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<li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_bridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_bridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Roman bridges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_bridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_medieval_bridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_medieval_bridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Early medieval bridges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_medieval_bridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_London_Bridge_(1209–1831)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_London_Bridge_(1209–1831)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Old London Bridge (1209–1831)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_London_Bridge_(1209–1831)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_London_Bridge_(1831–1967)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_London_Bridge_(1831–1967)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>New London Bridge (1831–1967)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_London_Bridge_(1831–1967)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sale_to_Robert_McCulloch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sale_to_Robert_McCulloch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Sale to Robert McCulloch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sale_to_Robert_McCulloch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_London_Bridge_(1973–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_London_Bridge_(1973–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Modern London Bridge (1973–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_London_Bridge_(1973–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature_and_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature_and_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In literature and popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature_and_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">London Bridge</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundene_Brycg" title="Lundene Brycg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Lundene Brycg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="جسر لندن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جسر لندن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte_de_Londres" title="Ponte de Londres – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ponte de Londres" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_k%C3%B6rp%C3%BCs%C3%BC" title="London körpüsü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="London körpüsü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C" title="লন্ডন ব্রিজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লন্ডন ব্রিজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Лонданскі мост – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лонданскі мост" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Лондонски мост – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лондонски мост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonski_most" title="Londonski most – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Londonski most" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="London Bridge" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_de_Londres" title="Pont de Londres – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pont de Londres" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="London Bridge" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_Llundain" title="Pont Llundain – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pont Llundain" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="London Bridge" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="London Bridge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="London Bridge" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%AD%CF%86%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Γέφυρα του Λονδίνου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γέφυρα του Λονδίνου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puente_de_Londres" title="Puente de Londres – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Puente de Londres" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponto_de_Londono" title="Ponto de Londono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ponto de Londono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londresko_zubia" title="Londresko zubia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Londresko zubia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="پل لندن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پل لندن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_de_Londres" title="Pont de Londres – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pont de Londres" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="London Bridge" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droichead_Londan" title="Droichead Londan – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Droichead Londan" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte_de_Londres" title="Ponte de Londres – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ponte de Londres" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%B0%EB%8D%98%EA%B5%90" title="런던교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="런던교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%BB" title="Լոնդոնի կամուրջ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լոնդոնի կամուրջ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="लंदन ब्रिज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लंदन ब्रिज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonski_most" title="Londonski most – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Londonski most" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/London-ponto" title="London-ponto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="London-ponto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jembatan_London" title="Jembatan London – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jembatan London" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="London Bridge" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A9%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F" title="גשר לונדון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גשר לונדון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86" title="ಲಂಡನ್ ಸೇತುವೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಂಡನ್ ಸೇತುವೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ლონდონის ხიდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლონდონის ხიდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonas_tilts" title="Londonas tilts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Londonas tilts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londono_tiltas" title="Londono tiltas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Londono tiltas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="London Bridge" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Лондонски мост – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лондонски мост" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="ലണ്ടൻ പാലം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലണ്ടൻ പാലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="लंडन ब्रिज – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लंडन ब्रिज" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89_%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="كوبرى لندن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كوبرى لندن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambatan_London" title="Jambatan London – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jambatan London" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80" title="Лондоны гүүр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Лондоны гүүр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%B6%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="လန်ဒန်တံတား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လန်ဒန်တံတား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="London Bridge" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%B3%E6%A9%8B" title="ロンドン橋 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロンドン橋" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="London Bridge" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="London Bridge" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C" title="ਲੰਡਨ ਬ੍ਰਿਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੰਡਨ ਬ੍ਰਿਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%84" title="د لندن پل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د لندن پل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="London Bridge" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte_de_Londres" title="Ponte de Londres – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ponte de Londres" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podul_Londrei" title="Podul Londrei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Podul Londrei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Лондонский мост – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лондонский мост" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ura_e_Londr%C3%ABs" title="Ura e Londrës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ura e Londrës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="London Bridge" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="London Bridge" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonski_most" title="Londonski most – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Londonski most" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Лондонски мост – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лондонски мост" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonski_most" title="Londonski most – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Londonski most" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="London Bridge" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="London Bridge" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இலண்டன் பாலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலண்டன் பாலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_k%C3%BCpere" title="London küpere – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="London küpere" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="สะพานลอนดอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สะพานลอนดอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra_K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCs%C3%BC" title="Londra Köprüsü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Londra Köprüsü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82" title="Лондонський міст – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лондонський міст" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%84" title="لندن پل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لندن پل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7u_Lu%C3%A2n_%C4%90%C3%B4n" title="Cầu Luân Đôn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cầu Luân Đôn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6%E6%A1%A5" title="伦敦桥 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伦敦桥" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E6%A9%8B" title="倫敦橋 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="倫敦橋" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=London_Bridge&params=51_30_29_N_0_05_16_W_region:GB_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°30′29″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°05′16″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.50806°N 0.08778°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.50806; -0.08778</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1973 Thames road bridge in London, England ,Uk.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Tower_Bridge" title="Tower Bridge">Tower Bridge</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/London_Bridge_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="London Bridge (disambiguation)">London Bridge (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn org">London Bridge</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Bridge_from_St_Olaf_Stairs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wide bridge over water against a grey sky with tall buildings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/London_Bridge_from_St_Olaf_Stairs.jpg/280px-London_Bridge_from_St_Olaf_Stairs.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/London_Bridge_from_St_Olaf_Stairs.jpg/420px-London_Bridge_from_St_Olaf_Stairs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/London_Bridge_from_St_Olaf_Stairs.jpg/560px-London_Bridge_from_St_Olaf_Stairs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">London Bridge in 2017</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=London_Bridge&params=51_30_29_N_0_05_16_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°30′29″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°05′16″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.50806°N 0.08778°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.50806; -0.08778</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Carries</th><td class="infobox-data">Five lanes of the <a href="/wiki/A3_road" title="A3 road">A3</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Crosses</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Locale</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Central_London" title="Central London">Central London</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maintained by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bridge_House_Estates" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge House Estates">Bridge House Estates</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">City of London Corporation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cannon_Street_Railway_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannon Street Railway Bridge">Cannon Street Railway Bridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tower_Bridge" title="Tower Bridge">Tower Bridge</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Design</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Prestressed_concrete" title="Prestressed concrete">Prestressed concrete</a> <a href="/wiki/Box_girder_bridge" title="Box girder bridge">box girder bridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total length</th><td class="infobox-data">269 m (882.5 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">32 m (105.0 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Longest span</th><td class="infobox-data">104 m (341.2 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Air_draft#Clearance_below" title="Air draft">Clearance below</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8.9 m (29.2 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Design life</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Box_girder_bridge" title="Box girder bridge">Modern bridge</a> (1971–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_bridge" title="Arch bridge">Victorian stone arch</a> (1832–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_bridge" title="Arch bridge">Medieval stone arch</a> (1176–1832)</li> <li>Various <a href="/wiki/Wooden_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Wooden bridge">wooden bridges</a> (circa AD 50 – 1176)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opened</th><td class="infobox-data">16 March 1176<span class="noprint">; 847 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1176 -03-16</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">Location</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-lat="51.508055555556" data-lon="-0.087777777777778" data-overlays="["_1f4268593811b8f6f951b4b251f831fd83d5f2c6"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/10/51.508055555556/-0.087777777777778/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,51.508055555556,-0.087777777777778,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=London_Bridge&groups=_1f4268593811b8f6f951b4b251f831fd83d5f2c6" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,51.508055555556,-0.087777777777778,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=London_Bridge&groups=_1f4268593811b8f6f951b4b251f831fd83d5f2c6 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The name "<b>London Bridge</b>" refers to several historic crossings that have spanned the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> between the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_London" title="Central London">central London</a> since <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman times</a>. The current crossing, which opened to traffic in 1973, is a <a href="/wiki/Box_girder_bridge" title="Box girder bridge">box girder bridge</a> built from concrete and steel. It replaced a 19th-century stone-arched bridge, which in turn superseded a 600-year-old stone-built medieval structure. In addition to the roadway, for much of its history, the broad medieval bridge supported an extensive built up area of homes and businesses, part of the City's <a href="/wiki/Bridge_(City_of_London_ward)" title="Bridge (City of London ward)">Bridge</a> ward, and its southern end in Southwark was guarded by a large stone City gateway. The medieval bridge was preceded by a succession of timber bridges, the first of which was built by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> founders of London (<a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a>) around AD 50. </p><p>The current bridge stands at the western end of the <a href="/wiki/Pool_of_London" title="Pool of London">Pool of London</a> and is positioned 30 metres (98 ft) upstream from previous alignments. The approaches to the medieval bridge were marked by the church of <a href="/wiki/St_Magnus-the-Martyr" class="mw-redirect" title="St Magnus-the-Martyr">St Magnus-the-Martyr</a> on the northern bank and by <a href="/wiki/Southwark_Cathedral" title="Southwark Cathedral">Southwark Cathedral</a> on the southern shore. Until <a href="/wiki/Putney_Bridge" title="Putney Bridge">Putney Bridge</a> opened in 1729, London Bridge was the only road crossing of the Thames downstream of <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames" title="Kingston upon Thames">Kingston upon Thames</a>. London Bridge has been depicted in its several forms, in art, literature, and songs, including the <a href="/wiki/Nursery_rhyme" title="Nursery rhyme">nursery rhyme</a> "<a href="/wiki/London_Bridge_Is_Falling_Down" title="London Bridge Is Falling Down">London Bridge Is Falling Down</a>", and the epic poem <i><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>. </p><p>The modern bridge is owned and maintained by <a href="/wiki/Bridge_House_Estates" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge House Estates">Bridge House Estates</a>, an independent charity of medieval origin overseen by the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">City of London Corporation</a>. It carries the <a href="/wiki/A3_road" title="A3 road">A3 road</a>, which is maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority" title="Greater London Authority">Greater London Authority</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hmsosi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hmsosi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crossing also delineates an area along the southern bank of the River Thames, between London Bridge and <a href="/wiki/Tower_Bridge" title="Tower Bridge">Tower Bridge</a>, that has been designated as a <a href="/wiki/Business_improvement_district" title="Business improvement district">business improvement district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TLB_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TLB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Bridge&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Bridge&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The abutments of modern London Bridge rest several metres above natural embankments of gravel, sand and clay. From the late <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> era the southern embankment formed a natural <a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">causeway</a> above the surrounding swamp and marsh of the river's <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a>; the northern ascended to higher ground at the present site of <a href="/wiki/Cornhill,_London" title="Cornhill, London">Cornhill</a>. Between the embankments, the River Thames could have been crossed by ford when the tide was low, or ferry when it was high. Both embankments, particularly the northern, would have offered stable beachheads for boat traffic up and downstream – the Thames and its estuary were a major inland and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Continental</a> trade route from at least the 9th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is archaeological evidence for scattered Neolithic, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> settlement nearby, but until a bridge was built there, London did not exist.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Watling_Street#Westminster_ford" title="Watling Street">A few miles upstream</a>, beyond the river's upper tidal reach, two ancient fords were in use. These were apparently aligned with the course of <a href="/wiki/Watling_Street" title="Watling Street">Watling Street</a>, which led into the heartlands of the <a href="/wiki/Catuvellauni" title="Catuvellauni">Catuvellauni</a>, Britain's most powerful tribe at the time of <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain#Second_invasion_(54_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's invasions of Britain">Caesar's invasion of 54 BC</a>. Some time before <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">conquest</a> of AD 43, power shifted to the <a href="/wiki/Trinovantes" title="Trinovantes">Trinovantes</a>, who held the region northeast of the Thames Estuary from a capital at <a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Camulodunum</a>, nowadays <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a> in Essex. Claudius imposed a major <i><a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">colonia</a></i> at Camulodunum, and made it the capital city of the new Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Britannia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannia (Roman province)">Britannia</a>. The first London Bridge was built by the Romans as part of their road-building programme, to help consolidate their conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_bridges">Roman bridges <span class="anchor" id="roman"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Bridge&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roman bridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is possible that <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman military</a> engineers built a <a href="/wiki/Pontoon_bridge" title="Pontoon bridge">pontoon type</a> bridge at the site during the conquest period (AD<span class="nowrap"> </span>43). A bridge of any kind would have given a rapid overland shortcut to <a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Camulodunum</a> from the southern and <a href="/wiki/Cantiaci" title="Cantiaci">Kentish</a> ports, along the <a href="/wiki/Roman_roads_in_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman roads in Britain">Roman roads</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stane_Street_(Chichester)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stane Street (Chichester)">Stane Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Watling_Street" title="Watling Street">Watling Street</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/A2_road_(Great_Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="A2 road (Great Britain)">A2</a>). The Roman roads leading to and from London were probably built around AD<span class="nowrap"> </span>50, and the river-crossing was possibly served by a permanent timber bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the relatively high, dry ground at the northern end of the bridge, a small, opportunistic trading and shipping settlement took root and grew into the town of <a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A smaller settlement developed at the southern end of the bridge, in the area now known as <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a>. The bridge may have been destroyed along with the town in the <a href="/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica">Boudican</a> revolt (AD 60), but Londinium was rebuilt and eventually, became the administrative and mercantile capital of Roman Britain. The bridge offered uninterrupted, mass movement of foot, horse, and wheeled traffic across the Thames, linking four major arterial road systems north of the Thames with four to the south. Just downstream of the bridge were substantial quays and depots, convenient to seagoing trade between Britain and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_medieval_bridges">Early medieval bridges <span class="anchor" id="early_medieval"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Bridge&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early medieval bridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">end of Roman rule in Britain</a> in the early 5th century, Londinium was gradually abandoned and the bridge fell into disrepair. In the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon period</a>, the river became a boundary between the emergent, mutually hostile kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>. By the late 9th century, <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age#England" title="Viking Age">Danish invasions</a> prompted at least a partial reoccupation of the site by the Saxons. The bridge may have been rebuilt by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> soon after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edington" title="Battle of Edington">Battle of Edington</a> as part of Alfred's redevelopment of the area in his system of <a href="/wiki/Burh" title="Burh">burhs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or it may have been rebuilt around 990 under the Saxon king <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a> to hasten his troop movements against <a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a>, father of <a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great">Cnut the Great</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skaldic</a> tradition describes the bridge's destruction in 1014 by Æthelred's ally <a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" title="Olaf II of Norway">Olaf</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to divide the Danish forces who held both the walled City of London and Southwark. The earliest contemporary written reference to a Saxon bridge is <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1016</span>, when chroniclers mention how <a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great">Cnut</a>'s ships bypassed the crossing during his war to regain the throne from <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman conquest</a> in 1066, <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of England">King William I</a> rebuilt the bridge. It was repaired or replaced by <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">King William II</a>, destroyed by fire in 1136, and rebuilt in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a> created a monastic guild, the "Brethren of the Bridge", to oversee all work on London Bridge. In 1163, Peter of <a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Colechurch" title="St Mary Colechurch">Colechurch</a>, chaplain and warden of the bridge and its brethren, supervised the bridge's last rebuilding in timber.<sup id="cite_ref-Thornbury_1872,_p.10_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornbury_1872,_p.10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_London_Bridge_(1209–1831)"><span id="Old_London_Bridge_.281209.E2.80.931831.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="Old_London_Bridge"></span><span class="anchor" id="1209"></span><span class="anchor" id="London_Bridge_Act_1771"></span>Old London Bridge (1209–1831)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Bridge&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Old London Bridge (1209–1831)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Bridge_(1616)_by_Claes_Van_Visscher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/London_Bridge_%281616%29_by_Claes_Van_Visscher.jpg/220px-London_Bridge_%281616%29_by_Claes_Van_Visscher.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/London_Bridge_%281616%29_by_Claes_Van_Visscher.jpg/330px-London_Bridge_%281616%29_by_Claes_Van_Visscher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/London_Bridge_%281616%29_by_Claes_Van_Visscher.jpg/440px-London_Bridge_%281616%29_by_Claes_Van_Visscher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="1210" /></a><figcaption>An engraving by <a href="/wiki/Claes_Visscher" class="mw-redirect" title="Claes Visscher">Claes Visscher</a> showing Old London Bridge in 1616, with what is now <a href="/wiki/Southwark_Cathedral" title="Southwark Cathedral">Southwark Cathedral</a> in the foreground. The spiked heads of executed criminals can be seen above the Southwark gatehouse.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the murder of his former friend and later opponent <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, the penitent King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a> commissioned a new stone bridge in place of the old, with a chapel at its centre dedicated to Becket as <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a>. The archbishop had been a native Londoner, born at <a href="/wiki/Cheapside" title="Cheapside">Cheapside</a>, and a popular figure. The <a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_St_Thomas_on_the_Bridge" title="Chapel of St Thomas on the Bridge">Chapel of St Thomas on the Bridge</a> became the official start of <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim">pilgrimage</a> to his <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury shrine</a>; it was grander than some town parish churches, and had an additional river-level entrance for fishermen and ferrymen. Building work began in 1176, supervised by Peter of Colechurch.<sup id="cite_ref-Thornbury_1872,_p.10_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornbury_1872,_p.10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The costs would have been enormous; Henry's attempt to meet them with taxes on wool and sheepskins probably gave rise to a later legend that London Bridge was built on <a href="/wiki/Wool_bale" title="Wool bale">wool packs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thornbury_1872,_p.10_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornbury_1872,_p.10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1202, before Colechurch's death, Isembert, a French monk who was renowned as a bridge builder, was appointed by <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">King John</a> to complete the project. Construction was not finished until 1209. There were houses on the bridge from the start; this was a normal way of paying for the maintenance of a bridge, though in this case it had to be supplemented by other rents and by tolls. From 1282 two bridge wardens were responsible for maintaining the bridge, heading the organization known as the Bridge House. The only two collapses occurred when maintenance had been neglected, in 1281 (five arches) and 1437 (two arches). In 1212, perhaps the greatest of the <a href="/wiki/Early_fires_of_London" title="Early fires of London">early fires of London</a> broke out, spreading as far as the chapel and trapping many people. </p><p>The bridge was about 926 feet (282 metres) long, and had nineteen piers, supported by timber piles. The piers were linked above by nineteen arches and a wooden drawbridge. Above and below the water-level, the piers were enclosed and protected by '<a href="/wiki/Starling_(structure)" title="Starling (structure)">starlings</a>', supported by deeper piles than the piers themselves. The bridge, including the part occupied by houses, was from 20 to 24 feet (6.1 to 7.3 metres) wide. The roadway was mostly around 15 feet (4.6 metres) wide, varying from about 14 feet to 16 feet, except that it was narrower at defensive features (the stone gate, the drawbridge and the drawbridge tower) and wider south of the stone gate. The houses occupied only a few feet on each side of the bridge. They received their main support either from the piers, which extended well beyond the bridge itself from west to east, or from 'hammer beams' laid from pier to pier parallel to the bridge. It was the length of the piers which made it possible to build quite large houses, up to 34 feet (10 metres) deep.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The numerous starlings restricted the river's tidal ebb and flow. The difference in water levels on the two sides of the bridge could be as much as 6 feet (1.8 m), producing ferocious rapids between the <a href="/wiki/Pier#Alternative" title="Pier">piers</a> resembling a <a href="/wiki/Weir" title="Weir">weir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the brave or foolhardy attempted to "shoot the bridge" – steer a boat between the starlings when in flood – and some were drowned in the attempt. The bridge was "for wise men to pass over, and for fools to pass under."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The restricted flow also meant that in hard winters the river upstream was more susceptible to freezing. </p><p>The number of houses on the bridge reached its maximum in the late fourteenth century, when there were 140. Subsequently, many of the houses, originally only 10 to 11 feet wide, were merged, so that by 1605 there were 91. Originally they are likely to have had only two <a href="/wiki/Storey" title="Storey">storeys</a>, but they were gradually enlarged. In the seventeenth century, when there are detailed descriptions of them, almost all had four or five storeys (counting the <a href="/wiki/Garret" title="Garret">garrets</a> as a storey); three houses had six storeys. Two-thirds of the houses were rebuilt from 1477 to 1548. In the seventeenth century, the usual plan was a shop on the ground floor, a hall and often a chamber on the first floor, a kitchen and usually a chamber and a waterhouse (for hauling up water in buckets) on the second floor, and chambers and garrets above. Approximately every other house shared in a 'cross building' above the roadway, linking the houses either side and extending from the first floor upwards.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Frozen_Thames_1677.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Frozen_Thames_1677.jpg/220px-The_Frozen_Thames_1677.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Frozen_Thames_1677.jpg/330px-The_Frozen_Thames_1677.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Frozen_Thames_1677.jpg/440px-The_Frozen_Thames_1677.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption><i>The Frozen Thames</i> (1677) by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Hondius" title="Abraham Hondius">Abraham Hondius</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_London" title="Museum of London">Museum of London</a>, showing Old London Bridge and <a href="/wiki/Southwark_Cathedral" title="Southwark Cathedral">Southwark Cathedral</a> at right</figcaption></figure> <p>All the houses were shops, and the bridge was one of the City of London's four or five main shopping streets. There seems to have been a deliberate attempt to attract the more prestigious trades. In the late fourteenth century more than four-fifths of the shopkeepers were <a href="/wiki/Haberdasher" title="Haberdasher">haberdashers</a>, glovers, <a href="/wiki/Cutlery#Industry" title="Cutlery">cutlers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bowyer" title="Bowyer">bowyers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fletching" title="Fletching">fletchers</a> or from related trades. By 1600 all of these had dwindled except the haberdashers, and the spaces were filled by additional haberdashers, by traders selling textiles and by grocers. From the late <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventeenth century">seventeenth century</a> there was a greater variety of trades, including metalworkers such as pinmakers and needle makers, sellers of durable goods such as trunks and brushes, booksellers and stationers.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three major buildings on the bridge were the chapel, the drawbridge tower and the stone gate, all of which seem to have been present soon after the bridge's construction. The chapel was last rebuilt in 1387–1396, by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Yevele" title="Henry Yevele">Henry Yevele</a>, master mason to the king. Following the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, it was converted into a house in 1553. The drawbridge tower was where the severed heads of traitors were exhibited. The drawbridge ceased to be opened in the 1470s and in 1577–1579 the tower was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Nonsuch_House" title="Nonsuch House">Nonsuch House</a>—a pair of magnificent houses. Its architect was Lewis Stockett, Surveyor of the Queen's Works, who gave it the second classical facade in London (after Somerset House in the Strand). The stone gate was last rebuilt in the 1470s, and later took over the function of displaying the heads of traitors.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heads were dipped in tar and boiled to preserve them against the elements, and were <a href="/wiki/Head_on_a_spike" title="Head on a spike">impaled on pikes.</a><sup id="cite_ref-world_and_its_people_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world_and_its_people-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The head of <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace" title="William Wallace">William Wallace</a> was the first recorded as appearing, in 1305, starting a long tradition. Other famous heads on pikes included those of <a href="/wiki/Jack_Cade" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Cade">Jack Cade</a> in 1450, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a> in 1535, <a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">Bishop John Fisher</a> in the same year, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Thomas Cromwell</a> in 1540. In 1598, a German visitor to London, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hentzner" title="Paul Hentzner">Paul Hentzner</a>, counted over 30 heads on the bridge:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>On the south is a bridge of stone eight hundred feet in length, of wonderful work; it is supported upon twenty piers of square stone, sixty feet high and thirty broad, joined by arches of about twenty feet diameter. The whole is covered on each side with houses so disposed as to have the appearance of a continued street, not at all of a bridge. Upon this is built a tower, on whose top the heads of such as have been executed for high treason are placed on iron spikes: we counted above thirty.</p></blockquote> <p>The last head was installed in 1661;<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> subsequently heads were placed on <a href="/wiki/Temple_Bar,_London" title="Temple Bar, London">Temple Bar</a> instead, until the practice ceased.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were two multi-seated public <a href="/wiki/Latrine" title="Latrine">latrines</a>, but they seem to have been at the two ends of the bridge, possibly on the riverbank. The one at the north end had two entrances in 1306. In 1481, one of the latrines fell into the Thames and five men were drowned. Neither of the latrines is recorded after 1591.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1578–1582 a Dutchman, Peter Morris, created a waterworks at the north end of the bridge. Water wheels under the two northernmost arches drove pumps that raised water to the top of a tower, from which wooden pipes conveyed it into the city. In 1591 water wheels were installed at the south end of the bridge to grind corn.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:968px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_de_Jongh_-_View_of_London_Bridge_-_Google_Art_Project_bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of Old London Bridge on the 1632 oil painting View of London Bridge by Claude de Jongh, in the Yale Center for British Art"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Claude_de_Jongh_-_View_of_London_Bridge_-_Google_Art_Project_bridge.jpg/960px-Claude_de_Jongh_-_View_of_London_Bridge_-_Google_Art_Project_bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="960" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Claude_de_Jongh_-_View_of_London_Bridge_-_Google_Art_Project_bridge.jpg/1440px-Claude_de_Jongh_-_View_of_London_Bridge_-_Google_Art_Project_bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Claude_de_Jongh_-_View_of_London_Bridge_-_Google_Art_Project_bridge.jpg/1920px-Claude_de_Jongh_-_View_of_London_Bridge_-_Google_Art_Project_bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6144" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_de_Jongh_-_View_of_London_Bridge_-_Google_Art_Project_bridge.jpg" title="File:Claude de Jongh - View of London Bridge - Google Art Project bridge.jpg"> </a></div>Detail of Old London Bridge on the 1632 oil painting <i>View of London Bridge</i> by <a href="/wiki/Claude_de_Jongh" title="Claude de Jongh">Claude de Jongh</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Center_for_British_Art" title="Yale Center for British Art">Yale Center for British Art</a></div></div></div> <p>In 1633 fire destroyed the houses on the northern part of the bridge. The gap was only partly filled by new houses, with the result that there was a firebreak that prevented the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire of London</a> (1666) spreading to the rest of the bridge and to Southwark. The Great Fire destroyed the bridge's waterwheels, preventing them from pumping water to fight the fire. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:box width;max-width:858px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:London-bridge-1682.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drawing of London Bridge from a 1682 panorama"><img alt="alt text" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/London-bridge-1682.jpg/850px-London-bridge-1682.jpg" decoding="async" width="850" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/London-bridge-1682.jpg/1275px-London-bridge-1682.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/London-bridge-1682.jpg/1700px-London-bridge-1682.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2298" data-file-height="658" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:London-bridge-1682.jpg" title="File:London-bridge-1682.jpg"> </a></div>Drawing of London Bridge from a 1682 panorama</div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Bridge_before_the_alteration_in_1757_by_Samuel_Scott.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/London_Bridge_before_the_alteration_in_1757_by_Samuel_Scott.png/220px-London_Bridge_before_the_alteration_in_1757_by_Samuel_Scott.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/London_Bridge_before_the_alteration_in_1757_by_Samuel_Scott.png/330px-London_Bridge_before_the_alteration_in_1757_by_Samuel_Scott.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/London_Bridge_before_the_alteration_in_1757_by_Samuel_Scott.png/440px-London_Bridge_before_the_alteration_in_1757_by_Samuel_Scott.png 2x" data-file-width="2622" data-file-height="1532" /></a><figcaption>London Bridge in 1757 just before the removal of the houses, by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Scott_(painter)" title="Samuel Scott (painter)">Samuel Scott</a></figcaption></figure> <p>For nearly 20 years, only sheds replaced the burnt buildings. They were replaced In the 1680s, when almost all the houses on the bridge were rebuilt. The roadway was widened to 20 feet (6.1 metres) by setting the houses further back, and was increased in height from one storey to two. The new houses extended further back over the river, which would cause trouble later. In 1695, the bridge had 551 inhabitants. From 1670, attempts were made to keep traffic in each direction to one side, at first through a keep-right policy and from 1722, through a keep-left policy.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been suggested as one possible origin for the practice of traffic in Britain <a href="/wiki/Driving_on_the_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Driving on the left">driving on the left</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="London_Bridge_Act_1756"></span> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%"><span style="font-size:125%">London Bridge Act 1756</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act to improve, widen, and enlarge, the Passage over and through London Bridge.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/29_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="29 Geo. 2">29 Geo. 2</a>. c. 40</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27 May 1756</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A fire in September 1725 destroyed all the houses south of the stone gate; they were rebuilt.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last houses to be built on the bridge were designed by <a href="/wiki/George_Dance_the_Elder" title="George Dance the Elder">George Dance the Elder</a> in 1745,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but these buildings had begun to subside within a decade.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The London Bridge Act 1756 (<a href="/wiki/29_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="29 Geo. 2">29 Geo. 2</a>. c. 40) gave the City Corporation the power to purchase all the properties on the bridge so that they could be demolished and the bridge improved. While this work was underway, a temporary wooden bridge was constructed to the west of London Bridge. It opened in October 1757 but caught fire and collapsed in the following April. The old bridge was reopened until a new wooden construction could be completed a year later.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To help improve navigation under the bridge, its two centre arches were replaced by a single wider span, the Great Arch, in 1759. </p><p>Demolition of the houses was completed in 1761 and the last tenant departed after some 550 years of housing on the bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the supervision of Dance the Elder, the roadway was widened to 46 feet (14 m)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Balustrade" class="mw-redirect" title="Balustrade">balustrade</a> was added "in the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic revival">Gothic</a> taste" together with 14 stone <a href="/wiki/Alcove_(architecture)" title="Alcove (architecture)">alcoves</a> for pedestrians to shelter in.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the creation of the Great Arch had weakened the rest of the structure and constant expensive repairs were required in the following decades; this, combined with congestion both on and under bridge, often leading to fatal accidents, resulted in public pressure for a modern replacement.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Bridge_Pugh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="London Bridge from Pepper Alley Stairs by Herbert Pugh, showing the appearance of London Bridge after 1762, with the new "Great Arch" at the centre"><img alt="London Bridge from Pepper Alley Stairs by Herbert Pugh, showing the appearance of London Bridge after 1762, with the new "Great Arch" at the centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/London_Bridge_Pugh.jpg/340px-London_Bridge_Pugh.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/London_Bridge_Pugh.jpg/510px-London_Bridge_Pugh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/London_Bridge_Pugh.jpg/680px-London_Bridge_Pugh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="635" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>London Bridge from Pepper Alley Stairs</i> by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Pugh" title="Herbert Pugh">Herbert Pugh</a>, showing the appearance of London Bridge after 1762, with the new "Great Arch" at the centre</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 254px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 252px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_065.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old London Bridge by J. M. W. Turner, showing the new balustrade and the back of one of the pedestrian alcoves"><img alt="Old London Bridge by J. M. W. Turner, showing the new balustrade and the back of one of the pedestrian alcoves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_065.jpg/378px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_065.jpg" decoding="async" width="252" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_065.jpg/567px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_065.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_065.jpg/756px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_065.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1830" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Old London Bridge</i> by <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a>, showing the new balustrade and the back of one of the pedestrian alcoves</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:London_bridge_alcove.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of the pedestrian alcoves from the 1762 renovation, now in Victoria Park, Tower Hamlets – a similar alcove from the same source can be seen at the Guy's Campus of King's College London"><img alt="One of the pedestrian alcoves from the 1762 renovation, now in Victoria Park, Tower Hamlets – a similar alcove from the same source can be seen at the Guy's Campus of King's College London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/London_bridge_alcove.jpg/223px-London_bridge_alcove.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/London_bridge_alcove.jpg/335px-London_bridge_alcove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/London_bridge_alcove.jpg/447px-London_bridge_alcove.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="773" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of the pedestrian alcoves from the 1762 renovation, now in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Park,_Tower_Hamlets" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Park, Tower Hamlets">Victoria Park, Tower Hamlets</a> – a similar alcove from the same source can be seen at the Guy's Campus of <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_London_Bridge_balustrade_at_Gilwell_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A section of balustrade from London Bridge, now at Gilwell Park in Essex"><img alt="A section of balustrade from London Bridge, now at Gilwell Park in Essex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Old_London_Bridge_balustrade_at_Gilwell_Park.jpg/450px-Old_London_Bridge_balustrade_at_Gilwell_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Old_London_Bridge_balustrade_at_Gilwell_Park.jpg/675px-Old_London_Bridge_balustrade_at_Gilwell_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Old_London_Bridge_balustrade_at_Gilwell_Park.jpg/900px-Old_London_Bridge_balustrade_at_Gilwell_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A section of balustrade from London Bridge, now at <a href="/wiki/Gilwell_Park" title="Gilwell Park">Gilwell Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_King%27s_Arms_(7327432882).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A relief of the Hanoverian Royal Arms from a gateway over the old London Bridge now forms part of the façade of the King's Arms pub, Southwark"><img alt="A relief of the Hanoverian Royal Arms from a gateway over the old London Bridge now forms part of the façade of the King's Arms pub, Southwark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/The_King%27s_Arms_%287327432882%29.jpg/202px-The_King%27s_Arms_%287327432882%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/The_King%27s_Arms_%287327432882%29.jpg/304px-The_King%27s_Arms_%287327432882%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/The_King%27s_Arms_%287327432882%29.jpg/405px-The_King%27s_Arms_%287327432882%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A relief of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom#Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom">Hanoverian Royal Arms</a> from a gateway over the old London Bridge now forms part of the façade of the King's Arms pub, <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Demolition_of_Old_London_Bridge,_1832,_Guildhall_Gallery,_London.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Demolition of Old London Bridge, 1832, Guildhall Gallery, London"><img alt="The Demolition of Old London Bridge, 1832, Guildhall Gallery, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Demolition_of_Old_London_Bridge%2C_1832%2C_Guildhall_Gallery%2C_London.JPG/406px-The_Demolition_of_Old_London_Bridge%2C_1832%2C_Guildhall_Gallery%2C_London.JPG" decoding="async" width="271" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Demolition_of_Old_London_Bridge%2C_1832%2C_Guildhall_Gallery%2C_London.JPG/609px-The_Demolition_of_Old_London_Bridge%2C_1832%2C_Guildhall_Gallery%2C_London.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Demolition_of_Old_London_Bridge%2C_1832%2C_Guildhall_Gallery%2C_London.JPG/811px-The_Demolition_of_Old_London_Bridge%2C_1832%2C_Guildhall_Gallery%2C_London.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Demolition of Old London Bridge, 1832, Guildhall Gallery, London</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_London_Bridge_(1831–1967)"><span id="New_London_Bridge_.281831.E2.80.931967.29"></span>New London Bridge (1831–1967) <span class="anchor" id="New_London_Bridge"></span><span class="anchor" id="1831"></span><span class="anchor" id="New_(19th-century)_London_Bridge"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Bridge&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: New London Bridge (1831–1967)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E2%80%98Old_London_Bridge_-_sketched_on_the_spot%E2%80%99,_William_Alfred_Delamotte_-_30_March_1832_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/%E2%80%98Old_London_Bridge_-_sketched_on_the_spot%E2%80%99%2C_William_Alfred_Delamotte_-_30_March_1832_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-%E2%80%98Old_London_Bridge_-_sketched_on_the_spot%E2%80%99%2C_William_Alfred_Delamotte_-_30_March_1832_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/%E2%80%98Old_London_Bridge_-_sketched_on_the_spot%E2%80%99%2C_William_Alfred_Delamotte_-_30_March_1832_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-%E2%80%98Old_London_Bridge_-_sketched_on_the_spot%E2%80%99%2C_William_Alfred_Delamotte_-_30_March_1832_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/%E2%80%98Old_London_Bridge_-_sketched_on_the_spot%E2%80%99%2C_William_Alfred_Delamotte_-_30_March_1832_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-%E2%80%98Old_London_Bridge_-_sketched_on_the_spot%E2%80%99%2C_William_Alfred_Delamotte_-_30_March_1832_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1683" data-file-height="1292" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The remains of the bridge, as sketched by <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Delamotte" title="William Alfred Delamotte">William Alfred Delamotte</a> on 30 March 1832</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clarkson_Stanfield_(1793-1867)_-_The_Opening_of_New_London_Bridge,_1_August_1831_-_RCIN_404711_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Clarkson_Stanfield_%281793-1867%29_-_The_Opening_of_New_London_Bridge%2C_1_August_1831_-_RCIN_404711_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/200px-Clarkson_Stanfield_%281793-1867%29_-_The_Opening_of_New_London_Bridge%2C_1_August_1831_-_RCIN_404711_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Clarkson_Stanfield_%281793-1867%29_-_The_Opening_of_New_London_Bridge%2C_1_August_1831_-_RCIN_404711_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/300px-Clarkson_Stanfield_%281793-1867%29_-_The_Opening_of_New_London_Bridge%2C_1_August_1831_-_RCIN_404711_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Clarkson_Stanfield_%281793-1867%29_-_The_Opening_of_New_London_Bridge%2C_1_August_1831_-_RCIN_404711_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/400px-Clarkson_Stanfield_%281793-1867%29_-_The_Opening_of_New_London_Bridge%2C_1_August_1831_-_RCIN_404711_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="622" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Opening_of_New_London_Bridge" title="The Opening of New London Bridge">The Opening of New London Bridge</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Clarkson_Stanfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarkson Stanfield">Clarkson Stanfield</a>, 1832</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_London_Bridge_under_construction_(1826).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/New_London_Bridge_under_construction_%281826%29.jpg/220px-New_London_Bridge_under_construction_%281826%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/New_London_Bridge_under_construction_%281826%29.jpg/330px-New_London_Bridge_under_construction_%281826%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/New_London_Bridge_under_construction_%281826%29.jpg/440px-New_London_Bridge_under_construction_%281826%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1164" /></a><figcaption>New London Bridge under construction, by <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Kearney" title="William Henry Kearney">William Henry Kearney</a>, 1826</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1799, a competition was opened to design a replacement for the medieval bridge. Entrants included <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Telford" title="Thomas Telford">Thomas Telford</a>; he proposed a single iron arch span of 600 feet (180 m), with 65 feet (20 m) centre clearance beneath it for masted river traffic. His design was accepted as safe and practicable, following expert testimony.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preliminary surveys and works were begun, but Telford's design required exceptionally wide approaches and the extensive use of multiple, steeply inclined planes, which would have required the purchase and demolition of valuable adjacent properties.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more conventional design of five stone arches, by <a href="/wiki/John_Rennie_the_Elder" title="John Rennie the Elder">John Rennie</a>, was chosen instead. It was built 100 feet (30 m) west (upstream) of the original site by Jolliffe and Banks of <a href="/wiki/Merstham" title="Merstham">Merstham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/John_Rennie_the_Younger" title="John Rennie the Younger">Rennie's son</a>. Work began in 1824 and the foundation stone was laid, in the southern <a href="/wiki/Coffer_dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffer dam">coffer dam</a>, on 15 June 1825.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Bridge_(Cornell_University_Library).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/London_Bridge_%28Cornell_University_Library%29.jpg/220px-London_Bridge_%28Cornell_University_Library%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/London_Bridge_%28Cornell_University_Library%29.jpg/330px-London_Bridge_%28Cornell_University_Library%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/London_Bridge_%28Cornell_University_Library%29.jpg/440px-London_Bridge_%28Cornell_University_Library%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1173" /></a><figcaption>New London Bridge, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1870–1890</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The old bridge continued in use while the new bridge was being built, and was demolished after the latter opened in 1831. New approach roads had to be built, which cost three times as much as the bridge itself. The total costs, around £2.5 million (£287 million in 2023),<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UK_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were shared by the <a href="/wiki/British_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="British Government">British Government</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Corporation_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporation of London">Corporation of London</a>. </p><p>Rennie's bridge was 928 feet (283 m) long and 49 feet (15 m) wide, constructed from <a href="/wiki/Haytor" title="Haytor">Haytor</a> granite. The official opening took place on 1 August 1831; <a href="/wiki/William_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="William IV of the United Kingdom">King William IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen" title="Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen">Queen Adelaide</a> attended a banquet in a pavilion erected on the bridge. The northern approach road, King William Street, was renamed after the monarch and <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_William_IV" title="Statue of William IV">statue of the king</a> subsequently installed. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_bridge_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/London_bridge_1927.jpg/220px-London_bridge_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/London_bridge_1927.jpg/330px-London_bridge_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/London_bridge_1927.jpg/440px-London_bridge_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>New London Bridge in 1927</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1896 the bridge was the busiest point in London, and one of its most congested; 8,000 pedestrians and 900 vehicles crossed every hour.<sup id="cite_ref-world_and_its_people_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world_and_its_people-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To designs by engineer <a href="/wiki/Edward_Cruttwell" title="Edward Cruttwell">Edward Cruttwell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cruttwell_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruttwell-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was widened by 13 feet (4.0 m), using granite corbels.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent surveys showed that the bridge was sinking an inch (about 2.5 cm) every eight years, and by 1924 the east side had sunk some three to four inches (about 9 cm) lower than the west side. The bridge would have to be removed and replaced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sale_to_Robert_McCulloch">Sale to Robert McCulloch</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Bridge&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sale to Robert McCulloch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/London_Bridge_(Lake_Havasu_City)" title="London Bridge (Lake Havasu City)">London Bridge (Lake Havasu City)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London-Bridge-March-1971.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/London-Bridge-March-1971.jpg/220px-London-Bridge-March-1971.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/London-Bridge-March-1971.jpg/330px-London-Bridge-March-1971.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/London-Bridge-March-1971.jpg/440px-London-Bridge-March-1971.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Rennie_the_Elder" title="John Rennie the Elder">Rennie</a>'s New London Bridge during its reconstruction at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Havasu_City,_Arizona" title="Lake Havasu City, Arizona">Lake Havasu City, Arizona</a>, March 1971</figcaption></figure><p> Common Council of the City of London member Ivan Luckin put forward the idea of selling the bridge, and recalled: "They all thought I was completely crazy when I suggested we should sell London Bridge when it needed replacing."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, in 1968, Council placed the bridge on the market and began to look for potential buyers. On 18 April 1968, Rennie's bridge was purchased by the <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missourian</a> entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._McCulloch" title="Robert P. McCulloch">Robert P. McCulloch</a> of <a href="/wiki/McCulloch_Oil" class="mw-redirect" title="McCulloch Oil">McCulloch Oil</a> for US$2,460,000. The claim that McCulloch believed mistakenly that he was buying the more impressive <a href="/wiki/Tower_Bridge" title="Tower Bridge">Tower Bridge</a> was denied by Luckin in a newspaper interview.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the bridge was taken apart, each granite facing block was marked for later reassembly.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_London_Bridge_in_Lake_Havasu_City_(27698161465).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/The_London_Bridge_in_Lake_Havasu_City_%2827698161465%29.jpg/220px-The_London_Bridge_in_Lake_Havasu_City_%2827698161465%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/The_London_Bridge_in_Lake_Havasu_City_%2827698161465%29.jpg/330px-The_London_Bridge_in_Lake_Havasu_City_%2827698161465%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/The_London_Bridge_in_Lake_Havasu_City_%2827698161465%29.jpg/440px-The_London_Bridge_in_Lake_Havasu_City_%2827698161465%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Rennie's New London Bridge rebuilt, Lake Havasu City, 2016</figcaption></figure><p> The blocks were taken to <a href="/wiki/Merrivale,_Devon" title="Merrivale, Devon">Merrivale</a> Quarry at <a href="/wiki/Princetown" title="Princetown">Princetown</a> in <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, where 15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 in) were sliced off the inner faces of many, to facilitate their fixing.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Stones left behind were sold in an online auction when the quarry was abandoned and flooded in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) 10,000 tons of granite blocks were shipped via the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> to <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, then trucked from <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach</a> to <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona</a>. They were used to face a new, purpose-built hollow core steel-reinforced concrete structure, ensuring the bridge would support the weight of modern traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-Elborough2013_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elborough2013-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bridge was reconstructed by Sundt Construction at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Havasu_City,_Arizona" title="Lake Havasu City, Arizona">Lake Havasu City, Arizona</a>, and was re-dedicated on 10 October 1971 in a ceremony attended by London's Lord Mayor and celebrities. The bridge carries the McCulloch Boulevard and spans the Bridgewater Channel, an artificial, navigable waterway that leads from the Uptown area of Lake Havasu City.<sup id="cite_ref-Wildfang2005_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wildfang2005-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_London_Bridge_(1973–present)"><span id="Modern_London_Bridge_.281973.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Modern London Bridge (1973–present) <span class="anchor" id="New_London_Bridge"></span><span class="anchor" id="1973"></span><span class="anchor" id="London_Bridge_Act_1967"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Bridge&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern London Bridge (1973–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Bridge_from_Cannon_Street_Railway_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/London_Bridge_from_Cannon_Street_Railway_Bridge.jpg/220px-London_Bridge_from_Cannon_Street_Railway_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/London_Bridge_from_Cannon_Street_Railway_Bridge.jpg/330px-London_Bridge_from_Cannon_Street_Railway_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/London_Bridge_from_Cannon_Street_Railway_Bridge.jpg/440px-London_Bridge_from_Cannon_Street_Railway_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="1954" /></a><figcaption>View of London Bridge from a boat passing under <a href="/wiki/Cannon_Street_Railway_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannon Street Railway Bridge">Cannon Street Railway Bridge</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%"><span style="font-size:125%">London Bridge Act 1967</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg/140px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg/210px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg/280px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act to empower the Corporation of London to reconstruct London Bridge, to construct other works and to acquire lands compulsorily; and for other purposes.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_from_1967" title="List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1967">1967</a> c. i</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16 February 1967</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ccffcc;">Status: Current legislation</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/1967/1/pdfs/ukla_19670001_en.pdf">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The current London Bridge was designed by architect <a href="/wiki/William_Holford,_Baron_Holford" title="William Holford, Baron Holford">Lord Holford</a> and engineers <a href="/wiki/Mott,_Hay_and_Anderson" title="Mott, Hay and Anderson">Mott, Hay and Anderson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-design_and_build_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-design_and_build-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was constructed by contractors <a href="/wiki/Mowlem" title="Mowlem">John Mowlem and Co</a> from 1967 to 1972,<sup id="cite_ref-design_and_build_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-design_and_build-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and opened by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> on 16 March 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It comprises three spans of <a href="/wiki/Prestressed_concrete" title="Prestressed concrete">prestressed-concrete</a> <a href="/wiki/Box_girder_bridge" title="Box girder bridge">box girders</a>, a total of 833 feet (254 m) long. The cost of £4 million (£71.4 million in 2023),<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UK_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was met entirely by the <a href="/wiki/Bridge_House_Estates" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge House Estates">Bridge House Estates</a> charity. The current bridge was built in the same location as Rennie's bridge, with the previous bridge remaining in use while the first two girders were constructed upstream and downstream. Traffic was then transferred onto the two new girders, and the previous bridge demolished to allow the final two central girders to be added.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_478726.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/London_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_478726.jpg/220px-London_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_478726.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/London_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_478726.jpg/330px-London_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_478726.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/London_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_478726.jpg/440px-London_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_478726.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>The current London Bridge in January 1987, with the <a href="/wiki/Tower_42" title="Tower 42">National Westminster Tower</a> skyscraper (Tower 42) opened six years earlier in the background</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1984, the British warship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Jupiter_(F60)" title="HMS Jupiter (F60)">HMS <i>Jupiter</i></a> collided with London Bridge, causing significant damage to both the ship and the bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-Times140684_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times140684-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day" title="Remembrance Day">Remembrance Day</a> 2004, several bridges in London were furnished with red lighting as part of a night-time flight along the river by wartime aircraft. London Bridge was the one bridge not subsequently stripped of the illuminations, which are regularly switched on at night.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Views_to_the_south_from_20_Fenchurch_Street_-_006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Views_to_the_south_from_20_Fenchurch_Street_-_006.jpg/220px-Views_to_the_south_from_20_Fenchurch_Street_-_006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Views_to_the_south_from_20_Fenchurch_Street_-_006.jpg/330px-Views_to_the_south_from_20_Fenchurch_Street_-_006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Views_to_the_south_from_20_Fenchurch_Street_-_006.jpg/440px-Views_to_the_south_from_20_Fenchurch_Street_-_006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>London Bridge from <a href="/wiki/20_Fenchurch_Street" title="20 Fenchurch Street">20 Fenchurch Street</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The current London Bridge is often shown in films, news and documentaries showing the throng of commuters journeying to work into <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">the City</a> from London Bridge Station (south to north). An example of this is actor <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Grant" title="Hugh Grant">Hugh Grant</a> crossing the bridge north to south during the morning rush hour, in the 2002 film <i><a href="/wiki/About_a_Boy_(film)" title="About a Boy (film)">About a Boy</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 11 July 2008, as part of the annual <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London" title="Lord Mayor of London">Lord Mayor</a>'s charity appeal and to mark the 800th anniversary of Old London Bridge's completion in the reign of King John, the Lord Mayor and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City#Freedom_of_the_City_of_London" title="Freedom of the City">Freemen of the City</a> drove a flock of sheep across the bridge, supposedly by ancient right.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Bridge_security_barriers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/London_Bridge_security_barriers.jpg/220px-London_Bridge_security_barriers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/London_Bridge_security_barriers.jpg/330px-London_Bridge_security_barriers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/London_Bridge_security_barriers.jpg/440px-London_Bridge_security_barriers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="1671" /></a><figcaption>London Bridge with 2017 security barriers and the bulbous <a href="/wiki/20_Fenchurch_Street" title="20 Fenchurch Street">Walkie-Talkie building</a> at right</figcaption></figure> <p>On 3 June 2017, three pedestrians were killed by a van in <a href="/wiki/2017_London_Bridge_attack" title="2017 London Bridge attack">a terrorist attack</a>. Altogether, eight people died and 48 were injured in the attack. Security barriers were installed on the bridge to help isolate the pedestrian pavement from the road.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Bridge&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nearest <a href="/wiki/List_of_London_Underground_stations" title="List of London Underground stations">London Underground stations</a> are <a href="/wiki/Bank_and_Monument_stations" title="Bank and Monument stations">Monument</a>, at the northern end of the bridge, and <a href="/wiki/London_Bridge_station" title="London Bridge station">London Bridge</a> at the southern end. London Bridge station is also served by <a href="/wiki/National_Rail" title="National Rail">National Rail</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature_and_popular_culture">In literature and popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Bridge&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In literature and popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Nursery_rhyme" title="Nursery rhyme">nursery rhyme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk song">folk song</a> "<a href="/wiki/London_Bridge_Is_Falling_Down" title="London Bridge Is Falling Down">London Bridge Is Falling Down</a>" has been speculatively connected to several of the bridge's historic collapses.</li> <li>Rennie's New London Bridge is a prominent landmark in <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>'s poem <i><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a></i>, wherein he compares the shuffling commuters across London Bridge to the hell-bound souls of <i><a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Inferno" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante's Inferno">Dante's Inferno</a></i>. Also in that poem is a reference to the "inexplicable splendour of Ionian white and gold" of the church of <a href="/wiki/St_Magnus-the-Martyr" class="mw-redirect" title="St Magnus-the-Martyr">St Magnus-the-Martyr</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Sir Christopher Wren</a>, which marks the northern approach to the bridge, and the poem also ends with the lines "I sat upon the shore/fishing, with the arid plain behind me./Shall I at least set my lands in order?/London bridge is falling down, falling down, falling down".</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Sketches_by_Boz" title="Sketches by Boz">Sketches by Boz</a></i>, in the story entitled <i>Scotland-yard</i> there is much discussion by coal-heavers on the replacement of London Bridge in 1832, including a portent that the event will dry up the Thames.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_P._Nunn" title="Gary P. Nunn">Gary P. Nunn</a>'s song "London Homesick Blues" includes the lyrics, "Even London Bridge has fallen down, and moved to Arizona, now I know why."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>English composer <a href="/wiki/Eric_Coates" title="Eric Coates">Eric Coates</a> wrote a march about London Bridge in 1934.</li> <li>London Bridge is named in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> song "The King is Still in London" by Roma Campbell-Hunter & Hugh Charles.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergie_(singer)" title="Fergie (singer)">Fergie</a> released a song titled "<a href="/wiki/London_Bridge_(Fergie_song)" title="London Bridge (Fergie song)">London Bridge</a>" in 2006 as the lead single of her first solo album, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dutchess" title="The Dutchess">The Dutchess</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The music video for the track features the singer on a boat near London's <a href="/wiki/Tower_Bridge" title="Tower Bridge">Tower Bridge</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, despite the song's title, is not London Bridge. The song peaked at number one on <a href="/wiki/Billboard_charts" title="Billboard charts">Billboard</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">Hot 100</a> chart.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Bridge&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster,_London_-_May_2007_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png/16px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png/24px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png/33px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="427" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:London" title="Portal:London">London portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_bridges" title="List of Roman bridges">List of Roman bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Roman bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_River_Thames" title="List of crossings of the River Thames">List of crossings of the River Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_London" title="List of bridges in London">List of bridges in London</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Bridge&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hmsosi-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hmsosi_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2000/1117/contents/made">"Statutory Instrument 2000 No. 1117 – The GLA Roads Designation Order 2000"</a>. Government of the United Kingdom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305050511/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2000/1117/schedule/made">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statutory+Instrument+2000+No.+1117+%E2%80%93+The+GLA+Roads+Designation+Order+2000&rft.pub=Government+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fuksi%2F2000%2F1117%2Fcontents%2Fmade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TLB-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TLB_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208070656/http://www.teamlondonbridge.co.uk/default.aspx?m=3&mi=173&ms=0">"About us"</a>. <i>TeamLondonBridge</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teamlondonbridge.co.uk/default.aspx?m=3&mi=173&ms=0">the original</a> on 8 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TeamLondonBridge&rft.atitle=About+us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teamlondonbridge.co.uk%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fm%3D3%26mi%3D173%26ms%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merrifield, Ralph, <i>London, City of the Romans,</i> University of California Press, 1983, pp. 1–4. The terraces were formed by glacial sediment towards the end of the last Ice Age.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Riley, in Burland, J.B., Standing, J.R., Jardine, F.M., <i>Building Response to Tunnelling: Case Studies from Construction of the Jubilee line Extension</i>, London, Volume 1, Thomas Telford, 2001, pp. 103 – 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The site of the new bridge determined the location of London itself. The alignment of Watling Street with the ford at Westminster (crossed via <a href="/wiki/Thorney_Island_(Westminster)" title="Thorney Island (Westminster)">Thorney Island</a>) is the basis for a mooted earlier Roman "London", sited in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Park_Lane,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Lane, London">Park Lane</a>. See Margary, Ivan D., <i>Roman Roads in Britain, Vol. 1, South of the Foss Way – Bristol Channel,</i> Phoenix House Lts, London, 1955, pp. 46 – 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=662">"Engineering Timelines - Roman Bridge, London, site of"</a>. <i>engineering-timelines.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=engineering-timelines.com&rft.atitle=Engineering+Timelines+-+Roman+Bridge%2C+London%2C+site+of&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fengineering-timelines.com%2Fscripts%2FengineeringItem.asp%3Fid%3D662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margary, Ivan D., <i>Roman Roads in Britain, Vol. 1, South of the Foss Way – Bristol Channel,</i> Phoenix House Lts, London, 1955, pp. 46–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, B., and Mattingly, D., <i>An Atlas of Roman Britain</i>, Blackwell, 1990, pp. 168–172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merrifield, Ralph, <i>London, City of the Romans,</i> University of California Press, 1983, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremy Haslam, 'The Development of London by King Alfred: A Reassessment'; <i>Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society</i>, 61 (2010), 109–44. Retrieved 2 August 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnorri_Sturlusonc._1230" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a> (c. 1230), <i><a href="/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla">Heimskringla</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heimskringla&rft.au=Snorri+Sturluson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span>. There is no reference to this event in the <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i>. See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaglandWatson2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hagland, Jan Ragnar; Watson, Bruce (Spring 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-457-1/dissemination/pdf/vol10/vol10_12/10_12_328_333.pdf">"Fact or folklore: the Viking attack on London Bridge"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>London Archaeologist</i>. <b>12</b>: 328–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Archaeologist&rft.atitle=Fact+or+folklore%3A+the+Viking+attack+on+London+Bridge&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=328-33&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hagland&rft.aufirst=Jan+Ragnar&rft.au=Watson%2C+Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fads.ahds.ac.uk%2Fcatalogue%2Fadsdata%2Farch-457-1%2Fdissemination%2Fpdf%2Fvol10%2Fvol10_12%2F10_12_328_333.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brentford_(1016)" title="Battle of Brentford (1016)">Battle of Brentford (1016)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thornbury_1872,_p.10-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thornbury_1872,_p.10_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thornbury_1872,_p.10_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thornbury_1872,_p.10_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_Walter_Thornbury" title="George Walter Thornbury">Thornbury, Walter</a>, <i>Old and New London</i>, 1872, vol.2, p.10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhold" class="citation book cs1">Gerhold. <i>London Bridge and its Houses</i>. pp. 4, 11–12, 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London+Bridge+and+its+Houses&rft.pages=4%2C+11-12%2C+16&rft.au=Gerhold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierce, p.45 and Jackson, p.77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rev. John Ray, <i>"Book of Proverbs"</i>, 1670, cited in Jackson, p.77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhold" class="citation book cs1">Gerhold. <i>London Bridge and its Houses</i>. pp. 13, 19–21, 36, 45–46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London+Bridge+and+its+Houses&rft.pages=13%2C+19-21%2C+36%2C+45-46&rft.au=Gerhold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhold" class="citation book cs1">Gerhold. <i>London Bridge and its Houses</i>. pp. 60–75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London+Bridge+and+its+Houses&rft.pages=60-75&rft.au=Gerhold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhold" class="citation book cs1">Gerhold. <i>London Bridge and its Houses</i>. pp. 26–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London+Bridge+and+its+Houses&rft.pages=26-32&rft.au=Gerhold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-world_and_its_people-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-world_and_its_people_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-world_and_its_people_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunton1896" class="citation book cs1">Dunton, Larkin (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldanditspeop05duntgoog"><i>The World and Its People</i></a>. Silver, Burdett. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldanditspeop05duntgoog/page/n31">23</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+and+Its+People&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Silver%2C+Burdett&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Dunton&rft.aufirst=Larkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldanditspeop05duntgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/text/chap_page.jsp?t_id=Hentzner&c_id=1">"Vision of Britain – Paul Hentzner – Arrival and London"</a>. <i>www.visionofbritain.org.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.visionofbritain.org.uk&rft.atitle=Vision+of+Britain+%E2%80%93+Paul+Hentzner+%E2%80%93+Arrival+and+London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visionofbritain.org.uk%2Ftext%2Fchap_page.jsp%3Ft_id%3DHentzner%26c_id%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHome1932" class="citation journal cs1">Home (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F129016c0">"Old London Bridge"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>129</b> (3244): 232. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932Natur.129S..16.">1932Natur.129S..16.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F129016c0">10.1038/129016c0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4112097">4112097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Old+London+Bridge&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=3244&rft.pages=232&rft.date=1932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4112097%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F129016c0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1932Natur.129S..16.&rft.au=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F129016c0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timbs, John. <i>Curiosities of London</i>. p.705, 1885. Available: books.google.com. Accessed: 29 September 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerhold, London Bridge and its Houses, pp. 32-3; Sabine, Ernest L., "Latrines and Cesspools of Mediaeval London," <i>Speculum</i>, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Jul. 1934), pp. 305–306, 315. Earliest evidence for the multi-seated public latrine is from a court case of 1306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson" class="citation book cs1">Jackson. <i>London Bridge</i>. pp. 30–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London+Bridge&rft.pages=30-31&rft.au=Jackson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhold" class="citation book cs1">Gerhold. <i>London Bridge and its Houses</i>. pp. 57, 82–90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London+Bridge+and+its+Houses&rft.pages=57%2C+82-90&rft.au=Gerhold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ways of the World: A History of the World's Roads and of the Vehicles That Used Them</i>, M. G. Lay & James E. Vance, Rutgers University Press 1992, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhold" class="citation book cs1">Gerhold. <i>London Bridge and its Houses</i>. p. 93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London+Bridge+and+its+Houses&rft.pages=93&rft.au=Gerhold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierce 2001, pp. 235–236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierce 2001, p. 252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierce 2001, p. 252–256</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerhold, <i>London Bridge and its Houses</i>, pp. 100–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierce 2001, p. 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierce 2001, pp. 261–263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierce 2001, p. 278–279</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Article on Iron Bridges". <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. 1857.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Article+on+Iron+Bridges&rft.date=1857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmiles2001" class="citation book cs1">Smiles, Samuel (October 2001). <i>The Life of Thomas Telford</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1404314857" title="Special:BookSources/1404314857"><bdi>1404314857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Thomas+Telford&rft.date=2001-10&rft.isbn=1404314857&rft.aulast=Smiles&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A fragment from the old bridge is set into the tower arch inside St Katharine's Church, Merstham.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-UK-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">UK <a href="/wiki/Retail_Price_Index" title="Retail Price Index">Retail Price Index</a> inflation figures are based on data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2017" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Gregory (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/">"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MeasuringWorth" title="MeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=The+Annual+RPI+and+Average+Earnings+for+Britain%2C+1209+to+Present+%28New+Series%29&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeasuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fukearncpi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruttwell-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cruttwell_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heritage.towerbridge.org.uk/about-edward-cruttwell/">"About Edward Cruttwell"</a>. <i>Heritage - Tower Bridge</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heritage+-+Tower+Bridge&rft.atitle=About+Edward+Cruttwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheritage.towerbridge.org.uk%2Fabout-edward-cruttwell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The Widening of London Bridge". <i>The Engineer</i>. 21 December 1900. pp. 613–614.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Engineer&rft.atitle=The+Widening+of+London+Bridge&rft.pages=613-614&rft.date=1900-12-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A dozen granite corbels prepared for this widening went unused, and still lie near Swelltor Quarry on the disused railway track a couple of miles south of <a href="/wiki/Princetown" title="Princetown">Princetown</a> on <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.watfordobserver.co.uk/news/169982.how-london-bridge-was-sold-to-the-states/">"How London Bridge was sold to the States"</a>. <i>Watford Observer</i>. 27 March 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Watford+Observer&rft.atitle=How+London+Bridge+was+sold+to+the+States&rft.date=2002-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.watfordobserver.co.uk%2Fnews%2F169982.how-london-bridge-was-sold-to-the-states%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120116071636/http://www.thisislocallondon.co.uk/archive/2002/03/27/Hertfordshire+Archive/5754223.How_London_Bridge_was_sold_to_the_States/">"How London Bridge was sold to the States (From This Is Local London)"</a>. 16 January 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisislocallondon.co.uk/archive/2002/03/27/Hertfordshire+Archive/5754223.How_London_Bridge_was_sold_to_the_States/">the original</a> on 16 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+London+Bridge+was+sold+to+the+States+%28From+This+Is+Local+London%29&rft.date=2012-01-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisislocallondon.co.uk%2Farchive%2F2002%2F03%2F27%2FHertfordshire%2BArchive%2F5754223.How_London_Bridge_was_sold_to_the_States%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080506144638/http://www.contractjournal.com/Articles/1995/12/21/27226/london-bridge-is-still-here.html">"London Bridge is still here! – 21 December 1995 – Contract Journal"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contractjournal.com/Articles/1995/12/21/27226/london-bridge-is-still-here.html">the original</a> on 6 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=London+Bridge+is+still+here%21+%E2%80%93+21+December+1995+%E2%80%93+Contract+Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.contractjournal.com%2FArticles%2F1995%2F12%2F21%2F27226%2Flondon-bridge-is-still-here.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/loc-1521.html">"Merrivale Quarry, Whitchurch, Tavistock District, Devon, England, UK"</a>. <i>www.mindat.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mindat.org&rft.atitle=Merrivale+Quarry%2C+Whitchurch%2C+Tavistock+District%2C+Devon%2C+England%2C+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindat.org%2Floc-1521.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elborough2013-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elborough2013_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElborough2013" class="citation book cs1">Elborough, Travis (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EW_YhRYKxlcC&pg=PA211"><i>London Bridge in America: The tall story of a transatlantic crossing</i></a>. Random House. pp. 211–212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1448181674" title="Special:BookSources/978-1448181674"><bdi>978-1448181674</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London+Bridge+in+America%3A+The+tall+story+of+a+transatlantic+crossing&rft.pages=211-212&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1448181674&rft.aulast=Elborough&rft.aufirst=Travis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEW_YhRYKxlcC%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wildfang2005-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wildfang2005_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWildfang2005" class="citation book cs1">Wildfang, Frederic B. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t_5bdQIrEzQC&pg=PA107"><i>Lake Havasu City</i></a>. Chicago, IL: Arcadia Publishing. pp. 105–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0738530123" title="Special:BookSources/978-0738530123"><bdi>978-0738530123</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lake+Havasu+City&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pages=105-122&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0738530123&rft.aulast=Wildfang&rft.aufirst=Frederic+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt_5bdQIrEzQC%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-design_and_build-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-design_and_build_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-design_and_build_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120420230132/http://www.buildingtalk.com/news/cyl/cyl123.html">"Carillion accepts award for London Bridge project"</a>. <i>Building talk</i>. 14 November 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buildingtalk.com/news/cyl/cyl123.html">the original</a> on 20 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Building+talk&rft.atitle=Carillion+accepts+award+for+London+Bridge+project&rft.date=2007-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buildingtalk.com%2Fnews%2Fcyl%2Fcyl123.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080412031827/http://thames.me.uk/s00050.htm">"Where Thames Smooth Waters Glide"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thames.me.uk/s00050.htm">the original</a> on 12 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+Thames+Smooth+Waters+Glide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthames.me.uk%2Fs00050.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"London's new bridge— Open today: the latest in a line that goes back 1000 years", <i>Evening Standard</i> (London), 16 March 1973, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Rooftop vigil as the Queen opens bridge", <i>Leicester Mercury</i>, 16 March 1973, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Queen Hails New London Bridge", by Tom Lambert, <i>Los Angeles Times</i>, 17 March 1973, p. I-3 (Queen Elizabeth opened the newest London Bridge Friday, saying it showed no signs of falling down.")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yee, plate 65 and others</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Times140684-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Times140684_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1984" class="citation news cs1">Morris, Rupert (14 June 1984). "Frigate hits London Bridge". <i>The Times</i>. No. 61857. London. col E-G, p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Frigate+hits+London+Bridge&rft.issue=61857&rft.pages=col+E-G%2C+p.-1&rft.date=1984-06-14&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelordmayorsappeal.org/">"A Better City for All: The Lord Mayor's Appeal 2019/2020"</a>. <i>www.thelordmayorsappeal.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thelordmayorsappeal.org&rft.atitle=A+Better+City+for+All%3A+The+Lord+Mayor%27s+Appeal+2019%2F2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelordmayorsappeal.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-40146916">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Van hits pedestrians' on London Bridge in 'major incident'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 3 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Van+hits+pedestrians%27+on+London+Bridge+in+%27major+incident%27&rft.date=2017-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-40146916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lyricsplayground.com/alpha/songs/l/londonhomesickblues.shtml">"London Homesick Blues"</a>. <i>International Lyrics Playground</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Lyrics+Playground&rft.atitle=London+Homesick+Blues&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flyricsplayground.com%2Falpha%2Fsongs%2Fl%2Flondonhomesickblues.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntley" class="citation web cs1">Huntley, Bill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lyricsplayground.com/alpha/songs/k/kingisstillinlondon.shtml">"The King is Still in London"</a>. <i>International Lyrics Playground</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Lyrics+Playground&rft.atitle=The+King+is+Still+in+London&rft.aulast=Huntley&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flyricsplayground.com%2Falpha%2Fsongs%2Fk%2Fkingisstillinlondon.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVineyard" class="citation web cs1">Vineyard, Jennifer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140924041417/http://www.mtv.com/news/1536116/black-eyed-peas-fergie-gets-rough-and-regal-in-first-video-from-solo-lp/">"Black Eyed Peas' Fergie Gets Rough And Regal In First Video From Solo LP"</a>. <i>MTV News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtv.com/news/1536116/black-eyed-peas-fergie-gets-rough-and-regal-in-first-video-from-solo-lp/">the original</a> on 24 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MTV+News&rft.atitle=Black+Eyed+Peas%27+Fergie+Gets+Rough+And+Regal+In+First+Video+From+Solo+LP&rft.aulast=Vineyard&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtv.com%2Fnews%2F1536116%2Fblack-eyed-peas-fergie-gets-rough-and-regal-in-first-video-from-solo-lp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/WD33ii01kXI">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160804224918/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WD33ii01kXI&gl=US&hl=en">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WD33ii01kXI"><i>Fergie - London Bridge (Oh Snap) (Official Music Video)</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fergie+-+London+Bridge+%28Oh+Snap%29+%28Official+Music+Video%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DWD33ii01kXI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/artist/fergie/chart-history/hsi/">"Fergie"</a>. <i>Billboard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Fergie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fartist%2Ffergie%2Fchart-history%2Fhsi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Bridge&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gerhold, Dorian, <i>London Bridge and its Houses, c.1209-1761</i>, London Topographical Society, 2019, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-17-89257-51-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-17-89257-51-9">978-17-89257-51-9</a>; 2nd edition, Oxbow Books, 2021, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-789257-51-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-789257-51-4">1-789257-51-4</a>.</li> <li>Home, Gordon, <i>Old London Bridge</i>, John Lane the Bodley Head Limited, 1931.</li> <li>Jackson, Peter, <i>London Bridge – A Visual History</i>, Historical Publications, revised edition, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948667-82-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-948667-82-6">0-948667-82-6</a>.</li> <li>Murray, Peter & Stevens, Mary Anne, <i>Living Bridges – The inhabited bridge, past, present and future</i>, Royal Academy of Arts, London, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7913-1734-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-7913-1734-2">3-7913-1734-2</a>.</li> <li>Pierce, Patricia, <i>Old London Bridge – The Story of the Longest Inhabited Bridge in Europe</i>, Headline Books, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7472-3493-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7472-3493-0">0-7472-3493-0</a>.</li> <li>Watson, Bruce, Brigham, Trevor and Dyson, Tony, <i>London Bridge: 2000 years of a river crossing</i>, Museum of London Archaeology Service, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901992-18-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-901992-18-7">1-901992-18-7</a>.</li> <li>Yee, Albert, <i>London Bridge – Progress Drawings</i>, no publisher, 1974, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-904742-04-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-904742-04-6">978-0-904742-04-6</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Bridge&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:London_Bridge" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:London Bridge">London Bridge</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldlondonbridge.com/">The London Bridge Museum and Educational Trust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/image_galleries/old_london_bridge_gallery.shtml">Views of Old London Bridge ca. 1440</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_London" title="BBC London">BBC London</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120507045826/http://www.southwark.gov.uk/info/200159/history_of_southwark/1010/london_bridge">Southwark Council page with more info about the bridge</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/launch_vt_londonbridge.shtml">Virtual reality tour of Old London Bridge</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/ebooks/reader?id=DZwAAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&pg=GBS.PA33">Old London Bridge, Mechanics Magazine No. 318, September 1829</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120803005416/http://www.thelondonbridgeexperience.com/history-of-london-bridge.asp">The London Bridge Experience</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/the_bridge_that_crossed_an_ocean">The bridge that crossed an ocean (And the man who moved it)</a> BBC News, 23 September 2018</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crossings_of_the_River_Thames" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Crossings_of_the_River_Thames" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_River_Thames" title="List of crossings of the River Thames">Crossings</a> of the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table width="100%"><tbody><tr> <td width="33%"><b>West:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/City_%26_South_London_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="City & South London Railway">City & South London Railway</a> tunnels (disused)<br /><a href="/wiki/Cannon_Street_Railway_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannon Street Railway Bridge">Cannon Street Railway Bridge</a><br /> </td> <td width="34%" style="border-left:1px solid #aaaaaa;border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa;"><b>London Bridge</b><br /> </td> <td width="33%"><b>East:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_line" title="Northern line">Northern line</a> tunnel<br />between <a href="/wiki/Bank%E2%80%93Monument_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank–Monument station">Bank</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/London_Bridge_station" title="London Bridge station">London Bridge</a><br /> </td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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Bridges">Hungerford and Golden Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Bridge" title="Waterloo Bridge">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Bridge" title="Garden Bridge">Garden</a> (cancelled)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_Bridge" title="Blackfriars Bridge">Blackfriars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_Railway_Bridge" title="Blackfriars Railway Bridge">Blackfriars Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Bridge,_London" title="Millennium Bridge, London">Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwark_Bridge" title="Southwark Bridge">Southwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannon_Street_Railway_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannon Street Railway Bridge">Cannon Street Railway</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Bridge" title="Tower Bridge">Tower</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Londen_20040713_18891.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/UK_Londen_20040713_18891.JPG/80px-UK_Londen_20040713_18891.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/UK_Londen_20040713_18891.JPG/120px-UK_Londen_20040713_18891.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/UK_Londen_20040713_18891.JPG/160px-UK_Londen_20040713_18891.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="1354" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_River_Thames" title="List of crossings of the River Thames">Crossings of the River Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of bridges in the United Kingdom">Bridges in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_London" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:London_history" title="Template:London history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:London_history" title="Template talk:London history"><abbr title="Discuss this 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title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_London" title="County of London">County of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_London" title="Timeline of London">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Roman London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_London" title="Anglo-Saxon London">Anglo-Saxon London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_and_Medieval_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman and Medieval London">Norman and Medieval London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_London" title="Tudor London">Tudor London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_London" title="Stuart London">Stuart London</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18th-century_London" title="18th-century London">18th-century London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th-century_London" title="19th-century London">19th-century London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_London_(1900%E2%80%931939)" title="History of London (1900–1939)">1900–1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_in_World_War_II" title="London in World War II">World War II</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_London#1945–2000" title="History of London">1945–2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_London#21st_century" title="History of London">21st century</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch" title="Coronation of the British monarch">Coronations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death_in_England" title="Black Death in England">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London" title="Great Plague of London">Great Plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1854_Broad_Street_cholera_outbreak" title="1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak">1854 cholera outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Stink" title="Great Stink">Great Stink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Exhibition">Great Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-British_Exhibition" title="Franco-British Exhibition">1908 Franco-British Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cable_Street" title="Battle of Cable Street">The Battle of Cable Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Britain" title="Festival of Britain">Festival of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Smog_of_London" title="Great Smog of London">Great Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII" title="Abdication of Edward VIII">Abdication of Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_Sixties" title="Swinging Sixties">Swinging London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Plan" title="London Plan">London Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_FIFA_World_Cup_final" title="1966 FIFA World Cup final">1966 FIFA World Cup final</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_and_Regent%27s_Park_bombings" title="Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings">Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_February_2003_anti-war_protests#London" title="15 February 2003 anti-war protests">Anti-war protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">7/7 bombings</a></li> <li>Olympic Games <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics" title="1908 Summer Olympics">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics" title="1948 Summer Olympics">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics" title="2012 Summer Paralympics">2012 Summer Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenfell_Tower_fire" title="Grenfell Tower fire">Grenfell Tower fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_London" title="COVID-19 pandemic in London">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_London" title="History of local government in London">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Historic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Board_of_Works" title="Metropolitan Board of Works">Metropolitan Board of Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_County_Council" title="London County Council">London County Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Council" title="Greater London Council">Greater London Council</a></li></ul></li> <li>Current <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority" title="Greater London Authority">Greater London Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Assembly" title="London Assembly">London Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_London" title="List of political parties in London">Political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="London Labour Party">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Conservatives" title="London Conservatives">Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Liberal_Democrats" title="London Liberal Democrats">Liberal Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Green_Party" title="London Green Party">London Green Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_independence" title="London independence">London independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_Street_Runners" title="Bow Street Runners">Bow Street Runners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Metropolitan_Police" title="History of the Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Ambulance_Service" title="London Ambulance Service">London Ambulance Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Fire_Brigade" title="London Fire Brigade">London Fire Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_London_Authority" title="Port of London Authority">Port of London Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_sewer_system" title="London sewer system">London sewer system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_London_Underground" title="History of the London Underground">London Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Metropolitan_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="London Metropolitan Archives">London Metropolitan Archives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">City of London Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London" title="Lord Mayor of London">Lord Mayor of the City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wards_of_the_City_of_London" title="Wards of the City of London">Wards of the City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildhall,_London" title="Guildhall, London">Guildhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livery_company" title="Livery company">Livery Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor%27s_Show" title="Lord Mayor's Show">Lord Mayor's Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Police" title="City of London Police">City of London Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Whitehall" title="Palace of Whitehall">Palace of Whitehall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall" title="Westminster Hall">Westminster Hall</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">London Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Bridge" title="Tower Bridge">Tower Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Great_Fire_of_London" title="Monument to the Great Fire of London">The Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_London" title="Fortifications of London">Fortifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monuments_in_Greater_London" title="Scheduled monuments in Greater London">Scheduled monuments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_London" title="Category:History of London">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gates_and_bars_of_the_City_of_London" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:City_of_London_gates" title="Template:City of London gates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:City_of_London_gates" title="Template talk:City of London gates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:City_of_London_gates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:City of London gates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gates_and_bars_of_the_City_of_London" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/City_gate" title="City gate">Gates</a> and bars of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Temple_Bar,_London" title="Temple Bar, London"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Temple_Bar_ILN_1870.jpg/80px-Temple_Bar_ILN_1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Temple_Bar_ILN_1870.jpg/120px-Temple_Bar_ILN_1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Temple_Bar_ILN_1870.jpg/159px-Temple_Bar_ILN_1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="452" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.4em; padding-right:25px"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Former gates of <a href="/wiki/London_Wall" title="London Wall">London Wall</a> and <i>City bars</i></b> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">Listed clockwise from the West</span> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Temple_Bar,_London" title="Temple Bar, London">Temple Bar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludgate" title="Ludgate">Ludgate</a>†</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holborn_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Holborn Bar">Holborn Bar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newgate" title="Newgate">Newgate</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldersgate#The_gate" title="Aldersgate">Aldersgate</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripplegate#The_gate" title="Cripplegate">Cripplegate</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorgate#The_gate" title="Moorgate">Moorgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopsgate" title="Bishopsgate">Bishopsgate</a>† <i>Bars</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldgate#The_gate" title="Aldgate">Aldgate</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">(Tower) Posterngate</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Water</a>-gates: <a href="/wiki/Billingsgate" title="Billingsgate">Billingsgate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dowgate" title="Dowgate">Dowgate</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bridge</a>-gates: Great Stone Gateway and New Stone Gate</span></li></ul> <ul><li>†<span style="font-size:85%;">The six <a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Roman</a> gates</span></li></ul></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aldgate" title="Aldgate"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/1600_Aldgate.jpg/43px-1600_Aldgate.jpg" decoding="async" width="43" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/1600_Aldgate.jpg/65px-1600_Aldgate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/1600_Aldgate.jpg/87px-1600_Aldgate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="871" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="London_Borough_of_Southwark" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:London_Borough_of_Southwark" title="Template:London Borough of Southwark"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:London_Borough_of_Southwark" title="Template talk:London Borough of Southwark"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:London_Borough_of_Southwark" title="Special:EditPage/Template:London Borough of Southwark"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="London_Borough_of_Southwark" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Southwark" title="London Borough of Southwark">London Borough of Southwark</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_the_London_Borough_of_Southwark" class="mw-redirect" title="List of districts in the London Borough of Southwark">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bankside" title="Bankside">Bankside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermondsey" title="Bermondsey">Bermondsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Borough/Southwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camberwell" title="Camberwell">Camberwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Palace,_London" title="Crystal Palace, London">Crystal Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Hill" title="Denmark Hill">Denmark Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulwich" title="Dulwich">Dulwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulwich_Village" title="Dulwich Village">Dulwich Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Dulwich" title="East Dulwich">East Dulwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_and_Castle" title="Elephant and Castle">Elephant and Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herne_Hill" title="Herne Hill">Herne Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_Oak" title="Honor Oak">Honor Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newington,_London" title="Newington, London">Newington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunhead" title="Nunhead">Nunhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peckham" title="Peckham">Peckham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peckham_Rye" title="Peckham Rye">Peckham Rye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotherhithe" title="Rotherhithe">Rotherhithe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bank" title="South Bank">South Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bermondsey" title="South Bermondsey">South Bermondsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey_Quays" title="Surrey Quays">Surrey Quays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydenham_Hill" title="Sydenham Hill">Sydenham Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Norwood" title="Upper Norwood">Upper Norwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walworth" title="Walworth">Walworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Dulwich" title="West Dulwich">West Dulwich</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_London_Borough_of_Southwark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the London Borough of Southwark"><img alt="Coat of arms of the London Borough of Southwark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coat_of_arms_of_the_London_Borough_of_Southwark.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_London_Borough_of_Southwark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coat_of_arms_of_the_London_Borough_of_Southwark.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_London_Borough_of_Southwark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coat_of_arms_of_the_London_Borough_of_Southwark.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_London_Borough_of_Southwark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="958" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LondonSouthwark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of the London Borough of Southwark in Greater London"><img alt="Location of the London Borough of Southwark in Greater London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/LondonSouthwark.svg/100px-LondonSouthwark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/LondonSouthwark.svg/150px-LondonSouthwark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/LondonSouthwark.svg/200px-LondonSouthwark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="744" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bankside_Gallery" title="Bankside Gallery">Bankside Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Elephant_Theatre" title="Blue Elephant Theatre">Blue Elephant Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_Road_Gallery" title="Borough Road Gallery">Borough Road Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_Theatre" title="Bridge Theatre">Bridge Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunel_Museum" title="Brunel Museum">Brunel Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camberwell_Public_Baths" title="Camberwell Public Baths">Camberwell Public Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champion_Hill" title="Champion Hill">Champion Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_London_(Southwark)" title="City Hall, London (Southwark)">City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Clink" title="The Clink">The Clink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuming_Museum" title="Cuming Museum">Cuming Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulwich_Outdoor_Gallery" title="Dulwich Outdoor Gallery">Dulwich Outdoor Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulwich_Picture_Gallery" title="Dulwich Picture Gallery">Dulwich Picture Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulwich_Public_Baths" title="Dulwich Public Baths">Dulwich Public Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_and_Textile_Museum" title="Fashion and Textile Museum">Fashion and Textile Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_Theatre" title="Globe Theatre">Globe Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Hinde_(1973)" title="Golden Hinde (1973)"><i>Golden Hinde</i> (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Community_Theatre" title="Greenwood Community Theatre">Greenwood Community Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hay%27s_Galleria" title="Hay's Galleria">Hay's Galleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herne_Hill_Velodrome" title="Herne Hill Velodrome">Herne Hill Velodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Dreams_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Dreams Museum">House of Dreams Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Belfast" title="HMS Belfast">HMS <i>Belfast</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerwood_Space" title="Jerwood Space">Jerwood Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkaldy_Testing_Museum" title="Kirkaldy Testing Museum">Kirkaldy Testing Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_London_Bridge_Experience" title="The London Bridge Experience">The London Bridge Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Dungeon" title="London Dungeon">London Dungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Fire_Brigade_Museum" title="London Fire Brigade Museum">London Fire Brigade Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandela_Way_T-34_Tank" title="Mandela Way T-34 Tank">Mandela Way T-34 Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menier_Chocolate_Factory" title="Menier Chocolate Factory">Menier Chocolate Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday_Memorial" title="Michael Faraday Memorial">Michael Faraday Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_London" title="More London">More London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Operating_Theatre_Museum_and_Herb_Garret" title="Old Operating Theatre Museum and Herb Garret">Old Operating Theatre Museum and Herb Garret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Vic" title="The Old Vic">The Old Vic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxo_Tower" title="Oxo Tower">Oxo Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peckham_Platform" title="Peckham Platform">Peckham Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumphouse_Educational_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pumphouse Educational Museum">Pumphouse Educational Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rose_(theatre)" title="The Rose (theatre)">Rose Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Wanamaker_Playhouse" title="Sam Wanamaker Playhouse">Sam Wanamaker Playhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Scoop" title="The Scoop">The Scoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Globe" title="Shakespeare's Globe">Shakespeare's Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shard" title="The Shard">The Shard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_View_from_The_Shard" title="The View from The Shard">The View from The Shard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bank" title="South Bank">South Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_London_Gallery" title="South London Gallery">South London Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwark_Cathedral" title="Southwark Cathedral">Southwark Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwark_Playhouse" title="Southwark Playhouse">Southwark Playhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey_Docks_Farm" title="Surrey Docks Farm">Surrey Docks Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_Modern" title="Tate Modern">Tate Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Peckham" title="Theatre Peckham">Theatre Peckham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn_Theatre" title="Unicorn Theatre">Unicorn Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Theatre,_London" title="Union Theatre, London">Union Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_Palace" title="Winchester Palace">Winchester Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Markets and shopping</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_Market" title="Borough Market">Borough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Street_Market" title="East Street Market">East Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey_Quays_Shopping_Centre" title="Surrey Quays Shopping Centre">Surrey Quays Shopping Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_London" title="List of bridges in London">Bridges and tunnels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_Bridge" title="Blackfriars Bridge">Blackfriars Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_Railway_Bridge" title="Blackfriars Railway Bridge">Blackfriars Railway Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannon_Street_Railway_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannon Street Railway Bridge">Cannon Street Railway Bridge</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">London Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Bridge,_London" title="Millennium Bridge, London">Millennium Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotherhithe_Tunnel" title="Rotherhithe Tunnel">Rotherhithe Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwark_Bridge" title="Southwark Bridge">Southwark Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Bridge" title="Tower Bridge">Tower Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Bridge" title="Waterloo Bridge">Waterloo Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parks_and_open_spaces_in_the_London_Borough_of_Southwark" title="Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Southwark">Parks and open spaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belair_Park" title="Belair Park">Belair Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellenden_Road_Nature_Garden" title="Bellenden Road Nature Garden">Bellenden Road Nature Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermondsey_Spa_Gardens" title="Bermondsey Spa Gardens">Bermondsey Spa Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgess_Park" title="Burgess Park">Burgess Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camberwell_Green" title="Camberwell Green">Camberwell Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Wildlife_Gardening" title="Centre for Wildlife Gardening">Centre for Wildlife Gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulwich_Park" title="Dulwich Park">Dulwich Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulwich_Upper_Wood" title="Dulwich Upper Wood">Dulwich Upper Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Mary_Harmsworth_Park" title="Geraldine Mary Harmsworth Park">Geraldine Mary Harmsworth Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_Pond" title="Lavender Pond">Lavender Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newington_Gardens" title="Newington Gardens">Newington Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Tree_Hill,_Honor_Oak" title="One Tree Hill, Honor Oak">One Tree Hill, Honor Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peckham_Rye" title="Peckham Rye">Peckham Rye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potters_Fields_Park" title="Potters Fields Park">Potters Fields Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_Dock_Woodland" title="Russia Dock Woodland">Russia Dock Woodland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stave_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Stave Hill">Stave Hill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwark_Park" title="Southwark Park">Southwark Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydenham_Hill_Wood" title="Sydenham Hill Wood">Sydenham Hill Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabard_Gardens" title="Tabard Gardens">Tabard Gardens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Southwark#Politics" title="London Borough of Southwark">Constituencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camberwell_and_Peckham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Camberwell and Peckham (UK Parliament constituency)">Camberwell and Peckham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Southwark_and_Bermondsey_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="North Southwark and Bermondsey (UK Parliament constituency)">North Southwark and Bermondsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulwich_and_West_Norwood_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Dulwich and West Norwood (UK Parliament constituency)">Dulwich and West Norwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Southwark#Transport" title="London Borough of Southwark">Tube and rail stations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_line" title="Jubilee line"><img alt="Jubilee Line" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Jubilee_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/10px-Jubilee_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Jubilee_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/15px-Jubilee_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Jubilee_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/20px-Jubilee_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="416" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bermondsey_tube_station" title="Bermondsey tube station">Bermondsey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Northern_line" title="Northern line"><img alt="Northern Line" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Northern_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/10px-Northern_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Northern_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/15px-Northern_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Northern_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/20px-Northern_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="416" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Borough_tube_station" title="Borough tube station">Borough</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_line" title="Jubilee line"><img alt="Jubilee Line" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Jubilee_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/10px-Jubilee_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Jubilee_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/15px-Jubilee_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Jubilee_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/20px-Jubilee_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="416" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/East_London_line" title="East London line"><img alt="East London line" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Overground_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/10px-Overground_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Overground_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/15px-Overground_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Overground_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/20px-Overground_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="520" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canada_Water_station" title="Canada Water station">Canada Water</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/National_Rail" title="National Rail"><img alt="National Rail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/12px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/18px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/24px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="39" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Denmark_Hill_railway_station" title="Denmark Hill railway station">Denmark Hill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bakerloo_line" title="Bakerloo line"><img alt="Bakerloo Line" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bakerloo_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/10px-Bakerloo_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bakerloo_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/15px-Bakerloo_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bakerloo_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/20px-Bakerloo_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="416" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Northern_line" title="Northern line"><img alt="Northern Line" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Northern_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/10px-Northern_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Northern_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/15px-Northern_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Northern_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/20px-Northern_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="416" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/National_Rail" title="National Rail"><img alt="National Rail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/12px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/18px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/24px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="39" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Elephant_%26_Castle_tube_station" title="Elephant & Castle tube station">Elephant and Castle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Northern_line" title="Northern line"><img alt="Northern Line" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Northern_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/10px-Northern_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Northern_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/15px-Northern_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Northern_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/20px-Northern_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="416" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kennington_tube_station" title="Kennington tube station">Kennington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/National_Rail" title="National Rail"><img alt="National Rail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/12px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/18px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/24px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="39" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_line" title="Jubilee line"><img alt="Jubilee Line" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Jubilee_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/10px-Jubilee_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Jubilee_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/15px-Jubilee_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Jubilee_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/20px-Jubilee_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="416" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Northern_line" title="Northern line"><img alt="Northern Line" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Northern_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/10px-Northern_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Northern_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/15px-Northern_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Northern_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/20px-Northern_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="416" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_London_line" title="South London line"><img alt="South London line" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Overground_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/10px-Overground_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Overground_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/15px-Overground_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Overground_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/20px-Overground_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="520" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/London_Bridge_station" title="London Bridge station">London Bridge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/National_Rail" title="National Rail"><img alt="National Rail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/12px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/18px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/24px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="39" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nunhead_railway_station" title="Nunhead railway station">Nunhead</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/National_Rail" title="National Rail"><img alt="National Rail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/12px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/18px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/24px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="39" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Peckham_Rye_railway_station" title="Peckham Rye railway station">Peckham Rye</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/National_Rail" title="National Rail"><img alt="National Rail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/12px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/18px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/24px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="39" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Queens_Road_Peckham_railway_station" title="Queens Road Peckham railway station">Queens Road Peckham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/National_Rail" title="National Rail"><img alt="National Rail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/12px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/18px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/24px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="39" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rotherhithe_railway_station" title="Rotherhithe railway station">Rotherhithe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/National_Rail" title="National Rail"><img alt="National Rail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/12px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/18px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/24px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="39" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Bermondsey_railway_station" title="South Bermondsey railway station">South Bermondsey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_line" title="Jubilee line"><img alt="Jubilee Line" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Jubilee_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/10px-Jubilee_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Jubilee_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/15px-Jubilee_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Jubilee_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/20px-Jubilee_line_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="416" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Southwark_tube_station" title="Southwark tube station">Southwark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/East_London_line" title="East London line"><img alt="East London line" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Overground_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/10px-Overground_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Overground_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/15px-Overground_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Overground_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/20px-Overground_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="520" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Surrey_Quays_railway_station" title="Surrey Quays railway station">Surrey Quays</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/National_Rail" title="National Rail"><img alt="National Rail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/12px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/18px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/24px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="39" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sydenham_Hill_railway_station" title="Sydenham Hill railway station">Sydenham Hill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/National_Rail" title="National Rail"><img alt="National Rail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/12px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/18px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/24px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="39" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/West_Dulwich_railway_station" title="West Dulwich railway station">West Dulwich</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southwark_London_Borough_Council" title="Southwark London Borough Council">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_and_II*_listed_buildings_in_the_London_Borough_of_Southwark" title="Grade I and II* listed buildings in the London Borough of Southwark">Grade I and II* listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_the_London_Borough_of_Southwark" title="List of people from the London Borough of Southwark">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_the_London_Borough_of_Southwark" title="List of public art in the London Borough of Southwark">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_the_London_Borough_of_Southwark" title="List of schools in the London Borough of Southwark">Schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:London_Borough_of_Southwark" title="Category:London Borough of Southwark">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/20003165">Structurae</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=London_Bridge&params=51_30_29_N_0_05_16_W_region:GB_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°30′29″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°05′16″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.50806°N 0.08778°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.50806; -0.08778</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img 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