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id="toc-Before_the_cathedral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_the_cathedral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Before the cathedral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_the_cathedral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Norman_cathedral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Norman_cathedral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Pre-Norman cathedral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Norman_cathedral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_St_Paul's" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_St_Paul's"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Old St Paul's</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_St_Paul's-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_St_Paul's" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_St_Paul's"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Present St Paul's</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_St_Paul's-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consecration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consecration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Consecration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consecration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_1900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_1900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Since 1900</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_1900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffragette_terror_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffragette_terror_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Suffragette terror attacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffragette_terror_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_damage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_damage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>War damage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_damage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Post-war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupy_London" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupy_London"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.4</span> <span>Occupy London</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupy_London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019_terrorist_plot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019_terrorist_plot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.5</span> <span>2019 terrorist plot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019_terrorist_plot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>National events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ministry_and_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ministry_and_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ministry and functions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ministry_and_functions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ministry and functions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ministry_and_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dean_and_chapter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dean_and_chapter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Dean and chapter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dean_and_chapter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minor_canons_and_priest_vicar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minor_canons_and_priest_vicar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Minor canons and priest vicar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minor_canons_and_priest_vicar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Director_of_Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Director_of_Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Director of Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Director_of_Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Organs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Choir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Choir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wren's_cathedral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wren's_cathedral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Wren's cathedral</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wren's_cathedral-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wren's cathedral subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wren's_cathedral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development_of_the_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_the_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Development of the design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_the_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Final design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structural_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Structural engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Designers,_builders_and_craftsmen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Designers,_builders_and_craftsmen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Designers, builders and craftsmen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Designers,_builders_and_craftsmen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exterior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exterior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Exterior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exterior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Dome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>West front</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Walls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Walls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Walls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Walls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fencing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fencing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Fencing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fencing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Interior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dome_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dome_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Dome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dome_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Apse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artworks,_tombs_and_memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artworks,_tombs_and_memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Artworks, tombs and memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artworks,_tombs_and_memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Clock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Great_Paul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Paul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Great Paul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Paul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Tom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Tom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Great Tom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Tom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quarter-jacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quarter-jacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>Quarter-jacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quarter-jacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bells" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bells"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Bells</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education,_tourism_and_the_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education,_tourism_and_the_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Education, tourism and the arts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education,_tourism_and_the_arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education, tourism and the arts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education,_tourism_and_the_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interpretation_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretation_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Interpretation Project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretation_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Charges_for_sightseers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charges_for_sightseers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Charges for sightseers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charges_for_sightseers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-St_Paul's_Cathedral_Arts_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#St_Paul's_Cathedral_Arts_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>St Paul's Cathedral Arts Project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-St_Paul's_Cathedral_Arts_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depictions_of_St_Paul's" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depictions_of_St_Paul's"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Depictions of St Paul's</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depictions_of_St_Paul's-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Photography_and_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photography_and_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Photography and film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photography_and_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">St Paul's Cathedral</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paulus_se_katedraal" title="St. Paulus se katedraal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="St. Paulus se katedraal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3" title="كاتدرائية القديس بولس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاتدرائية القديس بولس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seu_de_Sant_Pavlo_de_Londres" title="Seu de Sant Pavlo de Londres – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Seu de Sant Pavlo de Londres" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D5%8A%D6%85%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80_(%D4%BC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6)" title="Սուրբ Պօղոս Տաճար (Լոնտոն) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սուրբ Պօղոս Տաճար (Լոնտոն)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral_de_San_Pablo_de_Londres" title="Catedral de San Pablo de Londres – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Catedral de San Pablo de Londres" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCq%C9%99dd%C9%99s_Pavel_kafedral%C4%B1" title="Müqəddəs Pavel kafedralı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müqəddəs Pavel kafedralı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Сабор Святога Паўла – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сабор Святога Паўла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_(%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Свети Павел (Лондон) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Свети Павел (Лондон)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliz-veur_Sant_Paol_Londrez" title="Iliz-veur Sant Paol Londrez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Iliz-veur Sant Paol Londrez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral_de_Saint_Paul" title="Catedral de Saint Paul – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Catedral de Saint Paul" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedr%C3%A1la_svat%C3%A9ho_Pavla" title="Katedrála svatého Pavla – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Katedrála svatého Pavla" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglwys_Gadeiriol_Sant_Pawl" title="Eglwys Gadeiriol Sant Pawl – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Eglwys Gadeiriol Sant Pawl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Paul's Cathedral – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Saint Paul's Cathedral" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%E2%80%99s_Cathedral" title="St Paul’s Cathedral – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="St Paul’s Cathedral" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Pauli_katedraal" title="Saint Pauli katedraal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saint Pauli katedraal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85_(%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF)" title="Καθεδρικός ναός Αγίου Παύλου (Λονδίνο) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καθεδρικός ναός Αγίου Παύλου (Λονδίνο)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral_de_San_Pablo_de_Londres" title="Catedral de San Pablo de Londres – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Catedral de San Pablo de Londres" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedralo_Sankta_Pa%C5%ADlo_(Londono)" title="Katedralo Sankta Paŭlo (Londono) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Katedralo Sankta Paŭlo (Londono)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Paulo_katedrala_(Londres)" title="San Paulo katedrala (Londres) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="San Paulo katedrala (Londres)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D9%84" title="کلیسای جامع سنت پل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیسای جامع سنت پل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Paul_de_Londres" title="Cathédrale Saint-Paul de Londres – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cathédrale Saint-Paul de Londres" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_(Londen)" title="St Paul's Cathedral (Londen) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="St Paul's Cathedral (Londen)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardeaglais_Naomh_P%C3%B3l" title="Ardeaglais Naomh Pól – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ardeaglais Naomh Pól" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral_de_San_Paulo_de_Londres" title="Catedral de San Paulo de Londres – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Catedral de San Paulo de Londres" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%B8%ED%8A%B8%ED%8F%B4_%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1%EB%8B%B9" title="세인트폴 대성당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세인트폴 대성당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Սուրբ Պողոսի տաճար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուրբ Պողոսի տաճար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedrala_sv._Pavla_u_Londonu" title="Katedrala sv. Pavla u Londonu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Katedrala sv. Pavla u Londonu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedral_Santo_Paulus" title="Katedral Santo Paulus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Katedral Santo Paulus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_de_Sancte_Paulo_(London)" title="Cathedral de Sancte Paulo (London) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cathedral de Sancte Paulo (London)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattedrale_di_San_Paolo_(Londra)" title="Cattedrale di San Paolo (Londra) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cattedrale di San Paolo (Londra)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%AA%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C" title="קתדרלת סנט פול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קתדרלת סנט פול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ლონდონის წმინდა პავლეს ტაძარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლონდონის წმინდა პავლეს ტაძარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%99" title="ມະຫາວິຫານແຊັງໂປນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມະຫາວິຫານແຊັງໂປນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesia_cathedralis_Sancti_Pauli_Londiniensis" title="Ecclesia cathedralis Sancti Pauli Londiniensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ecclesia cathedralis Sancti Pauli Londiniensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C4%93t%C4%81_P%C4%81vila_katedr%C4%81le" title="Svētā Pāvila katedrāle – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Svētā Pāvila katedrāle" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londono_%C5%A1v._Pauliaus_katedra" title="Londono šv. Pauliaus katedra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Londono šv. Pauliaus katedra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szent_P%C3%A1l-sz%C3%A9kesegyh%C3%A1z_(London)" title="Szent Pál-székesegyház (London) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szent Pál-székesegyház (London)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5_(%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Катедрала Свети Павле (Лондон) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Катедрала Свети Павле (Лондон)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8)" title="सेंट पॉल कॅथेड्रल (लंडन) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सेंट पॉल कॅथेड्रल (लंडन)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3" title="كاتدرائية القديس بولس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاتدرائية القديس بولس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedral_St_Paul" title="Katedral St Paul – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Katedral St Paul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="စိန့်ပေါလ်ကသီဒရယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စိန့်ပေါလ်ကသီဒရယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_(Londen)" title="St Paul's Cathedral (Londen) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="St Paul's Cathedral (Londen)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E5%A4%A7%E8%81%96%E5%A0%82" title="セント・ポール大聖堂 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セント・ポール大聖堂" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Pauls_katedral" title="St. Pauls katedral – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="St. Pauls katedral" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Pauls_katedral" title="St. Pauls katedral – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="St. Pauls katedral" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%84" title="سینٹ پال کیتھڈرل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سینٹ پال کیتھڈرل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral_%C3%ABd_San_P%C3%A0ul" title="Catedral ëd San Pàul – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Catedral ëd San Pàul" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedra_%C5%9Bw._Paw%C5%82a_w_Londynie" title="Katedra św. Pawła w Londynie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Katedra św. Pawła w Londynie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(Londres)" title="Catedral de São Paulo (Londres) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Catedral de São Paulo (Londres)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedrala_Saint_Paul_din_Londra" title="Catedrala Saint Paul din Londra – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Catedrala Saint Paul din Londra" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Собор Святого Павла – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Собор Святого Павла" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="St Paul's Cathedral" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedr%C3%A1la_sv%C3%A4t%C3%A9ho_Pavla_(Lond%C3%BDn)" title="Katedrála svätého Pavla (Londýn) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Katedrála svätého Pavla (Londýn)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolnica_sv._Pavla,_London" title="Stolnica sv. Pavla, London – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stolnica sv. Pavla, London" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Катедрала Светог Павла – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Катедрала Светог Павла" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedrala_sv._Pavla_u_Londonu" title="Katedrala sv. Pavla u Londonu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Katedrala sv. Pavla u Londonu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paulin_katedraali" title="St Paulin katedraali – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="St Paulin katedraali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Paulskatedralen" title="Sankt Paulskatedralen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sankt Paulskatedralen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="புனித பவுல் பேராலயம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புனித பவுல் பேராலயம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5" title="อาสนวิหารนักบุญเปาโล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาสนวิหารนักบุญเปาโล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz_Paul_Katedrali" title="Aziz Paul Katedrali – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aziz Paul Katedrali" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Собор Святого Павла – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Собор Святого Павла" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%84" title="سینٹ پال کیتھیڈرل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سینٹ پال کیتھیڈرل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_th%E1%BB%9D_ch%C3%ADnh_t%C3%B2a_Th%C3%A1nh_Paul,_Lu%C3%A2n_%C4%90%C3%B4n" title="Nhà thờ chính tòa Thánh Paul, Luân Đôn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà thờ chính tòa Thánh Paul, Luân Đôn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedral_han_San_Pablo,_London" title="Katedral han San Pablo, London – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Katedral han San Pablo, London" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%A0%82" title="圣保罗大堂 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="圣保罗大堂" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" title="聖保羅大教堂 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖保羅大教堂" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%E5%BA%A7%E5%A0%82" title="圣保罗座堂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="圣保罗座堂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&params=51.5138_N_0.0983_W_region:GB-LND_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°30′50″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°05′54″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.5138°N 0.0983°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.5138; -0.0983</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cathedral in the City of London, England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the cathedral in London, England. For other cathedrals of the same name, see <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="St. Paul's Cathedral (disambiguation)">St. Paul's Cathedral (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Saint Paul's" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Saint Paul (disambiguation)">Saint Paul (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Church in London, England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="color:white; background-color:#BC50A5">St Paul's</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold">Cathedral Church of St Paul the Apostle</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Pauls_aerial_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/St_Pauls_aerial_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-St_Pauls_aerial_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/St_Pauls_aerial_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-St_Pauls_aerial_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/St_Pauls_aerial_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-St_Pauls_aerial_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1833" data-file-height="1259" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Aerial view of the St Paul's Cathedral</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-overlays="["_50c7e7d5e2e3cec8a528334943226383f586c072"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&revid=1255985132&groups=_50c7e7d5e2e3cec8a528334943226383f586c072" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&revid=1255985132&groups=_50c7e7d5e2e3cec8a528334943226383f586c072 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Interactive fullscreen map</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&params=51.5138_N_0.0983_W_region:GB-LND_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°30′50″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°05′54″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.5138°N 0.0983°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.5138; -0.0983</span></span></span></a></span></span> OS grid TQ 320 811</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/EC4" class="mw-redirect" title="EC4">EC4</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data category">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denomination</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stpauls.co.uk/">stpauls.co.uk</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:white; background-color:#BC50A5">History</th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data category">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">Consecrated</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1697<span class="noprint">; 327 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1697</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:white; background-color:#BC50A5">Architecture</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Heritage designation</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Listed_Buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Listed Buildings">Grade I Listed</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Previous cathedrals</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">Architect(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Christopher_Wren" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Christopher Wren">Sir Christopher Wren</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred architecture">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/English_Baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="English Baroque">English Baroque</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years built</th><td class="infobox-data">1675–1710</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Groundbreaking" title="Groundbreaking">Groundbreaking</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1675</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Completed</th><td class="infobox-data">1710</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:white; background-color:#BC50A5">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">518 ft (158 m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">Nave</a> width</th><td class="infobox-data">121 ft (37 m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width across transepts</th><td class="infobox-data">246 ft (75 m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">365 ft (111 m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dome height (outer)</th><td class="infobox-data">278 ft (85 m)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dome height (inner)</th><td class="infobox-data">225 ft (69 m)<sup id="cite_ref-A_Pictorial_and_Descriptive_Guide_to_London_and_Its_Environs_p._209_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Pictorial_and_Descriptive_Guide_to_London_and_Its_Environs_p._209-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dome diameter (outer)</th><td class="infobox-data">112 ft (34 m)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dome diameter (inner)</th><td class="infobox-data">102 ft (31 m)<sup id="cite_ref-A_Pictorial_and_Descriptive_Guide_to_London_and_Its_Environs_p._209_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Pictorial_and_Descriptive_Guide_to_London_and_Its_Environs_p._209-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of <a href="/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">towers</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tower height</th><td class="infobox-data">221 ft (67 m)<sup id="cite_ref-A_Pictorial_and_Descriptive_Guide_to_London_and_Its_Environs_p._209_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Pictorial_and_Descriptive_Guide_to_London_and_Its_Environs_p._209-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:white; background-color:#BC50A5">Administration</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province" title="Ecclesiastical province">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canterbury" title="Province of Canterbury">Canterbury</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">Diocese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_London" title="Diocese of London">London</a> (since 604)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:white; background-color:#BC50A5">Clergy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Mullally" title="Sarah Mullally">Sarah Mullally</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)" title="Dean (Christianity)">Dean</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Tremlett" title="Andrew Tremlett">Andrew Tremlett</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Precentor" title="Precentor">Precentor</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent">Phillip Banks</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(ecclesiastical)" title="Chancellor (ecclesiastical)">Chancellor</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Paula_Gooder" title="Paula Gooder">Paula Gooder</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Lay_reader" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay reader">lay reader</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">Canon Treasurer</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent">vacant</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:white; background-color:#BC50A5">Laity</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Music_director" title="Music director">Director of music</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carwood" title="Andrew Carwood">Andrew Carwood</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Organist" title="Organist">Organist(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent">James Orford<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>St Paul's Cathedral</b>, formally the <em>Cathedral Church of St Paul the Apostle</em>, is an <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England, the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">Bishop of London</a>. The cathedral serves as the <a href="/wiki/Mother_church" title="Mother church">mother church</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_London" title="Diocese of London">Diocese of London</a>. It is on <a href="/wiki/Ludgate_Hill" title="Ludgate Hill">Ludgate Hill</a> at the highest point of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>. Its dedication in honour of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> dates back to the original church on this site, founded in AD 604.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHibbertWeinrebKeayKeay2011778_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbertWeinrebKeayKeay2011778-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The present structure, which was completed in 1710, is a <a href="/wiki/Listed_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Listed Building">Grade I listed building</a> that was designed in the <a href="/wiki/English_Baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="English Baroque">English Baroque</a> style by Sir <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a>. The cathedral's reconstruction was part of a major rebuilding programme initiated in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire of London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardnerKleinerMamiya2004760_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardnerKleinerMamiya2004760-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earlier Gothic cathedral (<a href="/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Old St Paul's Cathedral">Old St Paul's Cathedral</a>), largely destroyed in the Great Fire, was a central focus for medieval and early modern London, including <a href="/wiki/Paul%27s_walk" title="Paul's walk">Paul's walk</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Churchyard" title="St Paul's Churchyard">St Paul's Churchyard</a>, being the site of <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cross" title="St Paul's Cross">St Paul's Cross</a>. </p><p>The cathedral is one of the most famous and recognisable sights of London. Its dome, surrounded by the spires of Wren's City churches, has dominated the skyline for over 300 years. At 365 ft (111 m) high, it was the tallest building in London from 1710 to 1963. The dome is still one of the highest in the world. St Paul's is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_church_buildings" title="List of largest church buildings">second-largest church building</a> in area in the United Kingdom, after <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Cathedral" title="Liverpool Cathedral">Liverpool Cathedral</a>. </p><p>Services held at St Paul's have included the funerals of <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Lord_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral Lord Nelson">Admiral Lord Nelson</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Margaret_Thatcher" title="Death and funeral of Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>; jubilee celebrations for <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>; an inauguration service for the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Hospital_Sunday_Fund" title="Metropolitan Hospital Sunday Fund">Metropolitan Hospital Sunday Fund</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> peace services marking the end of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World Wars">Second World Wars</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Charles_and_Lady_Diana_Spencer" title="Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer">wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer</a>; the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Britain" title="Festival of Britain">Festival of Britain</a>; and the thanksgiving services for the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Golden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Diamond</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Platinum</a> <a href="/wiki/Jubilee" title="Jubilee">Jubilees</a> and the 80th and 90th birthdays of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a>. St Paul's Cathedral is the central subject of much promotional material, as well as of images of the dome surrounded by the smoke and fire of the <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">Blitz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPierce2004_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cathedral is a working church with hourly prayer and daily services. The tourist entry fee at the door is £25 for adults (January 2024) but no charges are made to worshippers attending services, or for private prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nearest <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a> station is <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_tube_station" title="St Paul's tube station">St Paul's</a>, which is 130 yards (120 m) away from St Paul's Cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_the_cathedral">Before the cathedral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Before the cathedral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The location of <a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a>'s original cathedral is unknown, but legend and medieval tradition claims it was <a href="/wiki/St_Peter_upon_Cornhill" title="St Peter upon Cornhill">St Peter upon Cornhill</a>. St Paul is an unusual attribution for a cathedral, and suggests there was another one in the Roman period. Legends of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Britain" title="Lucius of Britain">St Lucius</a> link St Peter upon Cornhill as the centre of the Roman Londinium Christian community. It stands upon the highest point in the area of old Londinium, and it was given pre-eminence in medieval procession on account of the legends. There is, however, no other reliable evidence and the location of the site on the Forum makes it difficult for it to fit the legendary stories. In 1995, a large fifth-century building on <a href="/wiki/Tower_Hill" title="Tower Hill">Tower Hill</a> was excavated, and has been claimed as a Roman basilica, possibly a cathedral, although this is speculative. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenison1995_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenison1995-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESankey199878–82_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESankey199878–82-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan">Elizabethan</a> antiquarian <a href="/wiki/William_Camden" title="William Camden">William Camden</a> argued that a <a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">temple</a> to the goddess <a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a> had stood during Roman times on the site occupied by the medieval St Paul's Cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamden1607306–307_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamden1607306–307-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wren reported that he had found no trace of any such temple during the works to build the new cathedral after the Great Fire, and Camden's hypothesis is no longer accepted by modern archaeologists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark19961–9_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark19961–9-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Norman_cathedral">Pre-Norman cathedral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-Norman cathedral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is evidence for Christianity in London during the Roman period, but no firm evidence for the location of churches or a cathedral. Bishop <a href="/wiki/Restitutus" title="Restitutus">Restitutus</a> is said to have represented London at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Arles" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Arles">Council of Arles</a> in 314 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A list of the 16 <a href="/wiki/Archbishops_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishops of London">"archbishops" of London</a> was recorded by <a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_of_Furness" class="mw-redirect" title="Jocelyn of Furness">Jocelyn of Furness</a> in the 12th century, claiming London's <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Christian</a> community was founded in the second century under the legendary <a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Britain" title="Lucius of Britain">King Lucius</a> and his missionary saints <a href="/wiki/Saint_Fagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Fagan">Fagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deruvian" title="Deruvian">Deruvian</a>, Elvanus and Medwin. None of that is considered credible by modern historians but, although the surviving text is problematic, either Bishop <a href="/wiki/Restitutus" title="Restitutus">Restitutus</a> or Adelphius at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Arles_(314)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Arles (314)">314 Council of Arles</a> seems to have come from <a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> records that in AD<span class="nowrap"> </span>604 <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a> consecrated <a href="/wiki/Mellitus" title="Mellitus">Mellitus</a> as the first bishop to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/East_Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="East Saxons">East Saxons</a> and their king, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6berht" class="mw-redirect" title="Sæberht">Sæberht</a>. Sæberht's uncle and overlord, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_of_Kent" title="Æthelberht of Kent">Æthelberht</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent" title="Kingdom of Kent">Kent</a>, built a church dedicated to St Paul in London, as the seat of the new bishop.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBede191068–69_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBede191068–69-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is assumed, although not proved, that this first Anglo-Saxon cathedral stood on the same site as the later medieval and the present cathedrals. </p><p>On the death of Sæberht in about 616, his pagan sons expelled Mellitus from London, and the East Saxons reverted to paganism. The fate of the first cathedral building is unknown. Christianity was restored among the East Saxons in the late seventh century and it is presumed that either the Anglo-Saxon cathedral was restored or a new building erected as the seat of bishops such as <a href="/wiki/Cedd" title="Cedd">Cedd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wine_(bishop)" title="Wine (bishop)">Wine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erkenwald" class="mw-redirect" title="Erkenwald">Erkenwald</a>, the last of whom was buried in the cathedral in 693. </p><p>Earconwald was consecrated bishop of London in 675, and is said to have bestowed great cost on the fabric, and in later times he almost occupied the place of traditionary, founder: the veneration paid to him is second only to that which was rendered to St. Paul.<sup id="cite_ref-secular1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secular1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Erkenwald would become a subject of the important High Medieval poem <i><a href="/wiki/St._Erkenwald_(poem)" title="St. Erkenwald (poem)">St Erkenwald</a></i>. </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a> was buried in the cathedral on his death in 1016; the tomb is now lost. The cathedral was burnt, with much of the city, in a <a href="/wiki/Early_fires_of_London" title="Early fires of London">fire in 1087</a>, as recorded in the <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarmonsway1953218_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarmonsway1953218-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_St_Paul's"><span id="Old_St_Paul.27s"></span>Old St Paul's</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Old St Paul's"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Old St Paul's Cathedral">Old St Paul's Cathedral</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Paul%27s_old._From_Francis_Bond,_Early_Christian_Architecture._Last_book_1913..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St_Paul%27s_old._From_Francis_Bond%2C_Early_Christian_Architecture._Last_book_1913..jpg/220px-St_Paul%27s_old._From_Francis_Bond%2C_Early_Christian_Architecture._Last_book_1913..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St_Paul%27s_old._From_Francis_Bond%2C_Early_Christian_Architecture._Last_book_1913..jpg/330px-St_Paul%27s_old._From_Francis_Bond%2C_Early_Christian_Architecture._Last_book_1913..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St_Paul%27s_old._From_Francis_Bond%2C_Early_Christian_Architecture._Last_book_1913..jpg/440px-St_Paul%27s_old._From_Francis_Bond%2C_Early_Christian_Architecture._Last_book_1913..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1894" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructed image of <a href="/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Old St Paul's Cathedral">Old St Paul's</a> before 1561, with intact spire</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wenceslas_Hollar_-_St_Erkenwald_(monument)_(State_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_St_Erkenwald_%28monument%29_%28State_2%29.jpg/220px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_St_Erkenwald_%28monument%29_%28State_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_St_Erkenwald_%28monument%29_%28State_2%29.jpg/330px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_St_Erkenwald_%28monument%29_%28State_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_St_Erkenwald_%28monument%29_%28State_2%29.jpg/440px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_St_Erkenwald_%28monument%29_%28State_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="5640" /></a><figcaption>Shrine of St Erkenwald, relics removed 1550, lost as a monument in the Great Fire of London</figcaption></figure> <p>The fourth St Paul's, generally referred to as <i>Old St Paul's</i>, was begun by the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> after the 1087 fire. A further fire in 1135 disrupted the work, and the new cathedral was not consecrated until 1240. During the period of construction, the style of architecture had changed from <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> and this was reflected in the pointed arches and larger windows of the upper parts and East End of the building. The Gothic ribbed vault was constructed, like that of <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a>, of wood rather than stone, which affected the ultimate fate of the building.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An enlargement programme commenced in 1256. This "New Work" was consecrated in 1300 but not complete until 1314. During the later Medieval period St Paul's was exceeded in length only by the <a href="/wiki/Cluny_Abbey" title="Cluny Abbey">Abbey Church of Cluny</a> and in the height of its spire only by <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Church,_Stralsund" title="St. Mary's Church, Stralsund">St. Mary's Church, Stralsund</a>. Excavations by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Penrose" title="Francis Penrose">Francis Penrose</a> in 1878 showed that it was 585 feet (178 m) long and 100 feet (30 m) wide (290 feet (88 m) across the <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transepts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crossing_(architecture)" title="Crossing (architecture)">crossing</a>). The spire was about 489 feet (149 m) in height.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By the 16th century the building was deteriorating. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a> under <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a> (accelerated by the <a href="/wiki/Chantries_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Chantries Acts">Chantries Acts</a>) led to the destruction of elements of the interior ornamentation and the chapels, <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chantries" class="mw-redirect" title="Chantries">chantries</a>. </p><p>The Reformation would come to include the removal of the cathedral's collection of relics, which by the sixteenth century was understood to include:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the body of <a href="/wiki/St_Erkenwald" class="mw-redirect" title="St Erkenwald">St Erkenwald</a></li> <li>both arms of <a href="/wiki/St_Mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="St Mellitus">St Mellitus</a></li> <li>a knife thought to belong to <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li>hair of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li>blood of <a href="/wiki/St_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="St Paul">St Paul</a></li> <li>milk of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a></li> <li>the head of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">St John</a></li> <li>the skull of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li> <li>the head and jaw of <a href="/wiki/King_Ethelbert" class="mw-redirect" title="King Ethelbert">King Ethelbert</a></li> <li>part of the wood of the cross,</li> <li>a stone of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Sepulchre" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Sepulchre">Holy Sepulchre</a>,</li> <li>a stone from the spot of the <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a>, and</li> <li>some bones of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Ursula" title="Saint Ursula">eleven thousand virgins of Cologne</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hollar,_Wenceslaus_-_print;_etching_-_St_Paul%27s_from_the_west_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hollar%2C_Wenceslaus_-_print%3B_etching_-_St_Paul%27s_from_the_west_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Hollar%2C_Wenceslaus_-_print%3B_etching_-_St_Paul%27s_from_the_west_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hollar%2C_Wenceslaus_-_print%3B_etching_-_St_Paul%27s_from_the_west_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Hollar%2C_Wenceslaus_-_print%3B_etching_-_St_Paul%27s_from_the_west_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hollar%2C_Wenceslaus_-_print%3B_etching_-_St_Paul%27s_from_the_west_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Hollar%2C_Wenceslaus_-_print%3B_etching_-_St_Paul%27s_from_the_west_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4001" data-file-height="3466" /></a><figcaption>Old St Paul's in 1656 by <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_Hollar" title="Wenceslaus Hollar">Wenceslaus Hollar</a>, showing the rebuilt west facade</figcaption></figure> <p>In October 1538, an image of St Erkenwald, probably from the shrine, was delivered to the master of the king's jewels. Other images may have survived, at least for a time. More systematic iconoclasm happened in the reign of Edward VI: the <i>Grey Friar's Chronicle</i> reports that the rood and other images were destroyed in November 1547. </p><p>In late 1549, at the height of the iconoclasm of the reformation, <a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill_(MP)" title="Rowland Hill (MP)">Sir Rowland Hill</a> altered the route of his Lord Mayor's day procession and said a <a href="/wiki/Psalm_130" title="Psalm 130">de profundis</a> at the tomb of Erkenwald.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in Hill's mayoralty of (1550)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmberg2014114_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmberg2014114-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the high altar of St Paul's was removed<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> overnight<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to be destroyed,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an occurrence that provoked a fight in which a man was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hill had ordered, unusually for the time, that St Barnabas's Day would not be kept as a public holiday ahead of these events. </p><p>Three years later, by October 1553, "Alle the alteres and chappelles in alle Powlles churche" were taken down.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmberg2014114_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmberg2014114-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1553, the dean and chapter were cited to appear before Queen Mary's commissioners.<sup id="cite_ref-secular1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secular1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the buildings in the St Paul's churchyard were sold as shops and rental properties, especially to printers and booksellers. In 1561 the spire was destroyed by a lightning strike, an event that <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> writers claimed was a sign of God's judgment on England's Protestant rulers. Bishop James Pilkington preached a sermon in response, claiming that the lightning strike was a judgement for the irreverent use of the cathedral building.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrissey20113_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey20113-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediate steps were taken to repair the damage, with the citizens of London and the clergy offering money to support the rebuilding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDugdale1658133–134_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDugdale1658133–134-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the cost of repairing the building properly was too great for a country and city recovering from a trade depression. Instead, the roof was repaired and a timber "roo"’<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> put on the steeple. </p><p>In the 1630s a west front was added to the building by England's first <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">classical</a> architect, <a href="/wiki/Inigo_Jones" title="Inigo Jones">Inigo Jones</a>. There was much defacing and mistreatment of the building by <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarian</a> forces during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a>, and the old documents and charters were dispersed and destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2004_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2004-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a>, those churchyard buildings that were razed supplied ready-dressed building material for construction projects, such as the Lord Protector's city palace, <a href="/wiki/Somerset_House" title="Somerset House">Somerset House</a>. Crowds were drawn to the north-east corner of the churchyard, <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cross" title="St Paul's Cross">St Paul's Cross</a>, where open-air preaching took place.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the Great Fire of London of 1666, Old St Paul's was gutted.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it might have been possible to reconstruct it, a decision was taken to build a new cathedral in a modern style. This course of action had been proposed even before the fire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_St_Paul's"><span id="Present_St_Paul.27s"></span>Present St Paul's</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Present St Paul's"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canaletto_-_St._Paul%27s_Cathedral_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Canaletto_-_St._Paul%27s_Cathedral_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Canaletto_-_St._Paul%27s_Cathedral_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Canaletto_-_St._Paul%27s_Cathedral_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Canaletto_-_St._Paul%27s_Cathedral_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Canaletto_-_St._Paul%27s_Cathedral_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Canaletto_-_St._Paul%27s_Cathedral_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6092" data-file-height="5113" /></a><figcaption>St Paul's Cathedral c. 1754, by <a href="/wiki/Canaletto" title="Canaletto">Canaletto</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_1896.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_1896.JPG/220px-St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_1896.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_1896.JPG/330px-St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_1896.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_1896.JPG/440px-St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_1896.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>St Paul's Cathedral in 1896</figcaption></figure> <p>The task of designing a replacement structure was officially assigned to Sir Christopher Wren on 30 July 1669.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200726_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200726-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had previously been put in charge of the rebuilding of churches to replace those lost in the Great Fire. More than <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christopher_Wren_churches_in_London" title="List of Christopher Wren churches in London">50 city churches</a> are attributable to Wren. Concurrent with designing St Paul's, Wren was engaged in the production of his five <i>Tracts</i> on Architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart2002_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart2002-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wren had begun advising on the repair of the <i>Old St Paul's</i> in 1661, five years before the fire in 1666.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200710_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200710-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposed work included renovations to interior and exterior to complement the <a href="/wiki/Classical_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical revival">classical</a> facade designed by Inigo Jones in 1630.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang195647–63_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang195647–63-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wren planned to replace the dilapidated tower with a dome, using the existing structure as a scaffold. He produced a drawing of the proposed dome which shows his idea that it should span nave and aisles at the crossing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson1953204_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerson1953204-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Fire, it was at first thought possible to retain a substantial part of the old cathedral, but ultimately the entire structure was demolished in the early 1670s. </p><p>In July 1668 Dean <a href="/wiki/William_Sancroft" title="William Sancroft">William Sancroft</a> wrote to Wren that he was charged by the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, in agreement with the Bishops of London and Oxford, to design a new cathedral that was "Handsome and noble to all the ends of it and to the reputation of the City and the nation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson1953223_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerson1953223-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The design process took several years, but a design was finally settled and attached to a royal warrant, with the proviso that Wren was permitted to make any further changes that he deemed necessary. The result was the present St Paul's Cathedral, still the second largest church in Britain, with a dome proclaimed as the finest in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962913_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962913-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building was financed by a tax on coal, and was completed within its architect's lifetime with many of the major contractors engaged for the duration. </p><p>The "topping out" of the cathedral (when the final stone was placed on the lantern) took place on 26 October 1708, performed by Wren's son Christopher Jr and the son of one of the masons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeeneBurnSaint2004219_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeeneBurnSaint2004219-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cathedral was declared officially complete by Parliament on 25 December 1711 (Christmas Day).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2007161_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2007161-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, construction continued for several years after that, with the statues on the roof added in the 1720s. In 1716 the total costs amounted to £1,095,556<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200769_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200769-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (£207 million in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UK_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consecration">Consecration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consecration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 2 December 1697, 31 years and 3 months after the Great Fire destroyed Old St Paul's, the new cathedral was consecrated for use. The Right Reverend <a href="/wiki/Henry_Compton_(bishop)" title="Henry Compton (bishop)">Henry Compton</a>, Bishop of London, preached the sermon. It was based on the text of <a href="/wiki/Psalm_122" title="Psalm 122">Psalm 122</a>, "I was glad when they said unto me: Let us go into the house of the Lord." The first regular service was held on the following Sunday. </p><p>Opinions of Wren's cathedral differed, with some loving it: "Without, within, below, above, the eye / Is filled with unrestrained delight",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1693_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1693-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> while others hated it: "There was an air of Popery about the gilded capitals, the heavy arches ... They were unfamiliar, un-English ...".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETinniswood2001315_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETinniswood2001315-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_1900">Since 1900</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Since 1900"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffragette_terror_attacks">Suffragette terror attacks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Suffragette terror attacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">Suffragette bombing and arson campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_-_City_of_London_Police_Museum,_Suffragette_bombs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/London_-_City_of_London_Police_Museum%2C_Suffragette_bombs.jpg/220px-London_-_City_of_London_Police_Museum%2C_Suffragette_bombs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/London_-_City_of_London_Police_Museum%2C_Suffragette_bombs.jpg/330px-London_-_City_of_London_Police_Museum%2C_Suffragette_bombs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/London_-_City_of_London_Police_Museum%2C_Suffragette_bombs.jpg/440px-London_-_City_of_London_Police_Museum%2C_Suffragette_bombs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="4128" /></a><figcaption>A suffragette bomb (<i>right</i>) used in an attempted bombing of St. Paul's in 1913 (<a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Police_Museum" title="City of London Police Museum">City of London Police Museum</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>St. Paul's was the target of two <a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">suffragette</a> bombing attacks in 1913 and 1914 respectively. This was as part of the <a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">suffragette bombing and arson campaign</a> between 1912 and 1914, in which suffragettes from the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a>, as part of their campaign for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>, carried out a series of politically motivated bombings and arson nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-BL_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BL-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churches were explicitly targeted by the suffragettes as they believed the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> was complicit in reinforcing opposition to women's suffrage.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1913 and 1914, 32 churches across Britain were attacked.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first attack on St. Paul's occurred on 8 May 1913, at the start of a sermon.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bomb was heard ticking and discovered as people were entering the cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was made out of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">potassium nitrate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Had it exploded, the bomb likely would have destroyed the historic <a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_throne" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop's throne">bishop's throne</a> and other parts of the cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remains of the device, which was made partly out of a mustard tin, are now on display at the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Police_Museum" title="City of London Police Museum">City of London Police Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second bombing of the cathedral by the suffragettes was attempted on 13 June 1914, however the bomb was again discovered before it could explode.<sup id="cite_ref-BL_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BL-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This attempted bombing occurred two days after a bomb had exploded at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, which damaged the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_Chair" title="Coronation Chair">Coronation Chair</a> and caused a mass panic for the exits.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other churches were bombed at this time, such as <a href="/wiki/St_Martin-in-the-Fields" title="St Martin-in-the-Fields">St Martin-in-the-Fields</a> church in <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Tabernacle" title="Metropolitan Tabernacle">Metropolitan Tabernacle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BL_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BL-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_damage">War damage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: War damage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stpaulsblitz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and White photograph of the dome of St Paul's, starkly lit, appearing through billowing clouds of smoke" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b2/Stpaulsblitz.jpg/220px-Stpaulsblitz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b2/Stpaulsblitz.jpg/330px-Stpaulsblitz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b2/Stpaulsblitz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>The iconic <i><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Survives" title="St Paul's Survives">St Paul's Survives</a></i> taken on 29 December 1940 of St Paul's during <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The cathedral survived <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a> although struck by bombs on 10 October 1940 and 17 April 1941. The first strike destroyed the high altar, while the second strike on the north transept left a hole in the floor above the crypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJardine2006_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJardine2006-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EI_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter bomb is believed to have detonated in the upper interior above the north transept and the force was sufficient to shift the entire dome laterally by a small amount.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Chapter_of_St_Paul's_Cathedral2014_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Chapter_of_St_Paul's_Cathedral2014-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeffen2014_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeffen2014-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 September 1940 a time-delayed bomb that had struck the cathedral was successfully defused and removed by a <a href="/wiki/Bomb_disposal" title="Bomb disposal">bomb disposal</a> detachment of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a> under the command of Temporary Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Robert_Davies_(GC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Davies (GC)">Robert Davies</a>. Had this bomb detonated, it would have totally destroyed the cathedral; it left a 100-foot (30 m) crater when later remotely detonated in a secure location.<sup id="cite_ref-33EngineerRegiment_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33EngineerRegiment-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of this action, Davies and <a href="/wiki/Sapper" title="Sapper">Sapper</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Cameron_Wylie" class="mw-redirect" title="George Cameron Wylie">George Cameron Wylie</a> were each awarded the <a href="/wiki/George_Cross" title="George Cross">George Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davies' George Cross and other medals are on display at the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a>, London. </p><p>One of the best known images of London during the war was a photograph of St Paul's taken on 29 December 1940 during the "<a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Fire_of_London" title="Second Great Fire of London">Second Great Fire of London</a>" by photographer Herbert Mason,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the roof of a building in Tudor Street showing the cathedral shrouded in smoke. <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Jardine" title="Lisa Jardine">Lisa Jardine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary,_University_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Mary, University of London">Queen Mary, University of London</a>, has written:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJardine2006_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJardine2006-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Wreathed in billowing smoke, amidst the chaos and destruction of war, the pale dome stands proud and glorious—indomitable. At the height of that air-raid, Sir Winston Churchill telephoned the Guildhall to insist that all fire-fighting resources be directed at St Paul's. The cathedral must be saved, he said, damage to the fabric would sap the morale of the country.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-war">Post-war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Post-war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 29 July 1981, the <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Charles_and_Lady_Diana_Spencer" title="Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer">wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer</a> was held at the cathedral. The couple selected St Paul's over <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, the traditional site of royal weddings, because the cathedral offered more seating.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Extensive copper, lead and slate renovation work was carried out on the Dome in 1996 by John B. Chambers. A 15-year restoration project—one of the largest ever undertaken in the UK—was completed on 15 June 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc20110615_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc20110615-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Occupy_London">Occupy London</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Occupy London"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julian_Assange_speaking_at_Occupy_London_protest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Julian_Assange_speaking_at_Occupy_London_protest.jpg/220px-Julian_Assange_speaking_at_Occupy_London_protest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Julian_Assange_speaking_at_Occupy_London_protest.jpg/330px-Julian_Assange_speaking_at_Occupy_London_protest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Julian_Assange_speaking_at_Occupy_London_protest.jpg/440px-Julian_Assange_speaking_at_Occupy_London_protest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Julian_Assange" title="Julian Assange">Julian Assange</a> speaks at the Occupy London outside the cathedral in the City of London on 15 October 2011.</figcaption></figure> <p>In October 2011 an anti-capitalism <a href="/wiki/Occupy_London" title="Occupy London">Occupy London</a> encampment was established in front of the cathedral, after failing to gain access to the <a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a> at Paternoster Square nearby. The cathedral's finances were affected by the ensuing closure. It was claimed that the cathedral was losing revenue of £20,000 per day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalkerButt2011_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalkerButt2011-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canon Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Giles_Fraser" title="Giles Fraser">Giles Fraser</a> resigned, asserting his view that "evicting the anti-capitalist activists would constitute violence in the name of the Church".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard2011_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard2011-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_St_Paul%27s" title="Dean of St Paul's">Dean of St Paul's</a>, the Right Revd Graeme Knowles, then resigned too.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2011_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2011-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The encampment was evicted at the end of February 2012, by court order and without violence, as a result of legal action by the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">City of London Corporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc20120228_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc20120228-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2019_terrorist_plot">2019 terrorist plot</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2019 terrorist plot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 10 October 2019, <a href="/wiki/Safiyya_Amira_Shaikh" title="Safiyya Amira Shaikh">Safiyya Amira Shaikh</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Muslim_convert" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim convert">Muslim convert</a>, was arrested following an <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a> investigation. In September 2019, she had taken photos of the cathedral's interior. While trying to <a href="/wiki/Radicalise" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalise">radicalise</a> others using the <a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram messaging software</a>, she <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_bomb_plot" title="St Paul's Cathedral bomb plot">planned to attack</a> the cathedral and other targets such as a hotel and a train station using <a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">explosives</a>. Shaikh <a href="/wiki/Plea" title="Plea">pleaded</a> guilty and was <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(law)" title="Sentence (law)">sentenced</a> to <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life imprisonment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_events">National events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: National events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Funeral_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington,_by_George_Baxter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Funeral_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington%2C_by_George_Baxter.jpg/220px-Funeral_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington%2C_by_George_Baxter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Funeral_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington%2C_by_George_Baxter.jpg/330px-Funeral_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington%2C_by_George_Baxter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Funeral_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington%2C_by_George_Baxter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>The state funeral of the Duke of Wellington in 1852</figcaption></figure> <p>The size and location of St Paul's has made it an ideal setting for Christian services marking great national events. The opportunity for long processions culminating in the dramatic approach up Ludgate Hill, the open area and steps at the west front, the great nave and the space under the dome are all well suited for ceremonial occasions. St Paul's can seat many more people than any other church in London, and in past centuries, the erection of temporary wooden galleries inside allowed for congregations exceeding 10,000. In 1935, the dean, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Matthews_(priest)" title="Walter Matthews (priest)">Walter Matthews</a>, wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2004381_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2004381-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>No description in words can convey an adequate idea of the majestic beauty of a solemn national religious ceremony in St Paul's. It is hard to believe that there is any other building in the world that is so well adapted to be the setting of such symbolical acts of communal worship.</p></blockquote> <p>National events attended by the royal family, government ministers and officers of state include <a href="/wiki/National_service_of_thanksgiving" title="National service of thanksgiving">national services of thanksgiving</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_funerals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="State funerals in the United Kingdom">state funerals</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Royal_wedding" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal wedding">royal wedding</a>. Some of the most notable examples are: </p> <ul><li>Thanksgiving service for the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a>, 1 May 1707</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_Horatio_Nelson" title="State funeral of Horatio Nelson">State funeral of Horatio Nelson</a>, 9 January 1806</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Wellington" class="mw-redirect" title="Death and state funeral of Wellington">State funeral of the Duke of Wellington</a>, 18 November 1852</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria">Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria</a>, 22 June 1897</li> <li>Thanksgiving service for the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, 6 July 1919</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Jubilee_of_George_V" title="Silver Jubilee of George V">Silver Jubilee of George V</a>, 6 May 1935</li> <li>Thanksgiving services for <a href="/wiki/VE_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="VE Day">VE Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/VJ_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="VJ Day">VJ Day</a>, 13 May and 19 August 1945</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_Winston_Churchill" class="mw-redirect" title="State funeral of Winston Churchill">State funeral of Winston Churchill</a>, 30 January 1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II</a>, 7 June 1977</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Charles_and_Lady_Diana_Spencer" title="Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer">Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer</a>, 29 July 1981</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II</a>, 4 June 2002</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II</a>, 5 June 2012</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_funeral_of_Margaret_Thatcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceremonial funeral of Margaret Thatcher">Ceremonial funeral of Margaret Thatcher</a>, 17 April 2013</li> <li>Thanksgiving service for the Queen's 90th Birthday, 10 June 2016</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_National_Service_of_Thanksgiving" title="Platinum Jubilee National Service of Thanksgiving">Platinum Jubilee National Service of Thanksgiving</a>, 3 June 2022</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ministry_and_functions">Ministry and functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ministry and functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Banner_Service_Held_at_St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_2008_MOD_45151837.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Operation_Banner_Service_Held_at_St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_2008_MOD_45151837.jpg/220px-Operation_Banner_Service_Held_at_St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_2008_MOD_45151837.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Operation_Banner_Service_Held_at_St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_2008_MOD_45151837.jpg/330px-Operation_Banner_Service_Held_at_St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_2008_MOD_45151837.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Operation_Banner_Service_Held_at_St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_2008_MOD_45151837.jpg/440px-Operation_Banner_Service_Held_at_St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_2008_MOD_45151837.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2197" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>St Paul's during a special service in 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>St Paul's Cathedral is a busy church with four or five services every day, including <a href="/wiki/Matins" title="Matins">Matins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> and Evening Prayer or Choral Evensong.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the cathedral has many special services associated with the City of London, its corporation, guilds and institutions. The cathedral, as the largest church in London, also has a role in many state functions such as the service celebrating the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond Jubilee">Diamond Jubilee</a> of Queen Elizabeth II. The cathedral is generally open daily to tourists and has a regular programme of organ recitals and other performances.<sup id="cite_ref-stpauls_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stpauls-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">Bishop of London</a> is <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Mullally" title="Sarah Mullally">Sarah Mullally</a>, whose appointment was announced in December 2017 and whose enthronement took place in May 2018. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dean_and_chapter">Dean and chapter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dean and chapter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dean_and_Chapter_of_St_Paul%27s" title="Dean and Chapter of St Paul's">Dean and Chapter of St Paul's</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_chapter" title="Cathedral chapter">cathedral chapter</a> is currently composed of seven individuals: the dean, three residentiary canons (one of whom is, exceptionally, lay), one "additional member of chapter and canon non-residentiary" (ordained), and two lay canons. Each has a different responsibility in the running of the cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Chapter_of_St_Paul's_Cathedral2016c_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Chapter_of_St_Paul's_Cathedral2016c-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of October 2022:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Chapter_of_St_Paul's_Cathedral2016d_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Chapter_of_St_Paul's_Cathedral2016d-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Dean: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Tremlett" title="Andrew Tremlett">Andrew Tremlett</a> (since 25 September 2022)<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Precentor: vacant <sup id="cite_ref-may19_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-may19-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Treasurer: vacant</li> <li>Chancellor: <a href="/wiki/Paula_Gooder" title="Paula Gooder">Paula Gooder</a> (since 9 May 2019;<sup id="cite_ref-may19_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-may19-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lay_reader" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay reader">lay reader</a> since 23 February 2019)<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Steward: Neil Evans (since June 2022)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Additional member of chapter and canon non-residentiary: <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Watson_(priest)" title="Sheila Watson (priest)">Sheila Watson</a> (since January 2017).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lay Canon: Pamela (Pim) Jane Baxter<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (since March 2014). Deputy Director at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery</a>, with experience in opera, theatre and the visual arts.</li> <li>Lay Canon: Sheila Nicoll (since October 2018). She is Head of Public Policy at <a href="/wiki/Schroder_Investment_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Schroder Investment Management">Schroder Investment Management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lay Canon: Clement Hutton-Mills (since March 2021). He is also a Managing Director at <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a>.</li> <li>Lay Canon: Gillian Bowen (since June 2022). She is Chief Executive Officer of <a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCA</a> London City and North and is a magistrate.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minor_canons_and_priest_vicar">Minor canons and priest vicar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Minor canons and priest vicar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Minor_Canons_of_St_Paul%27s" title="Minor Canons of St Paul's">Minor Canons of St Paul's</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Director_of_Music">Director of Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Director of Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Director of Music is <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carwood" title="Andrew Carwood">Andrew Carwood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-worship-music_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worship-music-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carwood was appointed to succeed <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Archer" title="Malcolm Archer">Malcolm Archer</a> as Director of Music, taking up the post in September 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the first non-organist to hold the post since the 12th century. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_musicians_at_English_cathedrals#London,_St_Paul's_Cathedral" title="List of musicians at English cathedrals">List of musicians at English cathedrals § London, St Paul's Cathedral</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Organs">Organs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Organs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_South_Organ,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_South_Organ%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/220px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_South_Organ%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_South_Organ%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/330px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_South_Organ%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_South_Organ%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/440px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_South_Organ%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4418" /></a><figcaption>The south choir organ</figcaption></figure> <p>An organ was commissioned from <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Smith_(organ_builder)" title="Bernard Smith (organ builder)">Bernard Smith</a> in 1694.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang1956171_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1956171-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1862 the organ from the <a href="/wiki/Panopticon_of_Science_and_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Panopticon of Science and Art">Panopticon of Science and Art</a> (the Panopticon Organ) was installed in a gallery over the south transept door.<sup id="cite_ref-npor.org.uk1_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npor.org.uk1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Grand Organ was completed in 1872, and the Panopticon Organ moved to the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Rooms,_Bristol" title="Victoria Rooms, Bristol">Victoria Rooms</a> in Clifton in 1873. </p><p>The Grand Organ is the fifth-largest in Great Britain,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in terms of number of <a href="/wiki/Organ_pipe" title="Organ pipe">pipes</a> (7,256),<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 5 manuals, 136 ranks of pipes and 137 <a href="/wiki/Organ_stop" title="Organ stop">stops</a>, principally enclosed in an impressive case designed in Wren's workshop and decorated by <a href="/wiki/Grinling_Gibbons" title="Grinling Gibbons">Grinling Gibbons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson1953238–240_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerson1953238–240-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Details of the organ can be found online at the <a href="/wiki/National_Pipe_Organ_Register" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pipe Organ Register">National Pipe Organ Register</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Choir">Choir</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Choir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St Paul's Cathedral has a full professional choir, which sings regularly at services. The earliest records of the choir date from 1127. The choir historically consisted of up to 30 boy choristers, eight probationers and vicars choral of 12 professional male singers. </p><p>In February 2017 the cathedral announced the appointment of the first female vicar choral, Carris Jones (a mezzo-soprano), to take up the role in September 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 2022, St Paul’s Cathedral announced that it would admit girls to its choir, breaking a tradition stretching back 900 years.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 June 2024, when two girls formally joined the Cathedral Choir as full choristers, having undertaken specialist training in preparation. The Sunday Choral Evensong service officially marked this historic event.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During school terms the choir sings <a href="/wiki/Evensong" title="Evensong">Evensong</a> six times per week, the service on Mondays being sung by a visiting choir (or occasionally said) and that on Thursdays being sung by the vicars choral alone. On Sundays the choir also sings at Mattins and the 11:30 am Eucharist.<sup id="cite_ref-worship-music_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worship-music-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many distinguished musicians have been organists, choir masters and choristers at St Paul's Cathedral, including the composers <a href="/wiki/John_Redford" title="John Redford">John Redford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morley" title="Thomas Morley">Thomas Morley</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Blow" title="John Blow">John Blow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Clarke" title="Jeremiah Clarke">Jeremiah Clarke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Greene_(composer)" title="Maurice Greene (composer)">Maurice Greene</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Stainer" title="John Stainer">John Stainer</a>, while well-known performers have included <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deller" title="Alfred Deller">Alfred Deller</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Shirley-Quirk" title="John Shirley-Quirk">John Shirley-Quirk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Way" title="Anthony Way">Anthony Way</a> as well as the conductors <a href="/wiki/Charles_Groves" title="Charles Groves">Charles Groves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hillier" title="Paul Hillier">Paul Hillier</a> and the poet <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_la_Mare" title="Walter de la Mare">Walter de la Mare</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wren's_cathedral"><span id="Wren.27s_cathedral"></span>Wren's cathedral</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Wren's cathedral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_the_design">Development of the design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Development of the design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> <p>Sir Christopher Wren<br /> Said, "I am going to dine with some men.<br /> If anyone calls,<br /> Say I'm designing Saint Paul's."<br /> <br /> A <a href="/wiki/Clerihew" title="Clerihew">clerihew</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Clerihew_Bentley" title="Edmund Clerihew Bentley">Edmund Clerihew Bentley</a> </p> </div> </blockquote> </div> <p>In designing St Paul's, Christopher Wren had to meet many challenges. He had to create a fitting cathedral to replace <i>Old St Paul's</i>, as a place of worship and as a landmark within the City of London. He had to satisfy the requirements of the church and the tastes of a royal patron, as well as respecting the essentially medieval tradition of English church building which developed to accommodate the liturgy. Wren was familiar with contemporary Renaissance and Baroque trends in Italian architecture and had visited France, where he studied the work of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mansart" title="François Mansart">François Mansart</a>. </p><p>Wren's design developed through five general stages. The first survives only as a single drawing and part of a model. The scheme (usually called the <i>First Model Design</i>) appears to have consisted of a circular domed vestibule (possibly based on the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_in_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantheon in Rome">Pantheon in Rome</a>) and a rectangular church of <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> form. The plan may have been influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Church" title="Temple Church">Temple Church</a>. It was rejected because it was not thought "stately enough".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200727–28_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200727–28-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wren's second design was a Greek cross,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabor1919108_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabor1919108-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was thought by the clerics not to fulfil the requirements of Anglican liturgy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDownes198711–34_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDownes198711–34-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wren's third design is embodied in the "Great Model" of 1673. The model, made of oak and plaster, cost over £500 (approximately £32,000 today) and is over 13 feet (4 m) tall and 21 feet (6 m) long.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders200160_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders200160-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This design retained the form of the Greek-Cross design but extended it with a nave. His critics, members of a committee commissioned to rebuild the church, and clergy decried the design as too dissimilar to other English churches to suggest any continuity within the Church of England. Another problem was that the entire design would have to be completed all at once because of the eight central piers that supported the dome, instead of being completed in stages and opened for use before construction finished, as was customary. The Great Model was Wren's favourite design; he thought it a reflection of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> beauty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart199517–23_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart199517–23-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Great Model, Wren resolved not to make further models and not to expose his drawings publicly, which he found did nothing but "lose time, and subject [his] business many times, to incompetent judges".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDownes198711–34_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDownes198711–34-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Great Model survives and is housed within the cathedral itself. </p><p>Wren's fourth design is known as the <i>Warrant design</i> because it received a Royal warrant for the rebuilding. In this design Wren sought to reconcile Gothic, the predominant style of English churches, to a "better manner of architecture". It has the longitudinal Latin Cross plan of a medieval cathedral. It is of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> storeys and has classical porticos at the west and transept ends, influenced by Inigo Jones's addition to Old St Paul's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDownes198711–34_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDownes198711–34-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is roofed at the crossing by a wide shallow dome supporting a drum with a second cupola, from which rises a spire of seven diminishing stages. Vaughan Hart has suggested that influence in the design of the spire may have been drawn from the oriental <a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">pagoda</a>. Not used at St Paul's, the concept was applied in the spire of <a href="/wiki/St_Bride%27s,_Fleet_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="St Bride's, Fleet Street">St Bride's, Fleet Street</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart2002_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart2002-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This plan was rotated slightly on its site so that it aligned, not with true east, but with sunrise on Easter of the year construction began. This small change in configuration was informed by Wren's knowledge of astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang195647–63_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang195647–63-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:636px;max-width:636px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:206px;max-width:206px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Paul%27s_Cathedral,_London,_South_elevation_of_the_Great_Model_%E2%80%93_Royal_Academy_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral%2C_London%2C_South_elevation_of_the_Great_Model_%E2%80%93_Royal_Academy_Collection.jpg/204px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral%2C_London%2C_South_elevation_of_the_Great_Model_%E2%80%93_Royal_Academy_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral%2C_London%2C_South_elevation_of_the_Great_Model_%E2%80%93_Royal_Academy_Collection.jpg/306px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral%2C_London%2C_South_elevation_of_the_Great_Model_%E2%80%93_Royal_Academy_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral%2C_London%2C_South_elevation_of_the_Great_Model_%E2%80%93_Royal_Academy_Collection.jpg/408px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral%2C_London%2C_South_elevation_of_the_Great_Model_%E2%80%93_Royal_Academy_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1508" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Greek Cross design</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:74_-_AS_II.13._S_elevation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/74_-_AS_II.13._S_elevation.jpg/220px-74_-_AS_II.13._S_elevation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/74_-_AS_II.13._S_elevation.jpg/330px-74_-_AS_II.13._S_elevation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/74_-_AS_II.13._S_elevation.jpg/440px-74_-_AS_II.13._S_elevation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3801" data-file-height="2623" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Warrant design</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_South_Prospect_of_St._Paul%27s_Church_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/The_South_Prospect_of_St._Paul%27s_Church_London.jpg/200px-The_South_Prospect_of_St._Paul%27s_Church_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/The_South_Prospect_of_St._Paul%27s_Church_London.jpg/300px-The_South_Prospect_of_St._Paul%27s_Church_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/The_South_Prospect_of_St._Paul%27s_Church_London.jpg/400px-The_South_Prospect_of_St._Paul%27s_Church_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3089" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">St Paul's, as it was built</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_design">Final design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Final design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The final design as built differs substantially from the official Warrant design.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerHyde1982_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkerHyde1982-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Wren received permission from the king to make "ornamental changes" to the submitted design, and Wren took great advantage of this. Many of these changes were made over the course of the thirty years as the church was constructed, and the most significant was to the dome: "He raised another structure over the first cupola, a cone of brick, so as to support a stone lantern of an elegant figure ... And he covered and hid out of sight the brick cone with another cupola of timber and lead; and between this and the cone are easy stairs that ascend to the lantern" (Christopher Wren, son of Sir Christopher Wren). The final design was strongly rooted in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> in Rome. The saucer domes over the nave were inspired by François Mansart's <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Val-de-Gr%C3%A2ce" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Val-de-Grâce">Church of the Val-de-Grâce</a>, which Wren had seen during a trip to Paris in 1665.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart199517–23_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart199517–23-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The date of the laying of the first stone of the cathedral is disputed. One contemporary account says it was 21 June 1675, another 25 June and a third on 28 June. There is, however, general agreement that it was laid in June 1675. Edward Strong later claimed it was laid by his elder brother, Thomas Strong, one of the two master stonemasons appointed by Wren at the beginning of the work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200753–54_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200753–54-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_engineering">Structural engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Structural engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:299px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Paul%27s_Engraving_by_Samuel_Wale_and_John_Gwynn_(1755)..gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/St_Paul%27s_Engraving_by_Samuel_Wale_and_John_Gwynn_%281755%29..gif/180px-St_Paul%27s_Engraving_by_Samuel_Wale_and_John_Gwynn_%281755%29..gif" decoding="async" width="180" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/St_Paul%27s_Engraving_by_Samuel_Wale_and_John_Gwynn_%281755%29..gif 1.5x" data-file-width="229" data-file-height="381" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cross-section showing the brick cone between the inner and outer domes</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:299px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dickinson_St_Paul%27s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Dickinson_St_Paul%27s.jpg/154px-Dickinson_St_Paul%27s.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Dickinson_St_Paul%27s.jpg/231px-Dickinson_St_Paul%27s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Dickinson_St_Paul%27s.jpg/308px-Dickinson_St_Paul%27s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1538" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">William Dickinson's plan for the floor paving (1709–1710)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Wren's challenge was to construct a large cathedral on the relatively weak clay soil of London. St Paul's is unusual among cathedrals in that there is a crypt, the largest in Europe, under the entire building rather than just under the eastern end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1988214–15_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1988214–15-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crypt serves a structural purpose. Although it is extensive, half the space of the crypt is taken up by massive piers which spread the weight of the much slimmer piers of the church above. While the towers and domes of most cathedrals are supported on four piers, Wren designed the dome of St Paul's to be supported on eight, achieving a broader distribution of weight at the level of the foundations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962906_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962906-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foundations settled as the building progressed, and Wren made structural changes in response.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200756–59_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200756–59-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the design problems that confronted Wren was to create a landmark dome, tall enough to visually replace the lost tower of St Paul's, while at the same time appearing visually satisfying when viewed from inside the building. Wren planned a double-shelled dome, as at St Peter's Basilica.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson1953228_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerson1953228-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His solution to the visual problem was to separate the heights of the inner and outer dome to a much greater extent than had been done by <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> at St Peter's, drafting both as <a href="/wiki/Catenary" title="Catenary">catenary</a> curves, rather than as hemispheres. Between the inner and outer domes, Wren inserted a brick cone which supports both the timbers of the outer, lead-covered dome and the weight of the ornate stone lantern that rises above it. Both the cone and the inner dome are 18 inches thick and are supported by wrought iron chains at intervals in the brick cone and around the cornice of the peristyle of the inner dome to prevent spreading and cracking.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962906_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962906-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2007137_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2007137-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Warrant Design showed external buttresses on the ground floor level. These were not a classical feature and were one of the first elements Wren changed. Instead he made the walls of the cathedral particularly thick to avoid the need for external buttresses altogether. The clerestory and vault are reinforced with flying buttresses, which were added at a relatively late stage in the design to give extra strength.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2007105–114_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2007105–114-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are concealed behind the screen wall of the upper story, which was added to keep the building's classical style intact, to add sufficient visual mass to balance the appearance of the dome and which, by its weight, counters the thrust of the buttresses on the lower walls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962906_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962906-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson1953228_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerson1953228-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Designers,_builders_and_craftsmen"><span id="Designers.2C_builders_and_craftsmen"></span>Designers, builders and craftsmen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Designers, builders and craftsmen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the extensive period of design and rationalisation, Wren employed from 1684 <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hawksmoor" title="Nicholas Hawksmoor">Nicholas Hawksmoor</a> as his principal assistant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart2002_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart2002-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Between 1696 and 1711 <a href="/wiki/William_Dickinson_(architect)" title="William Dickinson (architect)">William Dickinson</a> was measuring clerk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETinniswood2010203_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETinniswood2010203-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joshua Marshall (until his early death in 1678) and Thomas and his brother Edward Strong were master masons, the latter two working on the construction for its entirety. John Langland was the master carpenter for over thirty years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson1953238–240_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerson1953238–240-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grinling Gibbons was the chief sculptor, working in both stone on the building itself, including the pediment of the north portal, and wood on the internal fittings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson1953238–240_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerson1953238–240-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sculptor <a href="/wiki/Caius_Gabriel_Cibber" title="Caius Gabriel Cibber">Caius Gabriel Cibber</a> created the pediment of the south transept<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang1956209_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1956209-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bird" title="Francis Bird">Francis Bird</a> was responsible for the relief in the west pediment depicting the <i><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_St_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversion of St Paul">Conversion of St Paul</a></i>, as well as the seven large statues on the west front.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang1956252,_230_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1956252,_230-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The floor was paved by William Dickinson in black and white marble in 1709–10<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Tijou" title="Jean Tijou">Jean Tijou</a> was responsible for the decorative wrought ironwork of gates and balustrades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson1953238–240_82-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerson1953238–240-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ball and cross on the dome were provided by an armorer, Andrew Niblett.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="#War_damage">war damage</a> mentioned above, many craftsmen were employed to restore the wood carvings and stone work that had been destroyed by the bomb impact. One of particular note is Master Carver, Gino Masero who was commissioned to carve the replacement figure of Christ, an eight-foot sculpture in lime which currently stands on the High Altar.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_and_Latin_cross_-_Temple_of_Saint_Sava_and_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_(St_Paul%27s).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Greek_and_Latin_cross_-_Temple_of_Saint_Sava_and_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_%28St_Paul%27s%29.jpg/220px-Greek_and_Latin_cross_-_Temple_of_Saint_Sava_and_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_%28St_Paul%27s%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Greek_and_Latin_cross_-_Temple_of_Saint_Sava_and_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_%28St_Paul%27s%29.jpg/330px-Greek_and_Latin_cross_-_Temple_of_Saint_Sava_and_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_%28St_Paul%27s%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Greek_and_Latin_cross_-_Temple_of_Saint_Sava_and_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_%28St_Paul%27s%29.jpg/440px-Greek_and_Latin_cross_-_Temple_of_Saint_Sava_and_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_%28St_Paul%27s%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1439" data-file-height="2265" /></a><figcaption>A floorplan</figcaption></figure> <p>St Paul's Cathedral is built in a restrained <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> style which represents Wren's rationalisation of the traditions of English medieval cathedrals with the inspiration of <a href="/wiki/Palladio" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladio">Palladio</a>, the classical style of Inigo Jones, the baroque style of 17th century Rome, and the buildings by Mansart and others that he had seen in France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardnerKleinerMamiya2004_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardnerKleinerMamiya2004-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is particularly in its plan that St Paul's reveals medieval influences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962906_97-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962906-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the great medieval cathedrals of <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester</a>, St Paul's is comparatively long for its width, and has strongly projecting transepts. It has much emphasis on its facade, which has been designed to define rather than conceal the form of the building behind it. In plan, the towers jut beyond the width of the aisles as they do at <a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells Cathedral</a>. Wren's uncle <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Wren" title="Matthew Wren">Matthew Wren</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Ely" title="Bishop of Ely">Bishop of Ely</a>, and, having worked for his uncle, Wren was familiar with the unique octagonal lantern tower over the crossing of <a href="/wiki/Ely_Cathedral" title="Ely Cathedral">Ely Cathedral</a>, which spans the aisles as well as the central nave, unlike the central towers and domes of most churches. Wren adapted this characteristic in designing the dome of St Paul's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962906_97-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962906-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In section St Paul's also maintains a medieval form, having the aisles much lower than the nave, and a defined clerestory.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exterior">Exterior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Exterior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most renowned exterior feature is the dome, which rises 365 feet (111 m) to the cross at its summit,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962912_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962912-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and dominates views of the city. The height of 365 feet is explained by Wren's interest in astronomy. Until the late 20th century St Paul's was the tallest building on the City skyline, designed to be seen surrounded by the delicate spires of Wren's other city churches. The dome is described by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Banister_Fletcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Banister Fletcher">Sir Banister Fletcher</a> as "probably the finest in Europe", by <a href="/wiki/Helen_Gardner_(art_historian)" title="Helen Gardner (art historian)">Helen Gardner</a> as "majestic", and by Sir <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Nikolaus Pevsner</a> as "one of the most perfect in the world". Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Summerson" title="John Summerson">John Summerson</a> said that Englishmen and "even some foreigners" consider it to be without equal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962913_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962913-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardnerKleinerMamiya2004604–05_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardnerKleinerMamiya2004604–05-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPevsner1964324–26_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsner1964324–26-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson1953236_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerson1953236-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dome">Dome</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Dome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Dome_from_One_New_Change_-_Square_Crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Dome_from_One_New_Change_-_Square_Crop.jpg/220px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Dome_from_One_New_Change_-_Square_Crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Dome_from_One_New_Change_-_Square_Crop.jpg/330px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Dome_from_One_New_Change_-_Square_Crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Dome_from_One_New_Change_-_Square_Crop.jpg/440px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Dome_from_One_New_Change_-_Square_Crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7514" data-file-height="7514" /></a><figcaption>The dome</figcaption></figure> <p>Wren drew inspiration from Michelangelo's dome of St Peter's Basilica, and that of Mansart's Church of the Val-de-Grâce, which he had visited.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson1953236_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerson1953236-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike those of St Peter's and Val-de-Grâce, the dome of St Paul's rises in two clearly defined storeys of masonry, which, together with a lower unadorned footing, equal a height of about 95 feet. From the time of the <i>Greek Cross Design</i> it is clear that Wren favoured a continuous colonnade (<i><a href="/wiki/Peristyle" title="Peristyle">peristyle</a></i>) around the drum of the dome, rather than the arrangement of alternating windows and projecting columns that Michelangelo had used and which had also been employed by Mansart.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPevsner1964324–26_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsner1964324–26-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Summerson suggests that he was influenced by Bramante's "Tempietto" in the courtyard of <a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Montorio" title="San Pietro in Montorio">San Pietro in Montorio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson1953234_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerson1953234-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the finished structure, Wren creates a diversity and appearance of strength by placing niches between the columns in every fourth opening.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson1953234_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerson1953234-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The peristyle serves to buttress both the inner dome and the brick cone which rises internally to support the lantern. </p><p>Above the peristyle rises the second stage surrounded by a balustraded balcony called the "Stone Gallery". This attic stage is ornamented with alternating pilasters and rectangular windows which are set just below the cornice, creating a sense of lightness. Above this attic rises the dome, covered with lead, and ribbed in accordance with the spacing of the pilasters. It is pierced by eight light wells just below the lantern, but these are barely visible. They allow light to penetrate through openings in the brick cone, which illuminates the interior apex of this shell, partly visible from within the cathedral through the ocular opening of the lower dome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962906_97-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962906-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lantern, like the visible masonry of the dome, rises in stages. The most unusual characteristic of this structure is that it is of square plan, rather than circular or octagonal. The tallest stage takes the form of a <i>tempietto</i> with four columned porticos facing the cardinal points. Its lowest level is surrounded by the "Golden Gallery" and its upper level supports a small dome from which rises a cross on a golden ball. The total weight of the lantern is about 850 tons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962913_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962913-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_front">West front</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: West front"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Special:EditPage/St Paul's Cathedral">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22St+Paul%27s+Cathedral%22">"St Paul's Cathedral"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22St+Paul%27s+Cathedral%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22St+Paul%27s+Cathedral%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22St+Paul%27s+Cathedral%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22St+Paul%27s+Cathedral%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22St+Paul%27s+Cathedral%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For the Renaissance architect designing the west front of a large church or cathedral, the universal problem was how to use a facade to unite the high central nave with the lower aisles in a visually harmonious whole. Since <a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Alberti</a>'s additions to <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Novella" title="Santa Maria Novella">Santa Maria Novella</a> in Florence, this was usually achieved by the simple expedient of linking the sides to the centre with large brackets. This is the solution that Wren saw employed by Mansart at Val-de-Grâce. Another feature employed by Mansart was a boldly projecting Classical portico with paired columns. Wren faced the additional challenge of incorporating towers into the design, as had been planned at St Peter's Basilica. At St Peter's, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maderno" title="Carlo Maderno">Carlo Maderno</a> had solved this problem by constructing a <a href="/wiki/Narthex" title="Narthex">narthex</a> and stretching a huge screen facade across it, differentiated at the centre by a pediment. The towers at St Peter's were not built above the parapet. </p><p>Wren's solution was to employ a Classical portico, as at Val-de-Grâce, but rising through two storeys, and supported on paired columns. The remarkable feature here is that the lower story of this portico extends to the full width of the aisles, while the upper section defines the nave that lies behind it. The gaps between the upper stage of the portico and the towers on either side are bridged by a narrow section of wall with an arch-topped window. </p><p>The towers stand outside the width of the aisles, but screen two chapels located immediately behind them. The lower parts of the towers continue the theme of the outer walls, but are differentiated from them in order to create an appearance of strength. The windows of the lower story are smaller than those of the side walls and are deeply recessed, a visual indication of the thickness of the wall. The paired pilasters at each corner project boldly. </p><p>Above the main <a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">cornice</a>, which unites the towers with the portico and the outer walls, the details are boldly scaled, in order to read well from the street below and from a distance. The towers rise above the cornice from a square block plinth which is plain apart from large oculi, that on the south being filled by the clock, while that on the north is void. The towers are composed of two complementary elements, a central cylinder rising through the tiers in a series of stacked drums, and paired <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_columns" class="mw-redirect" title="Corinthian columns">Corinthian columns</a> at the corners, with <a href="/wiki/Buttress" title="Buttress">buttresses</a> above them, which serve to unify the drum shape with the square plinth on which it stands. The entablature above the columns breaks forward over them to express both elements, tying them together in a single horizontal band. The cap, an ogee-shaped dome, supports a gilded finial in the form of a pineapple.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The transepts each have a semi-circular entrance portico. Wren was inspired in the design by studying engravings of <a href="/wiki/Pietro_da_Cortona" title="Pietro da Cortona">Pietro da Cortona</a>'s Baroque facade of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Pace" title="Santa Maria della Pace">Santa Maria della Pace</a> in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeapman1995_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeapman1995-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These projecting arcs echo the shape of the apse at the eastern end of the building. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:542px;max-width:542px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:205px;max-width:205px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:204px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Pauls_Cathedral_from_West_-_Feb_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/St_Pauls_Cathedral_from_West_-_Feb_2007.jpg/203px-St_Pauls_Cathedral_from_West_-_Feb_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/St_Pauls_Cathedral_from_West_-_Feb_2007.jpg/305px-St_Pauls_Cathedral_from_West_-_Feb_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/St_Pauls_Cathedral_from_West_-_Feb_2007.jpg/406px-St_Pauls_Cathedral_from_West_-_Feb_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6220" data-file-height="6288" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The west front of St Paul's Cathedral at night</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:204px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Pauls_Cathedral_West_Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/St_Pauls_Cathedral_West_Front.jpg/115px-St_Pauls_Cathedral_West_Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/St_Pauls_Cathedral_West_Front.jpg/173px-St_Pauls_Cathedral_West_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/St_Pauls_Cathedral_West_Front.jpg/230px-St_Pauls_Cathedral_West_Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2869" data-file-height="5100" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">West front from the street, between encroaching buildings</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:204px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Paul%27s_Cathedral,_London,_England_-_Jan_2010_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral%2C_London%2C_England_-_Jan_2010_edit.jpg/212px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral%2C_London%2C_England_-_Jan_2010_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral%2C_London%2C_England_-_Jan_2010_edit.jpg/318px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral%2C_London%2C_England_-_Jan_2010_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral%2C_London%2C_England_-_Jan_2010_edit.jpg/424px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral%2C_London%2C_England_-_Jan_2010_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5462" data-file-height="5274" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">St Paul's from the south-east, with the tower of the destroyed Church of <a href="/wiki/St_Augustine_Watling_Street" title="St Augustine Watling Street">St Augustine, Watling Street</a> to the right</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Walls">Walls</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Walls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The building is of two storeys of ashlar masonry, above a basement, and surrounded by a balustrade above the upper cornice. The balustrade was added, against Wren's wishes, in 1718.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeapman1995_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeapman1995-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The internal bays are marked externally by paired pilasters with Corinthian capitals at the lower level and Composite at the upper level. Where the building behind is of only one story (at the aisles of both nave and choir) the upper story of the exterior wall is sham.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962913_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962913-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It serves a dual purpose of supporting the buttresses of the vault, and providing a satisfying appearance when viewed rising above buildings of the height of the 17th-century city. This appearance may still be seen from across the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a>. </p><p>Between the pilasters on both levels are windows. Those of the lower storey have semi-circular heads and are surrounded by continuous mouldings of a Roman style, rising to decorative keystones. Beneath each window is a floral swag by Grinling Gibbons, constituting the finest stone carving on the building and some of the greatest architectural sculpture in England. A frieze with similar swags runs in a band below the cornice, tying the arches of the windows and the capitals. The upper windows are of a restrained Classical form, with pediments set on columns, but are blind and contain niches. Beneath these niches, and in the basement level, are small windows with segmental tops, the glazing of which catches the light and visually links them to the large windows of the aisles. The height from ground level to the top of the parapet is approximately 110 feet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fencing">Fencing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Fencing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original fencing, designed by Wren, was dismantled in the 1870s. The <a href="/wiki/John_George_Howard" title="John George Howard">surveyor for the government of Toronto</a> had it shipped to Toronto, where it has since adorned <a href="/wiki/High_Park" title="High Park">High Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interior">Interior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Interior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:221px;max-width:221px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:191px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Nave,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Nave%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/219px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Nave%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Nave%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/329px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Nave%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Nave%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/438px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Nave%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="5230" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The nave, looking towards the choir</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:191px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Choir_looking_west,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Choir_looking_west%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/165px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Choir_looking_west%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Choir_looking_west%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/248px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Choir_looking_west%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Choir_looking_west%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/330px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Choir_looking_west%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="6958" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The choir, looking towards the nave</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Internally, St Paul's has a nave and choir in each of its three bays. The entrance from the west portico is through a square domed narthex, flanked by chapels: the Chapel of St Dunstan to the north and the Chapel of the Order of St Michael and St George to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962906_97-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962906-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nave is 91 feet (28 m) in height and is separated from the aisles by an arcade of piers with attached Corinthian pilasters rising to an entablature. The bays, and therefore the vault compartments, are rectangular, but Wren roofed these spaces with saucer-shaped domes and surrounded the <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a> windows with <a href="/wiki/Lunettes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunettes">lunettes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962906_97-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962906-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vaults of the choir are decorated with mosaics by Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Blake_Richmond" title="William Blake Richmond">William Blake Richmond</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962906_97-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962906-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dome and the apse of the choir are all approached through wide arches with coffered vaults which contrast with the smooth surface of the domes and punctuate the division between the main spaces. The transepts extend to the north and south of the dome and are called (in this instance) the North Choir and the South Choir. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Choir_(architecture)" title="Choir (architecture)">choir</a> holds the stalls for the clergy, cathedral officers and the choir, and the organ. These wooden fittings, including the pulpit and Bishop's throne, were designed in Wren's office and built by joiners. The carvings are the work of <a href="/wiki/Grinling_Gibbons" title="Grinling Gibbons">Grinling Gibbons</a> whom Summerson describes as having "astonishing facility", suggesting that Gibbons aim was to reproduce popular Dutch flower painting in wood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson1953238–240_82-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerson1953238–240-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Tijou" title="Jean Tijou">Jean Tijou</a>, a French metalworker, provided various wrought iron and gilt grilles, gates and balustrades of elaborate design, of which many pieces have now been combined into the gates near the sanctuary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson1953238–40_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerson1953238–40-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cathedral is some 574 feet (175 m) in length (including the portico of the Great West Door), of which 223 feet (68 m) is the nave and 167 feet (51 m) is the choir. The width of the nave is 121 feet (37 m) and across the transepts is 246 feet (75 m).<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cathedral is slightly shorter but somewhat wider than Old St Paul's. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dome_2">Dome</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Dome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:168px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Interior_Dome_3,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Interior_Dome_3%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/168px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Interior_Dome_3%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Interior_Dome_3%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/252px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Interior_Dome_3%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Interior_Dome_3%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/336px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Interior_Dome_3%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="6009" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The interior of the dome showing how <a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Thornhill" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir James Thornhill">Thornhill</a>'s painting continues an illusion of the real architectural features</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:168px;max-width:168px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:168px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Interior_Dome_2_crop,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Interior_Dome_2_crop%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/166px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Interior_Dome_2_crop%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Interior_Dome_2_crop%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/249px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Interior_Dome_2_crop%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Interior_Dome_2_crop%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/332px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Interior_Dome_2_crop%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3114" data-file-height="3173" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">This view of an arch spanning the aisle shows how <a href="/wiki/Sir_Christopher_Wren" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Christopher Wren">Wren</a> succeeded in giving an impression of eight equal arches.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The main internal space of the cathedral is that under the central dome which extends the full width of the nave and aisles. The dome is supported on <a href="/wiki/Pendentive" title="Pendentive">pendentives</a> rising between eight arches spanning the nave, choir, transepts, and aisles. The eight piers that carry them are not evenly spaced. Wren has maintained an appearance of eight equal spans by inserting segmental arches to carry galleries across the ends of the aisles, and has extended the mouldings of the upper arch to appear equal to the wider arches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson1953228_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerson1953228-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Above the keystones of the arches, at 99 feet (30 m) above the floor and 112 feet (34 m) wide, runs a cornice which supports the <i><a href="/wiki/Whispering_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Whispering Gallery">Whispering Gallery</a></i> so called because of its acoustic properties: a whisper or low murmur against its wall at any point is audible to a listener with an ear held to the wall at any other point around the gallery. It is reached by 259 steps from ground level. </p><p>The dome is raised on a tall drum surrounded by pilasters and pierced with windows in groups of three, separated by eight gilded niches containing statues, and repeating the pattern of the peristyle on the exterior. The dome rises above a gilded cornice at 173 feet (53 m) to a height of 214 feet (65 m). Its painted decoration by <a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Thornhill" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir James Thornhill">Sir James Thornhill</a> shows eight scenes from the life of <a href="/wiki/St_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="St Paul">St Paul</a> set in illusionistic architecture which continues the forms of the eight niches of the drum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang1956252_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1956252-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the apex of the dome is an <a href="/wiki/Oculus_(architecture)" title="Oculus (architecture)">oculus</a> inspired by that of the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a> in Rome. Through this hole can be seen the decorated inner surface of the cone which supports the lantern. This upper space is lit by the light wells in the outer dome and openings in the brick cone. Engravings of Thornhill's paintings were published in 1720.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apse">Apse</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Apse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:372px;max-width:372px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:208px;max-width:208px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:226px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Choir_looking_east,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Choir_looking_east%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/206px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Choir_looking_east%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Choir_looking_east%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/309px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Choir_looking_east%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Choir_looking_east%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/412px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_Choir_looking_east%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="6609" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The choir, looking east</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:226px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_High_Altar,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_High_Altar%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/158px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_High_Altar%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_High_Altar%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/237px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_High_Altar%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_High_Altar%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/316px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_High_Altar%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5992" data-file-height="8584" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The apse and high altar</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The eastern <a href="/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">apse</a> extends the width of the choir and is the full height of the main arches across choir and nave. It is decorated with mosaics, in keeping with the choir vaults. The original reredos and high altar were destroyed by bombing in 1940. The present high altar and <a href="/wiki/Baldacchino" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldacchino">baldacchino</a> are the work of <a href="/wiki/W._Godfrey_Allen" title="W. Godfrey Allen">W. Godfrey Allen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dykes_Bower" title="Stephen Dykes Bower">Stephen Dykes Bower</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1988214–15_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1988214–15-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The apse was dedicated in 1958 as the American Memorial Chapel.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was paid for entirely by donations from British people.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roll of Honour contains the names of more than 28,000 Americans who gave their lives while on their way to, or stationed in, the United Kingdom during the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is in front of the chapel's altar. The three windows of the apse date from 1960 and depict themes of service and sacrifice, while the insignia around the edges represent the American states and the <a href="/wiki/US_armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="US armed forces">US armed forces</a>. The limewood panelling incorporates a rocket—a tribute to America's <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">achievements in space</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artworks,_tombs_and_memorials"><span id="Artworks.2C_tombs_and_memorials"></span>Artworks, tombs and memorials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Artworks, tombs and memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St Paul's, at the time of its completion, was adorned by sculpture in stone and wood: most notably that of Grinling Gibbons, by the paintings in the dome by Thornhill, and by Jean Tijou's elaborate metalwork. It has been further enhanced by Sir William Richmond's mosaics and the fittings by Dykes Bower and Godfrey Allen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1988214–15_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1988214–15-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other artworks in the cathedral include, in the south aisle, <a href="/wiki/William_Holman_Hunt" title="William Holman Hunt">William Holman Hunt</a>'s copy of his painting <i><a href="/wiki/The_Light_of_the_World_(painting)" title="The Light of the World (painting)">The Light of the World</a></i>, the original of which hangs in <a href="/wiki/Keble_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Keble College">Keble College</a>, Oxford. The St. Paul's version was completed with a significant input from <a href="/wiki/Edward_Robert_Hughes" title="Edward Robert Hughes">Edward Robert Hughes</a> as Hunt was now suffering from glaucoma. In the north choir aisle is a limestone sculpture of the <i>Madonna and Child</i> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Henry Moore</a>, carved in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1988214–15_96-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1988214–15-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crypt contains over 200 memorials and numerous burials. Christopher Wren was the first person to be interred, in 1723. On the wall above his tomb in the crypt is written in Latin: <i>Lector, si monumentum requiris, circumspice</i> ("Reader, if you seek his monument, look around you"). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Horatio_Nelson_on_Saint-Paul_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tomb_of_Horatio_Nelson_on_Saint-Paul_Cathedral.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Horatio_Nelson_on_Saint-Paul_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tomb_of_Horatio_Nelson_on_Saint-Paul_Cathedral.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_Horatio_Nelson_on_Saint-Paul_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tomb_of_Horatio_Nelson_on_Saint-Paul_Cathedral.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_Horatio_Nelson_on_Saint-Paul_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7166" data-file-height="4789" /></a><figcaption>Sarcophagus of Nelson in the crypt</figcaption></figure> <p>The largest monument in the cathedral is that to the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stevens_(sculptor)" title="Alfred Stevens (sculptor)">Alfred Stevens</a>. It stands on the north side of the nave and has on top a statue of Wellington astride his horse "Copenhagen". Although the equestrian figure was planned at the outset, objections to the notion of having a horse in the church prevented its installation until 1912. The horse and rider are by <a href="/wiki/John_Tweed" title="John Tweed">John Tweed</a>. The Duke is buried in the crypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1988214–15_96-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1988214–15-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tomb of <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio, Lord Nelson</a> is located in the crypt, next to that of Wellington.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002297_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002297-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marble <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> which holds Nelson's remains was made for <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Wolsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Wolsey">Cardinal Wolsey</a> but not used as the cardinal had fallen from favour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHibbertWeinrebKeayKeay2011394_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbertWeinrebKeayKeay2011394-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1988214–15_96-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1988214–15-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the eastern end of the crypt is the Chapel of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Order of the British Empire</a>, instigated in 1917, and designed by <a href="/wiki/John_Seely,_Lord_Mottistone" class="mw-redirect" title="John Seely, Lord Mottistone">John Seely, Lord Mottistone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1988214–15_96-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1988214–15-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many other memorials commemorating the British military, including several lists of servicemen who died in action, the most recent being the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>. </p><p>Also remembered are <a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan" title="Arthur Sullivan">Arthur Sullivan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Parry" title="Hubert Parry">Hubert Parry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence of Arabia">Lawrence of Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(philologist)" title="William Jones (philologist)">William Jones</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a> as well as clergy and residents of the local parish. There are lists of the Bishops and cathedral Deans for the last thousand years. One of the most remarkable sculptures is that of the Dean and poet, <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a>. Before his death, Donne posed for his own memorial statue and was depicted by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Stone" title="Nicholas Stone">Nicholas Stone</a> as wrapped in a burial shroud, and standing on a funeral urn. The sculpture, carved around 1630, is the only one to have survived the conflagration of 1666 intact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1988214–15_96-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1988214–15-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treasury is also in the crypt but the cathedral has very few treasures as many have been lost, and on 22 December 1810 a major robbery took almost all of the remaining precious artefacts.<sup id="cite_ref-MornPost_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MornPost-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The funerals of many notable figures have been held in the cathedral, including those of Lord Nelson, the Duke of Wellington, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Mallory" title="George Mallory">George Mallory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinn2013_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn2013-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>The East India Company Trail at St. Paul's Cathedral</b> </p><p>In 2023, following nationwide discussions over the status and value of memorial statues celebrating the lives of individuals involved with the British Empire, including slavery, the St. Paul's Cathedral initiated a partnership with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stepney.org.uk/">Stepney Community Trust</a>, a community-led charity based out of the East End of London. A group of volunteers were recruited to help historically situated the many memorial statues inside St. Paul's Cathedral, whose careers, actions and views were associated with historic harm done to communities in South Asia. The project entailed writing explanatory texts that situated the highly eulogistic statues in their wider historical context. These texts are now available on the website of St. Paul's Cathedral, on dedicated webpages titled <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stpauls.co.uk/east-india-company-st-pauls">The East India Company at St. Paul's</a>. </p><p>Memorials thus contextualised include the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stpauls.co.uk/charles-george-gordon-1833-85">statue of Charles George Gordon</a>, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stpauls.co.uk/arthur-wellesley-1st-duke-of-wellington-1769-1852">statue of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a>, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stpauls.co.uk/richard-southwell-bourke-6th-earl-of-mayo-1822-72">statue of Richard Southwell Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo</a>, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stpauls.co.uk/bishop-thomas-fanshaw-middleton-1769-1822-art">statue of Bishop Thomas Fanshaw Middleton</a>, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stpauls.co.uk/granville-gower-loch-1813-1853">statue of Granville Gower Loch</a>, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stpauls.co.uk/sir-william-jones-1746-94">statue of William Jones</a>, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stpauls.co.uk/charles-cornwallis1st-marquess-cornwallis-1738-1805">statue of Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis</a>, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stpauls.co.uk/sir-henry-montgomery-lawrence-1806-57">statue of Henry Montgomery Lawrence</a>, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stpauls.co.uk/sir-henry-bartle-frere-1st-baronet-1815-84">statue of Henry Bartle Frere</a>, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stpauls.co.uk/robert-cornelis-napier-1st-baron-napier-of-magdala-1810-90">statue of Robert Cornelius Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala</a>, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stpauls.co.uk/sir-charles-james-napier-1782-1853">statue of Charles James Napier</a>, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stpauls.co.uk/sir-charles-metcalfe-macgregor-1840-87">statue of Charles Metcalfe Macgregor</a>, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stpauls.co.uk/sir-samuel-james-browne-1824-1901">statue of Samuel James Browne</a>, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stpauls.co.uk/sir-harry-smith-parkes-1828-85">statue of Harry Smith Parkes</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stpauls.co.uk/indian-army-volunteers">memorial to Indian Army Volunteers</a>. The trail has a printed guide that visitors may use, and the statues on the trail are identifiable by a graphic and a QR code which leads to the relevant webpage upon scanning. The graphic is original artwork produced by graphic design artist Sonal Agarwal, and represents a cluster of statues of South Asian persons, men and women, who currently serve as decorative or supportive features of the main statues.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clock">Clock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Clock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_west_tower_of_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/South_west_tower_of_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral.jpg/220px-South_west_tower_of_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="475" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/South_west_tower_of_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral.jpg/330px-South_west_tower_of_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/South_west_tower_of_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral.jpg/440px-South_west_tower_of_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4201" data-file-height="9070" /></a><figcaption>The south-west tower</figcaption></figure> <p>A clock was installed in the south-west tower by Langley Bradley in 1709 but was worn out by the end of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The present mechanism was built in 1893 by <a href="/wiki/Smith_of_Derby_Group" title="Smith of Derby Group">Smith of Derby</a> incorporating a design of escapement by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beckett,_1st_Baron_Grimthorpe" title="Edmund Beckett, 1st Baron Grimthorpe">Edmund Denison Beckett</a> similar to that used by <a href="/wiki/Edward_John_Dent" title="Edward John Dent">Edward Dent</a> on <a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a>'s mechanism in 1895. The clock mechanism is 19 feet (5.8 m) long and is the most recent of the clocks introduced to St Paul's Cathedral over the centuries. Since 1969 the clock has been electrically wound with equipment designed and installed by Smith of Derby, relieving the clock custodian from the work of cranking up the heavy drive weights.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Great_Paul">Great Paul</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Great Paul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Great_Paul_(bell)"></span> The south-west tower also contains four bells, of which <b>Great Paul</b>, cast in 1881 by <a href="/wiki/John_William_Taylor" title="John William Taylor">J. W. Taylor</a> of <a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_%26_Co" title="John Taylor & Co">Taylor's bell foundry</a> of <a href="/wiki/Loughborough" title="Loughborough">Loughborough</a>, at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">16<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> long tons (16,800 kg) was the largest bell in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> until the casting of the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Bell" title="Olympic Bell">Olympic Bell</a> for the 2012 London Olympics.<sup id="cite_ref-Pauls_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauls-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the bell is traditionally sounded at 1 pm each day, Great Paul had not been rung for several years because of a broken chiming mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Chapter_of_St_Paul's_Cathedral2016bBells_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Chapter_of_St_Paul's_Cathedral2016bBells-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1970s the fastening mechanism that secured the clapper had fractured, sending both through the clock mechanism below and causing damage which cost £30,000 to repair. In about 1989 the clapper fractured completely, although less damage was sustained.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 July 2021, during the London Festival of the Bells, Great Paul rang for the first time in two decades, being hand swung by the bell ringers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Great_Tom">Great Tom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Great Tom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The clock bells include <b>Great Tom</b>, which was moved from <a href="/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Chapel" title="St Stephen's Chapel">St Stephen's Chapel</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a> and has been recast several times, the last time by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Phelps_(bellfounder)" title="Richard Phelps (bellfounder)">Richard Phelps</a>. It chimes the hour and is traditionally tolled on occasions of a death in the royal family, the Bishop of London, or the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London" title="Lord Mayor of London">Lord Mayor of London</a>, although an exception was made at the death of the US president <a href="/wiki/James_Garfield" class="mw-redirect" title="James Garfield">James Garfield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunton189625–26_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunton189625–26-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was last tolled for the death of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> in 2022, ringing once every minute along with other bells across the country in honour of the 96 years of her life.<sup id="cite_ref-E!_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E!-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quarter-jacks">Quarter-jacks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Quarter-jacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1717, Richard Phelps cast two more bells that were added as "quarter jacks" that ring on the quarter hour. Still in use today, the first weighs 13 <a href="/wiki/Hundredweight" title="Hundredweight">long cwt</a> (1,500 lb; 660 kg), is 41 inches (100 cm) in diameter and is tuned to A<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>; the second weighs 35 long cwt (3,900 lb; 1,800 kg), is 58 inches (150 cm) in diameter and is tuned to E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>. They are sometimes known as <b>Ding</b> and <b>Dong</b> due to the way they sound. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bells">Bells</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Bells"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The north-west tower contains 13 bells. A <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_bells" title="Ring of bells">ring</a> of 12 bells by John Taylor & Co of Loughborough hung for <a href="/wiki/Change_ringing" title="Change ringing">change ringing</a>, and the single communion bell. In January 2018 the bells were removed for refurbishment and were rehung in September that year, being rung again for the first time on <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a>. The original service or "Communion" bell dating from 1700 and known as "the Banger" is rung before 8 a.m. services.<sup id="cite_ref-Pauls_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauls-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Details of the bells (including clock bells mentioned above) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Bell (Name)</th> <th colspan="3">Weight</th> <th rowspan="2">Nominal<br />Hz</th> <th rowspan="2">Note</th> <th colspan="2">Diameter</th> <th rowspan="2">Date<br />cast</th> <th rowspan="2">Founder </th></tr> <tr> <th>(<a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long measure</a>)</th> <th>(lb)</th> <th>(kg)</th> <th>(in)</th> <th>(cm) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1</td> <td align="right">8 long cwt 1 qr  4 lb </td> <td align="right">928 </td> <td align="right">421</td> <td align="right">1,461</td> <td align="center">F</td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="6999784352000000000">30.88 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="6999784352000000000">78.4</td> <td>1878</td> <td>John Taylor & Co </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2</td> <td align="right">9 long cwt 0 qr 20 lb </td> <td align="right">1,028 </td> <td align="right">466</td> <td align="right">1,270</td> <td align="center">E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="6999825500000000000">32.50 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="6999825500000000000">82.6</td> <td>1878</td> <td>John Taylor & Co </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3</td> <td align="right">9 long cwt 3 qr 12 lb </td> <td align="right">1,104 </td> <td align="right">501</td> <td align="right">1,199</td> <td align="center">D</td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="6999863599999999999">34.00 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="6999863599999999999">86.4</td> <td>1878</td> <td>John Taylor & Co </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4</td> <td align="right">11 long cwt 2 qr 22 lb </td> <td align="right">1,310 </td> <td align="right">594</td> <td align="right">1,063</td> <td align="center">C</td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="6999924052000000000">36.38 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="6999924052000000000">92.4</td> <td>1878</td> <td>John Taylor & Co </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5</td> <td align="right">13 long cwt 1 qr  0 lb </td> <td align="right">1,484 </td> <td align="right">673</td> <td align="right">954</td> <td align="center">B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="6999981202000000000">38.63 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="6999981202000000000">98.1</td> <td>1878</td> <td>John Taylor & Co </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6</td> <td align="right">13 long cwt 2 qr 14 lb </td> <td align="right">1,526 </td> <td align="right">692</td> <td align="right">884</td> <td align="center">A</td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7000100660200000000">39.63 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7000100660200000000">100.7</td> <td>1878</td> <td>John Taylor & Co </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">7</td> <td align="right">16 long cwt 1 qr 18 lb </td> <td align="right">1,838 </td> <td align="right">834</td> <td align="right">784</td> <td align="center">G</td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7000111124999999999">43.75 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7000111124999999999">111.1</td> <td>1878</td> <td>John Taylor & Co </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">8</td> <td align="right">21 long cwt 3 qr 18 lb </td> <td align="right">2,454 </td> <td align="right">1,113</td> <td align="right">705</td> <td align="center">F</td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7000120980200000000">47.63 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7000120980200000000">121.0</td> <td>1878</td> <td>John Taylor & Co </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">9</td> <td align="right">27 long cwt 1 qr 22 lb </td> <td align="right">3,074 </td> <td align="right">1,394</td> <td align="right">636</td> <td align="center">E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7000133349999999999">52.50 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7000133349999999999">133.4</td> <td>1878</td> <td>John Taylor & Co </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">10</td> <td align="right">29 long cwt 3 qr 21 lb </td> <td align="right">3,353 </td> <td align="right">1,521</td> <td align="right">592</td> <td align="center">D</td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7000140334999999999">55.25 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7000140334999999999">140.3</td> <td>1878</td> <td>John Taylor & Co </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">11</td> <td align="right">43 long cwt 2 qr  0 lb </td> <td align="right">4,872 </td> <td align="right">2,210</td> <td align="right">525</td> <td align="center">C</td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7000155575000000000">61.25 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7000155575000000000">155.6</td> <td>1878</td> <td>John Taylor & Co </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">12</td> <td align="right">61 long cwt 2 qr 12 lb </td> <td align="right">6,900 </td> <td align="right">3,130</td> <td align="right">468</td> <td align="center">B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7000175260000000000">69.00 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7000175260000000000">175.3</td> <td>1878</td> <td>John Taylor & Co </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Clock (quarter-jack Ding)</td> <td align="right">12 long cwt 2 qr  9 lb </td> <td align="right">1,409 </td> <td align="right">639</td> <td align="right">853</td> <td align="center">A<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1707</td> <td>Richard Phelps </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Clock (quarter-jack Dong)</td> <td align="right">24 long cwt 2 qr 26 lb </td> <td align="right">2,770 </td> <td align="right">1,256</td> <td align="right">622</td> <td align="center">E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1707</td> <td>Richard Phelps </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Clock (Great Tom)</td> <td align="right">102 long cwt 1 qr 22 lb </td> <td align="right">11,474 </td> <td align="right">5,205</td> <td align="right">425</td> <td align="center">A<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7000210515200000000">82.88 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7000210515200000000">210.5</td> <td>1716</td> <td>Richard Phelps </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Bourdon (Great Paul)</td> <td align="right">334 long cwt 2 qr 19 lb </td> <td align="right">37,483 </td> <td align="right">17,002</td> <td align="right">317</td> <td align="center">E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7000291465000000000">114.75 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7000291465000000000">291.5</td> <td>1881</td> <td>John Taylor & Co </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Communion (The Banger)</td> <td align="right">18 long cwt 2 qr 26 lb </td> <td align="right">2,098 </td> <td align="right">952</td> <td align="right">620</td> <td align="center">E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7000125729999999999">49.50 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7000125729999999999">125.7</td> <td>1700</td> <td>Philip Wightman </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education,_tourism_and_the_arts"><span id="Education.2C_tourism_and_the_arts"></span>Education, tourism and the arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Education, tourism and the arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Paul%27s_cross,_London,_England,_GB,_IMG_5127_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/St_Paul%27s_cross%2C_London%2C_England%2C_GB%2C_IMG_5127_edit.jpg/220px-St_Paul%27s_cross%2C_London%2C_England%2C_GB%2C_IMG_5127_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/St_Paul%27s_cross%2C_London%2C_England%2C_GB%2C_IMG_5127_edit.jpg/330px-St_Paul%27s_cross%2C_London%2C_England%2C_GB%2C_IMG_5127_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/St_Paul%27s_cross%2C_London%2C_England%2C_GB%2C_IMG_5127_edit.jpg/440px-St_Paul%27s_cross%2C_London%2C_England%2C_GB%2C_IMG_5127_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3604" data-file-height="5521" /></a><figcaption>Gilt statue of Saint Paul at the top of the monument to <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cross" title="St Paul's Cross">St Paul's Cross</a> in the cathedral precinct</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpretation_Project">Interpretation Project</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Interpretation Project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Interpretation Project was a long-term project concerned with bringing St Paul's to life for all its visitors. In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Dean_and_Chapter_of_St_Paul%27s" title="Dean and Chapter of St Paul's">Dean and Chapter of St Paul's</a> opened St Paul's Oculus, a 270° film experience that brings 1400 years of history to life.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was located in the former Treasury in the crypt, the film took visitors on a journey through the history and daily life of St Paul's Cathedral. Oculus was funded by American Express Company in partnership with the <a href="/wiki/World_Monuments_Fund" title="World Monuments Fund">World Monuments Fund</a>, J. P. Morgan, the Garfield Weston Trust for St Paul's Cathedral, the City of London Endowment Trust and AIG. It was closed by 2020. The Treasury space is now used for changing exhibitions. </p><p>In 2010, touchscreen multimedia guides were launched. These guides are included in the price of admission. Visitors can discover the cathedral's history, architecture and daily life of a busy working church with these new multimedia guides. They are available in 12 different languages: <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a> (BSL). The guides have fly-through videos of the dome galleries and zoomable close-ups of the ceiling mosaics, painting and photography. Interviews and commentary from experts include the <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_St_Paul%27s" title="Dean of St Paul's">Dean of St Paul's</a>, conservation team and the Director of Music. Archive film footage includes major services and events from the cathedral's history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Charges_for_sightseers">Charges for sightseers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Charges for sightseers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St Paul's charges an entrance fee for sightseers, admission to worship services is free. The entrance ticket is £25 for adults (June 2024).<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside service times, people seeking a quiet place to pray or worship are admitted to St Dunstan's Chapel free of charge. On Sundays people are admitted only for services and concerts and there is no sightseeing. The charge to sightseers is made because St Paul's receives little regular or significant funding from the Crown, the Church of England or the state and relies on the income generated by tourism to allow the building to continue to function as a centre for Christian worship, as well as to cover general maintenance and repair work.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="St_Paul's_Cathedral_Arts_Project"><span id="St_Paul.27s_Cathedral_Arts_Project"></span>St Paul's Cathedral Arts Project</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: St Paul's Cathedral Arts Project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The St Paul's Cathedral Arts Project explores art and <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a>. Projects have included installations by <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Judah" title="Gerry Judah">Gerry Judah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antony_Gormley" title="Antony Gormley">Antony Gormley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Horn" title="Rebecca Horn">Rebecca Horn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoko_Ono" title="Yoko Ono">Yoko Ono</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Firrell" title="Martin Firrell">Martin Firrell</a>. </p><p>In 2014, St Paul's commissioned Gerry Judah to create an artwork in the nave to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. Two spectacular sculptures consisting of three-dimensional white cruciforms reflect the meticulously maintained war graves of northern France and further afield. Each sculpture is also embellished with miniaturised destroyed residential blocks depicting contemporary war zones in the Middle East—<a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Afghanistan</a>—thus connecting 100 years of warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bill_Viola" title="Bill Viola">Bill Viola</a> has created two altarpieces for permanent display in St Paul's Cathedral. The project commenced production in mid-2009. Following the extensive programme of cleaning and repair of the interior of St Paul's, completed in 2005, Viola was commissioned to create two altarpieces on the themes of Mary and Martyrs. These two multi-screen video installations are permanently located at the end of the Quire aisles, flanking the High Altar of the cathedral and the American Memorial Chapel. Each work employs an arrangement of multiple plasma screen panels configured in a manner similar to historic altarpieces. </p><p>In summer 2010, St Paul's chose two new works by the British artist Mark Alexander to be hung either side of the nave. Both entitled Red Mannheim, Alexander's large red silkscreens are inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a> Cathedral altarpiece (1739–41), which was damaged by bombing in the Second World War. The original sculpture depicts Christ on the cross, surrounded by a familiar retinue of mourners. Rendered in splendid giltwood, with Christ's wracked body sculpted in relief, and the flourishes of flora and incandescent rays from heaven, this masterpiece of the German Rococo is an object of ravishing beauty and intense piety. </p><p>In March 2010, Flare II, a sculpture by Antony Gormley, was installed in the Geometric Staircase.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, the Dean and Chapter commissioned Martin Firrell to create a major public artwork to mark the 300th anniversary of the topping-out of Wren's building. The Question Mark Inside consisted of digital text projections to the cathedral dome, West Front and inside onto the Whispering Gallery. The text was based on blog contributions by the general public as well as interviews conducted by the artist and on the artist's own views. The project presented a stream of possible answers to the question: "What makes life meaningful and purposeful, and what does St Paul's mean in that contemporary context?" The Question Mark Inside opened on 8 November 2008 and ran for eight nights. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depictions_of_St_Paul's"><span id="Depictions_of_St_Paul.27s"></span>Depictions of St Paul's</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Depictions of St Paul's"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St Paul's Cathedral has been depicted many times in paintings, prints and drawings. Among the well-known artists to have painted it are Canaletto, Turner, <a href="/wiki/Daubigny" class="mw-redirect" title="Daubigny">Daubigny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pissarro" class="mw-redirect" title="Pissarro">Pissarro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Signac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derain" class="mw-redirect" title="Derain">Derain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Rees" title="Lloyd Rees">Lloyd Rees</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Paintings and engravings of St Paul's</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal_-_The_River_Thames,_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Canaletto: The River Thames with St. Paul's Cathedral on Lord Mayor's Day (1746; Lobkowicz Collections, Prague)"><img alt="Canaletto: The River Thames with St. Paul's Cathedral on Lord Mayor's Day (1746; Lobkowicz Collections, Prague)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Giovanni_Antonio_Canal_-_The_River_Thames%2C_detail.jpg/360px-Giovanni_Antonio_Canal_-_The_River_Thames%2C_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Giovanni_Antonio_Canal_-_The_River_Thames%2C_detail.jpg/540px-Giovanni_Antonio_Canal_-_The_River_Thames%2C_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Giovanni_Antonio_Canal_-_The_River_Thames%2C_detail.jpg/720px-Giovanni_Antonio_Canal_-_The_River_Thames%2C_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Canaletto" title="Canaletto">Canaletto</a>: <i>The River Thames with St. Paul's Cathedral on Lord Mayor's Day</i> (1746; <a href="/wiki/Lobkowicz_Palace" title="Lobkowicz Palace">Lobkowicz Collections</a>, Prague)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 294px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 292px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Paul%27s_by_Thomas_Hosmer_Shepherd_(early_19th_century).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="19th-century coloured engraving from the south-west by Thomas Hosmer Shepherd"><img alt="19th-century coloured engraving from the south-west by Thomas Hosmer Shepherd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/St_Paul%27s_by_Thomas_Hosmer_Shepherd_%28early_19th_century%29.jpg/438px-St_Paul%27s_by_Thomas_Hosmer_Shepherd_%28early_19th_century%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="292" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/St_Paul%27s_by_Thomas_Hosmer_Shepherd_%28early_19th_century%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="405" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">19th-century coloured engraving from the south-west by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hosmer_Shepherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Hosmer Shepherd">Thomas Hosmer Shepherd</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Angelo_Goodall04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Romantic 19th-century engraving of St Paul's in the evening after rain by Edward Angelo Goodall"><img alt="Romantic 19th-century engraving of St Paul's in the evening after rain by Edward Angelo Goodall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Edward_Angelo_Goodall04.jpg/202px-Edward_Angelo_Goodall04.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Edward_Angelo_Goodall04.jpg/303px-Edward_Angelo_Goodall04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Edward_Angelo_Goodall04.jpg/405px-Edward_Angelo_Goodall04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="799" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Romantic 19th-century engraving of St Paul's in the evening after rain by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Angelo_Goodall" title="Edward Angelo Goodall">Edward Angelo Goodall</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_O%27Connor_-_Ludgate,_Evening_-_1887.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oil painting, John O'Connor, Evening on Ludgate Hill (1887) St Paul's looms beyond St Martin's"><img alt="Oil painting, John O'Connor, Evening on Ludgate Hill (1887) St Paul's looms beyond St Martin's" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/John_O%27Connor_-_Ludgate%2C_Evening_-_1887.jpg/186px-John_O%27Connor_-_Ludgate%2C_Evening_-_1887.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/John_O%27Connor_-_Ludgate%2C_Evening_-_1887.jpg/279px-John_O%27Connor_-_Ludgate%2C_Evening_-_1887.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/John_O%27Connor_-_Ludgate%2C_Evening_-_1887.jpg/372px-John_O%27Connor_-_Ludgate%2C_Evening_-_1887.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Oil painting, <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_(painter)" title="John O'Connor (painter)">John O'Connor</a>, <i>Evening on Ludgate Hill</i> (1887) St Paul's looms beyond St Martin's</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 199.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 197.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canaletto_london.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Paul's from Richmond House in Westminster by the Venetian painter Canaletto (1747)"><img alt="St Paul's from Richmond House in Westminster by the Venetian painter Canaletto (1747)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Canaletto_london.jpg/296px-Canaletto_london.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Canaletto_london.jpg/443px-Canaletto_london.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Canaletto_london.jpg/591px-Canaletto_london.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="941" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>St Paul's from Richmond House</i> in <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a> by the Venetian painter Canaletto (1747)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 201.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_Joli_Prospect_of_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Paul's viewed from a loggia, a capriccio (c. 1748) by Antonio Joli who also worked in Venice"><img alt="St Paul's viewed from a loggia, a capriccio (c. 1748) by Antonio Joli who also worked in Venice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Antonio_Joli_Prospect_of_London.jpg/302px-Antonio_Joli_Prospect_of_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Antonio_Joli_Prospect_of_London.jpg/453px-Antonio_Joli_Prospect_of_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Antonio_Joli_Prospect_of_London.jpg/604px-Antonio_Joli_Prospect_of_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1671" data-file-height="1495" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>St Paul's viewed from a loggia</i>, a <i><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_(art)" title="Capriccio (art)">capriccio</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1748</span>) by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Joli" title="Antonio Joli">Antonio Joli</a> who also worked in Venice</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 241.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 239.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernest_Dade_-_St_Paul%27s_from_the_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Impressionist view of St Paul's from the River by Ernest Dade (before 1936)"><img alt="An Impressionist view of St Paul's from the River by Ernest Dade (before 1936)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ernest_Dade_-_St_Paul%27s_from_the_River.jpg/359px-Ernest_Dade_-_St_Paul%27s_from_the_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ernest_Dade_-_St_Paul%27s_from_the_River.jpg/539px-Ernest_Dade_-_St_Paul%27s_from_the_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Ernest_Dade_-_St_Paul%27s_from_the_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="526" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An Impressionist view of <i>St Paul's from the River</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Dade" title="Ernest Dade">Ernest Dade</a> (before 1936)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 237.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 235.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Edward_Joseph_Goff_St_Paul%27s_from_Bankside.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Paul's from Bankside, a watercolour by Frederick E. J. Goff (before 1931)"><img alt="St Paul's from Bankside, a watercolour by Frederick E. J. Goff (before 1931)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Frederick_Edward_Joseph_Goff_St_Paul%27s_from_Bankside.jpg/353px-Frederick_Edward_Joseph_Goff_St_Paul%27s_from_Bankside.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Frederick_Edward_Joseph_Goff_St_Paul%27s_from_Bankside.jpg/530px-Frederick_Edward_Joseph_Goff_St_Paul%27s_from_Bankside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Frederick_Edward_Joseph_Goff_St_Paul%27s_from_Bankside.jpg/707px-Frederick_Edward_Joseph_Goff_St_Paul%27s_from_Bankside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2342" data-file-height="1790" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>St Paul's from Bankside</i>, a watercolour by Frederick E. J. Goff (before 1931)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Photography_and_film">Photography and film</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Photography and film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St Paul's Cathedral has been the subject of many photographs, most notably the iconic image of the dome surrounded by smoke during the Blitz.<small>(see above)</small> It has also been used in films and TV programmes (including <a href="/wiki/Thames_Television" title="Thames Television">Thames Television</a>'s most recognised ident), either as the focus of the film, as in the episode of <i>Climbing Great Buildings</i>; as a feature of the film, as in <i>Mary Poppins</i>; or as an incidental location such as Wren's Geometric Staircase in the south-west tower which has appeared in several films including <i>Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban</i>. </p><p>Films in which St Paul's has been depicted include: </p> <ul><li><i>St. Paul's Cathedral</i> (1942), a wartime documentary film for the <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a>, the final part of which shows bomb damage in and around St Paul's.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia_(film)" title="Lawrence of Arabia (film)">Lawrence of Arabia</a></i> (1962) shows the exterior of the building and the bust of T.E. Lawrence.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Poppins_(film)" title="Mary Poppins (film)">Mary Poppins</a></i> (1964) shows the steps and west front of the cathedral, the main setting for the song '"<a href="/wiki/Feed_the_Birds" title="Feed the Birds">Feed the Birds</a>'".</li> <li>St Paul's Cathedral has appeared as a filming location twice in <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a></i>, in the 1968 serial <i><a href="/wiki/The_Invasion_(Doctor_Who)" title="The Invasion (Doctor Who)">The Invasion</a></i>, and in the 2014 two-part story "<a href="/wiki/Dark_Water_(Doctor_Who)" title="Dark Water (Doctor Who)">Dark Water</a>"/"<a href="/wiki/Death_in_Heaven" title="Death in Heaven">Death in Heaven</a>". In both, the <a href="/wiki/Cybermen" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybermen">Cybermen</a> are shown descending steps outside the cathedral.</li> <li>St Paul's is seen briefly in the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Goodies_(TV_series)" title="The Goodies (TV series)">Goodies</a></i> episode "<a href="/wiki/Kitten_Kong" title="Kitten Kong">Kitten Kong</a>" (1971). During his rampage through London, Twinkle damages London landmarks, including St Paul's Cathedral, the dome of which is knocked off.</li> <li>In the BBC educational programme "<a href="/wiki/Q.E.D._(BBC_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Q.E.D. (BBC TV series)">A Guide to Armageddon</a>" (1982), a one-megaton nuclear weapon is detonated over London, with St Paul's used as <a href="/wiki/Ground_zero" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground zero">ground zero</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lifeforce_(film)" title="Lifeforce (film)">Lifeforce</a></i> (1985): The cathedral's interior is the setting for the climax of the film.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Madness_of_King_George" title="The Madness of King George">The Madness of King George</a></i> (1994) shows the Geometric Staircase in the South West Bell Tower.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban_(film)" title="Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)">Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban</a></i> (2004) shows the Geometric Staircase in the south west bell tower, representing the staircase towards the Divination classroom.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_Into_Darkness" title="Star Trek Into Darkness">Star Trek Into Darkness</a></i> (2013) depicts St Paul's in 23rd century London along with other notable modern-day London buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>St Paul's is the only building of ancient London that survived the "Sixty Minute War" in the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Mortal_Engines_(film)" title="Mortal Engines (film)">Mortal Engines</a></i> (2018) and the <a href="/wiki/Mortal_Engines_Quartet" title="Mortal Engines Quartet">books</a> it is based on.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_period_domes" title="History of early modern period domes">History of early modern period domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom">List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_and_cathedrals_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="List of churches and cathedrals of London">List of churches and cathedrals of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_domes" title="List of tallest domes">List of tallest domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_built_before_the_20th_century" title="List of tallest structures built before the 20th century">List of tallest structures built before the 20th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat_and_Nunc_dimittis_for_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnificat and Nunc dimittis for St Paul's Cathedral">Magnificat and Nunc dimittis for St Paul's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternoster_Square" title="Paternoster Square">Paternoster Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Raikes" title="Cyril Raikes">Cyril Raikes</a> (fire watching on the dome of St Paul's Cathedral in the Second World War)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_buildings_in_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Tall buildings in London">Tall buildings in London</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Nomina Episcoporum, cum Clericis Suis, Quinam, et ex Quibus Provinciis, ad Arelatensem Synodum Convenerint" ["The Names of the Bishops with Their Clerics who Came Together at the Synod of Arles and from which Province They Came"](from <a href="#CITEREFLabbéCossart1671">Labbé & Cossart 1671</a>, col. 1429 included in <a href="#CITEREFThackery1843">Thackery 1843</a>, pp. 272 ff.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not to be confused with an identically named <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Mason" title="Herbert Mason">film director</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The largest is at <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Cathedral#Music" title="Liverpool Cathedral">Liverpool Cathedral</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall_Organ" title="Royal Albert Hall Organ">Royal Albert Hall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Festival_Hall#Organ" title="Royal Festival Hall">Royal Festival Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Hall,_Liverpool#Organ_and_organists" title="St George's Hall, Liverpool">St George's Hall</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Entered in the Entry Book at Stationers' Hall on 7 May 1720 by Thornhill. The Bodleian Library's deposit copy survives (Arch.Antiq.A.III.23).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i.imgur.com/YdoFW.jpg">Advertising poster</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_Into_Darkness" title="Star Trek Into Darkness">Star Trek Into Darkness</a></i> (2013)—bottom right, the dome is visible to the left of and behind 30 St Mary Axe (the Gherkin)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stpauls.co.uk/explore-our-map">"Explore our map"</a>. <i>St Paul's Cathedral</i>. The Golden Gallery<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2024</span>. <q>The Golden Gallery is the smallest of the galleries and runs around the highest point of the outer Dome, at 85 metres.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St+Paul%27s+Cathedral&rft.atitle=Explore+our+map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stpauls.co.uk%2Fexplore-our-map&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Pictorial_and_Descriptive_Guide_to_London_and_Its_Environs_p._209-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_Pictorial_and_Descriptive_Guide_to_London_and_Its_Environs_p._209_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Pictorial_and_Descriptive_Guide_to_London_and_Its_Environs_p._209_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Pictorial_and_Descriptive_Guide_to_London_and_Its_Environs_p._209_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard_Lock_&_Co.,_Limited1914" class="citation book cs1">Ward Lock & Co., Limited (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tQdUAAAAYAAJ&pg=209"><i>A Pictorial and Descriptive Guide to London and Its Environs</i></a> (Thirty-Eighth Edition—Revised ed.). London: Ward Lock & Co., Limited. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/437623827">437623827</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pictorial+and+Descriptive+Guide+to+London+and+Its+Environs&rft.place=London&rft.pages=209&rft.edition=Thirty-Eighth+Edition%E2%80%94Revised&rft.pub=Ward+Lock+%26+Co.%2C+Limited&rft.date=1914&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F437623827&rft.au=Ward+Lock+%26+Co.%2C+Limited&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtQdUAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3D209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stpauls.co.uk/news-article/james-orford-appointed-new-organist-of-st-pauls-cathedral">"James Orford appointed as new organist of St Paul's Cathedral"</a>. <i>St Paul's Cathedral</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St+Paul%27s+Cathedral&rft.atitle=James+Orford+appointed+as+new+organist+of+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stpauls.co.uk%2Fnews-article%2Fjames-orford-appointed-new-organist-of-st-pauls-cathedral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbertWeinrebKeayKeay2011778-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHibbertWeinrebKeayKeay2011778_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHibbertWeinrebKeayKeay2011">Hibbert et al. 2011</a>, p. 778.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardnerKleinerMamiya2004760-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardnerKleinerMamiya2004760_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGardnerKleinerMamiya2004">Gardner, Kleiner & Mamiya 2004</a>, p. 760.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The London Standard 10 June 1873 page 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce2004-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPierce2004_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPierce2004">Pierce 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stpauls.co.uk/visits/visits/sightseeing-times-prices">"Sightseeing, Times & Prices"</a>. <i>Stpauls.co.uk</i>. The Chapter of St Paul's Cathedral. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170129170439/https://www.stpauls.co.uk/visits/visits/sightseeing-times-prices">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stpauls.co.uk&rft.atitle=Sightseeing%2C+Times+%26+Prices&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stpauls.co.uk%2Fvisits%2Fvisits%2Fsightseeing-times-prices&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postalcodefinder.co.uk/Postcode-St.-Paul%27s-Cathedral-London-UK/PostcodeHistoryId%3D35">"St. Paul's Cathedral"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326145111/https://postalcodefinder.co.uk/Postcode-St.-Paul%27s-Cathedral-London-UK/PostcodeHistoryId%3D35">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Paul%27s+Cathedral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpostalcodefinder.co.uk%2FPostcode-St.-Paul%2527s-Cathedral-London-UK%2FPostcodeHistoryId%253D35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenison1995-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenison1995_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenison1995">Denison 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESankey199878–82-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESankey199878–82_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSankey1998">Sankey 1998</a>, pp. 78–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamden1607306–307-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamden1607306–307_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamden1607">Camden 1607</a>, pp. 306–307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark19961–9-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark19961–9_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark1996">Clark 1996</a>, pp. 1–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann1961" class="citation journal cs1">Mann, J. C. (December 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/administration-of-roman-britain/8A09FCB2F3E872C7F0D48D63EEE9E8C6">"The Administration of Roman Britain"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>35</b> (140): 316–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00106465">10.1017/S0003598X00106465</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163142469">163142469</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180616023539/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/administration-of-roman-britain/8A09FCB2F3E872C7F0D48D63EEE9E8C6">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+Administration+of+Roman+Britain&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=140&rft.pages=316-20&rft.date=1961-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00106465&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163142469%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fantiquity%2Farticle%2Fadministration-of-roman-britain%2F8A09FCB2F3E872C7F0D48D63EEE9E8C6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBede191068–69-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBede191068–69_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBede1910">Bede 1910</a>, pp. 68–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-secular1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-secular1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-secular1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/london/vol1/pp409-433#fnn157">"Secular canons: Cathedral of St. Paul | British History Online"</a>. <i>www.british-history.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.british-history.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Secular+canons%3A+Cathedral+of+St.+Paul+%7C+British+History+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fvch%2Flondon%2Fvol1%2Fpp409-433%23fnn157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarmonsway1953218-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarmonsway1953218_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarmonsway1953">Garmonsway 1953</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/old-new-london/vol1/pp234-248">"St Paul's: To the Great Fire | British History Online"</a>. <i>www.british-history.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.british-history.ac.uk&rft.atitle=St+Paul%27s%3A+To+the+Great+Fire+%7C+British+History+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fold-new-london%2Fvol1%2Fpp234-248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/16531/16531-h/16531-h.htm">"The Project Gutenberg eBook of OLD ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL By WILLIAM BENHAM, D.D., F.S.A."</a> <i>www.gutenberg.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=The+Project+Gutenberg+eBook+of+OLD+ST.+PAUL%27S+CATHEDRAL+By+WILLIAM+BENHAM%2C+D.D.%2C+F.S.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F16531%2F16531-h%2F16531-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpe2006" class="citation book cs1">Sharpe, Reginald R. (Reginald Robinson) (13 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19800"><i>London and the Kingdom – Volume 1A History Derived Mainly from the Archives at Guildhall in the Custody of the Corporation of the City of London</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London+and+the+Kingdom+%E2%80%93+Volume+1A+History+Derived+Mainly+from+the+Archives+at+Guildhall+in+the+Custody+of+the+Corporation+of+the+City+of+London.&rft.date=2006-11-13&rft.aulast=Sharpe&rft.aufirst=Reginald+R.+%28Reginald+Robinson%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F19800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmberg2014114-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmberg2014114_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmberg2014114_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLehmberg2014">Lehmberg 2014</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickens1989" class="citation book cs1">Dickens, A. G. (1 January 1989). <i>The English Reformation</i> (2nd ed.). Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02868-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02868-2"><bdi>978-0-271-02868-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Reformation&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1989-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-271-02868-2&rft.aulast=Dickens&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abebooks.co.uk/book-search/title/the-architectural-setting-of-anglican-worship/author/addleshaw-g-w-o-etchells-frederick/">"The Architectural Setting of Anglican Worship by Addleshaw G W O Etchells Frederick - AbeBooks"</a>. <i>www.abebooks.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abebooks.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+Architectural+Setting+of+Anglican+Worship+by+Addleshaw+G+W+O+Etchells+Frederick+-+AbeBooks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abebooks.co.uk%2Fbook-search%2Ftitle%2Fthe-architectural-setting-of-anglican-worship%2Fauthor%2Faddleshaw-g-w-o-etchells-frederick%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abebooks.co.uk/book-search/title/tudor-constitutional-documents-1485-1603/author/j-r-tanner/">"Tudor Constitutional Documents 1485 1603 by J R Tanner – AbeBooks"</a>. <i>www.abebooks.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abebooks.co.uk&rft.atitle=Tudor+Constitutional+Documents+1485+1603+by+J+R+Tanner+%E2%80%93+AbeBooks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abebooks.co.uk%2Fbook-search%2Ftitle%2Ftudor-constitutional-documents-1485-1603%2Fauthor%2Fj-r-tanner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehistoryoflondon.co.uk/st-pauls-cathedral-during-the-reformation/">"St.Paul's Cathedral during the Reformation | The History of London"</a>. 25 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.Paul%27s+Cathedral+during+the+Reformation+%7C+The+History+of+London&rft.date=2019-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehistoryoflondon.co.uk%2Fst-pauls-cathedral-during-the-reformation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey20113-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrissey20113_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrissey2011">Morrissey 2011</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDugdale1658133–134-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDugdale1658133–134_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDugdale1658">Dugdale 1658</a>, pp. 133–134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2004-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2004_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2004">Kelly 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Survey of Building Sites in London after the Great Fire of 1666" Mills, P/ Oliver, J Vol I p59: <a href="/wiki/Guildhall_Library" title="Guildhall Library">Guildhall Library</a> MS. 84 reproduced in facsimile, London, <a href="/wiki/London_Topographical_Society" title="London Topographical Society">London Topographical Society</a>, 1946</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200726-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200726_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2007">Campbell 2007</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart2002-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart2002_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart2002_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart2002_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHart2002">Hart 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200710-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200710_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2007">Campbell 2007</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang195647–63-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang195647–63_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang195647–63_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLang1956">Lang 1956</a>, pp. 47–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerson1953204-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson1953204_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSummerson1953">Summerson 1953</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerson1953223-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson1953223_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSummerson1953">Summerson 1953</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962913-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962913_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962913_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962913_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962913_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFletcher1962">Fletcher 1962</a>, p. 913.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeeneBurnSaint2004219-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeeneBurnSaint2004219_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeeneBurnSaint2004">Keene, Burn & Saint 2004</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2007161-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2007161_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2007">Campbell 2007</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200769-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200769_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2007">Campbell 2007</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-UK-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UK <a href="/wiki/Retail_Price_Index" title="Retail Price Index">Retail Price Index</a> inflation figures are based on data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2017" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Gregory (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/">"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MeasuringWorth" title="MeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=The+Annual+RPI+and+Average+Earnings+for+Britain%2C+1209+to+Present+%28New+Series%29&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeasuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fukearncpi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1693-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1693_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1693">Wright 1693</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETinniswood2001315-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETinniswood2001315_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTinniswood2001">Tinniswood 2001</a>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BL-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BL_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BL_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BL_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/votes-for-women/articles/suffragettes-violence-and-militancy">"Suffragettes, violence and militancy"</a>. <i>British Library</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221230074343/https://www.bl.uk/votes-for-women/articles/suffragettes-violence-and-militancy">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Library&rft.atitle=Suffragettes%2C+violence+and+militancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fvotes-for-women%2Farticles%2Fsuffragettes-violence-and-militancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb2014" class="citation book cs1">Webb, Simon (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w2RtBQAAQBAJ"><i>The Suffragette Bombers: Britain's Forgotten Terrorists</i></a>. Pen and Sword. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78340-064-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78340-064-5"><bdi>978-1-78340-064-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230729061006/https://books.google.com/books?id=w2RtBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Suffragette+Bombers%3A+Britain%27s+Forgotten+Terrorists&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78340-064-5&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw2RtBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBearman2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bearman, C. J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3490924">"An Examination of Suffragette Violence"</a>. <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>120</b> (486): 378. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcei119">10.1093/ehr/cei119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-8266">0013-8266</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3490924">3490924</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008202337/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3490924">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=An+Examination+of+Suffragette+Violence&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=486&rft.pages=378&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0013-8266&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3490924%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcei119&rft.aulast=Bearman&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3490924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_47-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_47-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2016" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Ian (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IjSwDQAAQBAJ"><i>London: Bombed Blitzed and Blown Up: The British Capital Under Attack Since 1867</i></a>. Frontline Books. pp. 63–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-7901-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-7901-0"><bdi>978-1-4738-7901-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230729061006/https://books.google.com/books?id=IjSwDQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Chapter of St Paul's Cathedral. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704034149/https://www.stpauls.co.uk/worship-music/music/cathedral-choirs">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Pipe+Organ+Register&rft.atitle=St+Paul%27s+Cathedral%2C+St+Paul%27s+Churchyard+C00925&rft.aulast=Sayers&rft.aufirst=M+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npor.org.uk%2FNPORView.html%3FRI%3DC00925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.die-orgelseite.de/orgelliste_e.php">"The world's largest and most famous organs"</a>. <i>Die Orgelseite</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190813200701/https://www.die-orgelseite.de/orgelliste_e.php">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stpauls.co.uk&rft.atitle=St.+Paul%27s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stpauls.co.uk%2Fnews-press%2Fnews-archive%2F2012%2Fst-pauls-20-year-pipe-dream-becomes-a-reality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerson1953238–240-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson1953238–240_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson1953238–240_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson1953238–240_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson1953238–240_82-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson1953238–240_82-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSummerson1953">Summerson 1953</a>, pp. 238–240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudgard2017" class="citation web cs1">Rudgard, Olivia (28 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/28/st-pauls-cathedral-appoints-first-female-chorister-1000-year/">"St Paul's Cathedral appoints first female chorister in 1,000-year history"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019233818/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/28/st-pauls-cathedral-appoints-first-female-chorister-1000-year/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=St+Paul%27s+Cathedral+appoints+first+female+chorister+in+1%2C000-year+history&rft.date=2017-02-28&rft.aulast=Rudgard&rft.aufirst=Olivia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2017%2F02%2F28%2Fst-pauls-cathedral-appoints-first-female-chorister-1000-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-39120557">"St Paul's Cathedral admits first woman to choir"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 28 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170516062307/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-39120557">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=St+Paul%27s+Cathedral+admits+first+woman+to+choir&rft.date=2017-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-london-39120557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_la_Ware2017" class="citation web cs1">de la Ware, Tess (1 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/mar/01/st-pauls-appoints-first-full-time-female-chorister-in-1000-year-history">"St Paul's appoints first full-time female chorister in 1,000-year history"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170425111157/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/mar/01/st-pauls-appoints-first-full-time-female-chorister-in-1000-year-history">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=St+Paul%27s+appoints+first+full-time+female+chorister+in+1%2C000-year+history&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft.aulast=de+la+Ware&rft.aufirst=Tess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2017%2Fmar%2F01%2Fst-pauls-appoints-first-full-time-female-chorister-in-1000-year-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/05/st-pauls-cathedral-to-admit-girls-to-choir-900-years">"St Paul's Cathedral to admit girls to choir for first time in 900 years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 5 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220505195742/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/05/st-pauls-cathedral-to-admit-girls-to-choir-900-years">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=St+Paul%27s+Cathedral+to+admit+girls+to+choir+for+first+time+in+900+years&rft.date=2022-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fmay%2F05%2Fst-pauls-cathedral-to-admit-girls-to-choir-900-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stpauls.co.uk/press-release/girls-join-st-pauls-cathedral-choir-for-first-time-in-900-year-history">"Girls join St Paul's Cathedral Choir for first time in 900-year history"</a>. <i>St Paul's Cathedral</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St+Paul%27s+Cathedral&rft.atitle=Girls+join+St+Paul%E2%80%99s+Cathedral+Choir+for+first+time+in+900-year+history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stpauls.co.uk%2Fpress-release%2Fgirls-join-st-pauls-cathedral-choir-for-first-time-in-900-year-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cn38gy1zkk5o">"Girls join St Paul's Cathedral choir for first time"</a>. <i>BBC</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Girls+join+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral+choir+for+first+time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcn38gy1zkk5o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200727–28-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200727–28_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2007">Campbell 2007</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabor1919108-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabor1919108_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabor1919">Tabor 1919</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDownes198711–34-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDownes198711–34_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDownes198711–34_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDownes198711–34_91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDownes1987">Downes 1987</a>, pp. 11–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders200160-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders200160_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaunders2001">Saunders 2001</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart199517–23-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart199517–23_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart199517–23_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHart1995">Hart 1995</a>, pp. 17–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkerHyde1982-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkerHyde1982_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkerHyde1982">Barker & Hyde 1982</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200753–54-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200753–54_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2007">Campbell 2007</a>, pp. 53–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1988214–15-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1988214–15_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1988214–15_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1988214–15_96-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1988214–15_96-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1988214–15_96-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1988214–15_96-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1988214–15_96-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1988214–15_96-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris1988">Harris 1988</a>, pp. 214–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962906-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962906_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962906_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962906_97-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962906_97-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962906_97-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962906_97-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962906_97-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962906_97-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962906_97-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFletcher1962">Fletcher 1962</a>, p. 906.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200756–59-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200756–59_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2007">Campbell 2007</a>, p. 56–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerson1953228-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson1953228_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson1953228_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson1953228_99-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSummerson1953">Summerson 1953</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2007137-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2007137_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2007">Campbell 2007</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2007105–114-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2007105–114_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2007">Campbell 2007</a>, pp. 105–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETinniswood2010203-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETinniswood2010203_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTinniswood2010">Tinniswood 2010</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1956209-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang1956209_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLang1956">Lang 1956</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1956252,_230-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang1956252,_230_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLang1956">Lang 1956</a>, pp. 252, 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">St Paul's website, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History/The-Collections/Architectural-Archive/7-Churchyard-and-paving-c16901713-miscellaneous-drawings">Miscellaneous Drawings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130320153603/http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History/The-Collections/Architectural-Archive/7-Churchyard-and-paving-c16901713-miscellaneous-drawings">Archived</a> 20 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">St Paul's Cathedral website, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History/Explore-the-Cathedral/Climb-the-Dome">Climb the Dome</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521153023/http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History/Explore-the-Cathedral/Climb-the-Dome">Archived</a> 21 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gino.masero.co.uk/figure-of-christ-st-pauls-cathedral/">"Figure of Christ – St. Paul's Cathedral • Gino Masero"</a>. <i>Gino Masero</i>. 21 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113012335/https://gino.masero.co.uk/figure-of-christ-st-pauls-cathedral/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gino+Masero&rft.atitle=Figure+of+Christ+%E2%80%93+St.+Paul%27s+Cathedral+%E2%80%A2+Gino+Masero&rft.date=2017-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgino.masero.co.uk%2Ffigure-of-christ-st-pauls-cathedral%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardnerKleinerMamiya2004-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardnerKleinerMamiya2004_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGardnerKleinerMamiya2004">Gardner, Kleiner & Mamiya 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962912-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher1962912_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFletcher1962">Fletcher 1962</a>, p. 912.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardnerKleinerMamiya2004604–05-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardnerKleinerMamiya2004604–05_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGardnerKleinerMamiya2004">Gardner, Kleiner & Mamiya 2004</a>, pp. 604–05.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsner1964324–26-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPevsner1964324–26_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPevsner1964324–26_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPevsner1964">Pevsner 1964</a>, pp. 324–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerson1953236-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson1953236_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson1953236_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSummerson1953">Summerson 1953</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerson1953234-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson1953234_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson1953234_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSummerson1953">Summerson 1953</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stpauls.co.uk/6-western-towers-c-1685-1710">"6. The western towers, c.1685–1710 – St Paul's Cathedral"</a>. <i>Stpauls.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170901195631/https://www.stpauls.co.uk/history-collections/the-collections/architectural-archive/wren-office-drawings/6-the-western-towers-c16851710">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stpauls.co.uk&rft.atitle=6.+The+western+towers%2C+c.1685%E2%80%931710+%E2%80%93+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stpauls.co.uk%2F6-western-towers-c-1685-1710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeapman1995-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeapman1995_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeapman1995_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeapman1995">Leapman 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.highparknature.org/wiki/wiki.php?n=History.FenceStory">"The Story of a Fence"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200210102450/http://www.highparknature.org/wiki/wiki.php?n=History.FenceStory">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+a+Fence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.highparknature.org%2Fwiki%2Fwiki.php%3Fn%3DHistory.FenceStory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerson1953238–40-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson1953238–40_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSummerson1953">Summerson 1953</a>, pp. 238–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080523102550/http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/encyclopedia/article_show/St_Pauls_Cathedral/m0016968.html?from=hotlink"><i>St. Paul's Cathedral</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/The_History_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="The History Channel">The History Channel</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/encyclopedia/article_show/St_Pauls_Cathedral/m0016968.html?from=hotlink">the original</a> on 23 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Paul%27s+Cathedral&rft.pub=The+History+Channel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehistorychannel.co.uk%2Fsite%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle_show%2FSt_Pauls_Cathedral%2Fm0016968.html%3Ffrom%3Dhotlink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1956252-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang1956252_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLang1956">Lang 1956</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History/The-Chapels/American-Memorial-Chapel">"The Chapels – St Paul's Cathedral"</a>. <i>Stpauls.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110828111413/http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History/The-Chapels/American-Memorial-Chapel">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stpauls.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+Chapels+%E2%80%93+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stpauls.co.uk%2FCathedral-History%2FThe-Chapels%2FAmerican-Memorial-Chapel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul's_Cathedral2006" class="citation cs2">Paul's Cathedral, St. (28 November 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.explore-stpauls.net/oct03/textMM/AmericanMemorialN.htm">"Explore St. Paul's"</a>, <i>Explore-stpauls.net</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070103152619/http://www.explore-stpauls.net/oct03/textMM/AmericanMemorialN.htm">archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Explore-stpauls.net&rft.atitle=Explore+St.+Paul%27s&rft.date=2006-11-28&rft.aulast=Paul%27s+Cathedral&rft.aufirst=St.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.explore-stpauls.net%2Foct03%2FtextMM%2FAmericanMemorialN.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140806042034/http://www.stpauls-roh.org.uk/cgi-local/asdsrch.pl#images"><i>Roll of Honour</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stpauls-roh.org.uk/cgi-local/asdsrch.pl#images">the original</a> on 6 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roll+of+Honour&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stpauls-roh.org.uk%2Fcgi-local%2Fasdsrch.pl%23images&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._Paul's_Cathedral2006" class="citation cs2">St. Paul's Cathedral (28 November 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927145148/http://www.stpauls.co.uk/page.aspx?theLang=001lngdef&pointerID=861696IhcVLL99drjeoTjrkz39LOQnr0">"St. Paul's Cathedral Floor"</a>, <i>Stpauls.co.uk</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stpauls.co.uk/page.aspx?theLang=001lngdef&pointerID=861696IhcVLL99drjeoTjrkz39LOQnr0">the original</a> on 27 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stpauls.co.uk&rft.atitle=St.+Paul%27s+Cathedral+Floor&rft.date=2006-11-28&rft.au=St.+Paul%27s+Cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stpauls.co.uk%2Fpage.aspx%3FtheLang%3D001lngdef%26pointerID%3D861696IhcVLL99drjeoTjrkz39LOQnr0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002297-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2002297_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2002">Holmes 2002</a>, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbertWeinrebKeayKeay2011394-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHibbertWeinrebKeayKeay2011394_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHibbertWeinrebKeayKeay2011">Hibbert et al. 2011</a>, p. 394.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MornPost-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MornPost_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18101224/011/0003">"Robbery at St Paul's Cathedral"</a>. <i>Morning Post</i>. 24 December 1810<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Robbery+at+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral&rft.date=1810-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0000174%2F18101224%2F011%2F0003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn2013-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinn2013_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQuinn2013">Quinn 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stpauls.co.uk/east-india-company-st-pauls">"The East India Company at St Paul's"</a>. <i>St Paul's Cathedral</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St+Paul%27s+Cathedral&rft.atitle=The+East+India+Company+at+St+Paul%27s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stpauls.co.uk%2Feast-india-company-st-pauls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/18931221/005/0002">"The New Clock of St Paul's"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Evening_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Nottingham Evening Post">Nottingham Evening Post</a></i>. England. 21 December 1893<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2016</span> – via British Newspaper Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nottingham+Evening+Post&rft.atitle=The+New+Clock+of+St+Paul%27s&rft.date=1893-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0000321%2F18931221%2F005%2F0002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pauls-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pauls_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pauls_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Chapter_of_St_Paul's_Cathedral2016" class="citation cs2">The Chapter of St Paul's Cathedral (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stpauls.co.uk/"><i>Home webpage</i></a>, St Paul's Cathedral, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150706080943/https://www.stpauls.co.uk/">archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Home+webpage&rft.pub=St+Paul%27s+Cathedral&rft.date=2016&rft.au=The+Chapter+of+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stpauls.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Chapter_of_St_Paul's_Cathedral2016bBells-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Chapter_of_St_Paul's_Cathedral2016bBells_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Chapter_of_St_Paul's_Cathedral2016b">The Chapter of St Paul's Cathedral 2016b</a>, Bells.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamer1994" class="citation web cs1">Hamer, Mick (17 December 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14419564-400-when-the-great-bell-broke/">"When the Great Bell Broke"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220603100125/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14419564-400-when-the-great-bell-broke/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+the+Great+Bell+Broke&rft.pub=New+Scientist&rft.date=1994-12-17&rft.aulast=Hamer&rft.aufirst=Mick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg14419564-400-when-the-great-bell-broke%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunton189625–26-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunton189625–26_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunton1896">Dunton 1896</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-E!-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-E!_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eonline.com/ca/news/1345552/hear-bells-around-the-world-ring-for-queen-elizabeth-ii-after-her-death">E! News, <i>Hear Bells Around the World Ring for Queen Elizabeth II After Her Death</i>, Kisha Forde, September 9, 2022</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172834/https://www.eonline.com/ca/news/1345552/hear-bells-around-the-world-ring-for-queen-elizabeth-ii-after-her-death">Archived</a> 20 September 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved 19 September 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110831145534/http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History/Discover-the-Crypt/Oculus-an-eye-into-St-Pauls">"Oculus: an eye into St Paul's"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History/Discover-the-Crypt/Oculus-an-eye-into-St-Pauls">the original</a> on 31 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oculus%3A+an+eye+into+St+Paul%27s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stpauls.co.uk%2FCathedral-History%2FDiscover-the-Crypt%2FOculus-an-eye-into-St-Pauls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stpauls.co.uk/ticket-types-and-prices/">"Ticket types and prices"</a>. St. Paul's Cathedral<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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British Council. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160902030134/http://film.britishcouncil.org/st-pauls-cathedral">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Film.britishcouncil.org&rft.atitle=British+Council+Film+Collection%E2%80%94St.+Paul%27s+Cathedral&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffilm.britishcouncil.org%2Fst-pauls-cathedral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkerHyde1982" class="citation cs2">Barker, Felix; Hyde, Ralph (1982), <i>London as it might have been</i>, John Murray</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London+as+it+might+have+been&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft.au=Hyde%2C+Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBede1910" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> (1910). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lionel_C._Jane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lionel C. Jane (page does not exist)">C. Jane, Lionel</a> (ed.). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation (Jane)/Book 2"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_Nation_(Jane)/Book_2"><i>Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation</i> </a></span>. John Stevens. p. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation (Jane)/Book 2#68"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_Nation_(Jane)/Book_2#68">68 </a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecclesiastical+History+of+the+English+Nation&rft.pages=68&rft.date=1910&rft.au=Bede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Burns_(historian)" title="Arthur Burns (historian)">Burns, Arthur</a> (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tv7ZRMhNIWYC"><i>St. Paul's: The Cathedral Church of London, 604-2004</i></a>, London: Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09276-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09276-9"><bdi>978-0-300-09276-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Paul%27s%3A+The+Cathedral+Church+of+London%2C+604-2004&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09276-9&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTv7ZRMhNIWYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamden1607" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/William_Camden" title="William Camden">Camden, William</a> (1607), <a href="/wiki/Britannia_(Camden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannia (Camden)"><i>Britannia</i></a> (in Latin), London: G. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+St.+Pauls+Cathedral+in+London%2C+from+Its+Foundation+Untill+%5Bsic%5D+These+Times%3A+Extracted+Out+of+Originall+Charters%2C+Records%2C+Leiger+Books%2C+and+Other+Manuscript%2C+Beautified+with+Sundry+Prospects+of+the+Church%2C+Figures+of+Tombes+and+Monuments&rft.pub=Tho.+Warren&rft.date=1658&rft.aulast=Dugdale&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D92ZZAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3D133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunton1896" class="citation cs2">Dunton, Larkin (1896), <i>The World and Its People</i>, Silver, Burdett, pp. 25–26</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+and+Its+People&rft.pages=25-26&rft.pub=Silver%2C+Burdett&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Dunton&rft.aufirst=Larkin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher1962" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Banister_Fletcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Banister Fletcher">Fletcher, Banister</a> (1962), <i>A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method (seventeenth edition)</i>, Athlone Press, University of London</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Architecture+on+the+Comparative+Method+%28seventeenth+edition%29&rft.pub=Athlone+Press%2C+University+of+London&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Banister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeffen2014" class="citation cs2">Geffen, Anthony (producer) (8 July 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190617072252/http://www.pbs.org/program/time-scanners/">"Time Scanners: St. Paul's Cathedral"</a>, <i>Scanners</i>, Atlantic Productions, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/program/time-scanners/">the original</a> on 17 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Time+Scanners%3A+St.+Paul%27s+Cathedral&rft.btitle=Scanners&rft.pub=Atlantic+Productions&rft.date=2014-07-08&rft.aulast=Geffen&rft.aufirst=Anthony+%28producer%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fprogram%2Ftime-scanners%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart1995" class="citation book cs1">Hart, Vaughan (1995). <i>St Paul's Cathedral : Sir Christopher Wren</i>. Architecture in Detail. London: Phaidon Press. pp. 17–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-2998-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-2998-2"><bdi>978-0-7148-2998-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32695383">32695383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St+Paul%27s+Cathedral+%3A+Sir+Christopher+Wren&rft.place=London&rft.series=Architecture+in+Detail&rft.pages=17-23&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32695383&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-2998-2&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Vaughan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2002" class="citation cs2">Hart, Vaughan (2002), <i>Nicholas Hawksmoor: Rebuilding Ancient Wonders</i>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09699-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09699-6"><bdi>978-0-300-09699-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nicholas+Hawksmoor%3A+Rebuilding+Ancient+Wonders&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09699-6&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Vaughan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardnerKleinerMamiya2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Gardner_(art_historian)" title="Helen Gardner (art historian)">Gardner, Helen</a>; Kleiner, Fred S.; Mamiya, Christin J. (2004), <i>Gardner's Art through the Ages</i>, Thomson Wadsworth, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-505090-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-505090-7"><bdi>978-0-15-505090-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardner%27s+Art+through+the+Ages&rft.pub=Thomson+Wadsworth&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-15-505090-7&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft.au=Kleiner%2C+Fred+S.&rft.au=Mamiya%2C+Christin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarmonsway1953" class="citation book cs1">Garmonsway, George Norman (1953). <a href="/wiki/The_Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle"><i>The Anglo-Saxon chronicle</i></a>. 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(1988), <i>Harris's Guide to Churches and Cathedrals</i>, Ebury Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-191251-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-191251-2"><bdi>978-0-09-191251-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harris%27s+Guide+to+Churches+and+Cathedrals&rft.pub=Ebury+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-09-191251-2&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Brian+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeneBurnSaint2004" class="citation cs2">Keene, Derek; Burn, R. Arthur; Saint, Andrew, eds. (2004), <i>St Paul's: The Cathedral Church of London 604–2004</i>, Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09276-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09276-9"><bdi>978-0-300-09276-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St+Paul%27s%3A+The+Cathedral+Church+of+London+604%E2%80%932004&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09276-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2004" class="citation cs2">Kelly, S.E., ed. 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(14 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8QcABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA114"><i>The Reformation of Cathedrals: Cathedrals in English Society</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5980-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5980-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-5980-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230729061008/https://books.google.com/books?id=8QcABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA114">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford: University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199571765.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571765.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957176-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957176-5"><bdi>978-0-19-957176-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230729061513/https://books.google.com/books?id=j7smutvuRcYC&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Butt, Riazat (27 October 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/oct/23/st-pauls-occupy-london-protest">"St Paul's may seek injunction to move Occupy London activists"</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, London, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111174355/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/oct/23/st-pauls-occupy-london-protest">archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=St+Paul%27s+may+seek+injunction+to+move+Occupy+London+activists&rft.date=2011-10-27&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Butt%2C+Riazat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2011%2Foct%2F23%2Fst-pauls-occupy-london-protest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2011" class="citation cs2">Walker, Peter (31 October 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/oct/31/dean-st-pauls-resigns-occupy">"Dean of St Paul's Cathedral resigns over Occupy London protest row"</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024201/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/oct/31/dean-st-pauls-resigns-occupy">archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Dean+of+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral+resigns+over+Occupy+London+protest+row&rft.date=2011-10-31&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2011%2Foct%2F31%2Fdean-st-pauls-resigns-occupy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2011" class="citation cs2">Ward, Victoria (28 October 2011), <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/8854164/Giles-Fraser-resigns-as-St-Pauls-prepares-to-take-legal-action-against-protesters.html">"Giles Fraser resignation: 'I couldn't face Dale Farm on the steps of St Paul's'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>, <i>Daily Telegraph</i>, London, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/8854164/Giles-Fraser-resigns-as-St-Pauls-prepares-to-take-legal-action-against-protesters.html">archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Giles+Fraser+resignation%3A+%27I+couldn%27t+face+Dale+Farm+on+the+steps+of+St+Paul%27s%27&rft.date=2011-10-28&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Freligion%2F8854164%2FGiles-Fraser-resigns-as-St-Pauls-prepares-to-take-legal-action-against-protesters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbertWeinrebKeayKeay2011" class="citation book cs1">Hibbert, Christopher; 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Pan Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-73878-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-73878-2"><bdi>978-0-230-73878-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230729061514/https://books.google.com/books?id=xa0D0PqiwfEC&pg=PA778">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+London+Encyclopaedia&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Pan+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-230-73878-2&rft.aulast=Hibbert&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Weinreb%2C+Ben&rft.au=Keay%2C+John&rft.au=Keay%2C+Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxa0D0PqiwfEC%26pg%3DPA778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1693" class="citation cs2">Wright, James (1693), <i>The Choire</i>, London</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Choire&rft.place=London&rft.date=1693&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Atkinson, Frank (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stpaulscity0000atki/page/n1/mode/2up"><i>St Paul's and the City</i></a></span>. London: Park Lane Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-2629-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-2629-2"><bdi>978-0-7181-2629-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St+Paul%27s+and+the+City&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Park+Lane+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7181-2629-2&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstpaulscity0000atki%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Burman, Peter (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stpaulscathedral0000burm/page/n3/mode/2up"><i>St. Paul's Cathedral</i></a></span>. Bell & Hyman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7135-2617-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7135-2617-2"><bdi>978-0-7135-2617-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Paul%27s+Cathedral&rft.pub=Bell+%26+Hyman&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-7135-2617-2&rft.aulast=Burman&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstpaulscathedral0000burm%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Clifton-Taylor, Alec (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bwb_KL-466-795/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The Cathedrals of England</i></a></span>. Thames and Hudson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cathedrals+of+England&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Clifton-Taylor&rft.aufirst=Alec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbwb_KL-466-795%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Harvey (historian)">Harvey, John</a> (1961). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishcathedral0000john/page/n3/mode/2up"><i>English Cathedrals</i></a></span>. Batsford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Cathedrals&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishcathedral0000john%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:St._Paul%27s_Cathedral" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:St. Paul's Cathedral">St. Paul's Cathedral</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hibberts.co.uk/collect2/grtpaul.htm">The Sound of Bells—Great Paul</a> from William Hibbert (self-published)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/st-paul-s-cathedral">St. Paul's Cathedral</a> from <a href="/wiki/Google_Arts_and_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Arts and Culture">Google Arts and Culture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/gallery_st_pauls.shtml">Wren's various designs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.asp?pubid=331">The 'Registrum Statutorum..' of St Paul's</a>—Collected charters and other documents from the earliest years until the nineteenth century. Published by the cathedral in 1873, Latin and English.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://london.lovesguide.com/paul_cathedral.htm">Bells of St Paul's</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060707191257/http://london.lovesguide.com/paul_cathedral.htm">Archived</a> 7 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070302114347/http://www.ofchoristers.net/Chapters/StPauls.htm">A history of the choristers of St Paul's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061019234350/http://www.shipoffools.com/Mystery/mws_05/reports/1076.html">Mystery Worshipper Report</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Ship_of_Fools_(website)" title="Ship of Fools (website)">Ship of Fools website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ianmcgrawphotos.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/st_pauls_wedding_london_ianmcgrawphotos_2010_146.jpg">The Chapel of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire—OBE Chapel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historystreets.com/search.php?page=1&numperpage=24&idx=0&keywords=pauls/">St Paul's lithographs c. 1647–1817</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/reel/video/p0jnkzzy/the-giant-350-year-old-model-of-st-paul-s-cathedral">The giant 350-year-old model of St Paul's Cathedral</a>—Short <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> video on the Saint Paul's Cathedral model built by Christopher Wren</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wulman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wulman (page does not exist)">Wulman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranulf_Flambard" title="Ranulf Flambard">Ranulf Flambard</a> <i>(disputed)</i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_de_Mareni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William de Mareni (page does not exist)">William de Mareni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_de_Langford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph de Langford (page does not exist)">Ralph de Langford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_de_Mareni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh de Mareni (page does not exist)">Hugh de Mareni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_de_Diceto" title="Ralph de Diceto">Ralph de Diceto</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alard_de_Burnham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alard de Burnham (page does not exist)">Alard de Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gervase_de_Howbridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gervase de Howbridge (page does not exist)">Gervase de Howbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_de_Watford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert de Watford (page does not exist)">Robert de Watford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_de_Pattishall" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin de Pattishall">Martin de Pattishall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_de_Lucy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoffrey de Lucy (page does not exist)">Geoffrey de Lucy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Sainte-M%C3%A8re-%C3%89glise" title="William of Sainte-Mère-Église">William of Sainte-Mère-Église</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Cornhill_(priest)" title="Henry de Cornhill (priest)">Henry de Cornhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Saleron" title="Walter de Saleron">Walter de Saleron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_de_Barton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert de Barton (page does not exist)">Robert de Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_de_Newport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter de Newport (page does not exist)">Peter de Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Talbot_(bishop_of_London)" title="Richard Talbot (bishop of London)">Richard Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Ebulo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Ebulo (page does not exist)">John de Ebulo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_de_Fering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoffrey de Fering (page does not exist)">Geoffrey de Fering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chishull" title="John Chishull">John Chishull</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hervey_de_Boreham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hervey de Boreham (page does not exist)">Hervey de Boreham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ingoldsthorpe" title="Thomas Ingoldsthorpe">Thomas Ingoldsthorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_de_La_Legh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger de La Legh (page does not exist)">Roger de La Legh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Montfort" title="William de Montfort">William de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Baldock" title="Ralph Baldock">Ralph Baldock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnald_Frangerius_de_Cantilupo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnald Frangerius de Cantilupo (page does not exist)">Arnald Frangerius de Cantilupo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sandale" title="John Sandale">John Sandale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Newport_(bishop)" title="Richard Newport (bishop)">Richard Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Northburgh" title="Roger Northburgh">Roger Northburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitalis_de_Testa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitalis de Testa (page does not exist)">Vitalis de Testa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Everdon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Everdon (page does not exist)">John de Everdon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_de_Bruera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilbert de Bruera (page does not exist)">Gilbert de Bruera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_de_Kilvington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard de Kilvington (page does not exist)">Richard de Kilvington</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_de_Alderbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter de Alderbury (page does not exist)">Walter de Alderbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Trilleck" title="Thomas Trilleck">Thomas Trilleck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Appleby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Appleby (page does not exist)">John de Appleby</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_de_Eure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas de Eure (page does not exist)">Thomas de Eure</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Stowe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Stowe (page does not exist)">Thomas Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_More_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas More (priest) (page does not exist)">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Kentwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reginald Kentwood (page does not exist)">Reginald Kentwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lisieux" title="Thomas Lisieux">Thomas Lisieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Booth" title="Lawrence Booth">Lawrence Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Say_(priest)" title="William Say (priest)">William Say</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Radclyffe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Radclyffe (page does not exist)">Roger Radclyffe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wynterbourne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Wynterbourne (page does not exist)">Thomas Wynterbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Worsley_(priest)" title="William Worsley (priest)">William Worsley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sherborne" title="Robert Sherborne">Robert Sherborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Colet" title="John Colet">John Colet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pace" title="Richard Pace">Richard Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sampson" title="Richard Sampson">Richard Sampson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Incent" title="John Incent">John Incent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_May_(theologian)" title="William May (theologian)">William May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Feckenham" title="John Feckenham">John Feckenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cole_(priest)" title="Henry Cole (priest)">Henry Cole</a></li> <li>William May <i>(again)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nowell" title="Alexander Nowell">Alexander Nowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Overall_(bishop)" title="John Overall (bishop)">John Overall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine_Cary" title="Valentine Cary">Valentine Cary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Winniffe" title="Thomas Winniffe">Thomas Winniffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Steward" title="Richard Steward">Richard Steward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Nicholas" title="Matthew Nicholas">Matthew Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barwick" title="John Barwick">John Barwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sancroft" title="William Sancroft">William Sancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stillingfleet" title="Edward Stillingfleet">Edward Stillingfleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tillotson" title="John Tillotson">John Tillotson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sherlock" title="William Sherlock">William Sherlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Godolphin" title="Henry Godolphin">Henry Godolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hare_(bishop)" title="Francis Hare (bishop)">Francis Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Butler" title="Joseph Butler">Joseph Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Secker" title="Thomas Secker">Thomas Secker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hume_(bishop)" title="John Hume (bishop)">John Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cornwallis" title="Frederick Cornwallis">Frederick Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Newton" title="Thomas Newton">Thomas Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thurlow_(bishop)" title="Thomas Thurlow (bishop)">Thomas Thurlow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Pretyman_Tomline" title="George Pretyman Tomline">George Pretyman Tomline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Van_Mildert" title="William Van Mildert">William Van Mildert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_(bishop)" title="Charles Sumner (bishop)">Charles Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Copleston" title="Edward Copleston">Edward Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hart_Milman" title="Henry Hart Milman">Henry Hart Milman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Longueville_Mansel" title="Henry Longueville Mansel">Henry Longueville Mansel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_William_Church" title="Richard William Church">Richard William Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gregory_(priest)" title="Robert Gregory (priest)">Robert Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ralph_Inge" title="William Ralph Inge">William Ralph Inge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Matthews_(priest)" title="Walter Matthews (priest)">Walter Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Sullivan_(priest)" title="Martin Sullivan (priest)">Martin Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Webster_(priest)" title="Alan Webster (priest)">Alan Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Evans_(priest,_born_1928)" title="Eric Evans (priest, born 1928)">Eric Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moses_(priest)" title="John Moses (priest)">John Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeme_Knowles" title="Graeme Knowles">Graeme Knowles</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Colclough" title="Michael Colclough">Michael Colclough</a> (acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ison" title="David Ison">David Ison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Tremlett" title="Andrew Tremlett">Andrew Tremlett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_1896.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_1896.JPG/150px-St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_1896.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_1896.JPG/225px-St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_1896.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_1896.JPG/300px-St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_1896.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clergy<br />(current)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Gooder" title="Paula Gooder">Paula Gooder</a> (Canon Chancellor)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Milne_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Milne (priest) (page does not exist)">James Milne</a> (Canon Precentor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricia_Hillas" title="Tricia Hillas">Tricia Hillas</a> (Canon Pastor)</li> <li><i>Vacant</i> (Canon Treasurer)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosemary_Morton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosemary Morton (page does not exist)">Rosemary Morton</a> (Minor Canon Succentor)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_O%27Sullivan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helen O'Sullivan (page does not exist)">Helen O'Sullivan</a> (Priest Vicar Chaplain)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Weir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rachel Weir (page does not exist)">Rachel Weir</a> (Minor Canon)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Category:Burials at St Paul's Cathedral">Burials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_Canons_of_St_Paul%27s" title="Minor Canons of St Paul's">Minor Canons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Old St Paul's Cathedral">Old St Paul's Cathedral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul%27s_walk" title="Paul's walk">Paul's walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Faith_under_St_Paul%27s" title="St Faith under St Paul's">St Faith under St Paul's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cross" title="St Paul's Cross">St Paul's Cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Churchyard" title="St Paul's Churchyard">St Paul's Churchyard </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_School" title="St Paul's Cathedral School">St Paul's Cathedral School</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Survives" title="St Paul's Survives">St Paul's Survives</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_of_the_Fabric_of_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Surveyor of the Fabric of St Paul's Cathedral">Surveyor of the Fabric of St Paul's Cathedral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Category:St Paul's Cathedral">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:St._Paul%27s_Cathedral" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:St. Paul's Cathedral">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_London" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:London_history" title="Template:London history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:London_history" title="Template talk:London history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:London_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:London history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_London" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_London" title="History of London">History of London</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_London" title="Timeline of London">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_London" title="Anglo-Saxon London">Lundenwic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">City of Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_London" title="County of London">County of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_London" title="Timeline of London">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Roman London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_London" title="Anglo-Saxon London">Anglo-Saxon London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_and_Medieval_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman and Medieval London">Norman and Medieval London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_London" title="Tudor London">Tudor London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_London" title="Stuart London">Stuart London</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18th-century_London" title="18th-century London">18th-century London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th-century_London" title="19th-century London">19th-century London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_London_(1900%E2%80%931939)" title="History of London (1900–1939)">1900–1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_in_World_War_II" title="London in World War II">World War II</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_London#1945–2000" title="History of London">1945–2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_London#21st_century" title="History of London">21st century</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch" title="Coronation of the British monarch">Coronations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death_in_England" title="Black Death in England">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London" title="Great Plague of London">Great Plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1854_Broad_Street_cholera_outbreak" title="1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak">1854 cholera outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Stink" title="Great Stink">Great Stink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Exhibition">Great Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-British_Exhibition" title="Franco-British Exhibition">1908 Franco-British Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cable_Street" title="Battle of Cable Street">The Battle of Cable Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Britain" title="Festival of Britain">Festival of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Smog_of_London" title="Great Smog of London">Great Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII" title="Abdication of Edward VIII">Abdication of Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_Sixties" title="Swinging Sixties">Swinging London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Plan" title="London Plan">London Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_FIFA_World_Cup_final" title="1966 FIFA World Cup final">1966 FIFA World Cup final</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_and_Regent%27s_Park_bombings" title="Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings">Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_February_2003_anti-war_protests#London" title="15 February 2003 anti-war protests">Anti-war protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">7/7 bombings</a></li> <li>Olympic Games <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics" title="1908 Summer Olympics">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics" title="1948 Summer Olympics">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics" title="2012 Summer Paralympics">2012 Summer Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenfell_Tower_fire" title="Grenfell Tower fire">Grenfell Tower fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_London" title="COVID-19 pandemic in London">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_London" title="History of local government in London">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Historic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Board_of_Works" title="Metropolitan Board of Works">Metropolitan Board of Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_County_Council" title="London County Council">London County Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Council" title="Greater London Council">Greater London Council</a></li></ul></li> <li>Current <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority" title="Greater London Authority">Greater London Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Assembly" title="London Assembly">London Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_London" title="List of political parties in London">Political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="London Labour Party">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Conservatives" title="London Conservatives">Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Liberal_Democrats" title="London Liberal Democrats">Liberal Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Green_Party" title="London Green Party">London Green Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_independence" title="London independence">London independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_Street_Runners" title="Bow Street Runners">Bow Street Runners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Metropolitan_Police" title="History of the Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Ambulance_Service" title="London Ambulance Service">London Ambulance Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Fire_Brigade" title="London Fire Brigade">London Fire Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_London_Authority" title="Port of London Authority">Port of London Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_sewer_system" title="London sewer system">London sewer system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_London_Underground" title="History of the London Underground">London Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Metropolitan_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="London Metropolitan Archives">London Metropolitan Archives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">City of London Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London" title="Lord Mayor of London">Lord Mayor of the City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wards_of_the_City_of_London" title="Wards of the City of London">Wards of the City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildhall,_London" title="Guildhall, London">Guildhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livery_company" title="Livery company">Livery Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor%27s_Show" title="Lord Mayor's Show">Lord Mayor's Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Police" title="City of London Police">City of London Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St Paul's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Whitehall" title="Palace of Whitehall">Palace of Whitehall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall" title="Westminster Hall">Westminster Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge">London Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Bridge" title="Tower Bridge">Tower Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Great_Fire_of_London" title="Monument to the Great Fire of London">The Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_London" title="Fortifications of London">Fortifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monuments_in_Greater_London" title="Scheduled monuments in Greater London">Scheduled monuments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_London" title="Category:History of London">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cathedrals_of_the_Church_of_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-bottom: #BC50A5 5px solid; border-top: #BC50A5 5px solid;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cathedrals_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Template:Cathedrals of the Church of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cathedrals_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Template talk:Cathedrals of the Church of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cathedrals_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cathedrals of the Church of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cathedrals_of_the_Church_of_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_England" title="List of cathedrals in England">Cathedrals</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canterbury" title="Province of Canterbury">Province of<br />Canterbury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Philip%27s_Cathedral,_Birmingham" title="St Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Cathedral" title="Bristol Cathedral">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_Cathedral" title="Chelmsford Cathedral">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester_Cathedral" title="Chichester Cathedral">Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry_Cathedral" title="Coventry Cathedral">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby_Cathedral" title="Derby Cathedral">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ely_Cathedral" title="Ely Cathedral">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter_Cathedral" title="Exeter Cathedral">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Trinity,_Gibraltar" title="Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral" title="Gloucester Cathedral">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildford_Cathedral" title="Guildford Cathedral">Guildford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereford_Cathedral" title="Hereford Cathedral">Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester_Cathedral" title="Leicester Cathedral">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichfield_Cathedral" title="Lichfield Cathedral">Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_Cathedral" title="Norwich Cathedral">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Oxford" title="Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterborough_Cathedral" title="Peterborough Cathedral">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Cathedral" title="Portsmouth Cathedral">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Cathedral" title="Rochester Cathedral">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Cathedral" title="St Albans Cathedral">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Edmundsbury_Cathedral" title="St Edmundsbury Cathedral">St Edmundsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwark_Cathedral" title="Southwark Cathedral">Southwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truro_Cathedral" title="Truro Cathedral">Truro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester_Cathedral" title="Worcester Cathedral">Worcester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_York" title="Province of York">Province of<br />York</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Cathedral" title="Blackburn Cathedral">Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford_Cathedral" title="Bradford Cathedral">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Cathedral" title="Carlisle Cathedral">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Cathedral" title="Chester Cathedral">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Cathedral" title="Liverpool Cathedral">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Cathedral" title="Manchester Cathedral">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Cathedral" title="Newcastle Cathedral">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peel_Cathedral" title="Peel Cathedral">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Cathedral" title="Ripon Cathedral">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Cathedral" title="Sheffield Cathedral">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwell_Minster" title="Southwell Minster">Southwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefield_Cathedral" title="Wakefield Cathedral">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Churches_in_the_City_of_London" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Churches_in_the_City_of_London" title="Template:Churches in the City of London"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Churches_in_the_City_of_London" title="Template talk:Churches in the City of London"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Churches_in_the_City_of_London" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Churches in the City of London"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Churches_in_the_City_of_London" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_the_City_of_London" title="List of churches in the City of London">Churches in the City of London</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">extant<br />churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Church of England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Hallows-by-the-Tower" title="All Hallows-by-the-Tower">All Hallows-by-the-Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Hallows-on-the-Wall" title="All Hallows-on-the-Wall">All Hallows-on-the-Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe">St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s,_Holborn" class="mw-redirect" title="St Andrew's, Holborn">St Andrew, Holborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew_Undershaft" title="St Andrew Undershaft">St Andrew Undershaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Anne_and_St_Agnes" title="St Anne and St Agnes">St Anne and St Agnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Bartholomew-the-Great" title="St Bartholomew-the-Great">St Bartholomew-the-Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Bartholomew-the-Less" title="St Bartholomew-the-Less">St Bartholomew-the-Less</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Benet%27s,_Paul%27s_Wharf" title="St Benet's, Paul's Wharf">St Benet, Paul's Wharf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Botolph%27s_Aldersgate" class="mw-redirect" title="St Botolph's Aldersgate">St Botolph, Aldersgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Botolph%27s_Aldgate" title="St Botolph's Aldgate">St Botolph, Aldgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Botolph-without-Bishopsgate" title="St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate">St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Bride%27s_Church" title="St Bride's Church">St Bride, Fleet Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Clement_Eastcheap" class="mw-redirect" title="St Clement Eastcheap">St Clement, Eastcheap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Dunstan-in-the-West" title="St Dunstan-in-the-West">St Dunstan-in-the-West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Edmund,_King_and_Martyr" title="St Edmund, King and Martyr">St Edmund, King and Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Ethelburga%27s_Bishopsgate" title="St Ethelburga's Bishopsgate">St Ethelburga, Bishopsgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Giles-without-Cripplegate" title="St Giles-without-Cripplegate">St Giles, Cripplegate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Helen%27s_Bishopsgate" class="mw-redirect" title="St Helen's Bishopsgate">St Helen, Bishopsgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James_Garlickhythe" title="St James Garlickhythe">St James, Garlickhythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Katharine_Cree" title="St Katharine Cree">St Katharine Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Lawrence_Jewry" title="St Lawrence Jewry">St Lawrence Jewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Magnus-the-Martyr" class="mw-redirect" title="St Magnus-the-Martyr">St Magnus the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Margaret_Lothbury" title="St Margaret Lothbury">St Margaret Lothbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Margaret_Pattens" title="St Margaret Pattens">St Margaret Pattens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martin,_Ludgate" title="St Martin, Ludgate">St Martin, Ludgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Abchurch" title="St Mary Abchurch">St Mary Abchurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Aldermary" title="St Mary Aldermary">St Mary Aldermary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Woolnoth" title="St Mary Woolnoth">St Mary Woolnoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary-at-Hill" title="St Mary-at-Hill">St Mary-at-Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary-le-Bow" title="St Mary-le-Bow">St Mary-le-Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Michael,_Cornhill" title="St Michael, Cornhill">St Michael, Cornhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Michael_Paternoster_Royal" title="St Michael Paternoster Royal">St Michael, Paternoster Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nicholas_Cole_Abbey" title="St Nicholas Cole Abbey">St Nicholas, Cole Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Olave%27s_Church,_Hart_Street" title="St Olave's Church, Hart Street">St Olave, Hart Street</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St Paul's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter_upon_Cornhill" title="St Peter upon Cornhill">St Peter upon Cornhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Sepulchre-without-Newgate" title="St Sepulchre-without-Newgate">St Sepulchre-without-Newgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Stephen_Walbrook" title="St Stephen Walbrook">St Stephen Walbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Vedast_Foster_Lane" title="St Vedast Foster Lane">St Vedast alias Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Church" title="Temple Church">Temple Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other denominations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_Temple,_London" title="City Temple, London">City Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Church,_Austin_Friars" title="Dutch Church, Austin Friars">Dutch Church, Austin Friars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewin_Welsh_Presbyterian_Chapel" title="Jewin Welsh Presbyterian Chapel">Jewin Welsh Presbyterian Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Moorfields" title="St Mary Moorfields">St Mary Moorfields</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">churches of<br />which only the<br />tower remains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Hallows_Staining" title="All Hallows Staining">All Hallows Staining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Greyfriars" title="Christ Church Greyfriars">Christ Church, Greyfriars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Alban,_Wood_Street" title="St Alban, Wood Street">St Alban, Wood Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Alphage_London_Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="St Alphage London Wall">St Alphage London Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Augustine_Watling_Street" title="St Augustine Watling Street">St Augustine, Watling Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Dunstan-in-the-East" title="St Dunstan-in-the-East">St Dunstan-in-the-East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martin_Orgar" title="St Martin Orgar">St Martin Orgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Somerset" title="St Mary Somerset">St Mary Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Olave%27s_Church,_Old_Jewry" title="St Olave's Church, Old Jewry">St Olave, Old Jewry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">churches<br />rebuilt after<br />the Great Fire<br />but since<br />demolished</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Hallows,_Bread_Street" title="All Hallows, Bread Street">All Hallows Bread Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Hallows_Lombard_Street" title="All Hallows Lombard Street">All Hallows Lombard Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Hallows-the-Great" title="All-Hallows-the-Great">All-Hallows-the-Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Antholin,_Budge_Row" title="St Antholin, Budge Row">St Antholin, Budge Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Bartholomew-by-the-Exchange" title="St Bartholomew-by-the-Exchange">St Bartholomew-by-the-Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Benet_Fink" title="St Benet Fink">St Benet Fink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Benet_Gracechurch" title="St Benet Gracechurch">St Benet Gracechurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Christopher_le_Stocks" title="St Christopher le Stocks">St Christopher le Stocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Dionis_Backchurch" title="St Dionis Backchurch">St Dionis Backchurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_George_Botolph_Lane" title="St George Botolph Lane">St George Botolph Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Katherine_Coleman" title="St Katherine Coleman">St Katherine Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Aldermanbury" title="St Mary Aldermanbury">St Mary Aldermanbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Magdalen_Old_Fish_Street" title="St Mary Magdalen Old Fish Street">St Mary Magdalen, Old Fish Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Friday_Street" title="St Matthew Friday Street">St Matthew Friday Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Michael_Bassishaw" title="St Michael Bassishaw">St Michael Bassishaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael,_Crooked_Lane" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michael, Crooked Lane">St Michael, Crooked Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Michael_Queenhithe" title="St Michael Queenhithe">St Michael Queenhithe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Michael_Wood_Street" title="St Michael Wood Street">St Michael Wood Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mildred,_Bread_Street" title="St Mildred, Bread Street">St Mildred, Bread Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mildred,_Poultry" title="St Mildred, Poultry">St Mildred, Poultry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Stephen_Coleman_Street" title="St Stephen Coleman Street">St Stephen Coleman Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Swithin,_London_Stone" title="St Swithin, London Stone">St Swithin, London Stone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">churches<br />destroyed in<br />the Great Fire<br />and not<br />rebuilt</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Hallows_Honey_Lane" title="All Hallows Honey Lane">All Hallows Honey Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Hallows-the-Less" title="All-Hallows-the-Less">All-Hallows-the-Less</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_the_Less" title="Holy Trinity the Less">Holy Trinity the Less</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew_Hubbard" title="St Andrew Hubbard">St Andrew Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Ann_Blackfriars" title="St Ann Blackfriars">St Ann Blackfriars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Benet_Sherehog" title="St Benet Sherehog">St Benet Sherehog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Botolph_Billingsgate" title="St Botolph Billingsgate">St Botolph Billingsgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Faith_under_St_Paul%27s" title="St Faith under St Paul's">St Faith under St Paul's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Gabriel_Fenchurch" title="St Gabriel Fenchurch">St Gabriel Fenchurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Gregory_by_St_Paul%27s" title="St Gregory by St Paul's">St Gregory by St Paul's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist_upon_Walbrook" title="St John the Baptist upon Walbrook">St John the Baptist upon Walbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John_the_Evangelist_Friday_Street" title="St John the Evangelist Friday Street">St John the Evangelist Friday Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John_Zachary" title="St John Zachary">St John Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Laurence_Pountney" title="St Laurence Pountney">St Laurence Pountney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Leonard,_Eastcheap" title="St Leonard, Eastcheap">St Leonard, Eastcheap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Leonard,_Foster_Lane" title="St Leonard, Foster Lane">St Leonard, Foster Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Margaret_Moses" title="St Margaret Moses">St Margaret Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Margaret,_New_Fish_Street" title="St Margaret, New Fish Street">St Margaret, New Fish Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martin_Pomary" title="St Martin Pomary">St Martin Pomary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martin_Vintry" title="St Martin Vintry">St Martin Vintry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Bothaw" title="St Mary Bothaw">St Mary Bothaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Colechurch" title="St Mary Colechurch">St Mary Colechurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary_Magdalen,_Milk_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary Magdalen, Milk Street">St Mary Magdalen Milk Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Mounthaw" title="St Mary Mounthaw">St Mary Mounthaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Staining" title="St Mary Staining">St Mary Staining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Woolchurch_Haw" title="St Mary Woolchurch Haw">St Mary Woolchurch Haw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Michael-le-Querne" title="St Michael-le-Querne">St Michael-le-Querne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nicholas_Acons" title="St Nicholas Acons">St Nicholas Acons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nicholas_Olave" title="St Nicholas Olave">St Nicholas Olave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Olave%27s_Church,_Silver_Street" title="St Olave's Church, Silver Street">St Olave, Silver Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Pancras,_Soper_Lane" title="St Pancras, Soper Lane">St Pancras, Soper Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter,_Paul%27s_Wharf" title="St Peter, Paul's Wharf">St Peter, Paul's Wharf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter,_Westcheap" title="St Peter, Westcheap">St Peter, Westcheap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Thomas_the_Apostle_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="St Thomas the Apostle (London)">St Thomas the Apostle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other former<br />churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Minor_Canons" class="mw-redirect" title="College of Minor Canons">College of Minor Canons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Gough_Square" title="Holy Trinity Gough Square">Holy Trinity Gough Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Priory,_Aldgate" title="Holy Trinity Priory, Aldgate">Holy Trinity Priory, Aldgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_of_St_Thomas_of_Acre" title="Hospital of St Thomas of Acre">Hospital of St Thomas of Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Old St Paul's Cathedral">Old St Paul's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Audoen_within_Newgate" title="St Audoen within Newgate">St Audoen within Newgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Augustine_Papey" title="St Augustine Papey">St Augustine Papey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James_Duke%27s_Place" title="St James Duke's Place">St James Duke's Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martin_Outwich" title="St Martin Outwich">St Martin Outwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary_Axe" title="Church of St Mary Axe">St Mary Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nicholas_Shambles" title="St Nicholas Shambles">St Nicholas Shambles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter_le_Poer" title="St Peter le Poer">St Peter le Poer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="London_landmarks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:London_landmarks" title="Template:London landmarks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:London_landmarks" title="Template talk:London landmarks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:London_landmarks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:London landmarks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="London_landmarks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> landmarks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_London" title="Category:Buildings and structures in London">Buildings and<br />structures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Bridges_in_London" title="Category:Bridges in London">Bridges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bridge,_London" title="Albert Bridge, London">Albert Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battersea_Bridge" title="Battersea Bridge">Battersea Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_Bridge" title="Blackfriars Bridge">Blackfriars Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Bridge" title="Chelsea Bridge">Chelsea Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_Bridge" title="Hammersmith Bridge">Hammersmith Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungerford_Bridge_and_Golden_Jubilee_Bridges" title="Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges">Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Bridge" title="Lambeth Bridge">Lambeth Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge">London Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Bridge,_London" title="Millennium Bridge, London">Millennium Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putney_Bridge" title="Putney Bridge">Putney Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Bridge,_London" title="Richmond Bridge, London">Richmond Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwark_Bridge" title="Southwark Bridge">Southwark Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Bridge" title="Tower Bridge">Tower Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Bridge" title="Vauxhall Bridge">Vauxhall Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Bridge" title="Waterloo Bridge">Waterloo Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Bridge" title="Westminster Bridge">Westminster Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Entertainment_venues_in_London" title="Category:Entertainment venues in London">Entertainment<br />venues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cinemas_in_London" title="Category:Cinemas in London">Cinemas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BFI_IMAX" title="BFI IMAX">BFI IMAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire,_Leicester_Square" title="Empire, Leicester Square">Empire, Leicester Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odeon_Luxe_Leicester_Square" title="Odeon Luxe Leicester Square">Odeon Luxe Leicester Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Football stadia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wembley_Stadium" title="Wembley Stadium">Wembley Stadium</a> (national stadium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brentford_Community_Stadium" title="Brentford Community Stadium">Brentford Community Stadium</a> (Brentford)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brisbane_Road" title="Brisbane Road">Brisbane Road</a> (Leyton Orient)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craven_Cottage" title="Craven Cottage">Craven Cottage</a> (Fulham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Den" title="The Den">The Den</a> (Millwall)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Stadium" title="Emirates Stadium">Emirates Stadium</a> (Arsenal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loftus_Road" title="Loftus Road">Loftus Road</a> (Queens Park Rangers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Stadium" title="London Stadium">London Stadium</a> (West Ham United)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plough_Lane" title="Plough Lane">Plough Lane</a> (AFC Wimbledon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selhurst_Park" title="Selhurst Park">Selhurst Park</a> (Crystal Palace)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamford_Bridge_(stadium)" title="Stamford Bridge (stadium)">Stamford Bridge</a> (Chelsea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Valley_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Valley (London)">The Valley</a> (Charlton Athletic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_Stadium" title="Tottenham Hotspur Stadium">Tottenham Hotspur Stadium</a> (Tottenham Hotspur)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sports_venues_in_London" title="Category:Sports venues in London">Other major<br />sports venues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_England_Lawn_Tennis_and_Croquet_Club" title="All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club">All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Championship_Course" title="The Championship Course">The Championship Course</a> (rowing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Palace_National_Sports_Centre" title="Crystal Palace National Sports Centre">Crystal Palace National Sports Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s" title="Lord's">Lord's</a> (cricket)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Olympic_Park" title="Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park">Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oval" title="The Oval">The Oval</a> (cricket)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium" title="Twickenham Stadium">Twickenham Stadium</a> (rugby)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theatres_in_London" title="Template:Theatres in London">Theatres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelphi_Theatre" title="Adelphi Theatre">Adelphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Victoria_Theatre" title="Apollo Victoria Theatre">Apollo Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Coliseum" title="London Coliseum">Coliseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criterion_Theatre" title="Criterion Theatre">Criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Theatre" title="Dominion Theatre">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre,_London" title="Lyceum Theatre, London">Lyceum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Vic" title="The Old Vic">Old Vic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Palladium" title="London Palladium">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre" title="Royal National Theatre">Royal National Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Royal Opera House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Globe" title="Shakespeare's Globe">Shakespeare's Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" title="Theatre Royal, Drury Lane">Theatre Royal, Drury Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal_Haymarket" title="Theatre Royal Haymarket">Theatre Royal Haymarket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaudeville_Theatre" title="Vaudeville Theatre">Vaudeville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Palace" title="Alexandra Palace">Alexandra Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brixton_Academy" title="Brixton Academy">Brixton Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExCeL_London" title="ExCeL London">ExCeL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_Apollo" title="Hammersmith Apollo">Hammersmith Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_O2_Arena" title="The O2 Arena">The O2 Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Festival_Hall" title="Royal Festival Hall">Royal Festival Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wembley_Arena" title="Wembley Arena">Wembley Arena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Arch" title="Admiralty Arch">Admiralty Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_London_(Southwark)" title="City Hall, London (Southwark)">City Hall (Southwark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_London_(Newham)" title="City Hall, London (Newham)">City Hall (Newham)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Hall,_London" title="County Hall, London">County Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildhall,_London" title="Guildhall, London">Guildhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_Guards_(building)" title="Horse Guards (building)">Horse Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansion_House,_London" title="Mansion House, London">Mansion House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bailey" title="Old Bailey">Old Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Courts_of_Justice" title="Royal Courts of Justice">Royal Courts of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_Yard" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIS_Building" title="SIS Building">SIS Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_House" title="Thames House">Thames House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Museums_in_London" title="Category:Museums in London">Museums</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Art_museums_and_galleries_in_London" title="Category:Art museums and galleries in London">galleries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_War_Rooms" title="Churchill War Rooms">Churchill War Rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtauld_Gallery" title="Courtauld Gallery">Courtauld Gallery</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cutty_Sark" title="Cutty Sark">Cutty Sark</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Hinde_(1973)" title="Golden Hinde (1973)"><i>Golden Hinde</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildhall_Art_Gallery" title="Guildhall Art Gallery">Guildhall Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Belfast" title="HMS Belfast">HMS <i>Belfast</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Tussauds" title="Madame Tussauds">Madame Tussauds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_London" title="Museum of London">Museum of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum" title="National Maritime Museum">National Maritime Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts">Royal Academy of Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Observatory,_Greenwich" title="Royal Observatory, Greenwich">Royal Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Museum,_London" title="Science Museum, London">Science Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_Modern" title="Tate Modern">Tate Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Collection" title="Wallace Collection">Wallace Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_V%26A" title="Young V&A">Young V&A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_buildings_and_structures_in_London" title="Category:Religious buildings and structures in London">Places of worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Hallows-by-the-Tower" title="All Hallows-by-the-Tower">All Hallows-by-the-Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAPS_Shri_Swaminarayan_Mandir_London" title="BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London">BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevis_Marks_Synagogue" title="Bevis Marks Synagogue">Bevis Marks Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Central_Hall,_Westminster" title="Methodist Central Hall, Westminster">Methodist Central Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Central_Mosque" title="London Central Mosque">Regent's Park Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Clement_Danes" title="St Clement Danes">St Clement Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s,_Westminster" title="St Margaret's, Westminster">St Margaret's, Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martin-in-the-Fields" title="St Martin-in-the-Fields">St Martin-in-the-Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary-le-Bow" title="St Mary-le-Bow">St Mary-le-Bow</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St Paul's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwark_Cathedral" title="Southwark Cathedral">Southwark Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Cathedral" title="Westminster Cathedral">Westminster Cathedral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Retailing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Shops_in_London" title="Category:Shops in London">Shops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortnum_%26_Mason" title="Fortnum & Mason">Fortnum & Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamleys" title="Hamleys">Hamleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrods" title="Harrods">Harrods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Nichols" title="Harvey Nichols">Harvey Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatchards" title="Hatchards">Hatchards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(department_store)" title="Liberty (department store)">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jones_(department_store)" title="Peter Jones (department store)">Peter Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfridges,_Oxford_Street" title="Selfridges, Oxford Street">Selfridges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Shopping_centres_in_London" title="Category:Shopping centres in London">Shopping centres</a><br />and markets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_Market" title="Borough Market">Borough Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Cross_Shopping_Centre" title="Brent Cross Shopping Centre">Brent Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington_Arcade" title="Burlington Arcade">Burlington Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camden_Market" title="Camden Market">Camden Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Arcade" title="Kensington Arcade">Kensington Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadenhall_Market" title="Leadenhall Market">Leadenhall Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_New_Change" title="One New Change">One New Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petticoat_Lane_Market" title="Petticoat Lane Market">Petticoat Lane Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_London" title="Royal Exchange, London">Royal Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield_London" title="Westfield London">Westfield London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield_Stratford_City" title="Westfield Stratford City">Westfield Stratford City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Royal_buildings_in_London" title="Category:Royal buildings in London">Royal buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Partly occupied by<br />the royal family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_House" title="Clarence House">Clarence House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Palace" title="Kensington Palace">Kensington Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Unoccupied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banqueting_House,_Whitehall" class="mw-redirect" title="Banqueting House, Whitehall">Banqueting House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace" title="Hampton Court Palace">Hampton Court Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Palace" title="Kew Palace">Kew Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Gallery">The Queen's Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mews" title="Royal Mews">Royal Mews, Buckingham Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Skyscrapers_in_London" title="Category:Skyscrapers in London">Skyscrapers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Canada_Square" title="One Canada Square">One Canada Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Churchill_Place" title="One Churchill Place">One Churchill Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_Canada_Square" title="8 Canada Square">8 Canada Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_Fenchurch_Street" title="20 Fenchurch Street">20 Fenchurch Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/122_Leadenhall_Street" title="122 Leadenhall Street">122 Leadenhall Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadgate_Tower" title="Broadgate Tower">Broadgate Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citigroup_Centre_(London)" title="Citigroup Centre (London)">Citigroup Centre (London)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gherkin" title="The Gherkin">The Gherkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heron_Tower" title="Heron Tower">Heron Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shard" title="The Shard">The Shard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_George_Wharf_Tower" title="St George Wharf Tower">St George Wharf Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_42" title="Tower 42">Tower 42</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Memorial" title="Albert Memorial">Albert Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArcelorMittal_Orbit" title="ArcelorMittal Orbit">ArcelorMittal Orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cenotaph" title="The Cenotaph">The Cenotaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra%27s_Needle,_London" title="Cleopatra's Needle, London">Cleopatra's Needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Palace_transmitting_station" title="Crystal Palace transmitting station">Crystal Palace transmitting station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Eye" title="London Eye">London Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Wall" title="London Wall">London Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Arch" title="Marble Arch">Marble Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Great_Fire_of_London" title="Monument to the Great Fire of London">Monument to the Great Fire of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Column" title="Nelson's Column">Nelson's Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaftesbury_Memorial_Fountain" title="Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain">Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain ("Eros")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_Barrier" title="Thames Barrier">Thames Barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Arch" title="Wellington Arch">Wellington Arch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_City_Airport" title="London City Airport">City Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_station" title="Blackfriars station">Blackfriars station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannon_Street_station" title="Cannon Street station">Cannon Street station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charing_Cross_railway_station" title="Charing Cross railway station">Charing Cross station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapham_Junction_railway_station" title="Clapham Junction railway station">Clapham Junction station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euston_railway_station" title="Euston railway station">Euston station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenchurch_Street_railway_station" title="Fenchurch Street railway station">Fenchurch Street station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station" title="London King's Cross railway station">King's Cross station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Street_station" title="Liverpool Street station">Liverpool Street station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Bridge_station" title="London Bridge station">London Bridge station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Paddington_station" title="London Paddington station">Paddington station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station" title="St Pancras railway station">St Pancras station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford_station" title="Stratford station">Stratford station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Victoria_station" title="London Victoria station">Victoria station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Waterloo_station" title="London Waterloo station">Waterloo station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Cable_Car" class="mw-redirect" title="London Cable Car">London Cable Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Coach_Station" title="Victoria Coach Station">Victoria Coach Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbican_Estate" title="Barbican Estate">Barbican Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battersea_Power_Station" title="Battersea Power Station">Battersea Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BT_Tower" title="BT Tower">BT Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Kew Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Palace" title="Lambeth Palace">Lambeth Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_building" title="Lloyd's building">Lloyd's building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Zoo" title="London Zoo">London Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxo_Tower" title="Oxo Tower">Oxo Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithfield_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithfield Market">Smithfield Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_House" title="Somerset House">Somerset House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Bartholomew%27s_Hospital" title="St Bartholomew's Hospital">St Bartholomew's Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Parks_and_open_spaces_in_London" title="Parks and open spaces in London">Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Parks_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Parks of London">Royal Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushy_Park" title="Bushy Park">Bushy Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Park" title="Green Park">Green Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Park" title="Greenwich Park">Greenwich Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Park" title="Hampton Court Park">Hampton Court Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Gardens" title="Kensington Gardens">Kensington Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_Park" title="Regent's Park">Regent's Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Park" title="Richmond Park">Richmond Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Park" title="St James's Park">St James's Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battersea_Park" title="Battersea Park">Battersea Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgess_Park" title="Burgess Park">Burgess Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapham_Common" title="Clapham Common">Clapham Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Green,_London" title="College Green, London">College Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest" title="Epping Forest">Epping Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finsbury_Park" title="Finsbury Park">Finsbury Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnersbury_Park" title="Gunnersbury Park">Gunnersbury Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Heath" title="Hampstead Heath">Hampstead Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland_Park" title="Holland Park">Holland Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens" title="Kew Gardens">Kew Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitcham_Common" title="Mitcham Common">Mitcham Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osterley_Park" title="Osterley Park">Osterley Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Park" title="Trent Park">Trent Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Park,_London" title="Victoria Park, London">Victoria Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandsworth_Common" title="Wandsworth Common">Wandsworth Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_Common" title="Wimbledon Common">Wimbledon Common</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Squares_in_London" title="Squares in London">Squares</a> and<br />public spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covent_Garden" title="Covent Garden">Covent Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_Guards_Parade" title="Horse Guards Parade">Horse Guards Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester_Square" title="Leicester Square">Leicester Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_Square" title="Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccadilly_Circus" title="Piccadilly Circus">Piccadilly Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloane_Square" title="Sloane Square">Sloane Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Streets_in_London" title="Category:Streets in London">Streets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldwych" title="Aldwych">Aldwych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Street" title="Baker Street">Baker Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopsgate" title="Bishopsgate">Bishopsgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_Street" title="Bond Street">Bond Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnaby_Street" title="Carnaby Street">Carnaby Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charing_Cross_Road" title="Charing Cross Road">Charing Cross Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheapside" title="Cheapside">Cheapside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornhill,_London" title="Cornhill, London">Cornhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Street" title="Denmark Street">Denmark Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenchurch_Street" title="Fenchurch Street">Fenchurch Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Street" title="Fleet Street">Fleet Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket,_London" title="Haymarket, London">Haymarket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jermyn_Street" title="Jermyn Street">Jermyn Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_High_Street" title="Kensington High Street">Kensington High Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Road" title="King's Road">King's Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_Street,_London" title="Lombard Street, London">Lombard Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mall,_London" title="The Mall, London">The Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtle_Avenue,_Hounslow" title="Myrtle Avenue, Hounslow">Myrtle Avenue, Hounslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Street" title="Oxford Street">Oxford Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Lane" title="Park Lane">Park Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccadilly" title="Piccadilly">Piccadilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portobello_Road" title="Portobello Road">Portobello Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_Street" title="Regent Street">Regent Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaftesbury_Avenue" title="Shaftesbury Avenue">Shaftesbury Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloane_Street" title="Sloane Street">Sloane Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand,_London" title="Strand, London">Strand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road" title="Tottenham Court Road">Tottenham Court Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Embankment" title="Victoria Embankment">Victoria Embankment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173882#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173882#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173882#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000115407522">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122364620">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/150895894">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/168512951">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4223812-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79086816">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36254533">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="St. Paul's Cathedral (Londýn, Anglie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0026893&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90270719">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/32348">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007268339505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/20000760">Structurae</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/place/9fbc1713-6d95-46a7-bf2f-98b768f3577f">MusicBrainz place</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04410784?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500301998">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/084330716">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&oldid=1255985132">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&oldid=1255985132</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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