes with a "pile driver" or, alternatively, with a simple release of the opponent so that he falls to the ground. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heave_from_a_waist_lock_from_behind">Heave from a waist lock from behind</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Heave from a waist lock from behind"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The athlete passes to the back of his opponent, secures a regular waist lock, lifts and throws/drops the opponent backwards and sideways. As a result of these moves, the opponent would tend to land on his side or face down. The athlete can follow the opponent to the ground and place himself on his back, where he could strike him or choke him from behind while holding him in the "grapevine" body lock (see above), stretching him face down on the ground. This technique is described by the Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a> in his account of a match between the hero Tydeus of Thebes and an opponent in the <a href="/wiki/Thebaid" title="Thebaid">Thebaid</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tydeus" title="Tydeus">Tydeus</a> is described to have followed this takedown with a choke while applying the "grapevine" body lock on the prone opponent.<sup id="cite_ref-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategy_and_tactics">Strategy and tactics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Strategy and tactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Positioning_in_the_skamma_(σκάμμα_"pit")"><span id="Positioning_in_the_skamma_.28.CF.83.CE.BA.CE.AC.CE.BC.CE.BC.CE.B1_.22pit.22.29"></span>Positioning in the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">skamma</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σκάμμα</span></span> "pit")</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Positioning in the skamma (σκάμμα "pit")"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the pankration competitions were held outside and in the afternoon, appropriately positioning one's face in relation to the low sun was a major tactical objective. The pankratiast, as well as the boxer, did not want to have to face the sun, as this would partly blind him to the blows of the opponent and make accurate delivery of strikes to specific targets difficult. Theocritus, in his narration of the (boxing) match between <a href="/wiki/Polydeukes" class="mw-redirect" title="Polydeukes">Polydeukēs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amykos" title="Amykos">Amykos</a>, noted that the two opponents struggled a lot, vying to see who would get the sun's rays on his back. In the end, with skill and cunning, Polydeukēs managed so that Amykos' face was struck with sunlight while his own was in the shade. </p><p>While this positioning was of paramount importance in boxing, which involved only upright striking (with the eyes facing straight), it was also important in pankration, especially in the beginning of the competition and as long as the athletes remained standing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Remaining_standing_versus_going_to_the_ground">Remaining standing versus going to the ground</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Remaining standing versus going to the ground"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xfrese.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Xfrese.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Pankratiasts portrayed on a Roman relief. 2nd or 3rd century AD.</figcaption></figure> <p>The decision to remain standing or go to the ground obviously depended on the relative strengths of the athlete, and differed between <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">anō</i></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">katō</i></span> pankration. However, there are indications that staying on one's feet was generally considered a positive thing, while touching the knee(s) to the ground or being put to the ground was overall considered disadvantageous. It has been suggested that in antiquity, as today, falling to one's knee(s) was a metaphor for coming to a disadvantage and putting oneself at risk of losing the fight.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Offensive_versus_reactive_fighting">Offensive versus reactive fighting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Offensive versus reactive fighting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Regarding the choice of attacking into the attack of the opponent versus defending and retreating, there are indications, e.g. from boxing, that it was preferable to attack. <a href="/wiki/Dio_Chrysostom" title="Dio Chrysostom">Dio Chrysostom</a> notes that retreat under fear tends to result in even greater injuries, while attacking before the opponent strikes is less injurious and could very well end in victory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Identifying_and_exploiting_the_weak_side_of_the_opponent">Identifying and exploiting the weak side of the opponent</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Identifying and exploiting the weak side of the opponent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pankratiasts_competing_on_a_Panathenaic_amphora.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pankratiasts_competing_on_a_Panathenaic_amphora.png/220px-Pankratiasts_competing_on_a_Panathenaic_amphora.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pankratiasts_competing_on_a_Panathenaic_amphora.png/330px-Pankratiasts_competing_on_a_Panathenaic_amphora.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pankratiasts_competing_on_a_Panathenaic_amphora.png/440px-Pankratiasts_competing_on_a_Panathenaic_amphora.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption>A single arm, leg hold and heave move, made with the other hand poised to strike. <a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_amphora" title="Panathenaic amphora">Panathenaic amphora</a>, c. 490 BC, possibly by the Kleophrades painter, now housed in the <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As indicated by Plato in his <i>Laws</i>, an important element of strategy was to understand if the opponent had a weak or untrained side and to force him to operate on that side and generally take advantage of that weakness. For example, if the athlete recognizes that the opponent is strictly right-handed, he could circle away from the right hand of the opponent and towards the left side of the opponent. Moreover, if the opponent is weak in his left-side throws, the athlete could aim to position himself accordingly. Training in ambidexterity was instrumental in both applying this strategy and not falling victim to it.<sup id="cite_ref-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparation_and_practice">Preparation and practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Preparation and practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic instruction of pankration techniques was conducted by the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">paedotribae</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">παιδοτρίβαι</span></span>, "physical trainers"<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), who were in charge of boys' physical education.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High level athletes were also trained by special trainers who were called <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">gymnastae</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γυμνασταί</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some of whom had been successful pankration competitors themselves. There are indications that the methods and techniques used by different athletes varied, i.e., there were different styles. While specific styles taught by different teachers, in the mode of Asian martial arts, cannot be excluded, it is very clear (including in Aristotle's <i>Nicomachean Ethics</i>) that the objective of a teacher of combat sports was to help each of his athletes to develop his personal style that would fit his strengths and weaknesses.<sup id="cite_ref-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The preparation of pankratiasts included a very wide variety of methods,<sup id="cite_ref-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most of which would be immediately recognizable by the trainers of modern high level athletes, including competitors in modern <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">mixed martial arts</a> competitions. These methods included among others the periodization of training; a wealth of regimens for the development of strength, speed-strength, speed, stamina, and endurance; specialized training for the different stages of competition (i.e., for <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">anō pankration</i></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">katō pankration</i></span>), and methods for learning and engraining techniques. Among the multitude of the latter were also training tools that appear to be very similar to Asian martial arts forms or <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kata" title="Kata">kata</a></i></span>, and were known as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">cheironomia</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">χειρονομία</span></span>) and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">anapale</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀναπάλη</span></span>). Punching bags (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">kōrykos</i></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κώρυκος</span></span> "leather sack") of different sizes and dummies were used for striking practice as well as for the hardening of the body and limbs. Nutrition, massage, and other recovery techniques were used very actively by pankratiasts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Olympic_pankration_champions_and_famous_pankratiasts">Ancient Olympic pankration champions and famous pankratiasts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Ancient Olympic pankration champions and famous pankratiasts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pankratist_Bronze_Head.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pankratist_Bronze_Head.png/130px-Pankratist_Bronze_Head.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Pankratist_Bronze_Head.png 1.5x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="198" /></a><figcaption>Bronze portrait of a pankratiast</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_statuette_of_a_pankratiast_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bronze_statuette_of_a_pankratiast_Louvre.jpg/220px-Bronze_statuette_of_a_pankratiast_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bronze_statuette_of_a_pankratiast_Louvre.jpg/330px-Bronze_statuette_of_a_pankratiast_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Bronze_statuette_of_a_pankratiast_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Bronze statuette of a Pankratiast, from the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> period, currently held by the Louvre museum, Paris</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theagenes_of_Thasos" title="Theagenes of Thasos">Theagenes of Thasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrichion" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrichion">Arrichion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleitomachos_(athlete)" title="Kleitomachos (athlete)">Kleitomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polydamas_of_Skotoussa" title="Polydamas of Skotoussa">Polydamas of Skotoussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxippus" title="Dioxippus">Dioxippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timasitheus_of_Delphi" title="Timasitheus of Delphi">Timasitheus of Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sostratus_of_Sicyon" title="Sostratus of Sicyon">Sostratus of Sicyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysmon" title="Hysmon">Hysmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_of_Arcadia" title="Antiochus of Arcadia">Antiochus of Arcadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timanthes_of_Cleonae" title="Timanthes of Cleonae">Timanthes of Cleonae</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Callias (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Καλλίᾳς</span></span>) of Athens; a statue of him was made by <a href="/wiki/Micon" title="Micon">Micon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pausanias_6.6.1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pausanias_6.6.1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Androsthenes (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀνδροσθένης</span></span>) of <a href="/wiki/Mainalo" title="Mainalo">Mainalo</a>, son of Lochaeus (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Λοχαίος</span></span>), who won two victories among the men. A statue of him was made by Nicodamus of Mainalo.<sup id="cite_ref-Pausanias_6.6.1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pausanias_6.6.1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Strato (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Στράτων</span></span>) of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Caprus (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Κάπρος</span></span>) of Elis<sup id="cite_ref-Pausanias_5.21.10_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pausanias_5.21.10-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Aristomenes (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀριστομένης</span></span>) of Rhodes<sup id="cite_ref-Pausanias_5.21.10_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pausanias_5.21.10-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Protophanes (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Πρωτοφάνης</span></span>) of <a href="/wiki/Magnesia_on_the_Meander" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesia on the Meander">Magnesia on the Meander</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pausanias_5.21.10_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pausanias_5.21.10-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Marion (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Μαρίων</span></span>) of Alexandria<sup id="cite_ref-Pausanias_5.21.10_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pausanias_5.21.10-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Aristeas (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀριστέας</span></span>) of <a href="/wiki/Stratonicea_(Caria)" title="Stratonicea (Caria)">Stratoniceia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pausanias_5.21.10_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pausanias_5.21.10-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Nicostratus (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Νικόστρατος</span></span>) of <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pausanias_5.21.10_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pausanias_5.21.10-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Artemidorus (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀρτεμίδωρος</span></span>) of <a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Aydın">Tralles</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dorieús, son of <a href="/wiki/Diagoras_of_Rhodes" title="Diagoras of Rhodes">Diagoras</a>, of Rhodes<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_pankration">Modern pankration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Modern pankration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Modern pankration</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also known as</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Pankration</li><li>Neo-Pankration</li><li>International Pankration<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Focus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_martial_arts" title="Hybrid martial arts">Hybrid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Hardness</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Contact_sport#Full-contact" title="Contact sport">Full contact</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Creator</th><td class="infobox-data">Savvidis Lazaros</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parenthood</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">Mixed martial arts</a>, ancient pankration</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Olympic sport</th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uww.org/about-uww/committee/world-pankration-committee">uww<wbr />.org<wbr />/about-uww<wbr />/committee<wbr />/world-pankration-committee</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>At the time of the revival of the Olympic Games (1896), despite the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin" title="Pierre de Coubertin">Pierre de Coubertin</a>, pankration was not reinstated as an Olympic event. </p><p><i>Neo-Pankration</i> (modern pankration) was first introduced to the <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a> community by Greek-American combat athlete <a href="/wiki/Jim_Arvanitis" title="Jim Arvanitis">Jim Arvanitis</a> in 1969 and later exposed worldwide in 1973 when he was featured on the cover of <a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Belt magazine"><i>Black Belt</i> magazine</a>. Arvanitis continually refined his reconstruction with reference to original sources. His efforts are also considered pioneering in what became <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">mixed martial arts</a> (MMA).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> (IOC) does not list pankration among <a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Olympic sports</a>, but the efforts of Savvidis E. A. Lazaros, founder of modern Pankration Athlima, the technical examination programma, the endyma, the shape of the Palaestra and the terminology of Pankration Athlima, in 2010 the sport was accepted by FILA,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known today as <a href="/wiki/United_World_Wrestling" title="United World Wrestling">United World Wrestling</a> (UWW), which governs the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_wrestling" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic wrestling">Olympic wrestling</a> codes, as an associated discipline and a "form of modern <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">Mixed Martial Art</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pankration was first contested at the <a href="/wiki/World_Combat_Games" title="World Combat Games">World Combat Games</a> in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern pankration has a ruleset resembling amateur MMA, divided into two rulesets:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"Elite" (less restrictive; punches and kicks to the body and head are allowed)</li> <li>"Traditional" (more restrictive, i.e. no punches or kicks to the head, although "controlled round house kicks to the head" are allowed)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Soccer_kick" title="Soccer kick">Soccer kicks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hammer_fist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammer fist">hammer fists</a>, elbow strikes to the head, <a href="/wiki/Body_slam" class="mw-redirect" title="Body slam">body slams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leglock" title="Leglock">leglocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spine_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Spine lock">spine locks</a> and any kind of striking while <a href="/wiki/Groundfighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundfighting">groundfighting</a> are banned in both styles. Targeting any of the following areas of the body is also disallowed: neck, back of the head, throat, knees, elbows, joints, kidneys, groin and along the spine.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fighters wear protective gear (<a href="/wiki/MMA_gloves" title="MMA gloves">MMA gloves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shin_pad" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin pad">shin pads</a>, headgear) and fight in a standard wrestling mat.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_physical_training_and_fitness" title="History of physical training and fitness">History of physical training and fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermogenes_of_Xanthos" title="Hermogenes of Xanthos">Hermogenes of Xanthos</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀλυτάρχης</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀλύτης</span></span> + <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄρχω</span></span>) "rod-ruler, referee"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However, besides being a stage of combat, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">anō pankration</i></span> was often an athletic event in itself, whereby the athletes would not be permitted to take the fight to the ground but had to remain standing throughout the match (somewhat like modern Thai boxing).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pankration_-_A_Historical_Look_at_the_Original_Mixed-Martial_Arts_Competition-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pankration_-_A_Historical_Look_at_the_Original_Mixed-Martial_Arts_Competition_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pankration_-_A_Historical_Look_at_the_Original_Mixed-Martial_Arts_Competition_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pankration_-_A_Historical_Look_at_the_Original_Mixed-Martial_Arts_Competition_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGeorgiou" class="citation web cs1">Georgiou, Andreas V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pankration.info/what-is-pankration">"Pankration - A Historical Look at the Original Mixed-Martial Arts Competition"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160130163459/http://www.pankration.info/what-is-pankration/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pankration+-+A+Historical+Look+at+the+Original+Mixed-Martial+Arts+Competition&rft.aulast=Georgiou&rft.aufirst=Andreas+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpankration.info%2Fwhat-is-pankration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=pagkra/tion"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">παγκράτιον</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220207203017/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpagkra%2Ftion">"Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, παγκρα?́τ-ιον"</a>. Archived from the original on 7 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Henry+George+Liddell%2C+Robert+Scott%2C+A+Greek-English+Lexicon%2C+%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%3F%CC%81%CF%84-%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253Dpagkra%252Ftion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankration" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDervenis2007" class="citation book cs1">Dervenis, Kostas (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1085169623"><i>The Martial Arts of Ancient Greece: Modern Fighting Techniques from the Age of Alexander</i></a>. Nektarios Lykiardopoulos, Michael J. Pantelides. Rochester: Inner Traditions International, Limited. pp. chapter 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-740-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-740-0"><bdi>978-1-59477-740-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1085169623">1085169623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Martial+Arts+of+Ancient+Greece%3A+Modern+Fighting+Techniques+from+the+Age+of+Alexander&rft.place=Rochester&rft.pages=chapter+2&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions+International%2C+Limited&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1085169623&rft.isbn=978-1-59477-740-0&rft.aulast=Dervenis&rft.aufirst=Kostas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1085169623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoliakoff1986" class="citation book cs1">Poliakoff, Michael (1986). <i>Studies in the Terminology of Greek Combat Sport</i>. Frankfurt: Hain. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783445024879" title="Special:BookSources/9783445024879"><bdi>9783445024879</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Terminology+of+Greek+Combat+Sport&rft.place=Frankfurt&rft.pub=Hain&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9783445024879&rft.aulast=Poliakoff&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Poliakoff, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e2EyPI8X8FMC">Combat Sport in the Ancient World</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220207203012/https://books.google.com/books?id=e2EyPI8X8FMC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0">Archived</a> 7 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pankration_-_An_Olympic_Combat_Sport_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgiou" class="citation web cs1">Georgiou, Andreas V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pankration.info/">"Pankration – An Olympic Combat Sport"</a>. <i>pankration.info</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130422094452/http://www.pankration.info/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pankration.info&rft.atitle=Pankration+%E2%80%93+An+Olympic+Combat+Sport&rft.aulast=Georgiou&rft.aufirst=Andreas+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pankration.info%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philostratus, <i>Gymnastikos 11</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.%209.105&lang=original">The Histories</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210206230712/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.%209.105&lang=original">Archived</a> 6 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 9.105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ryanfb.github.io/loebolus-data/L093.pdf">Description of Greece</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200723125709/https://ryanfb.github.io/loebolus-data/L093.pdf">Archived</a> 23 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrophy1978" class="citation journal cs1">Brophy, Robert H. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/293747">"Deaths in the Pan-Hellenic Games: Arrachion and Creugas"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Philology</i>. <b>99</b> (3): 363–390. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F293747">10.2307/293747</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9475">0002-9475</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/293747">293747</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16411322">16411322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=Deaths+in+the+Pan-Hellenic+Games%3A+Arrachion+and+Creugas&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=363-390&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16411322&rft.issn=0002-9475&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F293747%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F293747&rft.aulast=Brophy&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F293747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitz1875" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schmitz, Leonhard (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Pancratium.html">"Pancratium"</a>. In John Murray (ed.). <i>A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities</i>. London. pp. 857‑858. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601203604/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA%2A/Pancratium.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pancratium&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Antiquities&rft.place=London&rft.pages=857%E2%80%91858&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Schmitz&rft.aufirst=Leonhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2Fsecondary%2FSMIGRA%2A%2FPancratium.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankration" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:6.4.3">"Pausanias, Description of Greece, 6.4.3"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021023353/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:6.4.3">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pausanias%2C+Description+of+Greece%2C+6.4.3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3Durn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1%3A6.4.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historical-pankration.com/articles_wrestling.html">"Historical Pankration Project"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080331054726/http://historical-pankration.com/articles_wrestling.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Pankration+Project&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historical-pankration.com%2Farticles_wrestling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross2016" class="citation book cs1">Gross, Josh (9 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rPCGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18"><i>Ali vs. Inoki: The Forgotten Fight That Inspired Mixed Martial Arts and Launched Sports Entertainment</i></a>. BenBella Books, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781942952206" title="Special:BookSources/9781942952206"><bdi>9781942952206</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407103438/https://books.google.com/books?id=rPCGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2016</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ali+vs.+Inoki%3A+The+Forgotten+Fight+That+Inspired+Mixed+Martial+Arts+and+Launched+Sports+Entertainment&rft.pub=BenBella+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2016-06-09&rft.isbn=9781942952206&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrPCGDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/luc/wl2/wl205.htm">Hermotimos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327111516/http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/luc/wl2/wl205.htm">Archived</a> 27 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%AF&la=greek">"παγκρατιασταί"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201224203952/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%AF&la=greek">Archived</a> 24 December 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on Perseus project</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livestrong.com/article/356996-pankration-techniques/">"Ancient Pankration Techniques"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110830045152/http://www.livestrong.com/article/356996-pankration-techniques/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Pankration+Techniques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livestrong.com%2Farticle%2F356996-pankration-techniques%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carc.ox.ac.uk/carc/resources/Introduction-to-Greek-Pottery/Shapes/Amphorae">"Panathenaic prize amphora"</a>. <i>Classical Art Research Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Classical+Art+Research+Centre&rft.atitle=Panathenaic+prize+amphora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carc.ox.ac.uk%2Fcarc%2Fresources%2FIntroduction-to-Greek-Pottery%2FShapes%2FAmphorae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jitsmagazine.com/submission-history-the-origins-of-the-heelhook/">"Submission History: The Origins of the Heelhook"</a>. 12 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929165447/https://jitsmagazine.com/submission-history-the-origins-of-the-heelhook/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Submission+History%3A+The+Origins+of+the+Heelhook&rft.date=2020-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjitsmagazine.com%2Fsubmission-history-the-origins-of-the-heelhook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpaidotri%2Fbhs">παιδοτρίβης</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205212946/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpaidotri%2Fbhs">Archived</a> 5 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gardiner, Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/240#tau.593">"Suda, § tau.593"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225005003/https://topostext.org/work/240#tau.593">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suda%2C+%C2%A7+tau.593&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftopostext.org%2Fwork%2F240%23tau.593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:6.8.4">"Pausanias, Description of Greece, 6.8.4"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190716144027/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:6.8.4">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pausanias%2C+Description+of+Greece%2C+6.8.4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3Durn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1%3A6.8.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pausanias_6.6.1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pausanias_6.6.1_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pausanias_6.6.1_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:6.6.1">"Pausanias, Description of Greece, 6.6.1"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190717094640/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:6.6.1">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pausanias%2C+Description+of+Greece%2C+6.6.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3Durn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1%3A6.6.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:5.21.9">"Pausanias, Description of Greece, 5.21.9"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190716141756/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:5.21.9">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pausanias%2C+Description+of+Greece%2C+5.21.9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3Durn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1%3A5.21.9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pausanias_5.21.10-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pausanias_5.21.10_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pausanias_5.21.10_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pausanias_5.21.10_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pausanias_5.21.10_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pausanias_5.21.10_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pausanias_5.21.10_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:5.21.10">"Pausanias, Description of Greece, 5.21.10"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190716135151/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:5.21.10">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pausanias%2C+Description+of+Greece%2C+5.21.10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3Durn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1%3A5.21.10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:6.14.2">"Pausanias, Description of Greece, 6.14.2"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190716142021/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:6.14.2">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pausanias%2C+Description+of+Greece%2C+6.14.2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3Durn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1%3A6.14.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrote1852" class="citation book cs1">Grote, George (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.69647"><i>History of Greece</i></a>. Vol. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Greece&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Grote&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.69647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uww.org/sites/default/files/media/document/international_pankration_regulations_new_0.pdf">"International Pankration Regulations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United World Wrestling</i>. July 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220320083905/https://uww.org/sites/default/files/media/document/international_pankration_regulations_new_0.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+World+Wrestling&rft.atitle=International+Pankration+Regulations&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuww.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmedia%2Fdocument%2Finternational_pankration_regulations_new_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorcoran1993" class="citation book cs1">Corcoran, John (1993). <i>The Original Martial Arts Encyclopedia – Tradition, History, Pioneers</i>. Pro-Action Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0961512636" title="Special:BookSources/0961512636"><bdi>0961512636</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Original+Martial+Arts+Encyclopedia+%E2%80%93+Tradition%2C+History%2C+Pioneers&rft.pub=Pro-Action+Pub.&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0961512636&rft.aulast=Corcoran&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItalo_Morello2008" class="citation book cs1">Italo Morello (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AjK-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5"><i>The Origins of Martial Arts: Pankration</i></a>. Lulu.com. pp. 5–6, 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781471658617" title="Special:BookSources/9781471658617"><bdi>9781471658617</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022121244/https://books.google.com/books?id=AjK-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Martial+Arts%3A+Pankration&rft.pages=5-6%2C+60&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781471658617&rft.au=Italo+Morello&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAjK-AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316213700/http://www.fila-official.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=476&Itemid=100225">"Pankration"</a>. FILA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fila-official.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=476&Itemid=100225">the original</a> on 16 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pankration&rft.pub=FILA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fila-official.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D476%26Itemid%3D100225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120812055815/http://www.fila-official.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=521&Itemid=100164&lang=en">"Associated Sports"</a>. FILA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fila-official.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=521&Itemid=100164&lang=en">the original</a> on 12 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Associated+Sports&rft.pub=FILA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fila-official.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D521%26Itemid%3D100164%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankration&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Olympic_winners" title="Template:Ancient Olympic winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Olympic_winners" title="Template talk:Ancient Olympic winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Olympic_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Olympic winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Olympic_Games" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympic Games</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Olympia" title="Archaeological Museum of Olympia">Archaeological Museum of Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_Olympic_festivals" title="Ancient Greek Olympic festivals">Ancient Greek Olympic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellanodikai" title="Hellanodikai">Hellanodikai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadium_at_Olympia" title="Stadium at Olympia">Stadium at Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Olympic_schedule_%28Competitions%29_Pentathlon.svg/100px-Olympic_schedule_%28Competitions%29_Pentathlon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Olympic_schedule_%28Competitions%29_Pentathlon.svg/150px-Olympic_schedule_%28Competitions%29_Pentathlon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Olympic_schedule_%28Competitions%29_Pentathlon.svg/200px-Olympic_schedule_%28Competitions%29_Pentathlon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Running_in_Ancient_Greece" title="Running in Ancient Greece">Foot races</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diaulos_(running_race)" title="Diaulos (running race)">Diaulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolichos_(race)" title="Dolichos (race)">Dolichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplitodromos" title="Hoplitodromos">Hoplitodromos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadion_(running_race)" title="Stadion (running race)">Stadion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Horse races</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apene (page does not exist)">Apene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chariot_of_polos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chariot of polos (page does not exist)">Chariot of polos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapolon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decapolon (page does not exist)">Decapolon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalpe_riding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalpe riding (page does not exist)">Kalpe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keles_riding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keles riding (page does not exist)">Keles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfect_chariot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perfect chariot (page does not exist)">Perfect chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polos_riding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polos riding (page does not exist)">Polos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoris">Synoris</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synoris_of_polos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synoris of polos (page does not exist)">Synoris of polos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethrippon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tethrippon">Tethrippon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tethrippon_of_polos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tethrippon of polos (page does not exist)">Tethrippon of polos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_boxing" title="Ancient Greek boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pankration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_wrestling" title="Greek wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herald_and_Trumpet_contest" title="Herald and Trumpet contest">Herald and Trumpet contest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_pentathlon" title="Ancient Olympic pentathlon">Pentathlon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acanthus_of_Sparta" title="Acanthus of Sparta">Acanthus of Sparta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Agasias_of_Arcadia" title="Agasias of Arcadia">Agasias of Arcadia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Agesarchus_of_Tritaea" title="Agesarchus of Tritaea">Agesarchus of Tritaea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades of Athens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Macedon" title="Alexander I of Macedon">Alexander I of Macedon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxilas" title="Anaxilas">Anaxilas of Messenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aratus_of_Sicyon" title="Aratus of Sicyon">Aratus of Sicyon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Archelaus_of_Macedon" title="Archelaus of Macedon">Archelaus of Macedon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arrhichion" title="Arrhichion">Arrhichion of Phigalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Astylos_of_Croton" title="Astylos of Croton">Astylos of Croton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_II_of_Egypt" title="Berenice II of Egypt">Berenice II of Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bilistiche" title="Bilistiche">Bilistiche</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chaeron_of_Pellene" title="Chaeron of Pellene">Chaeron of Pellene</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chilon_of_Patras" title="Chilon of Patras">Chilon of Patras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chionis_of_Sparta" title="Chionis of Sparta">Chionis of Sparta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cimon_Coalemos" title="Cimon Coalemos">Cimon Coalemos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Coroebus_of_Elis" title="Coroebus of Elis">Coroebus of Elis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cylon_of_Athens" title="Cylon of Athens">Cylon of Athens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cynisca" title="Cynisca">Cynisca of Sparta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Damarchus" title="Damarchus">Damarchus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Demaratus" title="Demaratus">Demaratus of Sparta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Desmon_of_Corinth" title="Desmon of Corinth">Desmon of Corinth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diagoras_of_Rhodes" title="Diagoras of Rhodes">Diagoras of Rhodes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diocles_of_Corinth" title="Diocles of Corinth">Diocles of Corinth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ergoteles_of_Himera" title="Ergoteles of Himera">Ergoteles of Himera</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Euryleonis" title="Euryleonis">Euryleonis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Herodorus_of_Megara" title="Herodorus of Megara">Herodorus of Megara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hiero_I_of_Syracuse" title="Hiero I of Syracuse">Hiero I of Syracuse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hypenus_of_Elis" title="Hypenus of Elis">Hypenus of Elis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hysmon" title="Hysmon">Hysmon of Elis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iccus_of_Taranto" title="Iccus of Taranto">Iccus of Taranto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_of_Rhodes" title="Leonidas of Rhodes">Leonidas of Rhodes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Leophron" title="Leophron">Leophron</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Milo_of_Croton" title="Milo of Croton">Milo of Croton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero Caesar Augustus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oebotas_of_Dyme" title="Oebotas of Dyme">Oebotas of Dyme</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Onomastus_of_Smyrna" title="Onomastus of Smyrna">Onomastus of Smyrna</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Orsippus" title="Orsippus">Orsippus of Megara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pisistratus" title="Pisistratus">Peisistratos of Athens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Phanas_of_Pellene" title="Phanas of Pellene">Phanas of Pellene</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philinus_of_Cos_(athlete)" title="Philinus of Cos (athlete)">Philinus of Cos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philippus_of_Croton" title="Philippus of Croton">Philippus of Croton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Phrynon" title="Phrynon">Phrynon of Athens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Polydamas_of_Skotoussa" title="Polydamas of Skotoussa">Polydamas of Skotoussa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras_of_Laconia" title="Pythagoras of Laconia">Pythagoras of Laconia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras_(boxer)" title="Pythagoras (boxer)">Pythagoras of Samos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sostratus_of_Pellene" title="Sostratus of Pellene">Sostratus of Pellene</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Theagenes_of_Thasos" title="Theagenes of Thasos">Theagenes of Thasos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Theron_of_Acragas" title="Theron of Acragas">Theron of Acragas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius Caesar Augustus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timasitheus_of_Delphi" title="Timasitheus of Delphi">Timasitheus of Delphi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Troilus_of_Elis" title="Troilus of Elis">Troilus of Elis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Varazdat" title="Varazdat">Varazdat of Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon_of_Aegium" title="Xenophon of Aegium">Xenophon of Aegium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon_of_Corinth" title="Xenophon of Corinth">Xenophon of Corinth</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Ancient Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_winners_of_the_Stadion_race" title="List of Olympic winners of the Stadion race">Stadion race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_winners_of_the_Archaic_period" title="Olympic winners of the Archaic period">Archaic period</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olympic_winners_of_the_Classical_period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olympic winners of the Classical period (page does not exist)">Classical period</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olympic_winners_of_the_Hellenistic_period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olympic winners of the Hellenistic period (page does not exist)">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olympic_winners_of_the_Roman_period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olympic winners of the Roman period (page does not exist)">Roman period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/32px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/48px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/64px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="495" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Olympic_Games" title="Portal:Olympic Games">Olympic Games portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Category:Ancient Olympic Games">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Olympic_sports" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#BFD7FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Olympic_sports" title="Template:Ancient Olympic sports"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Olympic_sports" title="Template talk:Ancient Olympic sports"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Olympic_sports" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Olympic sports"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Olympic_sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympic sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_boxing" title="Ancient Greek boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariot_racing" title="Chariot racing">Chariot racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaulos_(running_race)" title="Diaulos (running race)">Diaulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolichos_(race)" title="Dolichos (race)">Dolichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplitodromos" title="Hoplitodromos">Hoplitodromos</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pankration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_pentathlon" title="Ancient Olympic pentathlon">Pentathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadion_(running_race)" title="Stadion (running race)">Stadion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_wrestling" title="Greek wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#BFD7FF"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/32px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/48px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/64px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="495" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Olympic_Games" title="Portal:Olympic Games">Olympic Games portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Martial_arts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:LightPurple"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Martial_arts" title="Template:Martial arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Martial_arts" title="Template talk:Martial arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Martial_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Martial arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Martial_arts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">Martial arts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts" title="List of martial arts">List of styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_martial_arts" title="History of martial arts">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_timeline" title="Martial arts timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mixed_martial_arts_records" title="List of mixed martial arts records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_techniques" title="Hard and soft techniques">Hard and soft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: LightPurple;"><div id="Classification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classification</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts" title="List of martial arts">Regional origin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_martial_arts" title="Indonesian martial arts">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_martial_arts" title="Italian martial arts">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_martial_arts" title="Okinawan martial arts">Okinawa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_martial_arts" title="Korean martial arts">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia_martial_arts" title="Mainland Southeast Asia martial arts">Mainland Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_martial_arts" title="Filipino martial arts">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_martial_arts" title="Russian martial arts">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_martial_arts" title="Vietnamese martial arts">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat" title="Hand-to-hand combat">Unarmed <br />techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arm strikes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chokehold" title="Chokehold">Chokehold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_(combat)" title="Punch (combat)">Punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_(strike)" title="Elbow (strike)">Elbow strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinch_fighting" title="Clinch fighting">Clinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_fighting" title="Ground fighting">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headbutt" title="Headbutt">Headbutt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leg strikes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Footwork_(martial_arts)" title="Footwork (martial arts)">Footwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kick" title="Kick">Kick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_kick" title="Flying kick">Flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_(strike)" title="Knee (strike)">Knee strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomp_(strike)" title="Stomp (strike)">Stomp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hold" title="Grappling hold">Hold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_lock" title="Joint lock">Joint lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweep_(martial_arts)" title="Sweep (martial arts)">Sweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takedown_(grappling)" title="Takedown (grappling)">Takedown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throw_(grappling)" title="Throw (grappling)">Throw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_fighting" title="Stand-up fighting">Stand-up</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts_weapons" title="List of martial arts weapons">Weapons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">Duel</a></li> <li>Melee weapons <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knife_fight" title="Knife fight">Knife fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick-fighting" title="Stick-fighting">Stick-fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordsmanship" title="Swordsmanship">Swordsmanship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranged_weapon" title="Ranged weapon">Ranged weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Shooting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Training" title="Training">Training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kata" title="Kata">Kata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_glove" title="Boxing glove">Boxing glove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_practice_weapons" title="List of practice weapons">Practice weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punching_bag" title="Punching bag">Punching bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushing_hands" title="Pushing hands">Pushing hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randori" title="Randori">Randori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparring" title="Sparring">Sparring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barr%C3%B3g" title="Barróg">Barróg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu">Brazilian jiu-jitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Para_judo" title="Para judo">Para judo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luta_Livre" title="Luta Livre">Luta Livre esportiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malla-yuddha" title="Malla-yuddha">Malla-yuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">Pehlwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuai_jiao" title="Shuai jiao">Shuai jiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">Sumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catch_wrestling" title="Catch wrestling">catch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_wrestling" title="Folk wrestling">folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_wrestling" title="Mongolian wrestling">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_wrestling" title="Oil wrestling">oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_wrestling" title="Shoot wrestling">shoot</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strike_(attack)" title="Strike (attack)">Striking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando" title="Bando">Bando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira">Capoeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_boxing" title="Chess boxing">Chess boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choi_Kwang_Do" title="Choi Kwang Do">Choi Kwang Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambe" title="Dambe">Dambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kun_Khmer" title="Kun Khmer">Kun Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethwei" title="Lethwei">Lethwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Praying_Mantis" title="Northern Praying Mantis">Northern Praying Mantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_boxing" title="Russian boxing">Russian boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanda_(sport)" title="Sanda (sport)">Sanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_kung_fu" title="Shaolin kung fu">Shaolin kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_boxing" title="Shoot boxing">Shoot boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savate" title="Savate">Savate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Soo_Do" title="Tang Soo Do">Tang Soo Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tien_Shan_Pai" title="Tien Shan Pai">Tien Shan Pai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vovinam" title="Vovinam">Vovinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudangquan" title="Wudangquan">Wudangquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshukai_Karate" title="Yoshukai Karate">Yoshukai Karate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Internal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dait%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB_Aiki-j%C5%ABjutsu" title="Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu">Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baguazhang" title="Baguazhang">Baguazhang</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">Tai chi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xingyiquan" title="Xingyiquan">Xingyiquan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contact_sport#Full-contact" title="Contact sport">Full contact</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_boxing" title="Professional boxing">Professional boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_contact_karate" title="Full contact karate">Full contact karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">Mixed martial arts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pankration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shootfighting" title="Shootfighting">Shootfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submission_wrestling" title="Submission wrestling">Submission wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_Tudo" title="Vale Tudo">Vale Tudo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">Self-defense</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Combatives" title="Combatives">combatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Arnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartitsu" title="Bartitsu">Bartitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapkido" title="Hapkido">Hapkido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajukenbo" title="Kajukenbo">Kajukenbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieitaikakut%C5%8Djutsu" title="Jieitaikakutōjutsu">Jieitaikakutōjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga">Krav Maga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">MCMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_Silat_Harimau" title="Pencak Silat Harimau">Pencak Silat Harimau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrajitsu" title="Suffrajitsu">Suffrajitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systema" title="Systema">Systema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekkyon" title="Taekkyon">Taekkyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To-Shin_Do" title="To-Shin Do">To-Shin Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_Chun" title="Wing Chun">Wing Chun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silat_Melayu" title="Silat Melayu">Silat Melayu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism#Martial_arts" title="Eclecticism">Eclectic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_martial_arts" title="Hybrid martial arts">hybrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Kenpo" title="American Kenpo">American Kenpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angampora" title="Angampora">Angampora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chun_Kuk_Do" class="mw-redirect" title="Chun Kuk Do">Chun Kuk Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokutoryu_Ju-Jutsu" title="Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu">Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeet_Kune_Do" title="Jeet Kune Do">Jeet Kune Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooto" title="Shooto">Shooto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorinji_Kempo" title="Shorinji Kempo">Shorinji Kempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unifight" title="Unifight">Unifight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwan_Ki_Do" title="Qwan Ki Do">Qwan Ki Do</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Battlefield" title="Battlefield">Battlefield</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banshay" title="Banshay">Banshay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokator" title="Bokator">Bokator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">Historical European martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiyen_Lallong" title="Huiyen Lallong">Huiyen Lallong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krabi%E2%80%93krabong" title="Krabi–krabong">Krabi–krabong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga">Krav Maga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardani_khel" title="Mardani khel">Mardani khel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">Marine Corps Martial Arts Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_Silat_Harimau" title="Pencak Silat Harimau">Pencak Silat Harimau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_game" title="Fighting game">Fighting game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts film</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Chanbara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">Professional wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_combat" title="Stage combat">Stage combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricking_(martial_arts)" title="Tricking (martial arts)">Tricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: LightPurple;"><div id="International_games" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International games</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Summer Olympics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Boxing at the Summer Olympics">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the Summer Olympics">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Judo at the Summer Olympics">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Karate at the Summer Olympics">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Taekwondo at the Summer Olympics">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Wrestling at the Summer Olympics">Wrestling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman</a>)</li> <li>Demonstration sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budo_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics" title="Budo at the 1964 Summer Olympics">Budō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_dueling" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic dueling">Pistol dueling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glima_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Glima at the 1912 Summer Olympics">Glima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savate_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Savate at the 1924 Summer Olympics">Savate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/World_Games_sports" title="World Games sports">World Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ju-jitsu_at_the_World_Games" title="Ju-jitsu at the World Games">Ju-jitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_World_Games" title="Karate at the World Games">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo_at_the_World_Games" title="Sumo at the World Games">Sumo</a></li> <li>Former official sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_at_the_World_Games" title="Sambo at the World Games">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Invitational sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a></li> <li>2018 Only <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurash" title="Kurash">Kurash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/African_Games" title="African Games">African Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/European_Games" title="European Games">European Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muaythai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> 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