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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Other theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Okinawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Okinawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Okinawa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Okinawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-15th–17th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#15th–17th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 15th–17th centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-15th–17th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 18th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_and_early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_and_early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 19th and early 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_and_early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Practice </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Practice subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kihon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kihon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Kihon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kihon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Kata </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kumite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kumite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Kumite </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kumite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dōjō_Kun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dōjō_Kun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Dōjō Kun </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dōjō_Kun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conditioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conditioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Conditioning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conditioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Sport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mixed_Martial_Arts_(MMA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixed_Martial_Arts_(MMA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixed_Martial_Arts_(MMA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olympic_Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olympic_Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Olympic Games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olympic_Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dan_Rank_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dan_Rank_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Dan Rank system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dan_Rank_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Styles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 World </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle World subsection </button> <ul id="toc-World-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Americas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.2 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.2 Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.3 Philippines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4.1 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4.2 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4.3 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Oceania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5.1 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_film_and_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_film_and_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 In film and popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_film_and_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Karate</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 118 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-118" aria-hidden="true" > 118 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%87" title="كاراتيه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاراتيه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87" title="কাৰাটে – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কাৰাটে" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1rate" title="Kárate – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kárate" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A6" title="کاراتئ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کاراتئ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karat%C3%A9" title="Karaté – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Karaté" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87" title="কারাতে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কারাতে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khang-chhi%C3%BA-t%C5%8D" title="Khang-chhiú-tō – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khang-chhiú-tō" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Карате – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Карате" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Каратэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каратэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Каратэ – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Каратэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Карате – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карате" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁ་ར་ཏེ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁ་ར་ཏེ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carati" title="Carati – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Carati" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A" title="كاراطي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كاراطي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B5" title="Καράτε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καράτε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karateo" title="Karateo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karateo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87" title="کاراته – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاراته" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karat%C3%A9" title="Karaté – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Karaté" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cear%C3%A1it%C3%A9" title="Cearáité – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cearáité" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%87" title="કરાટે – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કરાટે" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EC%88%98%EB%8F%84" title="공수도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공수도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5" title="Կարատե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարատե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87" title="कराटे – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कराटे" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karateo" title="Karateo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Karateo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Karate" title="I-Karate – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Karate" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%94" title="קראטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קראטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karat%C3%A9" title="Karaté – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Karaté" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86" title="ಕರಾಟೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕರಾಟೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94" title="კარატე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კარატე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Каратэ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Каратэ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Карате – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Карате" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karat%C4%93" title="Karatē – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karatē" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karat%C4%97" title="Karatė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karatė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karat%C3%A9" title="Karaté – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Karaté" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carate" title="Carate – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Carate" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Карате – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Карате" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86" title="കരാട്ടെ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കരാട്ടെ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%87" title="كاراتيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاراتيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Каратэ – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Каратэ" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="ကရာတေးဒို – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကရာတေးဒို" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%89%8B%E9%81%93" title="空手道 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="空手道" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Карате – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Карате" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%87" title="ਕਰਾਟੇ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਰਾਟੇ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%B9%DB%92" title="کراٹے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کراٹے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carat%C3%AA" title="Caratê – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caratê" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Карате – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Карате" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Карате – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карате" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%AE" title="ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱴᱮ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱴᱮ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9A" title="කරාටේ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කරාටේ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8E" title="کاراتێ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاراتێ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Карате – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Карате" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karat%C3%A9" title="Karaté – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Karaté" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatedo" title="Karatedo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karatedo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87" title="கராத்தே – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கராத்தே" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Карате – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Карате" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%87" title="కరాటే – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కరాటే" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89" title="คาราเต้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาราเต้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Карате – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карате" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%B9%DB%92" title="کراٹے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کراٹے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%89%8B%E9%81%93" title="空手道 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="空手道" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A2" title="קאראטע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאראטע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%89%8B%E9%81%93" title="空手道 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="空手道" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate" title="Karate – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Karate" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%89%8B%E9%81%93" title="空手道 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="空手道" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Special:Badtitle/Message">reviewed</a> on 19 November 2024.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Japanese and Okinawan martial art</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the martial art. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Karate_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Karate (disambiguation)">Karate (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Karateka" redirects here. For the video game, see <a href="/wiki/Karateka_(video_game)" title="Karateka (video game)">Karateka (video game)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Karate</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanashiro_Chomo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hanashiro_Chomo.jpg/200px-Hanashiro_Chomo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hanashiro_Chomo.jpg/300px-Hanashiro_Chomo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Hanashiro_Chomo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="533" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dmo_Hanashiro" title="Chōmo Hanashiro">Chōmo Hanashiro</a>, an Okinawan karate master <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1938</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also known as</th><td class="infobox-data">Karate-do (空手道)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Focus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Strike_(attack)" title="Strike (attack)">Striking</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Hardness</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Full_contact_karate" title="Full contact karate">Full-contact</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semi-contact" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-contact">semi-contact</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light-contact" class="mw-redirect" title="Light-contact">light-contact</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu Kingdom</a> (Present day <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawa prefecture">Okinawa prefecture</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parenthood</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_martial_arts" title="Okinawan martial arts">Indigenous martial arts of Ryukyu Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Chinese martial arts</a><a href="#cite_note-Higaonna1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-okinawa_history-2">[2]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Karate</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Karate_WC_Tampere_2006-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Karate_WC_Tampere_2006-1.jpg/220px-Karate_WC_Tampere_2006-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Karate_WC_Tampere_2006-1.jpg/330px-Karate_WC_Tampere_2006-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Karate_WC_Tampere_2006-1.jpg/440px-Karate_WC_Tampere_2006-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/World_Karate_Federation" title="World Karate Federation">WKF</a>'s <a href="/wiki/2006_World_Karate_Championships" title="2006 World Karate Championships">Karate World Championship 2006</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>; men's heavyweight final</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Highest <a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">governing body</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Karate_Federation" title="World Karate Federation">World Karate Federation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">First developed</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu Kingdom</a>, ca. 17th century</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Contact</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mixed-sex_sports" title="Mixed-sex sports">Mixed-sex</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Varies</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Martial art</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Presence</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Country or region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics" title="Karate at the 2020 Summer Olympics">2020</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Games" title="World Games">World Games</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1981 – present</td></tr></tbody></table> Karate (空手) (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kəˈrɑːti/</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Japanese pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[kaɾate]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/77\/Ja-Karate.oga\/Ja-Karate.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ja-Karate.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/Ja-Karate.oga/Ja-Karate.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ja-Karate.oga" title="File:Ja-Karate.oga">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Okinawan_language" title="Okinawan language">Okinawan</a> pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[kaɽati]</a>), also karate-do (空手道, Karate-dō), is a <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial art</a> developed in the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu Kingdom</a>. It developed from the <a href="/wiki/Okinawan_martial_arts" title="Okinawan martial arts">indigenous Ryukyuan martial arts</a> (called te (手), "hand"; tī in Okinawan) under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Chinese martial arts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Higaonna1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-okinawa_history-2">[2]</a> While modern karate is primarily a striking art that uses punches and kicks, traditional karate training also employs <a href="/wiki/Throw_(grappling)" title="Throw (grappling)">throwing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joint_lock" title="Joint lock">joint locking</a> techniques.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> A karate practitioner is called a karate-ka (空手家). Beginning in the 1300s, early <a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Chinese martial artists</a> brought their techniques to Okinawa. Despite the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu Kingdom</a> being turned into a puppet state by Japanese samurai in 1609, after the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ryukyu" title="Invasion of Ryukyu">Invasion of Ryukyu</a>, its cultural ties to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> remained strong.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> Since Okinawans were banned from carrying swords under samurai rule, groups of young aristocrats created unarmed combat methods as a form of resistance, combining Chinese and local styles of martial arts.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> Training emphasized self-discipline.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> This blend of martial arts became known as kara-te 唐手, which translates to "Chinese hand." Initially, there were no uniforms, colored belts, ranking systems, or standardized styles.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> Many elements essential to modern karate were actually incorporated a century ago.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> The Ryukyu Kingdom had been conquered by the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain">Satsuma Domain</a> and had become its <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a> since 1609, but was formally annexed to the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> in 1879 as <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa Prefecture</a>. The Ryukyuan <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Okinawan_language" title="Okinawan language">Okinawan</a>: samurē) who had been the bearers of karate lost their privileged position, and with it, karate was in danger of losing transmission. However, karate gradually regained popularity after 1905, when it began to be taught in schools in Okinawa. During the <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a> (1912–1926), karate was introduced to mainland Japan by <a href="/wiki/Gichin_Funakoshi" title="Gichin Funakoshi">Gichin Funakoshi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motobu_Ch%C5%8Dki" title="Motobu Chōki">Motobu Chōki</a>. The ultranationalistic sentiment of the 1930s affected every aspect of Japanese culture.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> To make the imported martial art more relatable, Funakoshi incorporated elements from <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a>, such as the training uniforms, colored belts, and ranking systems.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> Karate's popularity was initially sluggish with little exposition but when a magazine reported a story about Motobu defeating a foreign boxer in Kyoto, karate rapidly became well known throughout Japan.<a href="#cite_note-King1925-5">[5]</a> In this era of escalating <a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Japanese militarism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Miyagi-6">[6]</a> the name was changed from 唐手 ("Chinese hand" or "<a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> hand")<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> to 空手 ("empty hand") – both of which are pronounced karate in Japanese – to indicate that the Japanese wished to develop the combat form in Japanese style.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> After World War II, Okinawa became (1945) an important United States military site and karate became popular among servicemen stationed there.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial arts films">martial arts movies</a> of the 1960s and 1970s served to greatly increase the popularity of martial arts around the world, and English-speakers began to use the word karate in a generic way to refer to all striking-based <a href="/wiki/Asian_martial_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian martial arts">Asian martial arts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Karate schools (<a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dj%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Dōjō">dōjōs</a>) began appearing around the world, catering to those with casual interest as well as those seeking a deeper study of the art. Karate, like other Japanese martial arts, is considered to be not only about fighting techniques, but also about spiritual cultivation.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Many karate schools and dōjōs have established rules called <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_kun" title="Dōjō kun">dōjō kun</a>, which emphasize the perfection of character, the importance of effort, and respect for courtesy. Karate featured at the <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Summer Olympics</a> after its inclusion at the Games was supported by the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a>. Web Japan (sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs">Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>) claims that karate has 50 million practitioners worldwide,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/World_Karate_Federation" title="World Karate Federation">World Karate Federation</a> claims there are 100 million practitioners around the world.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Originally in Okinawa during the Ryukyu Kingdom period, there existed an indigenous Ryukyuan martial art called te (Okinawan:tī, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr> 'hand'). Furthermore, in the 19th century, a Chinese-derived martial art called tōde (Okinawan: tōdī, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr> 'Tang hand') emerged. According to Gichin Funakoshi, a distinction between Okinawan-te and tōde existed in the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Funakoshi1935-16">[16]</a> With the emergence of tōde, it is thought that te also came to be called Okinawa-te (Okinawan:Uchinādī, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr> 'Okinawa hand'). However, this distinction gradually became blurred with the decline of Okinawa-te. Around 1905, when karate began to be taught in public schools in Okinawa, tōde was read <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kun’yomi</a> and called karate (唐手, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr> 'Tang hand') in the Japanese style. Both tōde and karate are written in the same Chinese characters meaning "Tang/China hand," but the former is <a href="/wiki/On%27yomi" title="On'yomi">on'yomi</a> (Chinese reading) and the latter is kun'yomi (Japanese reading). Since the distinction between Okinawa-te and tōde was already blurred at that time, karate was used to encompass both. "Kara (から)" is a <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kun’yomi</a> for the character "唐" (tō/とう in <a href="/wiki/On%27yomi" title="On'yomi">on'yomi</a>) which is derived from "<a href="/wiki/Gaya_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaya Confederacy">Gaya Confederacy</a> (加羅)" and later included things deriving from China (specifically from the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>).<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Therefore, tōde and karate (Tang hand) differ in the scope of meaning of the words.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Japan sent envoys to the Tang dynasty and introduced much Chinese culture. Gichin Funakoshi proposed that tōde/karate may have been used instead of te, as Tang became a synonym for luxury imported goods.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> According to Gichin Funakoshi, the word pronounced karate (から手) existed in the Ryukyu Kingdom period, but it is unclear whether it meant Tang hand (唐手) or empty hand (空手).<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The Chinese origins of karate were increasingly viewed with suspicion due to rising tensions between China and Japan and as well as the looming threat of a full-scale war between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> In 1933, the Japanese character for karate was altered to a homophone— a word pronounced identically but with a different meaning. Thus, "Chinese hand" was replaced with "empty hand."<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> But this name change did not immediately spread among Okinawan karate practitioners. There were many karate practitioners, such as <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Djun_Miyagi" title="Chōjun Miyagi">Chōjun Miyagi</a>, who still used te in everyday conversation until World War II.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> When karate was first taught in mainland Japan in the 1920s, Gichin Funakoshi and Motobu Chōki used the name karate-jutsu (唐手術, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Tang hand art') along with karate.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The word jutsu (術) means art or technique, and in those days it was often used as a suffix to the name of each martial art, as in <a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">jujutsu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenjutsu" title="Kenjutsu">kenjutsu</a> (swordsmanship).<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The first documented use of a <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophone</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logogram</a> pronounced kara by replacing the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese character</a> meaning "Tang dynasty" with the character meaning "empty" took place in Karate Kumite (空手組手) written in August 1905 by <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dmo_Hanashiro" title="Chōmo Hanashiro">Chōmo Hanashiro</a> (1869–1945).<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In mainland Japan, karate (空手, empty hand) gradually began to be used from the writings of Gichin Funakoshi and Motobu Chōki in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In 1929 the Karate Study Group of <a href="/wiki/Keio_University" title="Keio University">Keio University</a> (Instructor Gichin Funakoshi) used this term in reference to the concept of emptiness in the <a href="/wiki/Heart_Sutra" title="Heart Sutra">Heart Sutra</a>, and this terminology was later popularized, especially in Tokyo. There is also a theory that the background for this name change was the worsening of Japan-China relations at the time.<a href="#cite_note-paltz-28">[28]</a> On 25 October 1936 a roundtable meeting of karate masters was held in Naha, Okinawa Prefecture, and it was officially resolved to use the name karate (empty hand) in the sense of kūshu kūken (空手空拳, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr> 'without anything in the hands or fists').<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> To commemorate this day, the Okinawa Prefectural Assembly passed a resolution in 2005 to decide 25 October as "Karate Day."<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Another nominal development is the addition of dō (道; どう) to the end of the word karate. Dō is a suffix having numerous meanings including road, path, route and way.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> It is used in many martial arts that survived Japan's <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">transition</a> from <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">feudal culture</a> to <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">modern times</a>. It implies that these arts are not just fighting systems but contain spiritual elements when promoted as disciplines.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In this context dō is usually translated as "the way of …". Examples include <a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">aikido</a>, judo, <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABd%C5%8D" title="Kyūdō">kyūdō</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kendo" title="Kendo">kendo</a>. Thus karatedō is more than just empty hand techniques. It is "the way of the empty hand".<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Since the 1980s the term karate (カラテ) has been written in <a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a> instead of Chinese characters, mainly by <a href="/wiki/Kyokushin" title="Kyokushin">Kyokushin</a> Karate (founder: <a href="/wiki/Masutatsu_Oyama" class="mw-redirect" title="Masutatsu Oyama">Masutatsu Oyama</a>).<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In Japan, katakana is mainly used for foreign words, giving Kyokushin Karate a modern and new impression. <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: small; width: 100%;"> <caption>Name Transition </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 18%;">15th – 18th century </th> <th style="width: 18%;">19th century </th> <th style="width: 18%;">1900s – </th> <th colspan="2" style="width: 28%;">1920s – </th> <th style="width: 18%;">1980s – </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 18%; text-align: center; background: #E1FFE1;">Te (hand) </td> <td style="width: 18%; text-align: center; background: #E1FFE1;">Te or Okinawa-te </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 18%; text-align: center; background: #FFE1FF;">Karate (Tang hand) </td> <td style="width: 14%; text-align: center; background: #FFE1FF;">Karate(-jutsu) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 14%; text-align: center; background: #FFFFCC;">Karate (Empty hand) </td> <td style="width: 18%; text-align: center; background: #E1FFE1;">Karate (カラテ) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 18%; text-align: center; background: #FFECE1;">Tōde (Tang hand) </td> <td style="width: 14%; text-align: center; background: #FFFFCC;"> </td> <td style="width: 18%; text-align: center; background: #FFFFCC;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin">edit</a>]</div> There are several theories regarding the origins of karate, but the main ones are as follows. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theory_of_development_from_mēkata">Theory of development from mēkata</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Theory of development from mēkata">edit</a>]</div> In Okinawa there was an ancient martial dance called mēkata (舞方). The dancers danced to the accompaniment of songs and <a href="/wiki/Sanshin" title="Sanshin">sanshin</a> music, similar to karate kata. In the Okinawan countryside, mēkata remained until the early 20th century. There is a theory that from this mēkata with martial elements, te (Okinawan:tī, hand) was born and developed into karate. This theory is advocated by <a href="/wiki/Ank%C5%8D_Asato" title="Ankō Asato">Ankō Asato</a> and his student Gichin Funakoshi.<a href="#cite_note-Asato1914-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theory_of_introduction_by_thirty-six_families_from_Min">Theory of introduction by thirty-six families from Min</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Theory of introduction by thirty-six families from Min">edit</a>]</div> It is said that in 1392 a group of professional people known as the "<a href="/wiki/Thirty-six_families_from_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-six families from Min">Thirty-six families from Min</a>" migrated to <a href="/wiki/Kumemura" title="Kumemura">Kume Village</a> (now Kume, Naha City) in Naha from Fujian Province in the Ming Dynasty at that time. They brought with them advanced learning and skills to Ryukyu, and there is a theory that Chinese kenpō, the origin of karate, was also brought to Ryukyu at this time. There is also the "<a href="/wiki/Keich%C5%8D" title="Keichō">Keichō</a> import theory," which states that karate was brought to Ryukyu after the invasion of Ryukyu by the <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain">Satsuma Domain</a> (Keichō 14, 1609), as well as the theory that it was introduced by <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dsh%C5%8Dkun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōshōkun">Kōshōkun</a> (Okinawan: Kūsankū) based on the description in Ōshima Writing.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_theories">Other theories</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other theories">edit</a>]</div> There are also other theories, such as that it developed from Okinawan <a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">sumo</a> (shima) or that it originated from <a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">jujutsu</a>, which had been introduced from Japan.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Okinawa">Okinawa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Okinawa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Okinawan_martial_arts" title="Okinawan martial arts">Okinawan martial arts</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="15th–17th_centuries">15th–17th centuries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 15th–17th centuries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Sho_Shin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="King Shō Shin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/King_Sho_Shin.jpg/220px-King_Sho_Shin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/King_Sho_Shin.jpg/330px-King_Sho_Shin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/King_Sho_Shin.jpg/440px-King_Sho_Shin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>King Shō Shin</figcaption></figure> The reason for the development of unarmed combat techniques in Ryukyu has conventionally been attributed to a policy of banning weapons, which is said to have been implemented on two occasions. The first was during the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8D_Shin" title="Shō Shin">Shō Shin</a> (1476–1526; r. 1477–1527), when weapons were collected from all over the country and strictly controlled by the royal government. The second time was after the invasion of Ryukyu by the Satsuma Domain in 1609. Through the two policies, the popular belief that Ryukyuan samurai, who were deprived of their weapons, developed karate to compete with Satsuma's samurai has traditionally been referred to as if it were a historical fact.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> But in recent years many researchers have questioned the causal relationship between the policy of banning weapons and the development of karate.<a href="#cite_note-Kinjo2011-39">[39]</a> For example, as the basis for King Shō Shin's policy of banning weapons, an inscription on the parapet of the main hall of Shuri Castle (百浦添欄干之銘, 1509), which states that "swords, bows and arrows are to be piled up exclusively as weapons of national defense,"<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> has been conventionally interpreted as meaning "weapons were collected and sealed in a warehouse." However, in recent years, researchers of Okinawan studies have pointed out that the correct interpretation is that "swords, bows and arrows were collected and used as weapons of the state."<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> It is also known that the policy of banning weapons (a 1613 notice to the Ryukyu royal government), which is said to have been implemented by the Satsuma Domain, only prohibited the carrying of swords and other weapons, but not their possession, and was a relatively lax regulation. This notice stated, "(1) The possession of guns is prohibited. (2) The possession of weapons owned privately by princes, three magistrates, and samurai is permitted. (3) Weapons must be repaired in Satsuma through the magistrate's office of Satsuma. (4) Swords must be reported to the magistrate's office of Satsuma for approval."<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> It did not prohibit the possession of weapons (except guns) or even their practice. In fact, even after subjugation to the Satsuma Domain, a number of Ryukyuan masters of swordsmanship, spearmanship, archery, and other arts are known. Therefore, some researchers criticize the theory that karate developed due to the policy of banning weapons as "a rumor on the street with no basis at all."<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Karate began as a common fighting system known as te (Okinawan: tī) among the Ryukyuan samurai class. There were few formal styles of te, but rather many practitioners with their own methods. One surviving example is <a href="/wiki/Motobu-ry%C5%AB" title="Motobu-ryū">Motobu Udundī</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr> 'Motobu Palace Hand'), which has been handed down to this day in the Motobu family, one of the branches of the former Ryukyu royal family.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In the 16th century, the Ryukyuan history book "<a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABy%C5%8D" title="Kyūyō">Kyūyō</a>" (球陽, established around 1745) mentions that <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%AC%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E6%A0%B9%E5%AE%9F%E5%9F%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="京阿波根実基 (page does not exist)">Kyō Ahagon Jikki</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E6%A0%B9%E5%AE%9F%E5%9F%BA" class="extiw" title="ja:京阿波根実基">ja</a>], a favored retainer of King Shō Shin, used a martial art called "karate" (空手, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr> 'empty hand') to smash both legs of an assassin. This karate is thought to refer to te, not today's karate, and Ankō Asato introduces Kyō Ahagon as a "prominent martial artist."<a href="#cite_note-Asato1914-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="18th_century">18th century</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 18th century">edit</a>]</div> However, some believe that Kyō Ahagon's anecdote is a half-legend and that it is unclear whether he was actually a te master. In the 18th century, the names of Nishinda Uēkata, Gushikawa Uēkata, and Chōken Makabe are known as masters of te.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Nishinda Uēkata and Gushikawa Uēkata were martial artists active during the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8D_Kei" title="Shō Kei">Shō Kei</a> (reigned 1713–1751). Nishinda Uēkata was good at spear as well as te, and Gushikawa Uēkata was also good at wooden sword (swordsmanship).<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Chōken Makabe was a man of the late 18th century. His light stature and jumping ability gave him the nickname "Makabe Chān-gwā" (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr> 'little fighting cock'), as he was like a chān (fighting cock). The ceiling of his house is said to have been marked by his kicking foot.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> It is known that in "Ōshima Writing" (1762), written by Yoshihiro Tobe, a Confucian scholar of the <a href="/wiki/Tosa_Domain" title="Tosa Domain">Tosa Domain</a>, who interviewed Ryukyuan samurai who had drifted to Tosa (present-day <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dchi_Prefecture" title="Kōchi Prefecture">Kōchi Prefecture</a>), there is a description of a martial art called kumiai-jutsu (組合術) performed by <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dsh%C5%8Dkun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōshōkun">Kōshōkun</a> (Okinawan:Kūsankū). It is believed that Kōshōkun may have been a military officer on a mission from Qing that visited Ryukyu in 1756, and some believe that karate originated with Kōshōkun. In addition, the will (Part I: 1778, Part II: 1783) of Ryukyuan samurai Aka Pēchin Chokushki (1721–1784) mentions the name of a martial art called karamutō (からむとう), along with Japanese <a href="/wiki/Jigen-ry%C5%AB" title="Jigen-ryū">Jigen-ryū</a> swordsmanship and <a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">jujutsu</a>, indicating that Ryukyuan samurai practiced these arts in the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In 1609, the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain">Satsuma Domain</a> invaded Ryukyu and Ryukyu became its vassal state, but it continued to pay tribute to the Ming and Qing Dynasties in China. At the time, China had implemented a policy of <a href="/wiki/Sea_ban" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea ban">sea ban</a> and only traded with tributary countries, so the Satsuma Domain wanted Ryukyu to continue its tribute to benefit from it. The envoys of the tribute mission were chosen from among the samurai class of Ryukyu, and they went to <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a> in Fujian and stayed there for six months to a year and a half. Government-funded and privately funded foreign students were also sent to study in Beijing or Fuzhou for several years. Some of these envoys and students studied Chinese martial arts in China. The styles of Chinese martial arts they studied are not known for certain, but it is assumed that they studied <a href="/wiki/Fujian_White_Crane" title="Fujian White Crane">Fujian White Crane</a> and other styles from Fujian Province. Sōryo Tsūshin (monk Tsūshin), active during the reign of King Shō Kei, was a monk who went to the Qing Dynasty to study Chinese martial arts and was reportedly one of the best martial artists of his time in Ryukyu.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th_and_early_20th_century">19th and early 20th century</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 19th and early 20th century">edit</a>]</div> It is not known when the name tōde (唐手, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr> 'Tang hand') first came into use in the Ryukyu Kingdom, but according to Ankō Asato, it was popularized from <a href="/wiki/Kanga_Sakugawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanga Sakugawa">Kanga Sakugawa</a> (1786–1867), who was nicknamed "Tōde Sakugawa."<a href="#cite_note-Asato1914-35">[35]</a> Sakugawa was a samurai from Shuri who traveled to Qing China to learn Chinese martial arts. The martial arts he mastered were new and different from te. As tōde was spread by Sakugawa, traditional te became distinguished as Okinawa-te (沖縄手, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr> 'Okinawa hand'), and gradually faded away as it merged with tōde. It is generally believed that today's karate is a result of the synthesis of te (Okinawa-te) and tōde. Funakoshi writes, "In the early modern era, when China was highly revered, many martial artists traveled to China to practice Chinese kenpo, and added it to the ancient kenpo, the so-called 'Okinawa-te'. After further study, they discarded the disadvantages of both, adopted their advantages, and added more subtlety, and karate was born."<a href="#cite_note-Funakoshi1935-16">[16]</a> Early styles of karate are often generalized as <a href="/wiki/Shuri-te" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuri-te">Shuri-te</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naha-te" class="mw-redirect" title="Naha-te">Naha-te</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tomari-te" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomari-te">Tomari-te</a>, named after the three cities from which they emerged.<a href="#cite_note-Higaonna_1985_19-50">[50]</a> Each area and its teachers had particular kata, techniques, and principles that distinguished their local version of te from the others. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karate_ShuriCastle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Karate_ShuriCastle.jpg/220px-Karate_ShuriCastle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Karate_ShuriCastle.jpg/330px-Karate_ShuriCastle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Karate_ShuriCastle.jpg/440px-Karate_ShuriCastle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1192" /></a><figcaption>Karate training in front of <a href="/wiki/Shuri_Castle" title="Shuri Castle">Shuri Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Naha" title="Naha">Naha</a> (1938)</figcaption></figure> Around the 1820s, <a href="/wiki/Matsumura_S%C5%8Dkon" title="Matsumura Sōkon">Matsumura Sōkon</a> (1809–1899) began teaching Okinawa-te.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Matsumura was, according to one theory, a student of Sakugawa. Matsumura's style later became the origin of many <a href="/wiki/Shuri-te" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuri-te">Shuri-te</a> schools. <a href="/wiki/Itosu_Ank%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Itosu Ankō">Itosu Ankō</a> (1831–1915) studied under Matsumura and Bushi Nagahama of <a href="/wiki/Naha-te" class="mw-redirect" title="Naha-te">Naha-te</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> He created the <a href="/wiki/Pinan" title="Pinan">Pin'an</a> forms ("Heian" in Japanese) which are simplified kata for beginning students. In 1905, Itosu helped to get karate introduced into Okinawa's public schools. These forms were taught to children at the elementary school level. Itosu's influence in karate is broad. The forms he created are common across nearly all styles of karate. His students became some of the most well-known karate masters, including <a href="/wiki/Motobu_Ch%C5%8Dy%C5%AB" title="Motobu Chōyū">Motobu Chōyū</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motobu_Ch%C5%8Dki" title="Motobu Chōki">Motobu Chōki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yabu_Kents%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yabu Kentsū">Yabu Kentsū</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanashiro_Chomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanashiro Chomo">Hanashiro Chōmo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gichin_Funakoshi" title="Gichin Funakoshi">Gichin Funakoshi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenwa_Mabuni" title="Kenwa Mabuni">Kenwa Mabuni</a>. Itosu is sometimes referred to as "the Grandfather of Modern Karate."<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karate_in_Naha_before_the_war.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Karate_in_Naha_before_the_war.jpg/220px-Karate_in_Naha_before_the_war.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Karate_in_Naha_before_the_war.jpg/330px-Karate_in_Naha_before_the_war.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Karate_in_Naha_before_the_war.jpg/440px-Karate_in_Naha_before_the_war.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="974" /></a><figcaption>Karate in <a href="/wiki/Naha" title="Naha">Naha</a> before the war; (before 1946)</figcaption></figure> In 1881, <a href="/wiki/Higaonna_Kanry%C5%8D" title="Higaonna Kanryō">Higaonna Kanryō</a> returned from China after years of instruction with <a href="/wiki/Ryu_Ryu_Ko" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryu Ryu Ko">Ryu Ryu Ko</a> and founded what would become <a href="/wiki/Naha-te" class="mw-redirect" title="Naha-te">Naha-te</a>. One of his students was the founder of <a href="/wiki/Goj%C5%AB-ry%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gojū-ryū">Gojū-ryū</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Djun_Miyagi" title="Chōjun Miyagi">Chōjun Miyagi</a>. Chōjun Miyagi taught such well-known karateka as <a href="/wiki/Seko_Higa" class="mw-redirect" title="Seko Higa">Seko Higa</a> (who also trained with Higaonna), <a href="/wiki/Meitoku_Yagi" title="Meitoku Yagi">Meitoku Yagi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miyazato_Ei%27ichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Miyazato Ei'ichi">Miyazato Ei'ichi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seikichi_Toguchi" title="Seikichi Toguchi">Seikichi Toguchi</a>, and for a very brief time near the end of his life, An'ichi Miyagi (a teacher claimed by <a href="/wiki/Morio_Higaonna" title="Morio Higaonna">Morio Higaonna</a>). In addition to the three early te styles of karate a fourth Okinawan influence is that of <a href="/wiki/Kanbun_Uechi" title="Kanbun Uechi">Uechi Kanbun</a> (1877–1948). At the age of 20 he went to <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a> in Fujian Province, China, to escape Japanese military conscription. While there he studied under Shū Shiwa (Chinese: Zhou Zihe 周子和 1874–1926).<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> He was a leading figure of Chinese <a href="/wiki/Nam_Pai_Chuan" title="Nam Pai Chuan">Nanpa Shorin-ken</a> style at that time.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> He later developed his own style of <a href="/wiki/Uechi-ry%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Uechi-ryū">Uechi-ryū</a> karate based on the <a href="/wiki/Sanchin" title="Sanchin">Sanchin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seisan" title="Seisan">Seisan</a>, and Sanseiryu kata that he had studied in China.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Karate_in_Japan" title="Karate in Japan">Karate in Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Funakoshi_Gichin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Funakoshi_Gichin.jpg/170px-Funakoshi_Gichin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Funakoshi_Gichin.jpg/255px-Funakoshi_Gichin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Funakoshi_Gichin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Gichin Funakoshi</figcaption></figure> When <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8D_Tai" title="Shō Tai">Shō Tai</a>, the last king of the Ryūkyū Kingdom, was ordered to move to Tokyo in 1879, he was accompanied by prominent karate masters such as <a href="/wiki/Ank%C5%8D_Asato" title="Ankō Asato">Ankō Asato</a> and Chōfu Kyan (father of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dtoku_Kyan" title="Chōtoku Kyan">Chōtoku Kyan</a>). It is unknown if they taught karate to the Japanese in Tokyo, although there are records that Kyan taught his son karate.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In 1908, students from the Okinawa Prefectural Middle School gave a karate demonstration at <a href="/wiki/Dai_Nippon_Butoku_Kai" title="Dai Nippon Butoku Kai">Butokuden</a> in Kyoto, which was also witnessed by <a href="/wiki/Kan%C5%8D_Jigor%C5%8D" title="Kanō Jigorō">Kanō Jigorō</a> (founder of judo). In May 1922, Gichin Funakoshi (founder of <a href="/wiki/Shotokan" title="Shotokan">Shotokan</a>) presented pictures of karate on two hanging scrolls at the first Physical Education Exhibition in Tokyo.<a href="#cite_note-Funakoshi1956-58">[58]</a> The following June, Funakoshi was invited to the <a href="/wiki/Kodokan_Judo_Institute" title="Kodokan Judo Institute">Kodokan</a> to give a karate demonstration in front of Jigoro Kano and other judo experts. This was the beginning of the full-scale introduction of karate in Tokyo. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Motobu_king1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Motobu_king1925.jpg/340px-Motobu_king1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Motobu_king1925.jpg/510px-Motobu_king1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Motobu_king1925.jpg/680px-Motobu_king1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2242" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Illustration depicting a match between Motobu Chōki and a foreign boxer</figcaption></figure> In November 1922, <a href="/wiki/Motobu_Ch%C5%8Dki" title="Motobu Chōki">Motobu Chōki</a> (founder of <a href="/wiki/Motobu-ry%C5%AB" title="Motobu-ryū">Motobu-ryū</a>) participated in a judo versus boxing match in Kyoto, defeating a foreign boxer. The match was featured in Japan's largest magazine "<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0_(%E9%9B%91%E8%AA%8C)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="キング (雑誌) (page does not exist)">King</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0_(%E9%9B%91%E8%AA%8C)" class="extiw" title="ja:キング (雑誌)">ja</a>]," which had a circulation of about one million at the time, and karate and Motobu's name became instantly known throughout Japan.<a href="#cite_note-King1925-5">[5]</a> In 1922, Funakoshi published the first book on karate,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and in 1926 Motobu published the first technical book on kumite.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> As karate's popularity grew, karate clubs were established one after another in Japanese universities with Funakoshi and Motobu as instructors.<a href="#cite_note-Nakasone1934-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In the Showa era (1926–1989), other Okinawan karate masters also came to mainland Japan to teach karate. These included <a href="/wiki/Kenwa_Mabuni" title="Kenwa Mabuni">Kenwa Mabuni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Djun_Miyagi" title="Chōjun Miyagi">Chōjun Miyagi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanken_T%C5%8Dyama" title="Kanken Tōyama">Kanken Tōyama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kanbun_Uechi" title="Kanbun Uechi">Kanbun Uechi</a>. With the rise of <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a> in Japan, some karate masters gradually came to consider the name karate (唐手, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr> '<a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> hand') undesirable. The name karate (空手, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr> 'empty hand') had already been used by <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dmo_Hanashiro" title="Chōmo Hanashiro">Chōmo Hanashiro</a> in Okinawa in 1905,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> and Funakoshi decided to use this name as well. In addition, the name karatedō (唐手道, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr> 'the way of the Tang hand'), which was already used by the karate club of <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Imperial University">Tokyo Imperial University</a> (now the University of Tokyo) in 1929 by adding the suffix dō (道, way) to karate,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> was also used by Funakoshi, who decided to use the name karatedō (空手道, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr> 'the way of the empty hand') in the same way.<a href="#cite_note-Funakoshi1935-16">[16]</a> The dō suffix implies that karatedō is a path to self-knowledge, not just a study of the technical aspects of fighting. Like most martial arts practised in Japan, karate made its transition from -jutsu to -dō around the beginning of the 20th century. The "dō" in "karate-dō" sets it apart from karate-jutsu, as <a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">aikido</a> is distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Aikijutsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Aikijutsu">aikijutsu</a>, judo from <a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">jujutsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kendo" title="Kendo">kendo</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kenjutsu" title="Kenjutsu">kenjutsu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iaido" title="Iaido">iaido</a> from <a href="/wiki/Iaijutsu" title="Iaijutsu">iaijutsu</a>. In 1933, karate was officially recognized as a Japanese martial art by the <a href="/wiki/Dai_Nippon_Butoku_Kai" title="Dai Nippon Butoku Kai">Dai Nippon Butoku Kai</a>, but initially belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">jujutsu</a> division and title examinations were conducted by jujutsu masters. In 1935, Funakoshi changed the names of many kata and karate itself. Funakoshi's motivation was that the names of many of the traditional kata were unintelligible, and that it would be inappropriate to use the Chinese style names to teach karate as a Japanese martial art.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> He also said that the kata had to be simplified to spread karate as a form of physical education, so some of the kata were modified.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> He always referred to what he taught as simply karate, but in 1936 he built a dōjō in Tokyo and the style he left behind is usually called <a href="/wiki/Shotokan" title="Shotokan">Shotokan</a> after this dōjō. Shoto, meaning "pine wave", was Funakoshi's pen name and kan meaning "hall". <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masters_of_Karate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Masters_of_Karate.jpg/300px-Masters_of_Karate.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Masters_of_Karate.jpg/450px-Masters_of_Karate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Masters_of_Karate.jpg/600px-Masters_of_Karate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1089" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Masters of karate in Tokyo (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1930s), from left to right, <a href="/wiki/Kanken_Toyama" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanken Toyama">Kanken Toyama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hironori_Otsuka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hironori Otsuka">Hironori Otsuka</a>, Takeshi Shimoda, <a href="/wiki/Gichin_Funakoshi" title="Gichin Funakoshi">Gichin Funakoshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motobu_Ch%C5%8Dki" title="Motobu Chōki">Chōki Motobu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenwa_Mabuni" title="Kenwa Mabuni">Kenwa Mabuni</a>, Genwa Nakasone, and <a href="/wiki/Shinken_Taira" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinken Taira">Shinken Taira</a> </figcaption></figure> On 25 October 1936, a roundtable meeting of karate masters was held in Naha, Okinawa Prefecture, where it was officially decided to change the name of karate from karate (Tang hand) to karate (empty hand). In attendance were Chōmo Hanashiro, Chōki Motobu, Chōtoku Kyan, <a href="/wiki/Juhatsu_Kyoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Juhatsu Kyoda">Jūhatsu Kyoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Djun_Miyagi" title="Chōjun Miyagi">Chōjun Miyagi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinpan_Gusukuma" title="Shinpan Gusukuma">Shinpan Gusukuma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dshin_Chibana" title="Chōshin Chibana">Chōshin Chibana</a>. In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefectural_Assembly" title="Okinawa Prefectural Assembly">Okinawa Prefectural Assembly</a> passed a resolution to commemorate this decision by designating 25 October as "Karate Day."<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The modernization and systemization of karate in Japan also included the adoption of the white uniform that consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Dogi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogi">dogi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Keikogi" title="Keikogi">keikogi</a>—mostly called just <a href="/wiki/Karategi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karategi">karategi</a>—and coloured belt ranks. Both of these innovations were originated and popularized by <a href="/wiki/Jigoro_Kano" class="mw-redirect" title="Jigoro Kano">Jigoro Kano</a>, the founder of judo and one of the men Funakoshi consulted in his efforts to modernize karate. At that time, there was almost no kumite training in karate, and kata training was the main focus.<a href="#cite_note-Konishi1977-68">[68]</a> There were also no matches. However, at that time, judo and <a href="/wiki/Kendo" title="Kendo">kendo</a> matches were already being held in mainland Japan, and <a href="/wiki/Randori" title="Randori">randori</a> (乱取り, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr> 'free-style practice') practice was also being actively practiced, the young people in mainland Japan gradually became dissatisfied with kata-only practice.<a href="#cite_note-Konishi1977-68">[68]</a> In pre–World War II Okinawa, karateka practiced iri kumi (<a href="/wiki/Okinawan_language" title="Okinawan language">Okinawan</a> for kumite) allowing all kinds of techniques (strikes, choke holds, joint locks, etc.) but in a controlled manner to not injure the opponent when aiming to vital areas.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Despite sparring was originally an unnoticed form of practice for senior students, there were no "contests" until Western-style competitions were introduced to Japan.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gichin_Funakoshi" title="Gichin Funakoshi">Gichin Funakoshi</a> stated, "There are no contests in karate."<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Egami" title="Shigeru Egami">Shigeru Egami</a> relates that, during his visit to Okinawa in 1940, he heard some karateka were ousted from their dōjō because they adopted sparring after having learned it in Tokyo. In the early 1930s, pre-arranged sparring was introduced and developed, and finally a few years later free sparring was permitted for Shotokan students.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Yasuhiro_Konishi" title="Yasuhiro Konishi">Yasuhiro Konishi</a>, kata-only training was often criticized by the leading judo practitioners of the time, such as <a href="/wiki/Shuichi_Nagaoka" title="Shuichi Nagaoka">Shuichi Nagaoka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hajime_Isogai" title="Hajime Isogai">Hajime Isogai</a>, who said, "The karate you do cannot be understood from kata alone, so why don't you try a little more so that the general public can understand it?"<a href="#cite_note-Konishi1977-68">[68]</a> Against the backdrop of these complaints and criticisms, young people such as <a href="/wiki/Hironori_%C5%8Ctsuka" title="Hironori Ōtsuka">Hironori Ōtsuka</a> and Konishi devised their own kumite and kumite matches, which are the prototypes of today's kumite.<a href="#cite_note-Konishi1977-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Motobu's emphasis on kumite attracted Ōtsuka and Konishi, who later studied Okinawan kumite under him.<a href="#cite_note-Konishi1977-68">[68]</a> After World War II, karate activities were temporarily stalled due to the "Notice Banning Judo, Kendo, and Other Martial Arts" issued by the Ministry of Education under the directive of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_for_the_Allied_Powers" title="Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers">Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers</a>. However, because this notice did not include the word "karate," it was interpreted by the Ministry of Education that karate was not prohibited, and karate was able to resume its activities earlier than other martial arts. A new form of karate called <a href="/wiki/Kyokushin" title="Kyokushin">Kyokushin</a> was formally founded in 1957 by <a href="/wiki/Masutatsu_Oyama" class="mw-redirect" title="Masutatsu Oyama">Masutatsu Oyama</a> (who was born a Korean, Choi Yeong-Eui 최영의). Kyokushin is largely a synthesis of Shotokan and Gōjū-ryū. It teaches a curriculum that emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Aliveness_(martial_arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliveness (martial arts)">aliveness</a>, physical toughness, and <a href="/wiki/Full-contact" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-contact">full contact</a> sparring. Because of its emphasis on physical, full-force <a href="/wiki/Sparring" title="Sparring">sparring</a>, Kyokushin is now often called "<a href="/wiki/Full_contact_karate" title="Full contact karate">full contact karate</a>", or "<a href="/wiki/Knockdown_karate" class="mw-redirect" title="Knockdown karate">Knockdown karate</a>" (after the name for its competition rules). Many other karate organizations and styles are descended from the Kyokushin curriculum. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practice">Practice</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Practice">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Okinawan_kobud%C5%8D" title="Okinawan kobudō">Okinawan kobudō</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts#Philosophical_and_strategic_concepts" title="Japanese martial arts">Japanese martial arts § Philosophical and strategic concepts</a></div> Karate can be practiced as an art (<a href="/wiki/Bud%C5%8D" title="Budō">budō</a>), <a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">self defense</a> or as a <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sport</a>. Traditional karate places emphasis on self-development (budō).<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Modern Japanese style training emphasizes the psychological elements incorporated into a proper kokoro (attitude) such as perseverance, fearlessness, virtue, and leadership skills. Sport karate places emphasis on exercise and competition. Weapons are an important training activity in some styles of karate. Karate training is commonly divided into <a href="/wiki/Kihon" title="Kihon">kihon</a> (basics or fundamentals), <a href="/wiki/Kata_(martial_arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kata (martial arts)">kata</a> (forms), and <a href="/wiki/Kumite" title="Kumite">kumite</a> (sparring). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kihon">Kihon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Kihon">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kihon" title="Kihon">Kihon</a></div> Kihon means basics and these form the base for everything else in the style including stances, strikes, punches, kicks and blocks. Karate styles place varying importance on kihon. Typically this is training in unison of a technique or a combination of techniques by a group of karateka. Kihon may also be prearranged drills in smaller groups or in pairs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kata">Kata</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Kata">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Karate_kata" title="Karate kata">Karate kata</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Motobu_Choki2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Motobu_Choki2.jpg/170px-Motobu_Choki2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Motobu_Choki2.jpg/255px-Motobu_Choki2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Motobu_Choki2.jpg/340px-Motobu_Choki2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Motobu_Ch%C5%8Dki" title="Motobu Chōki">Chōki Motobu</a> in Naihanchi-dachi, one of the basic karate stances</figcaption></figure>Kata (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9E%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:型">型</a>:かた) means literally "shape" or "model." Kata is a formalized sequence of movements which represent various offensive and defensive postures. These postures are based on idealized combat applications. The applications when applied in a demonstration with real opponents is referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Bunkai" title="Bunkai">Bunkai</a>. The Bunkai shows how every stance and movement is used. Bunkai is a useful tool to understand a kata. To attain a formal rank the karateka must demonstrate competent performance of specific required kata for that level. The Japanese terminology for grades or ranks is commonly used. Requirements for examinations vary among schools. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kumite">Kumite</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Kumite">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kumite" title="Kumite">Kumite</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%81%A6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%81%A6.jpg/220px-%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%81%A6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%81%A6.jpg/330px-%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%81%A6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%81%A6.jpg/440px-%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%81%A6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/B%C5%8Dgutsuki_Karate" title="Bōgutsuki Karate">Bōgutsuki</a>, a form of full-contact karate fought with <a href="/wiki/B%C5%8Dgu" title="Bōgu">armour</a>, one of the competition formats for kumite</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sparring" title="Sparring">Sparring</a> in Karate is called kumite (組手:くみて). It literally means "meeting of hands." Kumite is practiced both as a sport and as self-defense training. Levels of physical contact during sparring vary considerably. <a href="/wiki/Full_contact_karate" title="Full contact karate">Full contact karate</a> has several variants. Knockdown karate (such as <a href="/wiki/Kyokushin" title="Kyokushin">Kyokushin</a>) uses full power techniques to bring an opponent to the ground. Sparring in armour, <a href="/wiki/Bogu_kumite" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogu kumite">bogu kumite</a>, allows full power techniques with some safety. Sport kumite in many international competition under the <a href="/wiki/World_Karate_Federation" title="World Karate Federation">World Karate Federation</a> is free or structured with <a href="/wiki/Light_contact" class="mw-redirect" title="Light contact">light contact</a> or <a href="/wiki/Semi_contact" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi contact">semi contact</a> and points are awarded by a referee. In structured kumite (yakusoku, prearranged), two participants perform a choreographed series of techniques with one striking while the other blocks. The form ends with one devastating technique (hito tsuki). In free sparring (Jiyu Kumite), the two participants have a free choice of scoring techniques. The allowed techniques and contact level are primarily determined by sport or style organization policy, but might be modified according to the age, rank and sex of the participants. Depending upon style, <a href="/wiki/Takedown_(grappling)" title="Takedown (grappling)">take-downs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweep_(martial_arts)" title="Sweep (martial arts)">sweeps</a> and in some rare cases even time-limited <a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">grappling</a> on the ground are also allowed. Free sparring is performed in a marked or closed area. The bout runs for a fixed time (2 to 3 minutes.) The time can run continuously (iri kume) or be stopped for referee judgment. In <a href="/wiki/Light_contact" class="mw-redirect" title="Light contact">light contact</a> or <a href="/wiki/Semi_contact" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi contact">semi contact</a> kumite, points are awarded based on the criteria: good form, sporting attitude, vigorous application, awareness/<a href="/wiki/Zanshin" title="Zanshin">zanshin</a>, good timing and correct distance. In full contact karate kumite, points are based on the results of the impact, rather than the formal appearance of the scoring technique. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dōjō_Kun">Dōjō Kun</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dōjō Kun">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_kun" title="Dōjō kun">Dōjō kun</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Bushid%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushidō">bushidō</a> tradition dōjō kun is a set of guidelines for karateka to follow. These guidelines apply both in the <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dj%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Dōjō">dōjō</a> (training hall) and in everyday life. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conditioning">Conditioning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Conditioning">edit</a>]</div> Okinawan karate uses supplementary training known as <a href="/wiki/Hojo_undo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hojo undo">hojo undo</a>. This uses simple equipment made of wood and stone. The <a href="/wiki/Makiwara" title="Makiwara">makiwara</a> is a striking post. The <a href="/wiki/Hojo_undo#Nigiri_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Hojo undo">nigiri game</a> is a large jar used for developing grip strength. These supplementary exercises are designed to increase <a href="/wiki/Physical_strength" title="Physical strength">strength</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance">stamina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speed" title="Speed">speed</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Motor_coordination" title="Motor coordination">muscle coordination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Sport Karate emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_exercise" title="Aerobic exercise">aerobic exercise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_exercise" title="Anaerobic exercise">anaerobic exercise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_(physics)" title="Power (physics)">power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sport_agility" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport agility">agility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flexibility_(anatomy)" title="Flexibility (anatomy)">flexibility</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stress_management" title="Stress management">stress management</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> All practices vary depending upon the school and the teacher. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> Karate is divided into style organizations.<a href="#cite_note-google1-77">[77]</a> These organizations sometimes cooperate in non-style specific sport karate organizations or federations. Examples of sport organizations include AAKF/ITKF, AOK, TKL, AKA, WKF, NWUKO, WUKF and WKC.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Organizations hold competitions (tournaments) from local to international level. Tournaments are designed to match members of opposing schools or styles against one another in kata, sparring and weapons demonstration. They are often separated by age, rank and sex with potentially different rules or standards based on these factors. The tournament may be exclusively for members of a particular style (closed) or one in which any martial artist from any style may participate within the rules of the tournament (open). The <a href="/wiki/World_Karate_Federation" title="World Karate Federation">World Karate Federation</a> (WKF) is the largest sport karate organization and is recognized by the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> (IOC) as being responsible for karate competition in the Olympic Games.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The WKF has developed common rules governing all styles. The national WKF organizations coordinate with their respective <a href="/wiki/National_Olympic_Committee" title="National Olympic Committee">National Olympic Committees</a>. WKF karate competition has two disciplines: sparring (kumite) and forms (<a href="/wiki/Karate_kata" title="Karate kata">kata</a>).<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Competitors may enter either as individuals or as part of a team. Evaluation for kata and kobudō is performed by a panel of judges, whereas sparring is judged by a head referee, usually with assistant referees at the side of the sparring area. Sparring matches are typically divided by weight, age, gender, and experience.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-81">[81]</a> WKF only allows membership through one national organization/federation per country to which clubs may join. The World Union of Karate-do Federations (WUKF)<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> offers different styles and federations a world body they may join, without having to compromise their style or size. The WUKF accepts more than one federation or association per country. Sport organizations use different competition rule systems.<a href="#cite_note-google1-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Light_contact" class="mw-redirect" title="Light contact">Light contact</a> rules are used by the WKF, WUKO, IASK and WKC. <a href="/wiki/Full_contact_karate" title="Full contact karate">Full contact karate</a> rules used by <a href="/wiki/Kyokushinkai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyokushinkai">Kyokushinkai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seidokaikan" title="Seidokaikan">Seidokaikan</a> and other organizations. <a href="/wiki/Bogu_kumite" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogu kumite">Bogu kumite</a> (full contact with protective shielding of targets) rules are used in the World Koshiki Karate-Do Federation organization.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Shinkaratedo Federation use boxing gloves.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Within the United States, rules may be under the jurisdiction of state sports authorities, such as the boxing commission. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mixed_Martial_Arts_(MMA)">Mixed Martial Arts (MMA)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mixed Martial Arts (MMA)">edit</a>]</div> Karate, although not widely used in <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">mixed martial arts</a>, has been effective for some MMA practitioners.<a href="#cite_note-karate_UFCb-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Various styles of karate are practiced in MMA: <a href="/wiki/Lyoto_Machida" title="Lyoto Machida">Lyoto Machida</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Makdessi" title="John Makdessi">John Makdessi</a> practice <a href="/wiki/Shotokan" title="Shotokan">Shotokan</a>;<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bas_Rutten" title="Bas Rutten">Bas Rutten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georges_St-Pierre" title="Georges St-Pierre">Georges St-Pierre</a> train in <a href="/wiki/Kyokushin" title="Kyokushin">Kyokushin</a>;<a href="#cite_note-knucklepit-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Waterson" class="mw-redirect" title="Michelle Waterson">Michelle Waterson</a> holds a <a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_(martial_arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Belt (martial arts)">black belt</a> in <a href="/wiki/American_Karate" class="mw-redirect" title="American Karate">American Free Style Karate</a>;<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Thompson_(fighter)" title="Stephen Thompson (fighter)">Stephen Thompson</a> practices <a href="/wiki/American_Kenpo" title="American Kenpo">American Kenpo Karate</a>;<a href="#cite_note-karate_UFC-93">[93]</a> and both <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Nelson_(fighter)" title="Gunnar Nelson (fighter)">Gunnar Nelson</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Whittaker_(fighter)" title="Robert Whittaker (fighter)">Robert Whittaker</a> practiced <a href="/wiki/G%C5%8Dj%C5%AB-ry%C5%AB" title="Gōjū-ryū">Gōjū-ryū</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/John_Kavanagh_(martial_artist)" title="John Kavanagh (martial artist)">John Kavanagh</a> has been successful as coach with a <a href="/wiki/Kenp%C5%8D#Okinawan_Kenpo" title="Kenpō">Kenpo Karate</a> pedigree.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Olympic_Games">Olympic Games</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Olympic Games">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018-10-18_Karate_Boys%27_%2B68_kg_at_2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Bronze_IRL%E2%80%93MAR_(Martin_Rulsch)_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2018-10-18_Karate_Boys%27_%2B68_kg_at_2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Bronze_IRL%E2%80%93MAR_%28Martin_Rulsch%29_18.jpg/220px-2018-10-18_Karate_Boys%27_%2B68_kg_at_2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Bronze_IRL%E2%80%93MAR_%28Martin_Rulsch%29_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2018-10-18_Karate_Boys%27_%2B68_kg_at_2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Bronze_IRL%E2%80%93MAR_%28Martin_Rulsch%29_18.jpg/330px-2018-10-18_Karate_Boys%27_%2B68_kg_at_2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Bronze_IRL%E2%80%93MAR_%28Martin_Rulsch%29_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2018-10-18_Karate_Boys%27_%2B68_kg_at_2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Bronze_IRL%E2%80%93MAR_%28Martin_Rulsch%29_18.jpg/440px-2018-10-18_Karate_Boys%27_%2B68_kg_at_2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Bronze_IRL%E2%80%93MAR_%28Martin_Rulsch%29_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4947" data-file-height="3573" /></a><figcaption>Bronze medal match at the <a href="/wiki/2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics" title="2018 Summer Youth Olympics">2018 Summer Youth Olympics</a> in Buenos Aires, Argentina.</figcaption></figure> In August 2016, the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> approved <a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Karate at the Summer Olympics">karate as an Olympic sport</a> beginning at the <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Summer Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Karate also debuted at the <a href="/wiki/2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics" title="2018 Summer Youth Olympics">2018 Summer Youth Olympics</a>. During this debut of Karate in the Summer Olympics, sixty competitors from around the world competed in the Kumite competition, and twenty competed in the Kata competition. In September 2015, karate was included in a shortlist along with <a href="/wiki/Baseball_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Baseball at the Summer Olympics">baseball</a>, softball, <a href="/wiki/Skateboarding_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Skateboarding at the Summer Olympics">skateboarding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surfing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Surfing at the Summer Olympics">surfing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sport_climbing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Sport climbing at the Summer Olympics">sport climbing</a> to be considered for inclusion in the 2020 Summer Olympics;<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> and in June 2016, the executive board of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) announced that they would support the proposal to include all of the shortlisted sports in the 2020 Games.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Finally, on 3 August 2016, all five sports (counting baseball and softball together as one sport) were approved for inclusion in the 2020 Olympic program.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Karate was not included in the <a href="/wiki/2024_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Olympic Games">2024 Olympic Games</a>, although it has made the shortlist for inclusion, alongside nine others, in the <a href="/wiki/2028_Summer_Olympics" title="2028 Summer Olympics">2028 Summer Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dan_Rank_system">Dan Rank system</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Dan Rank system">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%AB" title="Kyū">Kyū</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JJS_Dojo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/JJS_Dojo.jpg/220px-JJS_Dojo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/JJS_Dojo.jpg/330px-JJS_Dojo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/JJS_Dojo.jpg/440px-JJS_Dojo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Karatekas wearing different colored belts</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1gB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/1gB.jpg/220px-1gB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/1gB.jpg/330px-1gB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/1gB.jpg/440px-1gB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Karatekas at a <a href="/wiki/Dojo" title="Dojo">dojo</a> with different colored belts</figcaption></figure> In 1924, Gichin Funakoshi, founder of Shotokan Karate, adopted the <a href="/wiki/Dan_rank" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan rank">Dan</a> system from the judo founder <a href="/wiki/Jigoro_Kano" class="mw-redirect" title="Jigoro Kano">Jigoro Kano</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Judo#Rank_and_grading" title="Judo">rank scheme</a> with a limited set of belt colors. Other Okinawan teachers also adopted this practice. In the <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%AB" title="Kyū">Kyū</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_rank" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan rank">Dan</a> system the beginner grades start with a higher numbered kyū (e.g., 10th Kyū or Jukyū) and progress toward a lower numbered kyū. The Dan progression continues from 1st Dan (Shodan, or 'beginning dan') to the higher dan grades. Kyū-grade karateka are referred to as "color belt" or mudansha ("ones without dan/rank"). Dan-grade karateka are referred to as yudansha (holders of dan/rank). Yudansha typically wear a <a href="/wiki/Black_belt_(martial_arts)" title="Black belt (martial arts)">black belt</a>. Normally, the first five to six dans are given by examination by superior dan holders, while the subsequent (7 and up) are honorary, given for special merits and/or age reached. Requirements of rank differ among styles, organizations, and schools. Kyū ranks stress <a href="/wiki/Karate_stances" title="Karate stances">Karate stances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equilibrioception" class="mw-redirect" title="Equilibrioception">Equilibrioception</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Motor_coordination" title="Motor coordination">motor coordination</a>. Speed and power are added at higher grades. Minimum age and time in rank are factors affecting promotion. Testing consists of demonstration of techniques before a panel of examiners or senseis. This will vary by school, but testing may include everything learned at that point, or just new information. The demonstration is an application for new rank (shinsa) and may include basics, <a href="/wiki/Kata" title="Kata">kata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bunkai" title="Bunkai">bunkai</a>, self-defense, routines, <a href="/wiki/Tameshiwari" class="mw-redirect" title="Tameshiwari">tameshiwari</a> (breaking), and kumite (sparring). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Philosophy">edit</a>]</div> In Karate-Do Kyohan, Funakoshi quoted from the <a href="/wiki/Heart_Sutra" title="Heart Sutra">Heart Sutra</a>, which is prominent in <a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a> Buddhism: "Form is emptiness, emptiness is form itself" (shiki zokuze kū kū zokuze shiki).<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> He interpreted the "kara" of Karate-dō to mean "to purge oneself of selfish and evil thoughts ... for only with a clear mind and conscience can the practitioner understand the knowledge which he receives." Funakoshi believed that one should be "inwardly humble and outwardly gentle." Only by behaving humbly can one be open to Karate's many lessons. This is done by listening and being receptive to criticism. He considered courtesy of prime importance. He said that "Karate is properly applied only in those rare situations in which one really must either down another or be downed by him." Funakoshi did not consider it unusual for a devotee to use Karate in a real physical confrontation no more than perhaps once in a lifetime. He stated that Karate practitioners must "never be easily drawn into a fight." It is understood that one blow from a real expert could mean death. It is clear that those who misuse what they have learned bring dishonor upon themselves. He promoted the character trait of personal conviction. In "time of grave public crisis, one must have the courage ... to face a million and one opponents." He taught that indecisiveness is a weakness.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Styles">Styles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Styles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_karate_styles" title="Comparison of karate styles">Comparison of karate styles</a></div> Karate is divided into many styles, each with their different training methods, focuses, and cultures; though they mainly originate from the historical Okinawan parent styles of Naha-te, Tomari-te and Shuri-te. However some of the schools' founders have been sceptical with the separation of karate into many styles. <a href="/wiki/Gichin_Funakoshi" title="Gichin Funakoshi">Gichin Funakoshi</a> simply stated that there are as many styles as instructors in the world while <a href="/wiki/Kenwa_Mabuni" title="Kenwa Mabuni">Kenwa Mabuni</a> explained that the notion of different variations of karate came from outsiders.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> During karate popularization in mainland Japan, it was spread the idea that karate was divided into two branches: <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Drin-ry%C5%AB" title="Shōrin-ryū">Shōrin-ryū</a> (derived from <a href="/wiki/Ank%C5%8D_Itosu" title="Ankō Itosu">Itosu</a>'s teachings) and <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Drei-ry%C5%AB" title="Shōrei-ryū">Shōrei-ryū</a> (derived from <a href="/wiki/Higaonna_Kanry%C5%8D" title="Higaonna Kanryō">Higaonna</a>'s teachings);<a href="#cite_note-blackbelt1990-107">[107]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Djun_Miyagi" title="Chōjun Miyagi">Chōjun Miyagi</a> believed that was just a wrong perception.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mas_Oyama" title="Mas Oyama">Mas Oyama</a> was actively opposed to the idea of the break-down into several karate schools.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> He believed that making karate a <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sport</a>, as well keeping it as a martial art, could be a possible approach to unify all schools.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In the modern era the major four styles of karate are considered to be <a href="/wiki/G%C5%8Dj%C5%AB-ry%C5%AB" title="Gōjū-ryū">Gōjū-ryū</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shotokan" title="Shotokan">Shotokan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shit%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB" title="Shitō-ryū">Shitō-ryū</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wad%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB" title="Wadō-ryū">Wadō-ryū</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> These four styles are those recognised by the World Karate Federation for international kata competition.<a href="#cite_note-EssentialKarate2015-112">[112]</a> Some widespread styles<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-blackbelt1990-107">[107]</a> often accepted for kata competition include <a href="/wiki/Kyokushin" title="Kyokushin">Kyokushin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Drin-ry%C5%AB" title="Shōrin-ryū">Shōrin-ryū</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uechi-Ry%C5%AB" title="Uechi-Ryū">Uechi-Ryū</a> or <a href="/wiki/Isshin-ry%C5%AB" title="Isshin-ryū">Isshin-ryū</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-EssentialKarate2015-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World">World</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: World">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> Karate has grown in popularity in Africa, particularly in South Africa and <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Americas">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> Karate began in Canada in the 1930s and 1940s as Japanese people immigrated to the country. Karate was practised quietly without a large amount of organization. During the Second World War, many Japanese-Canadian families were moved to the interior of British Columbia. <a href="/wiki/Masaru_Shintani" title="Masaru Shintani">Masaru Shintani</a>, at the age of 13, began to study Shorin-Ryu karate in the Japanese camp under Kitigawa. In 1956, after 9 years of training with Kitigawa, Shintani travelled to Japan and met <a href="/wiki/Hironori_Otsuka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hironori Otsuka">Hironori Otsuka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wado_Ryu" class="mw-redirect" title="Wado Ryu">Wado Ryu</a>). In 1958, Otsuka invited Shintani to join his organization Wado Kai, and in 1969 he asked Shintani to officially call his style Wado.<a href="#cite_note-JAMA-119">[119]</a> In Canada during this same time, karate was also introduced by <a href="/wiki/Masami_Tsuruoka" title="Masami Tsuruoka">Masami Tsuruoka</a> who had studied in Japan in the 1940s under <a href="/wiki/Tsuyoshi_Chitose" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuyoshi Chitose">Tsuyoshi Chitose</a>.<a href="#cite_note-historica-120">[120]</a> In 1954, Tsuruoka initiated the first karate competition in Canada and laid the foundation for the <a href="/wiki/Karate_Canada" title="Karate Canada">National Karate Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-historica-120">[120]</a> In the late 1950s Shintani moved to Ontario and began teaching karate and judo at the Japanese Cultural Centre in Hamilton. In 1966, he began (with Otsuka's endorsement) the Shintani Wado Kai Karate Federation. During the 1970s Otsuka appointed Shintani the Supreme Instructor of Wado Kai in North America. In 1979, Otsuka publicly promoted Shintani to hachidan (8th dan) and privately gave him a kudan certificate (9th dan), which was revealed by Shintani in 1995. Shintani and Otsuka visited each other in Japan and Canada several times, the last time in 1980 two years prior to Otsuka's death. Shintani died 7 May 2000.<a href="#cite_note-JAMA-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Karate_in_the_United_States" title="Karate in the United States">Karate in the United States</a></div> After World War II, members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_military" class="mw-redirect" title="United States military">United States military</a> learned karate in Okinawa or Japan and then opened schools in the US. In 1945, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Trias" title="Robert Trias">Robert Trias</a> opened the first dōjō in the United States in <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a>, a Shuri-ryū karate dōjō.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/William_J._Dometrich" class="mw-redirect" title="William J. Dometrich">William J. Dometrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_Parker" title="Ed Parker">Ed Parker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cecil_T._Patterson" title="Cecil T. Patterson">Cecil T. Patterson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Doversola" title="Gordon Doversola">Gordon Doversola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_G._Long" title="Harold G. Long">Harold G. Long</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Hugh_Nagle" title="Donald Hugh Nagle">Donald Hugh Nagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Mattson_(martial_artist)" title="George Mattson (martial artist)">George Mattson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Urban_(karate)" title="Peter Urban (karate)">Peter Urban</a> all began instructing in the US. <a href="/wiki/Tsutomu_Ohshima" title="Tsutomu Ohshima">Tsutomu Ohshima</a> began studying karate under Shotokan's founder, Gichin Funakoshi, while a student at Waseda University, beginning in 1948. In 1957, Ohshima received his godan (fifth-degree black belt), the highest rank awarded by Funakoshi. He founded the first university karate club in the United States at <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> in 1957. In 1959, he founded the Southern California Karate Association (SCKA) which was renamed <a href="/wiki/Shotokan_Karate_of_America" title="Shotokan Karate of America">Shotokan Karate of America</a> (SKA) in 1969. In the 1960s, Anthony Mirakian, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kim_(karate)" title="Richard Kim (karate)">Richard Kim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teruyuki_Okazaki" title="Teruyuki Okazaki">Teruyuki Okazaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Pachivas" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pachivas">John Pachivas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allen_Steen" title="Allen Steen">Allen Steen</a>, Gosei Yamaguchi (son of <a href="/wiki/G%C5%8Dgen_Yamaguchi" title="Gōgen Yamaguchi">Gōgen Yamaguchi</a>), <a href="/wiki/Michael_G._Foster" title="Michael G. Foster">Michael G. Foster</a> and Pat Burleson began teaching martial arts around the country.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In 1961, <a href="/wiki/Hidetaka_Nishiyama" title="Hidetaka Nishiyama">Hidetaka Nishiyama</a>, a co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Karate_Association" title="Japan Karate Association">Japan Karate Association</a> (JKA) and student of Gichin Funakoshi, began teaching in the United States. He founded the International Traditional Karate Federation (ITKF). <a href="/wiki/Takayuki_Mikami" title="Takayuki Mikami">Takayuki Mikami</a> was sent to New Orleans by the JKA in 1963. In 1964, <a href="/wiki/Takayuki_Kubota" title="Takayuki Kubota">Takayuki Kubota</a> relocated the International Karate Association from Tokyo to California. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korea">Korea</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Korea">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea under Japanese rule</a></div> Due to past conflict between Korea and Japan, most notably during the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of Korea">Japanese occupation of Korea</a> in the early 20th century, the influence of karate in Korea is a contentious issue.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> From 1910 until 1945, Korea was annexed by the Japanese Empire. It was during this time that many of the Korean martial arts masters of the 20th century were exposed to Japanese karate. After regaining independence from Japan, many Korean martial arts schools that opened up in the 1940s and 1950s were founded by masters who had trained in karate in Japan as part of their martial arts training. <a href="/wiki/Won_Kuk_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="Won Kuk Lee">Won Kuk Lee</a>, a Korean student of Funakoshi, founded the first martial arts school after the Japanese occupation of Korea ended in 1945, called the <a href="/wiki/Chung_Do_Kwan" title="Chung Do Kwan">Chung Do Kwan</a>. Having studied under <a href="/wiki/Gichin_Funakoshi" title="Gichin Funakoshi">Gichin Funakoshi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Chuo_University" title="Chuo University">Chuo University</a>, Lee had incorporated <a href="/wiki/Taekkyon" title="Taekkyon">taekkyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kung_fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kung fu">kung fu</a>, and karate in the martial art that he taught which he called "<a href="/wiki/Tang_Soo_Do" title="Tang Soo Do">Tang Soo Do</a>", the Korean transliteration of the Chinese characters for "Way of Chinese Hand" (唐手道).<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In the mid-1950s, the martial arts schools were unified under President <a href="/wiki/Rhee_Syngman" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhee Syngman">Rhee Syngman</a>'s order, and became <a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">taekwondo</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Choi_Hong_Hi" class="mw-redirect" title="Choi Hong Hi">Choi Hong Hi</a> and a committee of Korean masters. Choi, a significant figure in taekwondo history, had also studied karate under Funakoshi. Karate also provided an important comparative model for the early founders of taekwondo in the formalization of their art including <a href="/wiki/Hyeong" title="Hyeong">hyung</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Taekwondo#Ranks,_belts,_and_promotion" title="Taekwondo">belt ranking</a> system. The original taekwondo hyung were identical to karate <a href="/wiki/Kata" title="Kata">kata</a>. Eventually, original Korean forms were developed by individual schools and associations. Although the <a href="/wiki/World_Taekwondo_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Taekwondo Federation">World Taekwondo Federation</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Taekwon-Do_Federation" title="International Taekwon-Do Federation">International Taekwon-Do Federation</a> are the most prominent among Korean martial arts organizations, tang soo do schools that teach Japanese karate still exist as they were originally conveyed to Won Kuk Lee and his contemporaries from Funakoshi. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Soviet Union">edit</a>]</div> Karate appeared in the Soviet Union in the mid-1960s, during <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>'s policy of improved international relations. The first Shotokan clubs were opened in Moscow's universities.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In 1973, however, the government banned karate—together with all other foreign martial arts—endorsing only the Soviet martial art of <a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">sambo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Failing to suppress these uncontrolled groups, the USSR's Sport Committee formed the Karate Federation of USSR in December 1978.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> On 17 May 1984, the Soviet Karate Federation was disbanded and all karate became illegal again. In 1989, karate practice became legal again, but under strict government regulations, only after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991 did independent karate schools resume functioning, and so federations were formed and national tournaments in authentic styles began.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Philippines">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Karate_Pilipinas" title="Karate Pilipinas">Karate Pilipinas</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karate_in_Lappeenranta,_Finland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Karate_in_Lappeenranta%2C_Finland.jpg/220px-Karate_in_Lappeenranta%2C_Finland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Karate_in_Lappeenranta%2C_Finland.jpg/330px-Karate_in_Lappeenranta%2C_Finland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Karate_in_Lappeenranta%2C_Finland.jpg/440px-Karate_in_Lappeenranta%2C_Finland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3776" data-file-height="2360" /></a><figcaption>Karate movements in <a href="/wiki/Lappeenranta" title="Lappeenranta">Lappeenranta</a></figcaption></figure> In the 1950s and 1960s, several Japanese karate masters began to teach the art in Europe, but it was not until 1965 that the Japan Karate Association (JKA) sent to Europe four well-trained young Karate instructors <a href="/wiki/Taiji_Kase" title="Taiji Kase">Taiji Kase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keinosuke_Enoeda" title="Keinosuke Enoeda">Keinosuke Enoeda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirokazu_Kanazawa" title="Hirokazu Kanazawa">Hirokazu Kanazawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Shirai" title="Hiroshi Shirai">Hiroshi Shirai</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Kase went to France, Enoeada to England and Shirai in Italy. These Masters maintained always a strong link between them, the JKA and the others JKA masters in the world, especially <a href="/wiki/Hidetaka_Nishiyama" title="Hidetaka Nishiyama">Hidetaka Nishiyama</a> in the US <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> France Shotokan Karate was created in 1964 by Tsutomu Ohshima. It is affiliated with another of his organizations, Shotokan Karate of America (SKA). However, in 1965 <a href="/wiki/Taiji_Kase" title="Taiji Kase">Taiji Kase</a> came from Japan along with Enoeda and Shirai, who went to England and Italy respectively, and karate came under the influence of the JKA. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Shirai" title="Hiroshi Shirai">Hiroshi Shirai</a>, one of the original instructors sent by the JKA to Europe along with Kase, Enoeda and Kanazawa, moved to Italy in 1965 and quickly established a Shotokan enclave that spawned several instructors who in their turn soon spread the style all over the country. By 1970 Shotokan karate was the most spread martial art in Italy apart from Judo. Other styles such as <a href="/wiki/Wado_Ryu" class="mw-redirect" title="Wado Ryu">Wado Ryu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goju_Ryu" class="mw-redirect" title="Goju Ryu">Goju Ryu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shito_Ryu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shito Ryu">Shito Ryu</a>, are present and well established in Italy, while <a href="/wiki/Shotokan" title="Shotokan">Shotokan</a> remains the most popular. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Karate_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Karate in the United Kingdom">Karate in the United Kingdom</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Bell" title="Vernon Bell">Vernon Bell</a>, a 3rd Dan Judo instructor who had been instructed by <a href="/wiki/Kenshiro_Abbe" title="Kenshiro Abbe">Kenshiro Abbe</a> introduced Karate to England in 1956, having attended classes in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pl%C3%A9e" title="Henry Plée">Henry Plée</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Yoseikan" title="Yoseikan">Yoseikan</a> dōjō in Paris. Yoseikan had been founded by <a href="/wiki/Minoru_Mochizuki" title="Minoru Mochizuki">Minoru Mochizuki</a>, a master of multiple Japanese martial arts, who had studied Karate with <a href="/wiki/Gichin_Funakoshi" title="Gichin Funakoshi">Gichin Funakoshi</a>, thus the Yoseikan style was heavily influenced by Shotokan.<a href="#cite_note-UK_History-131">[131]</a> Bell began teaching in the tennis courts of his parents' back garden in Ilford, Essex and his group was to become the British Karate Federation. On 19 July 1957, Vietnamese Hoang Nam 3rd Dan, billed as "Karate champion of Indo China", was invited to teach by Bell at Maybush Road, but the first instructor from Japan was <a href="/wiki/Tetsuji_Murakami" title="Tetsuji Murakami">Tetsuji Murakami</a> (1927–1987) a 3rd Dan Yoseikan under Minoru Mochizuki and 1st Dan of the JKA, who arrived in England in July 1959.<a href="#cite_note-UK_History-131">[131]</a> In 1959, Frederick Gille set up the Liverpool branch of the British Karate Federation, which was officially recognised in 1961. The Liverpool branch was based at Harold House Jewish Boys Club in Chatham Street before relocating to the YMCA in Everton where it became known as the Red Triangle. One of the early members of this branch was <a href="/wiki/Andy_Sherry" title="Andy Sherry">Andy Sherry</a> who had previously studied Jujutsu with Jack Britten. In 1961, Edward Ainsworth, another blackbelt Judoka, set up the first Karate study group in <a href="/wiki/Ayrshire" title="Ayrshire">Ayrshire</a>, Scotland having attended Bell's third 'Karate Summer School' in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-UK_History-131">[131]</a> Outside of Bell's organisation, Charles Mack traveled to Japan and studied under <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Nakayama" title="Masatoshi Nakayama">Masatoshi Nakayama</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Karate_Association" title="Japan Karate Association">Japan Karate Association</a> who graded Mack to 1st Dan Shotokan on 4 March 1962 in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-UK_History-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shotokai" class="mw-redirect" title="Shotokai">Shotokai</a> Karate was introduced to England in 1963 by another of <a href="/wiki/Gichin_Funakoshi" title="Gichin Funakoshi">Gichin Funakoshi</a>'s students, <a href="/wiki/Mitsusuke_Harada" title="Mitsusuke Harada">Mitsusuke Harada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UK_History-131">[131]</a> Outside of the Shotokan stable of karate styles, <a href="/wiki/Wado_Ryu" class="mw-redirect" title="Wado Ryu">Wado Ryu</a> Karate was also an early adopted style in the UK, introduced by <a href="/wiki/Tatsuo_Suzuki_(martial_artist)" title="Tatsuo Suzuki (martial artist)">Tatsuo Suzuki</a>, a 6th Dan at the time in 1964. Despite the early adoption of Shotokan in the UK, it was not until 1964 that JKA Shotokan officially came to the UK. Bell had been corresponding with the JKA in Tokyo asking for his grades to be ratified in Shotokan having apparently learnt that Murakami was not a designated representative of the JKA. The JKA obliged, and without enforcing a grading on Bell, ratified his black belt on 5 February 1964, though he had to relinquish his Yoseikan grade. Bell requested a visitation from JKA instructors and the next year <a href="/wiki/Taiji_Kase" title="Taiji Kase">Taiji Kase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirokazu_Kanazawa" title="Hirokazu Kanazawa">Hirokazu Kanazawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keinosuke_Enoeda" title="Keinosuke Enoeda">Keinosuke Enoeda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Shirai" title="Hiroshi Shirai">Hiroshi Shirai</a> gave the first JKA demo at the old <a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Hall,_Kensington" title="Old Town Hall, Kensington">Kensington Town Hall</a> on 21 April 1965. <a href="/wiki/Hirokazu_Kanazawa" title="Hirokazu Kanazawa">Hirokazu Kanazawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keinosuke_Enoeda" title="Keinosuke Enoeda">Keinosuke Enoeda</a> stayed and Murakami left (later re-emerging as a 5th Dan Shotokai under Harada).<a href="#cite_note-UK_History-131">[131]</a> In 1966, members of the former British Karate Federation established the <a href="/wiki/Karate_Union_of_Great_Britain" title="Karate Union of Great Britain">Karate Union of Great Britain</a> (KUGB) under <a href="/wiki/Hirokazu_Kanazawa" title="Hirokazu Kanazawa">Hirokazu Kanazawa</a> as chief instructor<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> and affiliated to JKA. <a href="/wiki/Keinosuke_Enoeda" title="Keinosuke Enoeda">Keinosuke Enoeda</a> came to England at the same time as Kanazawa, teaching at a dōjō in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>. Kanazawa left the UK after 3 years and Enoeda took over. After Enoeda's death in 2003, the KUGB elected Andy Sherry as Chief Instructor. Shortly after this, a new association split off from KUGB, <a href="/wiki/JKA_England" title="JKA England">JKA England</a>. An earlier significant split from the KUGB took place in 1991 when a group led by KUGB senior instructor Steve Cattle formed the English Shotokan Academy (ESA). The aim of this group was to follow the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Taiji_Kase" title="Taiji Kase">Taiji Kase</a>, formerly the JKA chief instructor in Europe, who along with Hiroshi Shirai created the World Shotokan Karate-do Academy (WKSA), in 1989 to pursue the teaching of "Budo" karate as opposed to what he viewed as "sport karate". Kase sought to return the practice of Shotokan Karate to its martial roots, reintroducing among other things open hand and throwing techniques that had been side lined as the result of competition rules introduced by the JKA. Both the ESA and the WKSA (renamed the Kase-Ha Shotokan-Ryu Karate-do Academy (KSKA) after Kase's death in 2004) continue following this path today. In 1975, Great Britain became the first team ever to take the World male team title from Japan after being defeated the previous year in the final. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Oceania">edit</a>]</div> The World Karate Federation was first introduced to Oceania as the Oceania Karate Federation 1973.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Karate_Federation" title="Australian Karate Federation">Australian Karate Federation</a>, under the World Karate Federation, was first introduced in 1970. In 1972 Frank Novak became the first fully qualified Shotokan instructor to arrive in Australia and teach in the country,<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> establishing the first Shotokan Karate dojo in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> At karate's debut in the Olympics at the <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Summer Olympics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsuneari_Yahiro" title="Tsuneari Yahiro">Tsuneari Yahiro</a> became Australia's first Karate Olympian.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_film_and_popular_culture">In film and popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: In film and popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruce_Lee_1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bruce_Lee_1973.jpg/170px-Bruce_Lee_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bruce_Lee_1973.jpg/255px-Bruce_Lee_1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bruce_Lee_1973.jpg/340px-Bruce_Lee_1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a> is known for practicing many martial arts styles, including Karate, having trained with <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Norris" title="Chuck Norris">Chuck Norris</a> for many years.</figcaption></figure> Karate spread rapidly in the West through popular culture. In 1950s popular fiction, karate was at times described to readers in near-mythical terms, and it was credible to show Western experts of unarmed combat as unaware of Eastern martial arts of this kind.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Following the <a href="/wiki/Judo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Judo at the Summer Olympics">inclusion of judo</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1964_Tokyo_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="1964 Tokyo Olympics">1964 Tokyo Olympics</a>, there was growing mainstream Western interest in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Japanese martial arts</a>, particularly karate, during the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> By the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial arts films">martial arts films</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Kung fu films">kung fu films</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a> flicks <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">from Hong Kong</a>) had formed a mainstream genre and launched the "<a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">kung fu craze</a>" which propelled karate and other <a href="/wiki/Asian_martial_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian martial arts">Asian martial arts</a> into mass popularity. However, mainstream Western audiences at the time generally did not distinguish between different Asian martial arts such as karate, <a href="/wiki/Kung_fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kung fu">kung fu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tae_kwon_do" class="mw-redirect" title="Tae kwon do">tae kwon do</a>.<a href="#cite_note-karate_UFC-93">[93]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Film_series" title="Film series">film series</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">007</a> (1953–present), the main <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">protagonist</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Bond_(literary_character)" title="James Bond (literary character)">James Bond</a> is exceptionally skillful in martial arts. He is an expert in various types of martial arts including Karate, as well as Judo, Aikido, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, Filipino Eskrima and Krav Maga.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the late 20th century, specifically during the 80s and 90s, karate saw a rise in mainstream popularity. America in the 80s took hold of the martial arts craze and began to produce more homegrown films in the <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">martial arts genre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Films weren't the only popular visual representation of Karate in the 80s, just as <a href="/wiki/Arcade_game" title="Arcade game">arcades</a> grew in popularity, so did Karate in arcade <a href="/wiki/Fighting_game" title="Fighting game">fighting games</a>. The first video game to feature fist fighting was <a href="/wiki/Heavyweight_Champ" title="Heavyweight Champ">Heavyweight Champ</a> in 1976,<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> but it was <a href="/wiki/Karate_Champ" title="Karate Champ">Karate Champ</a> that popularized the one-on-one fighting game genre in <a href="/wiki/Amusement_arcade" title="Amusement arcade">arcades</a> in 1984. In 1987, <a href="/wiki/Capcom" title="Capcom">Capcom</a> released <a href="/wiki/Street_Fighter_(video_game)" title="Street Fighter (video game)">Street Fighter</a>, featuring multiple Karateka characters.<a href="#cite_note-aac320-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Karate_Kid_(1984_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Karate Kid (1984 film)">The Karate Kid</a> (1984) and its sequels <a href="/wiki/The_Karate_Kid,_Part_II" class="mw-redirect" title="The Karate Kid, Part II">The Karate Kid, Part II</a> (1986), <a href="/wiki/The_Karate_Kid,_Part_III" class="mw-redirect" title="The Karate Kid, Part III">The Karate Kid, Part III</a> (1989) and <a href="/wiki/The_Next_Karate_Kid" title="The Next Karate Kid">The Next Karate Kid</a> (1994) are films relating the fictional story of an American adolescent's introduction into karate.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Its television sequel, <a href="/wiki/Cobra_Kai" title="Cobra Kai">Cobra Kai</a> (2018), has led to similar growing interest in karate.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The success of The Karate Kid further popularized karate (as opposed to Asian martial arts more generally) in mainstream American popular culture.<a href="#cite_note-karate_UFC-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karate_Kommandos" title="Karate Kommandos">Karate Kommandos</a> is an animated children's show, with <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Norris" title="Chuck Norris">Chuck Norris</a> appearing to reveal the moral lessons contained in every episode. <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Ball" title="Dragon Ball">Dragon Ball</a> (1984–present) is a Japanese <a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">media franchise</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a>) whose characters use a variety and <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_martial_arts" title="Hybrid martial arts">hybrid</a> of <a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts#Asia" title="List of martial arts">east Asian martial arts</a> styles, including Karate<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-:03-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-148">[148]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wing_Chun" title="Wing Chun">Wing Chun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_(term)" title="Kung fu (term)">Kung fu</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:03-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Dragon Ball was originally inspired by the classical 16th-century Chinese novel <a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a>, combined with elements of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_martial_arts_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong martial arts films">Hong Kong martial arts films</a>, with influences of <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan" title="Jackie Chan">Jackie Chan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a>. In the film series <a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_(franchise)" title="The Matrix (franchise)">The Matrix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo_(The_Matrix)" title="Neo (The Matrix)">Neo</a> uses a variety of martial arts styles.<a href="#cite_note-:02-150">[150]</a> Neo's skill in martial arts was shown having downloaded into his brain, which granted combat abilities equivalent to a martial artist with decades of experience. Kenpo Karate is one of the many styles Neo learns as part of his computerised combat training.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> As part of the preparation for the movie, <a href="/wiki/Yuen_Woo-ping" title="Yuen Woo-ping">Yuen Woo-ping</a> had <a href="/wiki/Keanu_Reeves" title="Keanu Reeves">Keanu Reeves</a> undertake four months of martial arts training in a variety of different styles.<a href="#cite_note-:02-150">[150]</a><div style="text-align:left;"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Film stars and their styles </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Practitioner </th> <th>Fighting style </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shin_Koyamada" title="Shin Koyamada">Shin Koyamada</a> </td> <td>Keishinkan<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sonny_Chiba" title="Sonny Chiba">Sonny Chiba</a> </td> <td>Kyokushin<a href="#cite_note-Kyokushin-153">[153]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a> </td> <td>Kyokushin<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hiroyuki_Sanada" title="Hiroyuki Sanada">Hiroyuki Sanada</a> </td> <td>Kyokushin<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dolph_Lundgren" title="Dolph Lundgren">Dolph Lundgren</a> </td> <td>Kyokushin<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jai_White" title="Michael Jai White">Michael Jai White</a> </td> <td>Kyokushin<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yasuaki_Kurata" title="Yasuaki Kurata">Yasuaki Kurata</a> </td> <td>Shito-ryu<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fumio_Demura" title="Fumio Demura">Fumio Demura</a> </td> <td>Shitō-ryū<a href="#cite_note-JKDGKISensei2007-159">[159]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Don_%22The_Dragon%22_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Don "The Dragon" Wilson">Don "The Dragon" Wilson</a> </td> <td>Gōjū-ryu<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Norton_(actor)" title="Richard Norton (actor)">Richard Norton</a> </td> <td>Gōjū-ryu<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yukari_Oshima" title="Yukari Oshima">Yukari Oshima</a> </td> <td>Gōjū-ryu<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leung_Siu-Lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Leung Siu-Lung">Leung Siu-Lung</a> </td> <td>Gōjū-ryu<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Snipes" title="Wesley Snipes">Wesley Snipes</a> </td> <td>Shotokan<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Van_Damme" title="Jean-Claude Van Damme">Jean-Claude Van Damme</a> </td> <td>Shotokan<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jim_Kelly_(martial_artist)" title="Jim Kelly (martial artist)">Jim Kelly</a> </td> <td>Shōrin-ryū<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joe_Lewis_(martial_artist)" title="Joe Lewis (martial artist)">Joe Lewis</a> </td> <td>Shōrin-ryū </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tadashi_Yamashita" title="Tadashi Yamashita">Tadashi Yamashita</a> </td> <td>Shōrin-ryū<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Matt_Mullins" title="Matt Mullins">Matt Mullins</a> </td> <td>Shōrei-ryū<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sho_Kosugi" title="Sho Kosugi">Sho Kosugi</a> </td> <td>Shindō jinen-ryū<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Weng_Weng" title="Weng Weng">Weng Weng</a> </td> <td>Undetermined<a href="#cite_note-:3-171">[171]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> Many other film stars such as <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Norris" title="Chuck Norris">Chuck Norris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan" title="Jackie Chan">Jackie Chan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sammo_Hung" title="Sammo Hung">Sammo Hung</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jet_Li" title="Jet Li">Jet Li</a> come from a range of other martial arts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg/28px-Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg/42px-Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg/56px-Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Martial_arts" title="Portal:Martial arts">Martial arts portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_karate_styles" title="Comparison of karate styles">Comparison of karate styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Japanese martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_World_Championships" title="Karate World Championships">Karate World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Karate at the Summer Olympics">Karate at the Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_World_Games" title="Karate at the World Games">Karate at the World Games</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karate&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Higaonna1-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Higaonna1_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higaonna1_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHigaonna1985" class="citation book cs1">Higaonna, Morio (1985). Traditional Karatedo Vol. 1 Fundamental Techniques. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87040-595-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87040-595-0"><bdi>0-87040-595-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Karatedo+Vol.+1+Fundamental+Techniques&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-87040-595-0&rft.aulast=Higaonna&rft.aufirst=Morio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-okinawa_history-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-okinawa_history_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-okinawa_history_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302085743/http://www.wonder-okinawa.jp/023/eng/001/001/index.html">"History of Okinawan Karate"</a>. 2 March 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wonder-okinawa.jp/023/eng/001/001/index.html">the original</a> on 2 March 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Okinawan+Karate&rft.date=2009-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wonder-okinawa.jp%2F023%2Feng%2F001%2F001%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop1989" class="citation book cs1">Bishop, Mark (1989). Okinawan Karate. A & C Black. pp. 153–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7136-5666-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7136-5666-2"><bdi>0-7136-5666-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Okinawan+Karate&rft.pages=153-166&rft.pub=A+%26+C+Black&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-7136-5666-2&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> Chapter 9 covers Motobu-ryu and Bugeikan, two 'ti' styles with grappling and vital point striking techniques. Page 165, Seitoku Higa: "Use pressure on vital points, wrist locks, grappling, strikes and kicks in a gentle manner to neutralize an attack." </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagazineTsuboike" class="citation web cs1">Magazine, Smithsonian; Tsuboike, Tony Perrottet,Jun. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/centuries-old-sport-karate-history-olympics-180977941/">"The Centuries-Old Sport of Karate Finally Gets Its Due at the Olympics"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Centuries-Old+Sport+of+Karate+Finally+Gets+Its+Due+at+the+Olympics&rft.aulast=Magazine&rft.aufirst=Smithsonian&rft.au=Tsuboike%2C+Tony+Perrottet%2CJun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Farts-culture%2Fcenturies-old-sport-karate-history-olympics-180977941%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-King1925-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-King1925_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King1925_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeigenrō1925" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Meigenrō, Shujin (1925). "肉弾相打つ唐手拳闘大試合" [Karate vs. Boxing, a great match of blows against each other]. King (in Japanese). No. September 1925. Dai Nippon Yūben Kōdansha.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=King&rft.atitle=%E8%82%89%E5%BC%BE%E7%9B%B8%E6%89%93%E3%81%A4+%E5%94%90%E6%89%8B%E6%8B%B3%E9%97%98%E5%A4%A7%E8%A9%A6%E5%90%88&rft.issue=September+1925&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Meigenr%C5%8D&rft.aufirst=Shujin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miyagi-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Miyagi_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiyagi1993" class="citation book cs1">Miyagi, Chojun (1993) [1934]. McCarthy, Patrick (ed.). Karate-doh Gaisetsu [An Outline of Karate-Do]. International Ryukyu Karate Research Society. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-900613-05-3" title="Special:BookSources/4-900613-05-3"><bdi>4-900613-05-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karate-doh+Gaisetsu&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=International+Ryukyu+Karate+Research+Society&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=4-900613-05-3&rft.aulast=Miyagi&rft.aufirst=Chojun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> The name of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> was a synonym for "China" in Okinawa. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraeger_&_Smith1969" class="citation book cs1">Draeger & Smith (1969). Comprehensive Asian Fighting Arts. Kodansha International. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87011-436-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87011-436-6"><bdi>978-0-87011-436-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Asian+Fighting+Arts&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-87011-436-6&rft.au=Draeger+%26+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wearethemighty.com/articles/heres-how-us-marines-made-karate-popular-after-world-war-ii/">"Here's how US Marines brought karate back home after World War II"</a>. We Are The Mighty. 2 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302051941/https://www.wearethemighty.com/articles/heres-how-us-marines-made-karate-popular-after-world-war-ii/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=We+Are+The+Mighty&rft.atitle=Here%27s+how+US+Marines+brought+karate+back+home+after+World+War+II&rft.date=2018-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wearethemighty.com%2Farticles%2Fheres-how-us-marines-made-karate-popular-after-world-war-ii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop1999" class="citation book cs1">Bishop, Mark (1999). Okinawan Karate Second Edition. Tuttle. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-3205-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-3205-2"><bdi>978-0-8048-3205-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Okinawan+Karate+Second+Edition&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Tuttle&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8048-3205-2&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_J._Krug2001" class="citation web cs1">Gary J. Krug (1 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080217212722/http://csc.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/1/4/395">"Dr. Gary J. Krug: the Feet of the Master: Three Stages in the Appropriation of Okinawan Karate Into Anglo-American Culture"</a>. Csc.sagepub.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csc.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/1/4/395">the original</a> on 17 February 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.+Gary+J.+Krug%3A+the+Feet+of+the+Master%3A+Three+Stages+in+the+Appropriation+of+Okinawan+Karate+Into+Anglo-American+Culture&rft.pub=Csc.sagepub.com&rft.date=2001-11-01&rft.au=Gary+J.+Krug&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsc.sagepub.com%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F1%2F4%2F395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShigeru1976" class="citation book cs1">Shigeru, Egami (1976). The Heart of Karate-Do. Kodansha International. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87011-816-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87011-816-1"><bdi>0-87011-816-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heart+of+Karate-Do&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-87011-816-1&rft.aulast=Shigeru&rft.aufirst=Egami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagamine1976" class="citation book cs1">Nagamine, Shoshin (1976). Okinawan Karate-do. Tuttle. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-2110-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-2110-0"><bdi>978-0-8048-2110-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Okinawan+Karate-do&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Tuttle&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-8048-2110-0&rft.aulast=Nagamine&rft.aufirst=Shoshin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web-japan.org/factsheet/en/pdf/e16_martial_art.pdf">"Web Japan"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613134026/http://web-japan.org/factsheet/en/pdf/e16_martial_art.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Web+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb-japan.org%2Ffactsheet%2Fen%2Fpdf%2Fe16_martial_art.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130426022348/http://www.thekisontheway.com/leading-sport">"WKF claims 100 million practitioners"</a>. Thekisontheway.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thekisontheway.com/leading-sport">the original</a> on 26 April 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WKF+claims+100+million+practitioners&rft.pub=Thekisontheway.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thekisontheway.com%2Fleading-sport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Funakoshi1935-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Funakoshi1935_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Funakoshi1935_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Funakoshi1935_16-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunakoshi1935" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Funakoshi, Gichin (25 May 1935). 空手道教範 [Karatedō Kyōhan] (in Japanese). Tokyo Kōbundō.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%A9%BA%E6%89%8B%E9%81%93%E6%95%99%E7%AF%84&rft.pub=Tokyo+K%C5%8Dbund%C5%8D&rft.date=1935-05-25&rft.aulast=Funakoshi&rft.aufirst=Gichin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&oldid=78292405">"唐"</a>, Wiktionary, the free dictionary, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240317044441/https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&oldid=78292405">archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wiktionary%2C+the+free+dictionary&rft.atitle=%E5%94%90&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25E5%2594%2590%26oldid%3D78292405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZacharski2019" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zacharski, Andrzej Jerzy (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12000/44338">「近代沖縄空手の現状と課題」: 空手家たちの目指す空手の精神性</a> ["Current State and Issues of Modern Okinawan Karate": Karate Spirituality of the Karate Practitioners] (PhD thesis) (in Japanese). p. 16. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12000%2F44338">20.500.12000/44338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%E3%80%8C%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E6%B2%96%E7%B8%84%E7%A9%BA%E6%89%8B%E3%81%AE%E7%8F%BE%E7%8A%B6%E3%81%A8%E8%AA%B2%E9%A1%8C%E3%80%8D%3A+%E7%A9%BA%E6%89%8B%E5%AE%B6%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A1%E3%81%AE%E7%9B%AE%E6%8C%87%E3%81%99%E7%A9%BA%E6%89%8B%E3%81%AE%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E6%80%A7&rft.degree=PhD&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12000%2F44338&rft.aulast=Zacharski&rft.aufirst=Andrzej+Jerzy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F20.500.12000%2F44338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunakoshi1956" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Funakoshi, Gichin (1 October 1956). 空手道一路 [Karate-Do My Way] (in Japanese). Sankei Shuppan. p. 55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%A9%BA%E6%89%8B%E9%81%93%E4%B8%80%E8%B7%AF&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Sankei+Shuppan&rft.date=1956-10-01&rft.aulast=Funakoshi&rft.aufirst=Gichin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunakoshi1988" class="citation book cs1">Funakoshi, Gishin (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rH3gPz21FWkC&pg=PA24">Karate-do Nyumon</a>. Japan: Kodansha International. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7700-1891-6" title="Special:BookSources/4-7700-1891-6"><bdi>4-7700-1891-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327193733/https://books.google.com/books?id=rH3gPz21FWkC&pg=PA24">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karate-do+Nyumon&rft.place=Japan&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=4-7700-1891-6&rft.aulast=Funakoshi&rft.aufirst=Gishin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrH3gPz21FWkC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigaonna2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Higaonna, Morio (2001). 剛柔流空手道史：二大拳聖東恩納寛量宮城長順 [Goju-ryu Karate-dō History: The Two Great Masters, Kanryō Higaonna and Chōjun Miyagi] (in Japanese). CHAMP. p. 133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%89%9B%E6%9F%94%E6%B5%81%E7%A9%BA%E6%89%8B%E9%81%93%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%9A%E4%BA%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%8B%B3%E8%81%96+%E6%9D%B1%E6%81%A9%E7%B4%8D%E5%AF%9B%E9%87%8F+%E5%AE%AE%E5%9F%8E%E9%95%B7%E9%A0%86&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=CHAMP&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Higaonna&rft.aufirst=Morio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunakoshi1922" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Funakoshi, Gichin (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/971654/1/22">琉球拳法唐手</a> [Ryūkyū Kenpō Karate] (in Japanese). Bukyōsha. p. 20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231231021552/https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/971654/1/22">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E6%8B%B3%E6%B3%95+%E5%94%90%E6%89%8B&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Buky%C5%8Dsha&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Funakoshi&rft.aufirst=Gichin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.ndl.go.jp%2Fpid%2F971654%2F1%2F22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotobu1926" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Motobu, Chōki (1926). 沖縄拳法唐手術組手編 [Okinawa Kenpō Karate-jutsu Kumite Edition] (in Japanese). Karate-jutsu Promotion Association. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%B2%96%E7%B8%84%E6%8B%B3%E6%B3%95%E5%94%90%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93%E7%B5%84%E6%89%8B%E7%B7%A8&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Karate-jutsu+Promotion+Association&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Motobu&rft.aufirst=Ch%C5%8Dki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMifune1958" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mifune, Kyuzo (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2486738">道と術：柔道教典</a> [The Way and the Art: A Dictionary of Judo] (in Japanese). Seibundo Shinkosha. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240314005208/https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2486738">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E9%81%93%E3%81%A8%E8%A1%93%EF%BC%9A%E6%9F%94%E9%81%93%E6%95%99%E5%85%B8&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Seibundo+Shinkosha&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Mifune&rft.aufirst=Kyuzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.ndl.go.jp%2Fpid%2F2486738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakasone1938" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nakasone, Genwa, ed. (1938). 空手道大観 [A Comprehensive View of Karate-dō] (in Japanese). Tokyo Tosho. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%A9%BA%E6%89%8B%E9%81%93%E5%A4%A7%E8%A6%B3&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Tokyo+Tosho&rft.date=1938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunakoshi1922" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Funakoshi, Gichin (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/971654/1/22">琉球拳法唐手</a> [Ryūkyū Kenpō Karate] (in Japanese). Bukyōsha. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231231021552/https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/971654/1/22">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E6%8B%B3%E6%B3%95+%E5%94%90%E6%89%8B&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Buky%C5%8Dsha&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Funakoshi&rft.aufirst=Gichin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.ndl.go.jp%2Fpid%2F971654%2F1%2F22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotobu1926" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Motobu, Chōki (1926). 沖縄拳法唐手術組手編 [Okinawa Kenpō Karate-jutsu Kumite Edition] (in Japanese). Karate-jutsu Promotion Association. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%B2%96%E7%B8%84%E6%8B%B3%E6%B3%95%E5%94%90%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93%E7%B5%84%E6%89%8B%E7%B7%A8&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Karate-jutsu+Promotion+Association&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Motobu&rft.aufirst=Ch%C5%8Dki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-paltz-28"><a href="#cite_ref-paltz_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041210012035/http://newpaltzkarate.com/article/Article1SA.html">"What's In A Name?"</a>. Newpaltzkarate.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newpaltzkarate.com/article/Article1SA.html">the original</a> on 10 December 2004. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+In+A+Name%3F&rft.pub=Newpaltzkarate.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newpaltzkarate.com%2Farticle%2FArticle1SA.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"空手座談会" [Karate Roundtable]. Ryukyu Shimpo (in Japanese). 27 October 1936.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ryukyu+Shimpo&rft.atitle=%E7%A9%BA%E6%89%8B%E5%BA%A7%E8%AB%87%E4%BC%9A&rft.date=1936-10-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.pref.okinawa.jp/news/that_day/14555">"季節の話題：10月25日空手の日"</a> [Season's Topics: October 25 Karate Day] (in Japanese). Okinawa Prefectural Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240103015905/https://www.archives.pref.okinawa.jp/news/that_day/14555">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%A3%E7%AF%80%E3%81%AE%E8%A9%B1%E9%A1%8C%EF%BC%9A10%E6%9C%8825%E6%97%A5+%E7%A9%BA%E6%89%8B%E3%81%AE%E6%97%A5&rft.pub=Okinawa+Prefectural+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.pref.okinawa.jp%2Fnews%2Fthat_day%2F14555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikiTakada1930" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Miki, Jisaburo; Takada, Mizuho (1930). 拳法概説 [Outline of Kenpo] (in Japanese). Todai Karate Kenkyukai. p. 221.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%8B%B3%E6%B3%95%E6%A6%82%E8%AA%AC&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Todai+Karate+Kenkyukai&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Miki&rft.aufirst=Jisaburo&rft.au=Takada%2C+Mizuho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMifune1958" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mifune, Kyuzo (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2486738">道と術：柔道教典</a> [The Way and the Art: A Dictionary of Judo] (in Japanese). Seibundo Shinkosha. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240314005208/https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2486738">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E9%81%93%E3%81%A8%E8%A1%93%EF%BC%9A%E6%9F%94%E9%81%93%E6%95%99%E5%85%B8&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Seibundo+Shinkosha&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Mifune&rft.aufirst=Kyuzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.ndl.go.jp%2Fpid%2F2486738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunakoshi1956" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Funakoshi, Gichin (1 October 1956). 空手道一路 [Karate-Do My Way] (in Japanese). Sankei Shuppan. p. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%A9%BA%E6%89%8B%E9%81%93%E4%B8%80%E8%B7%AF&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Sankei+Shuppan&rft.date=1956-10-01&rft.aulast=Funakoshi&rft.aufirst=Gichin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŌyama1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ōyama, Masutatsu (1980). わがカラテ日々研鑽 [My Karate Studies Everyday] (in Japanese). Kodansha. p. 232.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%82%8F%E3%81%8C%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E6%97%A5%E3%80%85%E7%A0%94%E9%91%BD&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Kodansha&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=%C5%8Cyama&rft.aufirst=Masutatsu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asato1914-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Asato1914_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asato1914_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asato1914_35-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsato,_AnkōFunakoshi,_Gichin1914" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Asato, Ankō; Funakoshi, Gichin (17 January 1914). "沖縄の武技" [Martial Arts of Okinawa] (in Japanese). Ryukyu Shimpo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E6%B2%96%E7%B8%84%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%A6%E6%8A%80&rft.date=1914-01-17&rft.au=Asato%2C+Ank%C5%8D&rft.au=Funakoshi%2C+Gichin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiyagi1934" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Miyagi, Chojun (1934). 唐手道概説 [Overview of Karate-dō] (in Japanese). Ryukyu Karate-jutsu International Research Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%94%90%E6%89%8B%E9%81%93%E6%A6%82%E8%AA%AC&rft.pub=Ryukyu+Karate-jutsu+International+Research+Association&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Miyagi&rft.aufirst=Chojun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimakuraMajikina_Anko1923" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shimakura, Ryuji; Majikina Anko (1923). 沖縄一千年史 [A Thousand Year History of Okinawa] (in Japanese). Nihon University. p. 353.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%B2%96%E7%B8%84%E4%B8%80%E5%8D%83%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%B2&rft.pages=353&rft.pub=Nihon+University&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Shimakura&rft.aufirst=Ryuji&rft.au=Majikina+Anko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunakoshi1922" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Funakoshi, Gichin (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/971654/1/22">琉球拳法唐手</a> [Ryūkyū Kenpō Karate] (in Japanese). Bukyōsha. pp. 21, 22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231231021552/https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/971654/1/22">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E6%8B%B3%E6%B3%95+%E5%94%90%E6%89%8B&rft.pages=21%2C+22&rft.pub=Buky%C5%8Dsha&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Funakoshi&rft.aufirst=Gichin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.ndl.go.jp%2Fpid%2F971654%2F1%2F22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kinjo2011-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Kinjo2011_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinjo2011" class="citation book cs1">Kinjo, Hiroshi (2011). 唐手から空手へ [From Karate to Karate]. Nippon Budokan. pp. 139, 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4583104294" title="Special:BookSources/978-4583104294"><bdi>978-4583104294</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%94%90%E6%89%8B%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E7%A9%BA%E6%89%8B%E3%81%B8&rft.pages=139%2C+140&rft.pub=Nippon+Budokan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-4583104294&rft.aulast=Kinjo&rft.aufirst=Hiroshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> The original text is in Chinese, "専積刀剣弓矢以為護国之利器." </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUezato2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Uezato, Takashi (October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1520009408326976000">"古琉球の軍隊とその歴史的展開"</a> [Old Ryukyuan Military and Its Historical Development]. Ryukyu Asiatic Studies of Society and Culture (in Japanese) (5): 105–128. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231231005305/https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1520009408326976000">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ryukyu+Asiatic+Studies+of+Society+and+Culture&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%A4%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E3%81%AE%E8%BB%8D%E9%9A%8A%E3%81%A8%E3%81%9D%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E7%9A%84%E5%B1%95%E9%96%8B&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=105-128&rft.date=2002-10&rft.aulast=Uezato&rft.aufirst=Takashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcir.nii.ac.jp%2Fcrid%2F1520009408326976000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKagoshima_Prefecture_Restoration_History_Materials_Compilation_Office1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kagoshima Prefecture Restoration History Materials Compilation Office, ed. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pref.kagoshima.jp/ab23/reimeikan/siroyu/documents/6756_20221202133338-1.pdf">鹿児島県史料旧記雑録後編4</a> [Kagoshima Prefecture Historical Records, Miscellaneous Old Records, Part 2, 4] (PDF) (in Japanese). Kagoshima Prefecture. p. 414. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231231015927/https://www.pref.kagoshima.jp/ab23/reimeikan/siroyu/documents/6756_20221202133338-1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E9%B9%BF%E5%85%90%E5%B3%B6%E7%9C%8C%E5%8F%B2%E6%96%99+%E6%97%A7%E8%A8%98%E9%9B%91%E9%8C%B2+%E5%BE%8C%E7%B7%A84&rft.pages=414&rft.pub=Kagoshima+Prefecture&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pref.kagoshima.jp%2Fab23%2Freimeikan%2Fsiroyu%2Fdocuments%2F6756_20221202133338-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimaFujiwara1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gima, Shinkin; Fujiwara, Ryozo (1 October 1986). 対談近代空手道の歴史を語る [Dialogue: The History of Modern Karate-do] (in Japanese). Baseball Magazine Sha. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784583026060" title="Special:BookSources/9784583026060"><bdi>9784583026060</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%AF%BE%E8%AB%87+%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E7%A9%BA%E6%89%8B%E9%81%93%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E3%82%92%E8%AA%9E%E3%82%8B&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Baseball+Magazine+Sha&rft.date=1986-10-01&rft.isbn=9784583026060&rft.aulast=Gima&rft.aufirst=Shinkin&rft.au=Fujiwara%2C+Ryozo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop1989" class="citation book cs1">Bishop, Mark (1989). Okinawan Karate. A & C Black. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7136-5666-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7136-5666-2"><bdi>0-7136-5666-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Okinawan+Karate&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=A+%26+C+Black&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-7136-5666-2&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotobu2020" class="citation book cs1">Motobu, Choki (2020) [1932]. Quast, Andreas (ed.). Watashi no Karatejutsu [My Art and Skill of Karate]. Translated by Quast, Andreas; Motobu, Naoki. Independently Published. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798601364751" title="Special:BookSources/9798601364751"><bdi>9798601364751</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Watashi+no+Karatejutsu&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Independently+Published&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9798601364751&rft.aulast=Motobu&rft.aufirst=Choki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotobu2020" class="citation book cs1">Motobu, Choki (2020) [1932]. Quast, Andreas (ed.). Watashi no Karatejutsu [My Art and Skill of Karate]. Translated by Quast, Andreas; Motobu, Naoki. Independently Published. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798601364751" title="Special:BookSources/9798601364751"><bdi>9798601364751</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Watashi+no+Karatejutsu&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Independently+Published&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9798601364751&rft.aulast=Motobu&rft.aufirst=Choki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotobu1932" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Motobu, Chōki (1932). 私の唐手術 [My karate Art] (in Japanese). Tokyo Karate Promotion Association. p. 83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%A7%81%E3%81%AE%E5%94%90%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Tokyo+Karate+Promotion+Association&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Motobu&rft.aufirst=Ch%C5%8Dki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigashionna1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Higashionna, Kanjun (1978). Ryukyu Shimpo (ed.). 東恩納寛惇全集 [The Complete Works of Kanjun Higashionna] (in Japanese). Vol. 5. Daiichi Shobo. p. 410.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%9D%B1%E6%81%A9%E7%B4%8D%E5%AF%9B%E6%83%87%E5%85%A8%E9%9B%86&rft.pages=410&rft.pub=Daiichi+Shobo&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Higashionna&rft.aufirst=Kanjun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotobu1932" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Motobu, Chōki (1932). 私の唐手術 [My karate Art] (in Japanese). Tokyo Karate Promotion Association. p. 82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%A7%81%E3%81%AE%E5%94%90%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Tokyo+Karate+Promotion+Association&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Motobu&rft.aufirst=Ch%C5%8Dki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Higaonna_1985_19-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Higaonna_1985_19_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigaonna1985" class="citation book cs1">Higaonna, Morio (1985). Traditional Karatedo Vol. 1 Fundamental Techniques. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87040-595-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87040-595-0"><bdi>0-87040-595-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Karatedo+Vol.+1+Fundamental+Techniques&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-87040-595-0&rft.aulast=Higaonna&rft.aufirst=Morio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoshimura1941" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Yoshimura, Jinsai (1941). "自伝武道記" [Biography of Martial Arts]. Monthly Bunka Okinawa. Vol. 2–8, September. Gekkan Bunka Okinawa-sha. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Bunka+Okinawa&rft.atitle=%E8%87%AA%E4%BC%9D%E6%AD%A6%E9%81%93%E8%A8%98&rft.volume=2%E2%80%938%2C+September&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Yoshimura&rft.aufirst=Jinsai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotobu2020" class="citation book cs1">Motobu, Choki (2020) [1932]. Quast, Andreas (ed.). Watashi no Karatejutsu [My Art and Skill of Karate]. Translated by Quast, Andreas; Motobu, Naoki. Independently Published. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798601364751" title="Special:BookSources/9798601364751"><bdi>9798601364751</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Watashi+no+Karatejutsu&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Independently+Published&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9798601364751&rft.aulast=Motobu&rft.aufirst=Choki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Ryukyu_Karate-jutsu_Research_Society2012" class="citation web cs1">International Ryukyu Karate-jutsu Research Society (15 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140130023324/http://www.koryu-uchinadi.com/index1.html">"Patrick McCarthy, footnote #4"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koryu-uchinadi.com/index1.html">the original</a> on 30 January 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patrick+McCarthy%2C+footnote+%234&rft.date=2012-10-15&rft.au=International+Ryukyu+Karate-jutsu+Research+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koryu-uchinadi.com%2Findex1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Fujimoto, Keisuke (2017). The Untold Story of Kanbun Uechi. pp. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090301203243/http://www.wonder-okinawa.jp/023/eng/009/001/index.html">"Kanbun Uechi history"</a>. 1 March 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wonder-okinawa.jp/023/eng/009/001/index.html">the original</a> on 1 March 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kanbun+Uechi+history&rft.date=2009-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wonder-okinawa.jp%2F023%2Feng%2F009%2F001%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHokama2005" class="citation book cs1">Hokama, Tetsuhiro (2005). 100 Masters of Okinawan Karate. Ozata Print. p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Masters+of+Okinawan+Karate&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Ozata+Print&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hokama&rft.aufirst=Tetsuhiro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShō1915" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shō, Kyū (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/933701">廃藩当時の人物</a> [Persons at the Time of the Abolition of the Domain] (in Japanese). Shō Kyū. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11501%2F933701">10.11501/933701</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231218234727/https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/933701">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%BB%83%E8%97%A9%E5%BD%93%E6%99%82%E3%81%AE%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Sh%C5%8D+Ky%C5%AB&rft.date=1915&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11501%2F933701&rft.aulast=Sh%C5%8D&rft.aufirst=Ky%C5%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.ndl.go.jp%2Fpid%2F933701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Funakoshi1956-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Funakoshi1956_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunakoshi1956" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Funakoshi, Gichin (1 October 1956). 空手道一路 [Karate-Do My Way] (in Japanese). Sankei Shuppan. p. 109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%A9%BA%E6%89%8B%E9%81%93%E4%B8%80%E8%B7%AF&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Sankei+Shuppan&rft.date=1956-10-01&rft.aulast=Funakoshi&rft.aufirst=Gichin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunakoshi1922" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Funakoshi, Gichin (1922). 琉球拳法唐手 [Ryūkyū Kenpō Karate] (in Japanese). 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Retrieved 8 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GrindTV.com&rft.atitle=Surfing+and+skateboarding+make+shortlist+for+2020+Olympics&rft.date=2015-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grindtv.com%2Fsurf%2Fsurfing-skateboarding-make-shortlist-2020-olympics%2F%23o7ywgs7MO0zEB9MH.97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-executive-board-supports-tokyo-2020-package-of-new-sports-for-ioc-session">"IOC Executive Board supports Tokyo 2020 package of new sports for IOC Session – Olympic News"</a>. 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Retrieved 8 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IOC+Executive+Board+supports+Tokyo+2020+package+of+new+sports+for+IOC+Session+%E2%80%93+Olympic+News&rft.pub=Olympic.org&rft.date=2016-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Fnews%2Fioc-executive-board-supports-tokyo-2020-package-of-new-sports-for-ioc-session&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-approves-five-new-sports-for-olympic-games-tokyo-2020">"IOC approves five new sports for Olympic Games Tokyo 2020"</a>. olympics.org International Olympic Committee. 3 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603050656/https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-approves-five-new-sports-for-olympic-games-tokyo-2020">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IOC+approves+five+new+sports+for+Olympic+Games+Tokyo+2020&rft.pub=olympics.org+International+Olympic+Committee&rft.date=2016-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Fnews%2Fioc-approves-five-new-sports-for-olympic-games-tokyo-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1126540/cricket-los-angeles-2028">"Motorsport, cricket and karate among nine sports on shortlist for Los Angeles 2028 inclusion"</a>. 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Kodansha International; 1973. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŌyama1984" class="citation book cs1">Ōyama, Masutatsu (1984) [1965]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MasutatsuOyamaThisIsKarate/page/n317/mode/2up">"21. Schools and Formal Exercises"</a>. This is Karate! (4th ed.). Japan Publications. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87040-254-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87040-254-4"><bdi>0-87040-254-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=21.+Schools+and+Formal+Exercises&rft.btitle=This+is+Karate%21&rft.pages=315&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Japan+Publications&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-87040-254-4&rft.aulast=%C5%8Cyama&rft.aufirst=Masutatsu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMasutatsuOyamaThisIsKarate%2Fpage%2Fn317%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-blackbelt1990-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blackbelt1990_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blackbelt1990_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPruim1990" class="citation book cs1">Pruim, Andy (June 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YNcDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18">A Karate Compendium: A History of Karate from Te to Z in Black Belt Magazine</a>. 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Japan Publications. p. 168-169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87040-147-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87040-147-5"><bdi>0-87040-147-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11.+New+Directions+in+Karate&rft.btitle=What+is+Karate%3F&rft.pages=168-169&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Japan+Publications&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-87040-147-5&rft.aulast=%C5%8Cyama&rft.aufirst=Masutatsu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkaratekyokushinmasutatsuoyamawhatiskarate1966%2Fpage%2Fn85%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŌyama1984" class="citation book cs1">Ōyama, Masutatsu (1984) [1965]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MasutatsuOyamaThisIsKarate/page/n329/mode/2up">"25. Karate Future's Progress"</a>. This is Karate! (4th ed.). 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Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Love+and+Rebellion%3A+How+Two+Karatekas+Fought+Apartheid&rft.pub=Fightland.vice.com&rft.date=2014-07-16&rft.aulast=Resnekov&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffightland.vice.com%2Fblog%2Flove-and-rebellion-how-two-karatekas-fought-apartheid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAggrey1997" class="citation web cs1">Aggrey, Joe (6 May 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0rnTWd17UngC&q=karate+in+ghana&pg=PA8">"Graphic Sports: Issue 624 May 6–12 1997"</a>. Graphic Communications Group. Retrieved 22 August 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Graphic+Sports%3A+Issue+624+May+6%E2%80%9312+1997&rft.pub=Graphic+Communications+Group&rft.date=1997-05-06&rft.aulast=Aggrey&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0rnTWd17UngC%26q%3Dkarate%2Bin%2Bghana%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JAMA-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JAMA_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JAMA_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert2006" class="citation journal cs1">Robert, T. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journalofasianmartialarts.com/cms2/journal-issues/15.html">"no title given"</a>. Journal of Asian Martial Arts. 15 (4). this issue is not available as a back issue.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+Martial+Arts&rft.atitle=no+title+given&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Robert&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournalofasianmartialarts.com%2Fcms2%2Fjournal-issues%2F15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-historica-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-historica_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-historica_120-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/karate/">"Karate"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia – Historica-Dominion. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140829160144/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/karate/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karate&rft.pub=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia+%E2%80%93+Historica-Dominion&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fkarate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarty" class="citation web cs1">Harty, Sensei Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://suncoastkarate.com/about-Trias.html">"About Grandmaster Robert Trias"</a>. suncoastkarate.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180529092150/http://suncoastkarate.com/about-Trias.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=suncoastkarate.com&rft.atitle=About+Grandmaster+Robert+Trias&rft.aulast=Harty&rft.aufirst=Sensei+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsuncoastkarate.com%2Fabout-Trias.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> The Original Martial Arts Encyclopedia, <a href="/wiki/John_Corcoran_(martial_arts)" title="John Corcoran (martial arts)">John Corcoran</a> and Emil Farkas, pgs. 170–197 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrrAmae2016" class="citation journal cs1">Orr, Monty; Amae, Yoshihisa (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170811054825/http://www.lse.ac.uk/researchAndExpertise/units/TaiwanProgramme/Journal/JournalContents/TCP6OrrandAmae.pdf">"Karate in Taiwan and South Korea: A Tale of Two Postcolonial Societies"</a> (PDF). Taiwan in Comparative Perspective. 6. Taiwan Research Programme, London School of Economics: 1–16. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1752-7732">1752-7732</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/researchAndExpertise/units/TaiwanProgramme/Journal/JournalContents/TCP6OrrandAmae.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taiwan+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.atitle=Karate+in+Taiwan+and+South+Korea%3A+A+Tale+of+Two+Postcolonial+Societies&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=2016-12&rft.issn=1752-7732&rft.aulast=Orr&rft.aufirst=Monty&rft.au=Amae%2C+Yoshihisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2FresearchAndExpertise%2Funits%2FTaiwanProgramme%2FJournal%2FJournalContents%2FTCP6OrrandAmae.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141210193918/http://www.tangsudo.com/index.php/en/academy">"Academy"</a>. Tangsudo.com. 18 October 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tangsudo.com/index.php/en/academy">the original</a> on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Academy&rft.pub=Tangsudo.com&rft.date=2011-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tangsudo.com%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Facademy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g9UDAAAAMBAJ&q=karate+and+the+kremlin&pg=PA48">"Black Belt"</a>. Active Interest Media, Inc. 1 June 1979. Retrieved 3 January 2018 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black+Belt&rft.pub=Active+Interest+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1979-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg9UDAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dkarate%2Band%2Bthe%2Bkremlin%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisch2014" class="citation book cs1">Risch, William Jay (17 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j4bpBQAAQBAJ&q=karate+banned+soviet+union&pg=PA150">Youth and Rock in the Soviet Bloc: Youth Cultures, Music, and the State in Russia and Eastern Europe</a>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739178232" title="Special:BookSources/9780739178232"><bdi>9780739178232</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 January 2018 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Youth+and+Rock+in+the+Soviet+Bloc%3A+Youth+Cultures%2C+Music%2C+and+the+State+in+Russia+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2014-12-17&rft.isbn=9780739178232&rft.aulast=Risch&rft.aufirst=William+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj4bpBQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkarate%2Bbanned%2Bsoviet%2Bunion%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoberman2014" class="citation book cs1">Hoberman, John M. (30 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MXT8AwAAQBAJ&q=karate+soviet+union&pg=PT185">Sport and Political Ideology</a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292768871" title="Special:BookSources/9780292768871"><bdi>9780292768871</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 January 2018 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sport+and+Political+Ideology&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2014-06-30&rft.isbn=9780292768871&rft.aulast=Hoberman&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMXT8AwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkarate%2Bsoviet%2Bunion%26pg%3DPT185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fNUDAAAAMBAJ&q=soviet+karate&pg=PA18">"Black Belt"</a>. Active Interest Media, Inc. 1 July 1979. Retrieved 3 January 2018 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black+Belt&rft.pub=Active+Interest+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1979-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfNUDAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dsoviet%2Bkarate%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolkov2016" class="citation book cs1">Volkov, Vadim (4 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F0yGCwAAQBAJ&q=karate+banned+soviet+union&pg=PA9">Violent Entrepreneurs: The Use of Force in the Making of Russian Capitalism</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501703287" title="Special:BookSources/9781501703287"><bdi>9781501703287</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 January 2018 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violent+Entrepreneurs%3A+The+Use+of+Force+in+the+Making+of+Russian+Capitalism&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2016-02-04&rft.isbn=9781501703287&rft.aulast=Volkov&rft.aufirst=Vadim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF0yGCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkarate%2Bbanned%2Bsoviet%2Bunion%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomlinsonYoungHolt2013" class="citation book cs1">Tomlinson, Alan; Young, Christopher; Holt, Richard (17 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A8zdsXzWynkC&q=karate+banned+soviet+union&pg=PA9">Sport and the Transformation of Modern Europe: States, Media and Markets 1950-2010</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136660528" title="Special:BookSources/9781136660528"><bdi>9781136660528</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 January 2018 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sport+and+the+Transformation+of+Modern+Europe%3A+States%2C+Media+and+Markets+1950-2010&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-06-17&rft.isbn=9781136660528&rft.aulast=Tomlinson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Young%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Holt%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA8zdsXzWynkC%26q%3Dkarate%2Bbanned%2Bsoviet%2Bunion%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UK_History-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UK_History_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UK_History_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UK_History_131-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UK_History_131-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UK_History_131-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UK_History_131-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223124026/http://www.bushinkai.org.uk/page47.htm">"Exclusive: UK Karate History"</a>. Bushinkai. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bushinkai.org.uk/page47.htm">the original</a> on 23 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exclusive%3A+UK+Karate+History&rft.pub=Bushinkai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bushinkai.org.uk%2Fpage47.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130529123123/http://www.karate-iask.com/page_08.htm">"International Association of Shotokan Karate (IASK)"</a>. Karate-iask.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karate-iask.com/page_08.htm">the original</a> on 29 May 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Association+of+Shotokan+Karate+%28IASK%29&rft.pub=Karate-iask.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.karate-iask.com%2Fpage_08.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oceaniakarate.org/about-style-2/">"History – OKF"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230521061723/https://oceaniakarate.org/about-style-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%E2%80%93+OKF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foceaniakarate.org%2Fabout-style-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCompetitionGeneralJKAShotokan2020" class="citation web cs1">Competition, Filed under; General; JKA; Shotokan; Traditional (16 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findingkarate.com/wordpress/profile-frank-nowak/">"Frank Nowak"</a>. Finding Karate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230521063225/http://findingkarate.com/wordpress/profile-frank-nowak/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Finding+Karate&rft.atitle=Frank+Nowak&rft.date=2020-08-16&rft.aulast=Competition&rft.aufirst=Filed+under&rft.au=General&rft.au=JKA&rft.au=Shotokan&rft.au=Traditional&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindingkarate.com%2Fwordpress%2Fprofile-frank-nowak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://karatevictoria.com.au/shotokan-karate-international-australia-skia-vic/">"Shotokan Karate International Australia (SKIA Vic) – Karate Victoria"</a>. karatevictoria.com.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230521061723/https://karatevictoria.com.au/shotokan-karate-international-australia-skia-vic/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=karatevictoria.com.au&rft.atitle=Shotokan+Karate+International+Australia+%28SKIA+Vic%29+%E2%80%93+Karate+Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkaratevictoria.com.au%2Fshotokan-karate-international-australia-skia-vic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olympics.com.au/news/olympic-destiny-as-tsuneari-yahiro-announced-as-australias-first-karate-olympian/">""Olympic Destiny" as Tsuneari Yahiro Announced as Australia's First Karate Olympian"</a>. Australian Olympic Committee. 24 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230513204925/https://www.olympics.com.au/news/olympic-destiny-as-tsuneari-yahiro-announced-as-australias-first-karate-olympian/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Olympic+Committee&rft.atitle=%22Olympic+Destiny%22+as+Tsuneari+Yahiro+Announced+as+Australia%27s+First+Karate+Olympian&rft.date=2021-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympics.com.au%2Fnews%2Folympic-destiny-as-tsuneari-yahiro-announced-as-australias-first-karate-olympian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Fleming" title="Ian Fleming">Ian Fleming</a>'s book <a href="/wiki/Goldfinger_(novel)" title="Goldfinger (novel)">Goldfinger</a> (1959, p.91–95) describes the protagonist <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a>, an expert in unarmed combat, as utterly ignorant of Karate and its demonstrations, and describes the Korean '<a href="/wiki/Oddjob" title="Oddjob">Oddjob</a>' in these terms: Goldfinger said, "Have you ever heard of Karate? No? Well that man is one of the three in the world who have achieved the <a href="/wiki/Black_belt_(martial_arts)" title="Black belt (martial arts)">Black Belt</a> in Karate. Karate is a branch of judo, but it is to judo what a <a href="/wiki/Maschinengewehr_08" class="mw-redirect" title="Maschinengewehr 08">spandau</a> is to a <a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">catapult</a>...". Such a description in a popular novel assumed and relied upon Karate being almost unknown in the West. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolly2019" class="citation book cs1">Polly, Matthew (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5bGWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145">Bruce Lee: A Life</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_and_Schuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon and Schuster">Simon and Schuster</a>. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-8763-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-8763-6"><bdi>978-1-5011-8763-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bruce+Lee%3A+A+Life&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5011-8763-6&rft.aulast=Polly&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5bGWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis2020" class="citation web cs1">Francis, Anthony (7 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://screenrant.com/best-martial-arts-movies-80s-ranked/">"10 Best Martial Arts Movies Of The 80s, Ranked"</a>. ScreenRant. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230507053649/https://screenrant.com/best-martial-arts-movies-80s-ranked/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScreenRant&rft.atitle=10+Best+Martial+Arts+Movies+Of+The+80s%2C+Ranked&rft.date=2020-10-07&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscreenrant.com%2Fbest-martial-arts-movies-80s-ranked%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ultimatehistoryvideogames.jimdo.com/heavyweight-champ-arcade/">"Heavyweight Champ"</a>. 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Retrieved 8 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ultimate+History+of+Video+games&rft.atitle=Heavyweight+Champ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fultimatehistoryvideogames.jimdo.com%2Fheavyweight-champ-arcade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aac320-141"><a href="#cite_ref-aac320_141-0">^</a> All About Capcom Head-to-Head Fighting Game 1987–2000, pg. 320 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981205182853/http://www.capcom.co.jp/newproducts/arcade/st3-2nd/chara.html">"キャラクター紹介"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capcom.co.jp/newproducts/arcade/st3-2nd/chara.html">the original</a> on 5 December 1998. Retrieved 7 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E7%B4%B9%E4%BB%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capcom.co.jp%2Fnewproducts%2Farcade%2Fst3-2nd%2Fchara.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/85866">"The Karate Generation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>. 18 February 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090515114720/http://www.newsweek.com/id/85866">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=The+Karate+Generation&rft.date=2010-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fid%2F85866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cleveland.com/moviebuff/index.ssf/2010/06/jaden_smith_shines_in_the_kara.html">"Jaden Smith Shines in The Karate Kid"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>. 10 June 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101016054742/http://www.cleveland.com/moviebuff/index.ssf/2010/06/jaden_smith_shines_in_the_kara.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2010. Retrieved 13 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Jaden+Smith+Shines+in+The+Karate+Kid&rft.date=2010-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fmoviebuff%2Findex.ssf%2F2010%2F06%2Fjaden_smith_shines_in_the_kara.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kristv.com/news/local-news/local-dojo-experiencing-business-boon-after-cobra-kai">"Local dojo experiencing business boon after 'Cobra Kai'"</a>. KRIS. 11 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308004702/https://www.kristv.com/news/local-news/local-dojo-experiencing-business-boon-after-cobra-kai">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KRIS&rft.atitle=Local+dojo+experiencing+business+boon+after+%27Cobra+Kai%27&rft.date=2021-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kristv.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Flocal-dojo-experiencing-business-boon-after-cobra-kai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nkkf.org/blogs/the-martial-arts-of-dragon-ball-z">"The Martial Arts of Dragon Ball Z"</a>. www.nkkf.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230527135600/https://www.nkkf.org/blogs/the-martial-arts-of-dragon-ball-z">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nkkf.org&rft.atitle=The+Martial+Arts+of+Dragon+Ball+Z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nkkf.org%2Fblogs%2Fthe-martial-arts-of-dragon-ball-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_147-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArts" class="citation web cs1">Arts, Way of Martial. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayofmartialarts.com/what-martial-arts-does-goku-use/">"What Martial Arts Does Goku Use? (Do They Work In Real Life?)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230527135559/https://wayofmartialarts.com/what-martial-arts-does-goku-use/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2023. 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Combat Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230527135559/https://combatmuseum.com/what-martial-arts-does-goku-use-in-dragon-ball-z/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Combat+Museum&rft.atitle=What+Martial+Arts+Does+Goku+Use+in+Dragon+Ball+Z%3F&rft.date=2021-04-19&rft.au=Gerardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcombatmuseum.com%2Fwhat-martial-arts-does-goku-use-in-dragon-ball-z%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbr.com/dragon-ball-fighting-based-real/">"Dragon Ball: 10 Fictional Fighting Styles That Are Actually Based On Real Ones"</a>. CBR. 5 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230527135558/https://www.cbr.com/dragon-ball-fighting-based-real/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2023. 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Retrieved 13 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScreenRant&rft.atitle=Every+Martial+Arts+Style+Neo+Uses+In+The+Matrix+%28Not+Just+Kung+Fu%29&rft.date=2022-07-02&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscreenrant.com%2Fmatrix-movies-neo-martial-arts-fighting-styles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whoaisnotme.net/articles/1999_06xx_mar.htm">"Martial Matrix :: WINM :: Keanu Reeves Articles & Interviews Archive"</a>. www.whoaisnotme.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230513120028/http://www.whoaisnotme.net/articles/1999_06xx_mar.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2023. 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href="/wiki/Template:Karate" title="Template:Karate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Karate" title="Template talk:Karate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Karate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Karate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Karate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karate</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_karate_styles" title="Comparison of karate styles">Comparison of styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_karate_terms" title="List of karate terms">List of terms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Japanese martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_martial_arts" title="Okinawan martial arts">Okinawan martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Chinese martial arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_karate_styles" title="Comparison of karate styles">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashihara_kaikan" title="Ashihara kaikan">Ashihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budokan_karate" title="Budokan karate">Budokan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byakuren_Kaikan" title="Byakuren Kaikan">Byakuren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chit%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB" title="Chitō-ryū">Chitō-ryū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enshin_kaikan" title="Enshin kaikan">Enshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genseiry%C5%AB" title="Genseiryū">Gensei-ryū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C5%8Dj%C5%AB-ry%C5%AB" title="Gōjū-ryū">Gōjū-ryū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosoku-ryu" title="Gosoku-ryu">Gosoku-ryu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isshin-ry%C5%AB" title="Isshin-ryū">Isshin-ryū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyokushin" title="Kyokushin">Kyokushin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motobu-ry%C5%AB" title="Motobu-ryū">Motobu-ryū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABei-ry%C5%AB" title="Ryūei-ryū">Ryūei-ryū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seidokaikan" title="Seidokaikan">Seidokaikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shid%C5%8Dkan_Karate" title="Shidōkan Karate">Shidōkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shindo_Jinen_Ryu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shindo Jinen Ryu">Shindo Jinen Ryu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shit%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB" title="Shitō-ryū">Shitō-ryū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Drin-ry%C5%AB" title="Shōrin-ryū">Shōrin-ryū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Drei-ry%C5%AB" title="Shōrei-ryū">Shōrei-ryū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Drinjiry%C5%AB_Kenk%C5%8Dkan_Karate" title="Shōrinjiryū Kenkōkan Karate">Shōrinjiryū Kenkōkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotokan" title="Shotokan">Shotokan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABd%C5%8Dkan" title="Shūdōkan">Shūdōkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABk%C5%8Dkai" title="Shūkōkai">Shūkōkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuri-ry%C5%AB" title="Shuri-ryū">Shuri-ryū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Don-ry%C5%AB" title="Tōon-ryū">Tōon-ryū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uechi-ry%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Uechi-ryū">Uechi-ryū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wad%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB" title="Wadō-ryū">Wadō-ryū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoseikan_Karate" title="Yoseikan Karate">Yoseikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshukai_Karate" title="Yoshukai Karate">Yoshukai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karate_techniques" title="Karate techniques">Techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_(martial_arts)" title="Blocking (martial arts)">Blocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_lock" title="Joint lock">Joint lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kick" title="Kick">Kicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_(strike)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punch (strike)">Punches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_stances" title="Karate stances">Stances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_(attack)" title="Strike (attack)">Strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throw_(grappling)" title="Throw (grappling)">Throw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Training methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kihon" title="Kihon">Kihon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_kata" title="Karate kata">Kata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunkai" title="Bunkai">Bunkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumite" title="Kumite">Kumite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_kobud%C5%8D" title="Okinawan kobudō">Kobudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makiwara" title="Makiwara">Makiwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_contact_karate" title="Full contact karate">Full contact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dj%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Dōjō">Dōjō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_kun" title="Dōjō kun">Dōjō kun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_gi" title="Karate gi">Karate gi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%AB" title="Kyū">Kyū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obi_(martial_arts)" title="Obi (martial arts)">Obi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karate_Combat" title="Karate Combat">Karate Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_World_Games" title="Karate at the World Games">Karate at the World Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_World_Championships" title="Karate World Championships">Karate World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_University_Karate_Championships" title="World University Karate Championships">World University Karate Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Karate_Championships" title="Asian Karate Championships">Asian Karate Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_Asian_Games" title="Karate at the Asian Games">Karate at the Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Karate_Championships" title="European Karate Championships">European Karate Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics" title="Karate at the 2020 Summer Olympics">Karate at the Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_World_Championships_Junior" class="mw-redirect" title="Karate World Championships Junior">Karate World Championships Junior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kata</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaku" title="Anaku">Anaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananku" title="Ananku">Ananku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annan_(kata)" title="Annan (kata)">Annan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinte" title="Chinte">Chinte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chint%C5%8D" title="Chintō">Chintō/Gankaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enpi_(kata)" title="Enpi (kata)">Enpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukyugata" title="Fukyugata">Fukyugata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goj%C5%ABshiho" title="Gojūshiho">Gojūshiho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jion" class="mw-redirect" title="Jion">Jion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangetsu" title="Hangetsu">Hangetsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABsank%C5%AB_(kata)" title="Kūsankū (kata)">Kūsankū/Kanku-dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naihanchi" title="Naihanchi">Naihanchi/Tekki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nij%C5%ABshiho" title="Nijūshiho">Nijūshiho/Niseishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passai" title="Passai">Passai/Bassai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinan" title="Pinan">Pinan/Heian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dhai" title="Rōhai">Rōhai/Meikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanchin" title="Sanchin">Sanchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seisan" title="Seisan">Seisan/Hangetsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiunchin" title="Seiunchin">Seiunchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shisochin" title="Shisochin">Shisochin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dchin" title="Sōchin">Sōchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taikyoku" title="Taikyoku">Taikyoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensho_(kata)" title="Tensho (kata)">Tensho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uns%C5%AB" title="Unsū">Unsū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankan" title="Wankan">Wankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wansh%C5%AB" title="Wanshū">Wanshū</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> The Karate Portal</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_martial_arts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_martial_arts" title="Template:Japanese martial arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_martial_arts" title="Template talk:Japanese martial arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_martial_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese martial arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_martial_arts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Japanese martial arts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_martial_arts" title="List of Japanese martial arts">List of Japanese martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kory%C5%AB_schools_of_martial_arts" title="List of koryū schools of martial arts">List of koryū schools of martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_Japan" title="Professional wrestling in Japan">Professional wrestling in Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_wrestling_promotions_in_Japan" title="List of professional wrestling promotions in Japan">promotions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kobud%C5%8D" title="Kobudō">Kobudō</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajutsu" title="Bajutsu">Bajutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batt%C5%8Djutsu" title="Battōjutsu">Battōjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C5%8Djutsu" title="Bōjutsu">Bōjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boryaku" title="Boryaku">Boryaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hens%C5%8Djutsu" title="Hensōjutsu">Hensōjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoj%C5%8Djutsu" title="Hojōjutsu">Hojōjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaijutsu" title="Iaijutsu">Iaijutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intonjutsu" title="Intonjutsu">Intonjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dd%C5%8D" title="Jōdō">Jōjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jittejutsu" title="Jittejutsu">Jittejutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayakujutsu" title="Kayakujutsu">Kayakujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenjutsu" title="Kenjutsu">Kenjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusarigamajutsu" title="Kusarigamajutsu">Kusarigamajutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABjutsu" title="Kyūjutsu">Kyūjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naginatajutsu" title="Naginatajutsu">Naginatajutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninjutsu" title="Ninjutsu">Ninjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_kobud%C5%8D" title="Okinawan kobudō">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugijutsu" title="Shugijutsu">Shugijutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shurikenjutsu" title="Shurikenjutsu">Shurikenjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Djutsu" title="Sōjutsu">Sōjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suijutsu" title="Suijutsu">Suijutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taijutsu" title="Taijutsu">Taijutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantojutsu" title="Tantojutsu">Tantojutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenmon" title="Tenmon">Tenmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessenjutsu" title="Tessenjutsu">Tessenjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabusame" title="Yabusame">Yabusame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gendai_bud%C5%8D" title="Gendai budō">Gendai budō</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dait%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB_Aiki-j%C5%ABjutsu" title="Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu">Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaido" title="Iaido">Iaido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieitaikakut%C5%8Djutsu" title="Jieitaikakutōjutsu">Jieitaikakutōjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%ABkend%C5%8D" title="Jūkendō">Jūkendō</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendo" title="Kendo">Kendo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABd%C5%8D" title="Kūdō">Kūdō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABd%C5%8D" title="Kyūdō">Kyūdō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kempo" title="Nippon Kempo">Nippon Kempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorinji_Kempo" title="Shorinji Kempo">Shorinji Kempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_boxing" title="Shoot boxing">Shoot boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">Sumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taid%C5%8D" title="Taidō">Taidō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiho-jutsu" title="Taiho-jutsu">Taiho-jutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_Range_Combat" title="Zero Range Combat">Zero Range Combat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aiki_(martial_arts_principle)" title="Aiki (martial arts principle)">Aiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atemi" title="Atemi">Atemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bud%C5%8D" title="Budō">Budō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugei_j%C5%ABhappan" title="Bugei jūhappan">Bugei jūhappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dojo" title="Dojo">Dojo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heya_(sumo)" title="Heya (sumo)">Heya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenp%C5%8D" title="Kenpō">Kenpō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzushi" title="Kuzushi">Kuzushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maai" title="Maai">Maai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushin_(mental_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mushin (mental state)">Mushin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randori" title="Randori">Randori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%AB_(school)" title="Ryū (school)">Ryū</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ko-ry%C5%AB" title="Ko-ryū">Ko-ryū</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uchi-deshi" title="Uchi-deshi">Uchi-deshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanshin" title="Zanshin">Zanshin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_martial_arts" title="Category:Japanese martial arts">Japanese martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan</a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Martial_arts" title="Portal:Martial arts">Martial arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Martial_arts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:LightPurple"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Martial_arts" title="Template:Martial arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Martial_arts" title="Template talk:Martial arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Martial_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Martial arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Martial_arts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">Martial arts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts" title="List of martial arts">List of styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_martial_arts" title="History of martial arts">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_timeline" title="Martial arts timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mixed_martial_arts_records" title="List of mixed martial arts records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_techniques" title="Hard and soft techniques">Hard and soft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: LightPurple;"><div id="Classification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classification</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts" title="List of martial arts">Regional origin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_martial_arts" title="Indonesian martial arts">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_martial_arts" title="Italian martial arts">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_martial_arts" title="Okinawan martial arts">Okinawa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_martial_arts" title="Korean martial arts">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia_martial_arts" title="Mainland Southeast Asia martial arts">Mainland Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_martial_arts" title="Filipino martial arts">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_martial_arts" title="Russian martial arts">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_martial_arts" title="Vietnamese martial arts">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat" title="Hand-to-hand combat">Unarmed techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arm strikes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chokehold" title="Chokehold">Chokehold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_(combat)" title="Punch (combat)">Punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_(strike)" title="Elbow (strike)">Elbow strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinch_fighting" title="Clinch fighting">Clinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_fighting" title="Ground fighting">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headbutt" title="Headbutt">Headbutt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leg strikes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Footwork_(martial_arts)" title="Footwork (martial arts)">Footwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kick" title="Kick">Kick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_kick" title="Flying kick">Flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_(strike)" title="Knee (strike)">Knee strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomp_(strike)" title="Stomp (strike)">Stomp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hold" title="Grappling hold">Hold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_lock" title="Joint lock">Joint lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweep_(martial_arts)" title="Sweep (martial arts)">Sweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takedown_(grappling)" title="Takedown (grappling)">Takedown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throw_(grappling)" title="Throw (grappling)">Throw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_fighting" title="Stand-up fighting">Stand-up</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts_weapons" title="List of martial arts weapons">Weapons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">Duel</a></li> <li>Melee weapons <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knife_fight" title="Knife fight">Knife fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick-fighting" title="Stick-fighting">Stick-fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordsmanship" title="Swordsmanship">Swordsmanship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranged_weapon" title="Ranged weapon">Ranged weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Shooting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Training" title="Training">Training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kata" title="Kata">Kata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_glove" title="Boxing glove">Boxing glove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_practice_weapons" title="List of practice weapons">Practice weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punching_bag" title="Punching bag">Punching bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushing_hands" title="Pushing hands">Pushing hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randori" title="Randori">Randori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparring" title="Sparring">Sparring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barr%C3%B3g" title="Barróg">Barróg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu">Brazilian jiu-jitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Para_judo" title="Para judo">Para judo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luta_Livre" title="Luta Livre">Luta Livre esportiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malla-yuddha" title="Malla-yuddha">Malla-yuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">Pehlwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuai_jiao" title="Shuai jiao">Shuai jiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">Sumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catch_wrestling" title="Catch wrestling">catch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_wrestling" title="Folk wrestling">folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_wrestling" title="Mongolian wrestling">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_wrestling" title="Oil wrestling">oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_wrestling" title="Shoot wrestling">shoot</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strike_(attack)" title="Strike (attack)">Striking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando" title="Bando">Bando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira">Capoeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_boxing" title="Chess boxing">Chess boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choi_Kwang_Do" title="Choi Kwang Do">Choi Kwang Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambe" title="Dambe">Dambe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kun_Khmer" title="Kun Khmer">Kun Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethwei" title="Lethwei">Lethwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Praying_Mantis" title="Northern Praying Mantis">Northern Praying Mantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_boxing" title="Russian boxing">Russian boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanda_(sport)" title="Sanda (sport)">Sanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_kung_fu" title="Shaolin kung fu">Shaolin kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_boxing" title="Shoot boxing">Shoot boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savate" title="Savate">Savate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Soo_Do" title="Tang Soo Do">Tang Soo Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tien_Shan_Pai" title="Tien Shan Pai">Tien Shan Pai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vovinam" title="Vovinam">Vovinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudangquan" title="Wudangquan">Wudangquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshukai_Karate" title="Yoshukai Karate">Yoshukai Karate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Internal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dait%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB_Aiki-j%C5%ABjutsu" title="Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu">Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baguazhang" title="Baguazhang">Baguazhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">Tai chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingyiquan" title="Xingyiquan">Xingyiquan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contact_sport#Full-contact" title="Contact sport">Full contact</a> / <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_boxing" title="Professional boxing">Professional boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_contact_karate" title="Full contact karate">Full contact karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">Mixed martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration">Pankration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shootfighting" title="Shootfighting">Shootfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submission_wrestling" title="Submission wrestling">Submission wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_Tudo" title="Vale Tudo">Vale Tudo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">Self-defense</a> / <a href="/wiki/Combatives" title="Combatives">combatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Arnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartitsu" title="Bartitsu">Bartitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapkido" title="Hapkido">Hapkido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajukenbo" title="Kajukenbo">Kajukenbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieitaikakut%C5%8Djutsu" title="Jieitaikakutōjutsu">Jieitaikakutōjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga">Krav Maga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">MCMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_Silat_Harimau" title="Pencak Silat Harimau">Pencak Silat Harimau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrajitsu" title="Suffrajitsu">Suffrajitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systema" title="Systema">Systema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekkyon" title="Taekkyon">Taekkyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To-Shin_Do" title="To-Shin Do">To-Shin Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_Chun" title="Wing Chun">Wing Chun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silat_Melayu" title="Silat Melayu">Silat Melayu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism#Martial_arts" title="Eclecticism">Eclectic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_martial_arts" title="Hybrid martial arts">hybrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Kenpo" title="American Kenpo">American Kenpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angampora" title="Angampora">Angampora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chun_Kuk_Do" class="mw-redirect" title="Chun Kuk Do">Chun Kuk Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokutoryu_Ju-Jutsu" title="Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu">Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeet_Kune_Do" title="Jeet Kune Do">Jeet Kune Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooto" title="Shooto">Shooto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorinji_Kempo" title="Shorinji Kempo">Shorinji Kempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unifight" title="Unifight">Unifight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwan_Ki_Do" title="Qwan Ki Do">Qwan Ki Do</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Battlefield" title="Battlefield">Battlefield</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banshay" title="Banshay">Banshay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokator" title="Bokator">Bokator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">Historical European martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiyen_Lallong" title="Huiyen Lallong">Huiyen Lallong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krabi%E2%80%93krabong" title="Krabi–krabong">Krabi–krabong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga">Krav Maga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardani_khel" title="Mardani khel">Mardani khel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">Marine Corps Martial Arts Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_Silat_Harimau" title="Pencak Silat Harimau">Pencak Silat Harimau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_game" title="Fighting game">Fighting game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts film</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Chanbara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">Professional wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_combat" title="Stage combat">Stage combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricking_(martial_arts)" title="Tricking (martial arts)">Tricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: LightPurple;"><div id="International_games" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International games</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Summer Olympics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Boxing at the Summer Olympics">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the Summer Olympics">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Judo at the Summer Olympics">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Karate at the Summer Olympics">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Taekwondo at the Summer Olympics">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Wrestling at the Summer Olympics">Wrestling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman</a>)</li> <li>Demonstration sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budo_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics" title="Budo at the 1964 Summer Olympics">Budō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_dueling" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic dueling">Pistol dueling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glima_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Glima at the 1912 Summer Olympics">Glima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savate_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Savate at the 1924 Summer Olympics">Savate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <a href="/wiki/World_Games_sports" title="World Games sports">World Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ju-jitsu_at_the_World_Games" title="Ju-jitsu at the World Games">Ju-jitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_World_Games" title="Karate at the World Games">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo_at_the_World_Games" title="Sumo at the World Games">Sumo</a></li> <li>Former official sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_at_the_World_Games" title="Sambo at the World Games">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Invitational sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a></li> <li>2018 Only <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurash" title="Kurash">Kurash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <a href="/wiki/African_Games" title="African Games">African Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <a href="/wiki/European_Games" title="European Games">European Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muaythai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Martial_arts" title="Portal:Martial arts">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_martial_arts" title="Outline of martial arts">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="30px_Summer_Olympic_sports" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Summer_Olympic_sports" title="Template:Summer Olympic sports"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Summer_Olympic_sports" title="Template talk:Summer Olympic sports"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Summer_Olympic_sports" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Summer Olympic sports"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="30px_Summer_Olympic_sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/30px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/45px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/60px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="158" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Summer Olympic sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mandatory sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic sports">Aquatics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_swimming" title="Synchronized swimming">Artistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_(sport)" title="Diving (sport)">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_water_swimming" title="Open water swimming">Marathon Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">Water polo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">Badminton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3x3_basketball" title="3x3 basketball">3x3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoeing" title="Canoeing">Canoeing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_slalom" title="Canoe slalom">Canoe slalom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_sprint" title="Canoe sprint">Canoe sprint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">Cycling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMX_racing" title="BMX racing">BMX racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_BMX" title="Freestyle BMX">Freestyle BMX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_bike_racing" title="Mountain bike racing">Mountain biking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing" title="Road bicycle racing">Road cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_cycling" title="Track cycling">Track cycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">Equestrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dressage" title="Dressage">Dressage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eventing" title="Eventing">Eventing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_jumping" title="Show jumping">Show jumping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">Field hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics" title="Artistic gymnastics">Artistic gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_gymnastics" title="Rhythmic gymnastics">Rhythmic gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trampolining" title="Trampolining">Trampolining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">Handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_pentathlon" title="Modern pentathlon">Modern pentathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">Rowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">Rugby sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_(sport)" title="Sailing (sport)">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">Shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding">Skateboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_climbing" title="Competition climbing">Sport climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">Table tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">Tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">Triathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_volleyball" title="Beach volleyball">Beach volleyball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">Weightlifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">Freestyle wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman wrestling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discretionary sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> / <a href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">Softball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty20" title="Twenty20">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">Flag football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrosse_sixes" title="Lacrosse sixes">Lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squash_(sport)" title="Squash (sport)">Squash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_sports" title="Paralympic sports">Paralympic sports</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Olympic sports">Winter Olympic sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sports_of_the_World_Games_program" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sports_of_the_World_Games_program" title="Template:Sports of the World Games program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sports_of_the_World_Games_program" title="Template talk:Sports of the World Games program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sports_of_the_World_Games_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sports of the World Games program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sports_of_the_World_Games_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Games_sports" title="World Games sports">Sports of the World Games program</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artistic and dance sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_roller_skating" title="Artistic roller skating">Artistic roller skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancesport" title="Dancesport">Dancesport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrobatic_gymnastics" title="Acrobatic gymnastics">Acrobatic gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobic_gymnastics" title="Aerobic gymnastics">Aerobic gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkour" title="Parkour">Parkour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_gymnastics" title="Rhythmic gymnastics">Rhythmic gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trampolining" title="Trampolining">Trampolining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbling_(sport)" title="Tumbling (sport)">Tumbling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ball sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_handball" title="Beach handball">Beach handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_polo" title="Canoe polo">Canoe polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fistball" title="Fistball">Fistball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floorball" title="Floorball">Floorball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_in-line_hockey" class="mw-redirect" title="Roller in-line hockey">Inline hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korfball" title="Korfball">Korfball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">Lacrosse</a> (women)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racquetball" title="Racquetball">Racquetball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">Softball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squash_(sport)" title="Squash (sport)">Squash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Ju-jitsu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muaythai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">Sumo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precision sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cue_sports" title="Cue sports">Billiards sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boules" title="Boules">Boules sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowling" title="Bowling">Bowling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Strength sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powerlifting" title="Powerlifting">Powerlifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tug_of_war" title="Tug of war">Tug of war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trend sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_sports" title="Air sports">Air sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parachuting" title="Parachuting">Parachuting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_marathon" title="Canoe marathon">Canoe marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finswimming" title="Finswimming">Finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultimate (sport)">Flying disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifesaving_(sport)" title="Lifesaving (sport)">Lifesaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orienteering" title="Orienteering">Orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_sports" title="Roller sports">Speed roller skating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Road_skating" title="Road skating">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inline_speed_skating" title="Inline speed skating">Track</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_climbing" title="Competition climbing">Competition climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_skiing" title="Water skiing">Water skiing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wakeboarding" title="Wakeboarding">Wakeboarding</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past official sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">Badminton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_volleyball" title="Beach volleyball">Beach volleyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding" title="Bodybuilding">Bodybuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casting_(fishing)" title="Casting (fishing)">Casting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_cycling" title="Indoor cycling">Indoor cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">Netball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_hockey_(quad)" title="Roller hockey (quad)">Roller hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">Rugby sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_at_the_World_Games" title="Sambo at the World Games">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">Triathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">Weightlifting</a> (women)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Invitational sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duathlon" title="Duathlon">Duathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">Flag football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">Lacrosse</a> (men)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby" title="Wheelchair rugby">Wheelchair rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a 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