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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Return to Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Philosophy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Critique_of_capitalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critique_of_capitalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Critique of capitalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critique_of_capitalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critique_of_state_socialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critique_of_state_socialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Critique of state socialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critique_of_state_socialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooperation_and_competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooperation_and_competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Cooperation and competition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooperation_and_competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mutual_aid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutual_aid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mutual aid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutual_aid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-sufficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-sufficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Self-sufficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-sufficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pamphlets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pamphlets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Pamphlets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pamphlets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books_on_Kropotkin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_on_Kropotkin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Books on Kropotkin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_on_Kropotkin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Periodical_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periodical_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Periodical articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periodical_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Peter Kropotkin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Kropotkin" title="Pjotr Kropotkin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pjotr Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Alexejewitsch_Kropotkin" title="Pjotr Alexejewitsch Kropotkin – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pjotr Alexejewitsch Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بيوتر كروبوتكين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيوتر كروبوتكين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Kropotkin" title="Piotr Kropotkin – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Piotr Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Kropotkin" title="Piotr Kropotkin – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Piotr Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Kropotkin" title="Pyotr Kropotkin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pyotr Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="পিয়োতর ক্রাপোতকিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পিয়োতর ক্রাপোতকিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABtr_Alekseevi%C4%8D_Kropotkin" title="Pëtr Alekseevič Kropotkin – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pëtr Alekseevič Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Кропоткин Пётр Алексеевич – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кропоткин Пётр Алексеевич" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Пётр Аляксеевіч Крапоткін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пётр Аляксеевіч Крапоткін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Пётар Крапоткін – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пётар Крапоткін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пьотър Кропоткин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пьотър Кропоткин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Kropotkin" title="Pyotr Kropotkin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pyotr Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Kropotkin" title="Piotr Kropotkin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Piotr Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Кропоткин Пётр Алекссевич – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кропоткин Пётр Алекссевич" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr_Kropotkin" title="Petr Kropotkin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Petr Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Kropotkin" title="Pyotr Kropotkin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pyotr Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Peter Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Alexejewitsch_Kropotkin" title="Pjotr Alexejewitsch Kropotkin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pjotr Alexejewitsch Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Kropotkin" title="Pjotr Kropotkin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pjotr Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%81_%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD" title="Πιοτρ Κροπότκιν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πιοτρ Κροπότκιν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Kropotkin" title="Piotr Kropotkin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Piotr Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petro_Kropotkin" title="Petro Kropotkin – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Petro Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Kropotkin" title="Piotr Kropotkin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Piotr Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پتر کروپوتکین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پتر کروپوتکین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Kropotkine" title="Pierre Kropotkine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pierre Kropotkine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Kropotkin" title="Pjotr Kropotkin – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pjotr Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Kropotkin" title="Pyotr Kropotkin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pyotr Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Kropotkin" title="Piotr Kropotkin – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Piotr Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%9C%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%B4_%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%ED%8F%BF%ED%82%A8" title="표트르 크로폿킨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="표트르 크로폿킨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%BF%D6%80_%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Պյոտր Կրոպոտկին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պյոտր Կրոպոտկին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="पीटर क्रोपोत्किन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पीटर क्रोपोत्किन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Kropotkin" title="Pjotr Kropotkin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pjotr Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Kropotkin" title="Pyotr Kropotkin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pyotr Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petro_Kropotkin" title="Petro Kropotkin – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Petro Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Kropotk%C3%ADn" title="Pjotr Kropotkín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pjotr Kropotkín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABtr_Alekseevi%C4%8D_Kropotkin" title="Pëtr Alekseevič Kropotkin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pëtr Alekseevič Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9F" title="פיוטר קרופוטקין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיוטר קרופוטקין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პეტრე კროპოტკინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პეტრე კროპოტკინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Петр Алексеевич Кропоткин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Петр Алексеевич Кропоткин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Kropotkin" title="Petrus Kropotkin – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Petrus Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotrs_Kropotkins" title="Pjotrs Kropotkins – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pjotrs Kropotkins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotras_Kropotkinas" title="Piotras Kropotkinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Piotras Kropotkinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Alekszejevics_Kropotkin" title="Pjotr Alekszejevics Kropotkin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pjotr Alekszejevics Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Петар Кропоткин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Петар Кропоткин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Kropotkine" title="Pierre Kropotkine – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pierre Kropotkine" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بيوتر كروبوتكين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيوتر كروبوتكين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Kropotkin" title="Pjotr Kropotkin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pjotr Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Peter Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="प्योत्र क्रोपोत्किन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्योत्र क्रोपोत्किन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9D%E3%83%88%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3" title="ピョートル・クロポトキン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピョートル・クロポトキン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Kropotkin" title="Pjotr Kropotkin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pjotr Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Kropotkin" title="Pjotr Kropotkin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pjotr Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Kropotkin" title="Piotr Kropotkin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Piotr Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪੀਟਰ ਕਰੋਪੋਤਕਿਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੀਟਰ ਕਰੋਪੋਤਕਿਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%BC%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پیټر کروپوتکین – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پیټر کروپوتکین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Kropotkin" title="Piotr Kropotkin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Piotr Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Kropotkin" title="Piotr Kropotkin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Piotr Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Kropotkin" title="Piotr Kropotkin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Piotr Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Кропоткин, Пётр Алексеевич – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кропоткин, Пётр Алексеевич" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Peter Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Peter Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Alexejevi%C4%8D_Kropotkin" title="Piotr Alexejevič Kropotkin – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Piotr Alexejevič Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Aleksejevi%C4%8D_Kropotkin" title="Peter Aleksejevič Kropotkin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Peter Aleksejevič Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%86%D8%AA%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پیتەر کرۆپۆتکین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پیتەر کرۆپۆتکین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Петар Кропоткин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Петар Кропоткин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Kropotkin" title="Petar Kropotkin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Petar Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Kropotkin" title="Pjotr Kropotkin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pjotr Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjotr_Kropotkin" title="Pjotr Kropotkin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pjotr Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Kropotkin" title="Pyotr Kropotkin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pyotr Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Kropotkin" title="Pyotr Kropotkin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pyotr Kropotkin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Кропоткін Петро Олексійович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кропоткін Петро Олексійович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kropotkin" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kropotkin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kropotkin (disambiguation)">Kropotkin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_naming_customs" title="East Slavic naming customs">East Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Alexeyevich</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> Kropotkin</i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Peter Kropotkin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Пётр Кропоткин</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Atelier_Nadar_-_Pierre_Kropotkine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Atelier_Nadar_-_Pierre_Kropotkine.jpg/250px-Atelier_Nadar_-_Pierre_Kropotkine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Atelier_Nadar_-_Pierre_Kropotkine.jpg/330px-Atelier_Nadar_-_Pierre_Kropotkine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Atelier_Nadar_-_Pierre_Kropotkine.jpg/500px-Atelier_Nadar_-_Pierre_Kropotkine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="2201" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait by the workshop of <a href="/wiki/Nadar" title="Nadar">Nadar</a>, before 1910</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1842-12-09</span>)</span>9 December 1842<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">8 February 1921<span style="display:none">(1921-02-08)</span> (aged 78)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Dmitrov" title="Dmitrov">Dmitrov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Novodevichy_Cemetery" title="Novodevichy Cemetery">Novodevichy Cemetery</a>, Moscow</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Page_Corps" title="Page Corps">Corps of Pages</a> (1857–1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Imperial_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Petersburg Imperial University">Saint Petersburg Imperial University</a> (1867; did not graduate)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conquest_of_Bread" title="The Conquest of Bread">The Conquest of Bread</a></i> (1892)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fields,_Factories,_and_Workshops" title="Fields, Factories, and Workshops">Fields, Factories, and Workshops</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_a_Revolutionist" title="Memoirs of a Revolutionist">Memoirs of a Revolutionist</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Aid:_A_Factor_of_Evolution" title="Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution">Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution</a></i> (1902)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Kropotkin" title="Sophie Kropotkin">Sofia Ananyeva-Rabinovich</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kropotkin" title="Alexandra Kropotkin">Alexandra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kropotkin_family" title="Kropotkin family">Kropotkin</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/19th-century_philosophy" title="19th-century philosophy">19th-century philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_philosophy" title="Russian philosophy">Russian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political history</a></li> <li>Economics</li> <li>Ethics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwinian_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwinian theory">Darwinian theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>Political, ethical and economic theory of <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">anarcho-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li>Criticism of <a href="/wiki/Wage_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wage labor">wage labor</a></li> <li>Five-hour workday</li> <li>Communal kitchens</li> <li>Voluntary communes</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Page_Corps" title="Page Corps">Corps of Pages</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">Aide-de-camp</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Transbaikal" title="Transbaikal">Governor of Transbaikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attach%C3%A9" title="Attaché">Attaché</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossack</a> affairs to the <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Governor-General of East Siberia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Kropotkin_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Peter_Kropotkin_signature.svg/250px-Peter_Kropotkin_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Peter_Kropotkin_signature.svg/330px-Peter_Kropotkin_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="159" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (9 December 1842<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 8 February 1921) was a Russian <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geographer" title="Geographer">geographer</a> known as a proponent of <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">anarchist communism</a>. </p><p>Born into an <a href="/wiki/Aristocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristocratic">aristocratic</a> land-owning family, Kropotkin attended the <a href="/wiki/Page_Corps" title="Page Corps">Page Corps</a> and later served as an officer in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, where he participated in several geological expeditions. He was imprisoned for his activism in 1874 and managed to escape two years later. He spent the next 41 years in exile in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, France (where he was imprisoned for almost four years) and England. While in exile, he gave lectures and published widely on anarchism and geography.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kropotkin returned to Russia after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> in 1917, but he was disappointed by the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> state. </p><p>Kropotkin was a proponent of the idea of <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialist_decentralization" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian socialist decentralization">decentralized</a> <a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">communist society</a> free from central government and based on voluntary associations of self-governing communities and worker-run enterprises. He wrote many books, pamphlets and articles, the most prominent being <i><a href="/wiki/The_Conquest_of_Bread" title="The Conquest of Bread">The Conquest of Bread</a></i> (1892) and <i><a href="/wiki/Fields,_Factories,_and_Workshops" title="Fields, Factories, and Workshops">Fields, Factories, and Workshops</a></i> (1899), with <i><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Aid:_A_Factor_of_Evolution" title="Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution">Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution</a></i> (1902) being his principal scientific offering. He contributed the article on anarchism to the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">eleventh edition of the <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and left an unfinished work on anarchist ethical philosophy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kropotkin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kropotkin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kropotkin was born in Moscow on 9 December 1842, in the <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Большая Конюшенная слобода">Konyushennaya</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Equerries" class="mw-redirect" title="Equerries">Equerries</a>") district.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197913_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197913-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, Alexander, was a typical royal officer who owned serfs in three provinces and <a href="/wiki/Kropotkin_family" title="Kropotkin family">whose family</a> descended from the princes of <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197922–23_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197922–23-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother, Ekatarina Sulima, was the daughter of General <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Sulima" title="Nikolai Sulima">Nikolai Sulima</a> and a descendant of a <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossack</a> leader. Peter, the youngest of her four children, was three years old when she died of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197923_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197923-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kropotkin's father remarried two years later. This stepmother was indifferent towards the Kropotkin children and had a streak of jealous vindictiveness, going through great lengths to remove the memory of Kropotkin's mother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197924_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197924-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With his father mostly absent, Kropotkin and his older brother, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kropotkin" title="Alexander Kropotkin">Alexander</a>, were raised by their German nurse. Kropotkin developed an enduring compassion for the estate's servants and serfs who cared for him and relayed stories of his mother's kindness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197923_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197923-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was raised in the family's Moscow mansion and an estate in <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5#Калужская_область" class="extiw" title="ru:Никольское">Nikolskoye, Kaluga Oblast</a>, outside Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197924_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197924-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the age of eight, Kropotkin attended Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a>'s Royal Ball. Commending the child's costume, the tsar chose Kropotkin for his <a href="/wiki/Page_Corps" title="Page Corps">Page Corps</a>, an elite school in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> that combined military and court education and produced the tsar's imperial attendants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197913,_24–25_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197913,_24–25-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kropotkin joined the Page Corps as a teenager and began a 14-year epistolary relationship with his brother that charts his intellectual and emotional development.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197913,_18,_25_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197913,_18,_25-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of his arrival, Kropotkin had already shown a populist position towards <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">the emancipation of serfs</a> and a nature of revolt against his father and the school's <a href="/wiki/Hazing" title="Hazing">hazing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197925_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197925-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kropotkin began his first underground revolutionary writings at the school, where he advocated for a Russian constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197913,_26_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197913,_26-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He developed an interest in science, reading, and opera. As a top student, Kropotkin became a sergeant-major in 1861<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197925_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197925-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was thrust into court life, serving as the emperor's personal Page de Chambre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197913,_28_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197913,_28-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His views of the tsar and court life soured as imperial policy changed over the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197928_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197928-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Privately he was preoccupied with the need to live a societally useful life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197927_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197927-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siberia">Siberia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kropotkin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Siberia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For his tour of service, in 1862 he chose the <a href="/wiki/Amur_Cossacks" title="Amur Cossacks">Amur Cossacks</a> in east <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, an undesirable post that would let him study the technical mathematics of artillery, travel, live in nature, and achieve financial independence from his father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197928–29_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197928–29-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He developed a firm worldview of compassion for the poor and contrasted the pride and dignity of the yeoman peasant farmers against the indignities of serfdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197929_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197929-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote approvingly of the cultivated <a href="/wiki/Transbaikalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transbaikalia">Transbaikalia</a> governor-general <a href="/wiki/Boleslav_Kukel" title="Boleslav Kukel">Boleslav Kukel</a>, to whom Kropotkin reported.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197929–30_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197929–30-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kukel engaged Kropotkin in prison reform and city self-governance projects that the central government ultimately denied. The exiled poet and political prisoner <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Larionovitch_Mikhailov" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Larionovitch Mikhailov">Mikhail Larionovitch Mikhailov</a> introduced Kropotkin to anarchism by recommending he read an essay by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197930_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197930-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kropotkin's brother came to live with him in <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk" title="Irkutsk">Irkutsk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197913,_32_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197913,_32-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Kukel's ouster in early 1863, Kropotkin found solace in geographical work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197930–31_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197930–31-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He led a disguised reconnaissance expedition to find a direct route through <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> from <a href="/wiki/Chita,_Zabaykalsky_Krai" title="Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai">Chita</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a> the next year. He explored the <a href="/wiki/East_Siberian_Mountains" title="East Siberian Mountains">East Siberian Mountains</a> in the north the year after. The mountain measurements from his 1866 <a href="/wiki/Olekminsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Olekminsk">Olekminsk</a>-<a href="/wiki/Vitimsky" title="Vitimsky">Vitimsk</a> expedition confirmed his Manchurian hypothesis that the Siberian area from the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a> and not a <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plain</a>. This discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Patom_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Patom Plateau">Patom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitim_Plateau" title="Vitim Plateau">Vitim Plateaus</a> won him a gold medal from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Geographical_Society" title="Russian Geographical Society">Russian Geographical Society</a> and led to the commercialization of the <a href="/wiki/Lena_gold_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Lena gold fields">Lena gold fields</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Kropotkin_Range" title="Kropotkin Range">range of mountains in this region</a> was later named for him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197931_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197931-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kropotkin covered Siberia for St. Petersburg newspapers since his arrival, including the condition of the Polish political exiles who participated in the unsuccessful 1866 <a href="/wiki/Baikal_Insurrection" title="Baikal Insurrection">Baikal Insurrection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197931–32_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197931–32-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kropotkin secured a promise from the governor-general to suspend the prisoners' death sentences, which was reneged upon. Disillusioned, Kropotkin and his brother resolved to leave the military. His time in Siberia taught him to appreciate peasant social organization and convinced him that administrative reform was an ineffectual means to improve social conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197913,_32_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197913,_32-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:362px"><div style="position:relative;width:360px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia_administrative_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peter Kropotkin is located in Russia"><img alt="Peter Kropotkin is located in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Russia_administrative_location_map.svg/360px-Russia_administrative_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Russia_administrative_location_map.svg/540px-Russia_administrative_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Russia_administrative_location_map.svg/720px-Russia_administrative_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1299" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.389%;left:59.708%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Vitim"><img alt="Vitim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Vitim</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:79.297%;left:62.358%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Chita"><img alt="Chita" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Chita</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:87.98%;left:80.581%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Vladivostok"><img alt="Vladivostok" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Vladivostok</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:31.382%;left:14.489%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="St. Petersburg"><img alt="St. Petersburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>St. Petersburg</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.063%;left:13.505%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Moscow"><img alt="Moscow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Moscow</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia_administrative_location_map.svg" title="File:Russia administrative location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Russian locales of Kropotkin's early career</div></div></div> <p>After five years in Siberia, Kropotkin and his brother moved to St. Petersburg, where they continued their schooling and academic work. Kropotkin took a position with the Russian <a href="/wiki/Interior_ministry" title="Interior ministry">interior ministry</a> with no duties. He studied physics, math, and geography at the university.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197913,_32–33_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197913,_32–33-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After presenting his Vitim expedition findings, Kropotkin accepted the Russian Geographical Society's part-time offer of its Physical Geography section Secretaryship. Kropotkin translated <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a>'s work for additional income. He continued to develop a theory, which he considered his best scientific contribution, that the East Siberian mountains were part of a large plateau and not independent ridges. Kropotkin participated in an 1870 polar expedition plan that postulated the existence of what was later discovered as the <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Land" title="Franz Josef Land">Franz Josef Land</a> Arctic archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197933_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197933-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1871, he was commissioned to study the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Ice Age</a> in Scandinavian geography, in which Kropotkin developed theories of the glaciation of Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Glacial_lakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial lakes">glacial lakes</a> of its northeast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197933–34_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197933–34-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father died later that year and Kropotkin inherited a wealthy estate in <a href="/wiki/Tambov" title="Tambov">Tambov</a>. Kropotkin turned down the Geographical Society's offer of its general secretary position, instead choosing work on his Ice Age data and interest in bettering the lives of peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197934_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197934-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anarchism">Anarchism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kropotkin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anarchism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_(1842-1921;_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_1876).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%2C_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%281842-1921%3B_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_1876%29.jpg/250px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%2C_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%281842-1921%3B_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_1876%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%2C_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%281842-1921%3B_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_1876%29.jpg/330px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%2C_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%281842-1921%3B_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_1876%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%2C_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%281842-1921%3B_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_1876%29.jpg/500px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%2C_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%281842-1921%3B_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_1876%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="2632" /></a><figcaption>Kropotkin in 1876</figcaption></figure> <p>While Kropotkin became increasingly revolutionary in his writings, he was not known for activism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197918_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197918-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was spurred by the 1871 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a> and trial of <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Nechayev" title="Sergey Nechayev">Sergey Nechayev</a>. He and his brother attended meetings on the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> and revolutionism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197933_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197933-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likely at the encouragement of a Swiss extended family member and his own desire to see the socialist worker's movement, Kropotkin set out to see Switzerland and Western Europe in February 1872. Over three months, he met <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Sazhin_(revolutionary)" title="Mikhail Sazhin (revolutionary)">Mikhail Sazhin</a> in Zurich, worked and fell out with <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Utin" title="Nikolai Utin">Nikolai Utin</a>'s Marxist group in Geneva, and was introduced to the <a href="/wiki/Jura_Federation" title="Jura Federation">Jura Federation</a>'s <a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">James Guillaume</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adh%C3%A9mar_Schwitzgu%C3%A9bel" title="Adhémar Schwitzguébel">Adhémar Schwitzguébel</a>. The Jura were the main internal opposition to the Marxist-controlled <a href="/wiki/First_International" class="mw-redirect" title="First International">First International</a>, as followers of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197934_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197934-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kropotkin was quickly impressed and was instantly converted to anarchism by the group's egalitarianism and independence of expression,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197914,_34_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197914,_34-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but narrowly missed meeting the leading anarchist, Bakunin, while there.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kropotkin visited Belgium's movement before returning to Russia in May with contraband literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197935_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197935-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Back in St. Petersburg, Kropotkin joined the <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_Tchaikovsky" title="Circle of Tchaikovsky">Chaikovsky Circle</a>, a group of revolutionaries that Kropotkin considered more educational than revolutionary in their activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197935_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197935-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kropotkin believed in the inevitability of <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social revolution</a> and the need for stateless social organization. His <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populist</a> revolutionary program for the group focused on urban workers and peasants whereas the group's moderates focused on students. Partially for this reason, he declined to contribute his personal wealth to the group. He viewed professionals as unlikely to forgo their privileges and judged them to not live societally useful lives. His program emphasized federated agrarian communes and a revolutionary party. While he could speak powerfully, Kropotkin was not a successful organizer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197936_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197936-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kropotkin's first political memo in November 1873 covered his basic plan for stateless social reconstruction including common property, worker control of factories, shared physical labor towards societal need, and labor vouchers in lieu of money. He emphasized living among commoners and using propaganda to focus mass dissatisfaction. He rejected the Nechayev conspiracy model.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197936–37_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197936–37-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the circle began to be arrested in late 1873 and the <a href="/wiki/Third_Section" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Section">Third Section</a> secret police came for Kropotkin in March 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197937_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197937-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His arrest for agitation, as a former <i>page de chambre</i> and officer, was scandalous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197914,_37_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197914,_37-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kropotkin had just filed his Ice Age report and had been recently elected president of the Geographical Society's Physical and Mathematical Department. At the society's request the tsar granted Kropotkin books to finish his glaciation report. Kropotkin was held in the <a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress" title="Peter and Paul Fortress">Peter and Paul Fortress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197937_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197937-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His brother, who had also radicalized as a follower of Lavrov,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197935_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197935-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was also arrested and <a href="/wiki/Katorga" title="Katorga">exiled in Siberia</a>, where he committed suicide about a decade later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197938_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197938-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kropotkin was moved to the House of Detention prison military hospital in St. Petersburg for poor health, with the help of his sister. With assistance from friends, he escaped from the minimal-security prison in June 1876. By way of Scandinavia and England, Kropotkin arrived in Switzerland by the end of the year, where he met Italian anarchists <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cafiero" title="Carlo Cafiero">Carlo Cafiero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a>. He visited Belgium and Zurich, where he met French geographer <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Élisée Reclus</a>, who became a close friend.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197938_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197938-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exile">Exile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kropotkin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kropotkin associated with the Jura Federation and began editing its publication.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197938–39_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197938–39-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he met <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Jewish">Ukrainian Jewish</a> student <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Kropotkin" title="Sophie Kropotkin">Sophie Kropotkin</a>, and the two were married in 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197939_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197939-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1879, he started <i><a href="/wiki/Le_R%C3%A9volt%C3%A9" title="Le Révolté">Le Révolté</a></i>, a revolutionary fortnightly, in Geneva that published his personal articulation of <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">anarchist communism</a>, the idea of distributing work product communally based on need rather than by work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197914,_39_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197914,_39-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became the philosophy's most prominent proponent, despite not creating it. The philosophy became part of the Jura program in 1880 at Kropotkin's advocacy. <i>Le Révolté</i> also published Kropotkin's best known pamphlet, "An Appeal to the Young", in 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197939_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197939-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Switzerland expelled Kropotkin at Russia's behest after the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Alexander_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Alexander II">assassination of Alexander II</a> in early 1881. He moved to <a href="/wiki/Thonon-les-Bains" title="Thonon-les-Bains">Thonon-les-Bains</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, near Geneva, so that his wife could finish her Swiss education. Upon learning that the Holy League, a tsarist group, intended to kill him for his alleged association with the assassination, he moved to London, but could only bear to live there for a year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197939_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197939-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his return in late 1882, the French arrested him for agitation, partly to appease Russia. He was sentenced to five years in <a href="/wiki/Lyons" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyons">Lyons</a>. In early 1883, he was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Clairvaux_Prison" title="Clairvaux Prison">Clairvaux Prison</a>, where he continued his academic work. A public campaign of intellectuals and French legislators called for his release. Reclus published <i>Words of a Rebel</i>, a compilation of Kropotkin's <i>Révolté</i> writings while he was in prison, which became a main source of Kropotkin's thoughts on revolution. As Kropotkin's health worsened from <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, France released him in early 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197940_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197940-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He would stay in England through 1917, settling in <a href="/wiki/Harrow,_London" title="Harrow, London">Harrow, London</a>, apart from brief trips to other European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197940–41_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197940–41-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In London in late 1886, he co-founded <i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_(British_newspaper)" title="Freedom (British newspaper)">Freedom</a></i>, an anarchist monthly and the first English anarchist periodical, which he continued to support for almost three decades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197914,_41_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197914,_41-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first and only child, <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kropotkin" title="Alexandra Kropotkin">Alexandra Kropotkin</a>, was born the next year. He published multiple books over the next coming years including <i>In Russian and French Prisons</i> and <i>The Conquest of Bread</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197914_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197914-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His intellectual circle in London included <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a> and <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a> as well as old Russian friends <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Stepnyak-Kravchinsky" title="Sergey Stepnyak-Kravchinsky">Sergey Stepnyak-Kravchinsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tchaikovsky" title="Nikolai Tchaikovsky">Nikolai Tchaikovsky</a>. Kropotkin contributed to the <i>Geographical Journal</i> and <i>Nature</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197941_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197941-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1890, according to biographers <a href="/wiki/George_Woodcock" title="George Woodcock">George Woodcock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Avakumovi%C4%87" title="Ivan Avakumović">Ivan Avakumović</a>, Kropotkin became more of a scholarly recluse and less of a propagandist. His works' revolutionary zeal subsided as he turned to social, ethical, and scientific questions. He joined the <a href="/wiki/British_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="British Association for the Advancement of Science">British Association for the Advancement of Science</a>. He continued to contribute to <i>Freedom</i> but was no longer an editor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197944_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197944-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several of Kropotkin's books began as journal articles. His writings on anarchist communist social life were printed in the French successor to <i>Le Révolté</i> and later revised into <i>The Conquest of Bread</i> in 1892. Kropotkin's writings on decentralizing production and industry against the countervailing trend of centralized industrialization were compiled into his <i><a href="/wiki/Fields,_Factories,_and_Workshops" title="Fields, Factories, and Workshops">Fields, Factories, and Workshops</a></i> in 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197942_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197942-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His research throughout the 1890s on the animal instinct for cooperation as a counterpoint to <a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a> became a series of articles in <i>Nineteenth Century</i> and, later, the book <i>Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution</i>, which was widely translated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197942–43_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197942–43-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following a scientific congress in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> in 1897, Kropotkin toured Canada. His experience there led him to advise the Russian <a href="/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Doukhobors</a> who sought to immigrate there. He helped facilitate their emigration in 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197944_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197944-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kropotkin entered the United States and met <a href="/wiki/John_Most" class="mw-redirect" title="John Most">John Most</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a>. American publishers published his <i>Memoirs of a Revolutionist</i> and <i>Fields, Factories, and Workshops</i> by the end of the decade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197914_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197914-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He visited the United States again in 1901 at the invitation of the <a href="/wiki/Lowell_Institute" title="Lowell Institute">Lowell Institute</a> to give lectures on Russian literature that were later published.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197915_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197915-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He published <i>The Great French Revolution</i> (1909), <i>The Terror in Russia</i> (1909), and <i>Modern Science and Anarchism</i> (1913). His 70th birthday in 1912 had celebratory gatherings in London and Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197915_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197915-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kropotkin's support for Western entry into World War I, siding with Britain and France, divided the anarchist movement, which had been anti-war, and damaged his esteem as a luminary of socialism. He exacerbated this by insisting, with returning to Russia, that Russians support the war as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197915,_18_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197915,_18-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Russia">Return to Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kropotkin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Return to Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emma_Goldman_gives_eulogy_at_Peter_Kropotkin%27s_funeral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Emma_Goldman_gives_eulogy_at_Peter_Kropotkin%27s_funeral.jpg/220px-Emma_Goldman_gives_eulogy_at_Peter_Kropotkin%27s_funeral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Emma_Goldman_gives_eulogy_at_Peter_Kropotkin%27s_funeral.jpg/330px-Emma_Goldman_gives_eulogy_at_Peter_Kropotkin%27s_funeral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Emma_Goldman_gives_eulogy_at_Peter_Kropotkin%27s_funeral.jpg/440px-Emma_Goldman_gives_eulogy_at_Peter_Kropotkin%27s_funeral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a> delivering a eulogy at Kropotkin's funeral</figcaption></figure> <p>With the outbreak of the Russian Revolution, Kropotkin returned to Russia in June 1917. He refused the Petrograd Provisional Government's offer of a cabinet seat. In August, he advocated for defending Russia and the revolution at the National State Conference. Kropotkin applied for a residence in Moscow in 1918, which was personally approved by Vladimir Lenin, head of the Soviet government. Months later, finding life in Moscow difficult in his old age, Kropotkin moved with his family to a friend's home in the nearby town of Dmitrov.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1919, Emma Goldman visited his family there. Kropotkin met Lenin in Moscow and corresponded by mail to discuss political questions of the day. He advocated for <a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">workers' cooperatives</a> and argued against the Bolsheviks' hostage policy and centralization of authority, while simultaneously encouraging Western comrades to stop their governments' military interventions in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197915_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197915-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kropotkin ultimately had little impact on the Russian revolution, but his advocacy work for political and anarchist prisoners in Russia, and for the Russian revolution, during the last four years of his life replenished some of the goodwill he had lost due to his support for the Western powers in World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197918_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197918-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kropotkin died of pneumonia on 8 February 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197915_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197915-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family refused an offer of a <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funeral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKropotkinWalter1971xvii_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKropotkinWalter1971xvii-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With his Moscow funeral, the Bolsheviks permitted the diminished Russian anarchist movement an official, restrained occasion to memorialize their figurehead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197918_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197918-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the last major anarchist demonstration of the period in Russia, because the movement, and Kropotkin's writings, were fully suppressed later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKropotkinWalter1971xvii_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKropotkinWalter1971xvii-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kropotkin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anarcho-communism" title="Category:Anarcho-communism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist communism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rb-star.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rb-star.svg/120px-Rb-star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rb-star.svg/250px-Rb-star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="952" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_economics" title="Co-operative economics">Co-operative economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarian_community" title="Egalitarian community">Egalitarian community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;">"<a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">From each according to his ability,<br />to each according to his needs</a>"</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_control" title="Workers' control">Workers' control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarcho-communists" title="Category:Anarcho-communists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iosif_Bleikhman" title="Iosif Bleikhman">Bleikhman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cafiero" title="Carlo Cafiero">Cafiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Covelli" title="Emilio Covelli">Covelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Déjacque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarissa_Dixon" title="Clarissa Dixon">Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumartheray" title="François Dumartheray">Dumartheray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galleani" title="Luigi Galleani">Galleani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Meltzer" title="Albert Meltzer">Meltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Nechayev" title="Sergey Nechayev">Nechayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizational forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis federations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;;font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Conquest_of_Bread" title="The Conquest of Bread">The Conquest of Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fields,_Factories,_and_Workshops" title="Fields, Factories, and Workshops">Fields, Factories, and Workshops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Aid:_A_Factor_of_Evolution" title="Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution">Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_Other_Essays" title="Anarchism and Other Essays">Anarchism and Other Essays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Now_and_After" title="Now and After">Now and After</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Scarcity_Anarchism" title="Post-Scarcity Anarchism">Post-Scarcity Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_a_Revolutionary" title="Catechism of a Revolutionary">Catechism of a Revolutionary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communization" 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchist_communism_sidebar" title="Template:Anarchist communism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchist_communism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Anarchist communism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchist_communism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchist communism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critique_of_capitalism">Critique of capitalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kropotkin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Critique of capitalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kropotkin critiqued what he considered to be the fallacies of the <a href="/wiki/Economics#Criticism" title="Economics">economic systems</a> of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">capitalism</a>. He believed they create poverty and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_scarcity" title="Artificial scarcity">artificial scarcity</a> and promote <a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">privilege</a>. Alternatively, he proposed a more decentralized economic system based on <a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid" title="Mutual aid">mutual aid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cooperation" title="Cooperation">voluntary cooperation</a>. He argued that the tendencies for this kind of organization already exist, both in evolution and in human society.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kropotkin disagreed in part with the Marxist critique of capitalism, including the <a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_value" title="Labor theory of value">labor theory of value</a>, believing there was no necessary link between work performed and the values of commodities. His attack on the institution of wage labor was based more on the power employers exerted over employees, and not only on the extraction of <a href="/wiki/Surplus_value" title="Surplus value">surplus value</a> from their labor. Kropotkin claimed this power was made possible by the state's protection of private ownership of productive resources.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Kropotkin believed the possibility of surplus value was itself the problem, holding that a society would still be unjust if the workers of a particular industry kept their surplus to themselves, rather than redistributing it for the common good.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critique_of_state_socialism">Critique of state socialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kropotkin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Critique of state socialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kropotkin believed that a <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> society could be established only by a <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">social revolution</a>, which he described as, "... the taking possession by the people of all social wealth. It is the abolition of all the forces which have so long hampered the development of Humanity".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he criticized forms of revolutionary methods (like those proposed by <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquism</a>) that retained the use of state power, arguing that any central authority was incompatible with the dramatic changes needed by a social revolution. Kropotkin believed that the mechanisms of the state were deeply rooted in maintaining the power of one class over another, and thus could not be used to <a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">emancipate</a> the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Kropotkin insisted that both <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a> and the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> needed to be abolished together. </p> <blockquote><p>The economic change which will result from the Social Revolution will be so immense and so profound, it must so change all the relations based today on property and exchange, that it is impossible for one or any individual to elaborate the different social forms, which must spring up in the society of the future. [...] Any authority external to it will only be an obstacle, only a trammel on the organic labor which must be accomplished, and beside that a source of discord and hatred.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Kropotkin believed that any post-revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> would lack the local knowledge to organize a diverse population. Their vision of society would be limited by their own vindictive, self-serving, or narrow ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To ensure order, preserve <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a>, and organize <a href="/wiki/Production_(economics)" title="Production (economics)">production</a> the state would need to use <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">coercion</a> to suppress further revolution, and control workers. The workers would be reliant on the state <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a> to organize them, so they would never develop the initiative to self-organize as they needed.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would lead to the re-creation of <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">classes</a>, an oppressed workforce, and eventually another revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, Kropotkin wrote that maintaining the state would paralyze any true social revolution, making the idea of a "revolutionary government" a contradiction in terms: </p> <blockquote><p>We know that Revolution and Government are incompatible; one must destroy the other, no matter what name is given to government, whether dictator, royalty, or parliament. We know that what makes the strength and the truth of our party is contained in this fundamental formula — "Nothing good or durable can be done except by the free initiative of the people, and every government tends to destroy it;" and so the very best among us, if their ideas had not to pass through the crucible of the popular mind, before being put into execution, and if they should become masters of that formidable machine — the government — and could thus act as they chose, would become in a week fit only for the gallows. We know whither every dictator leads, even the best intentioned, — namely to the death of all revolutionary movement.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Rather than a centralized approach, Kropotkin stressed the need for decentralized organization. He believed that dissolving the state would cripple counter-revolution without reverting to authoritarian methods of control, writing, "In order to conquer, something more than guillotines are required. It is the revolutionary idea, the truly wide revolutionary conception, which reduces its enemies to impotence by paralyzing all the instruments by which they have governed hitherto."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed this was possible only through a widespread "Boldness of thought, a distinct and wide conception of all that is desired, constructive force arising from the people in proportion as the negation of authority dawns; and finally—the initiative of all in the work of reconstruction—this will give to the revolution the Power required to conquer."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kropotkin applied this criticism to the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>' rule following the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>. Kropotkin summarized his thoughts in a 1919 letter to the workers of Western Europe, promoting the possibility of revolution, but also warning against the centralized control in Russia, which he believed had condemned them to failure.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kropotkin wrote to <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> in 1920, describing the desperate conditions that he believed to be the result of bureaucratic organization, and urging Lenin to allow for local and decentralized institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following an announcement of executions later that year, Kropotkin sent Lenin another furious letter, admonishing the terror which Kropotkin saw as needlessly destructive.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooperation_and_competition">Cooperation and competition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kropotkin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cooperation and competition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1902, Kropotkin published his book <i><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Aid:_A_Factor_of_Evolution" title="Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution">Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution</a></i>, which gave an alternative view of animal and human survival. At the time, some proponents of "<a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a>" such as <a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a> proffered a theory of interpersonal competition and natural hierarchy. Instead, Kropotkin argued that "it was an evolutionary emphasis on cooperation instead of competition in the Darwinian sense that made for the success of species, including the human".<sup id="cite_ref-Sale_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sale-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the last chapter, he wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the animal world we have seen that the vast majority of species live in societies, and that they find in association the best arms for the struggle for life: understood, of course, in its wide Darwinian sense – not as a struggle for the sheer means of existence, but as a struggle against all natural conditions unfavourable to the species. The animal species [...] in which individual struggle has been reduced to its narrowest limits [...] and the practice of mutual aid has attained the greatest development [...] are invariably the most numerous, the most prosperous, and the most open to further progress. The mutual protection which is obtained in this case, the possibility of attaining old age and of accumulating experience, the higher intellectual development, and the further growth of sociable habits, secure the maintenance of the species, its extension, and its further progressive evolution. The unsociable species, on the contrary, are doomed to decay.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Contrary to popular belief, he did not deny the existence of selfishness or competitive struggle among organisms in nature, that is, "mutual struggle". He viewed cooperation and sociability among members of the same species as the best means to survive.<sup id="cite_ref-Kropotkin_&_McCay_2018_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kropotkin_&_McCay_2018-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biologist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a> argued that Kropotkin's view was consistent with modern biological understanding. He agrees with Kropotkin's observations, noting that while Kropotkin did not deny the concept of competitive struggle, he believed that cooperative interactions were too often overlooked within it. He also points out that if cooperation increases the survival rate of an individual, there is no reason why it should be ruled out by natural selection, but rather, as he said, encouraged.<sup id="cite_ref-Gould_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kropotkin did not deny the presence of competitive urges in humans, but did not consider them the driving force of <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">human history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallaher_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallaher-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that seeking out conflict proved to be socially beneficial only in attempts to destroy <a href="/wiki/Injustice" title="Injustice">injustice</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>, which he saw as stifling human creativity and impeding human instinctual drive towards <a href="/wiki/Cooperation" title="Cooperation">cooperation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kropotkin claimed that the benefits arising from <a href="/wiki/Mutual_organization" title="Mutual organization">mutual organization</a> incentivizes humans more than mutual strife. His hope was that in the long run, mutual organization would drive individuals to <a href="/wiki/Production_(economics)" title="Production (economics)">produce</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-primitivists">Anarcho-primitivists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communists">anarcho-communists</a> believe that a <a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">gift economy</a> can break the cycle of <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>. They rely on Kropotkin, who believed that the <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> he had visited implemented mutual aid. <sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mutual_aid">Mutual aid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kropotkin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mutual aid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 1892 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Conquest_of_Bread" title="The Conquest of Bread">The Conquest of Bread</a></i>, Kropotkin proposed a system of economics based on mutual exchanges made in a system of voluntary cooperation. He believed that in a society that is socially, culturally, and industrially developed enough to produce all the goods and services it needs, there would be no obstacle, such as preferential distribution, pricing or monetary exchange, to prevent everyone to take what they need from the social product. He supported the eventual abolition of money or tokens of exchange for goods and services.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kropotkin believed that <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">collectivist</a> economic model was just a wage system by a different name<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that such a system would breed the same type of centralization and inequality as a capitalist wage system. He stated that it is impossible to determine the value of an individual's contributions to the products of labor and thought that anyone who was placed in a position of trying to make such determinations would wield authority over those whose wages they determined.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Sale" title="Kirkpatrick Sale">Kirkpatrick Sale</a>, "[w]ith <i>Mutual Aid</i> especially, and later with <i><a href="/wiki/Fields,_Factories,_and_Workshops" title="Fields, Factories, and Workshops">Fields, Factories, and Workshops</a></i>, Kropotkin was able to move away from the absurdist limitations of <a href="/wiki/Individual_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual anarchism">individual anarchism</a> and no-laws anarchism that had flourished during this period and provide instead a vision of <a href="/wiki/Communal_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Communal anarchism">communal anarchism</a>, following the models of independent cooperative communities he discovered while developing his theory of mutual aid. It was an anarchism that opposed centralized government and state-level laws as traditional anarchism did, but understood that at a certain small scale, communities and communes and co-ops could flourish and provide humans with a rich material life and wide areas of liberty without centralized control."<sup id="cite_ref-Sale_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sale-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-sufficiency">Self-sufficiency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kropotkin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Self-sufficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kropotkin's focus on local production led to his view that a country should strive for <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">self-sufficiency</a> by manufacturing its own goods and growing its own food, thus lessening the need to rely on imports. To these ends, he advocated <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouses</a> to boost local food production.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kropotkin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>There was no cleavage between the man and his world. He spoke and acted in all things as he felt and believed and wrote. Kropotkin was a whole man. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rudolf Rocker</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197920–21_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197920–21-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>Kropotkin married <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Kropotkin" title="Sophie Kropotkin">Sofia</a>, a Ukrainian Jewish student, in Switzerland in October 1878. She was over a decade younger than Kropotkin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197939_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197939-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kropotkin references her as a primary source of criticism and feedback. Her published story, "The Wife of Number 4,237", was based on her own experience with her husband at Clairvaux prison. She created an archive in Moscow dedicated to his works before her death in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their only child, <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kropotkin" title="Alexandra Kropotkin">Alexandra</a>, was born in London in 1887.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197914,_39_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197914,_39-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kropotkin was reserved about his private life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197922_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197922-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an individual, Kropotkin was known for having exceptional integrity and moral character that matched his beliefs. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hyndman" title="Henry Hyndman">Henry Hyndman</a>, an ideological adversary, recalled Kropotkin's charm and sincerity. These traits, wrote Stepnyak-Kravchinsky, contributed to Kropotkin's power as a public speaker. As a thinker, Kropotkin focused more acutely on issues of morality than of economics or politics and carried himself by his own principles without imposition on others. In practice, this made him more of a "revolutionary humanitarian" than a revolutionist by deed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197920_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197920-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also known for being exceptionally kind<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197921_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197921-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for forgoing material comforts to live a revolutionary, principled life by example.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197922_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197922-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gerald Runkle wrote that "Kropotkin with his scholarly and saintly ways ... almost brought respectability to the movement."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197919_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197919-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kropotkin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metro_MSK_Line1_Kropotkinskaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Metro_MSK_Line1_Kropotkinskaya.jpg/220px-Metro_MSK_Line1_Kropotkinskaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Metro_MSK_Line1_Kropotkinskaya.jpg/330px-Metro_MSK_Line1_Kropotkinskaya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Metro_MSK_Line1_Kropotkinskaya.jpg/440px-Metro_MSK_Line1_Kropotkinskaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kropotkinskaya" title="Kropotkinskaya">Kropotkinskaya</a> metro station</figcaption></figure> <p>As the anarchists' leading theorist in his lifetime,<sup id="cite_ref-leading_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leading-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kropotkin wrote their most systematic doctrine in an accessible way;<sup id="cite_ref-Drinnon_1982_p._38_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drinnon_1982_p._38-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and led the development of anarchist-communist social doctrine. His works, inventive and pragmatic, were the most read anarchist books and pamphlets, with translations into major European and Eastern languages that influenced revolutionaries (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata" title="Emiliano Zapata">Emiliano Zapata</a>) and non-anarchist reformers alike (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Geddes" title="Patrick Geddes">Patrick Geddes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Howard" title="Ebenezer Howard">Ebenezer Howard</a>), as well as a wide range of intellectuals (including the writers <a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba Jin</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197919_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197919-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of Kropotkin's impact was in his intellectual writings prior to 1914. He had little influence on the Russian revolution, despite returning for it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197918_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197918-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emma Goldman regarded Kropotkin as her "great teacher" and as among the greatest minds and personalities of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197921–22_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197921–22-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Kropotkin's 1921 death, the Bolsheviks permitted Kropotkin's Moscow house to become a Kropotkin Museum. This closed in 1938<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197915_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197915-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with his wife's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKropotkinWalter1971xvii_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKropotkinWalter1971xvii-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kropotkin is the namesake for multiple regional entities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKropotkinWalter1971xvii_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKropotkinWalter1971xvii-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Konyushennaya district in Moscow, where Kropotkin was born, is now known by his name, as the Kropotkinsky district, including the <a href="/wiki/Kropotkinskaya" title="Kropotkinskaya">Kropotkinskaya</a> metro station.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the namesake for <a href="/wiki/Kropotkin,_Krasnodar_Krai" title="Kropotkin, Krasnodar Krai">a large town</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> (southwest Russia)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKropotkinWalter1971xvii_57-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKropotkinWalter1971xvii-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Kropotkin,_Irkutsk_Oblast" title="Kropotkin, Irkutsk Oblast">a small town</a> in Siberia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKropotkinWalter1971xvii_57-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKropotkinWalter1971xvii-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kropotkin_Range" title="Kropotkin Range">Kropotkin Range</a> he was first to cross in the Siberian <a href="/wiki/Patom_Highlands" title="Patom Highlands">Patom Highlands</a> was named for him,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197931_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197931-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as was <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kropotkin" title="Mount Kropotkin">a peak</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kropotkin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kropotkin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inrussianfrenchp00kroprich/page/n5"><i>In Russian and French Prisons</i></a>, London: Ward and Downey; 1887.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conquest_of_Bread" title="The Conquest of Bread">The Conquest of Bread</a></i> (Paris, 1892) Project Gutenberg e-text, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://librivox.org/the-conquest-of-bread-by-peter-kropotkin/">Project LibriVox audiobook</a></li> <li><i>The Great French Revolution, 1789–1793</i> (French original: Paris, 1893; English translation: London, 1909). e-text (in French), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-the-great-french-revolution-1789-1793">Anarchist Library e-text (in English)</a></li> <li><i>The Terror in Russia,</i> 1909, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/terror-in-russia-court-martial-secret-dr-kropotkin-peter-1909/">RevoltLib e-text</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-words-of-a-rebel-1"><i>Words of a Rebel</i></a>, 1885.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fields,_Factories,_and_Workshops" title="Fields, Factories, and Workshops">Fields, Factories, and Workshops</a></i> (London and New York, 1898).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_a_Revolutionist" title="Memoirs of a Revolutionist">Memoirs of a Revolutionist</a></i>, London: Smith, Elder; 1899. Anarchist Library e-text, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/kropotkin/literature/russianlittoc.html">Anarchy Archives e-text</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Aid:_A_Factor_of_Evolution" title="Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution">Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution</a></i> (London, 1902) Project Gutenberg e-text, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/mutual-aid-a-factor-of-evolution-by-peter-kropotkin/">Project LibriVox audiobook</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-modern-science-and-anarchism"><i>Modern Science and Anarchism</i></a>, 1903.</li> <li><i>Russian Literature: Ideals and Realities</i> (New York: A. A. Knopf, 1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/kropotkin/literature/russianlittoc.html">Anarchy Archives e-text</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-the-state-its-historic-role"><i>The State: Its Historic Role,</i></a> published 1946,</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/ethics-origin-and-development/view.php"><i>Ethics: Origin and Development</i></a> (unfinished). Included as first part of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090630104916/http://bivir.uacj.mx/LibrosElectronicosLibres/Autores/PedroKropotkin/Pedro%20Kropotkin%20-%20Origen%20y%20evoluci%f3n%20de%20la%20moral.pdf"><i>Origen y evolución de la moral</i> (Spanish e-text)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pamphlets">Pamphlets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kropotkin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pamphlets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Appeal_to_the_Young" title="An Appeal to the Young">An Appeal to the Young</a> (1880)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/communism-and-anarchy/view.php">Communism and Anarchy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180128074729/http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/communism-and-anarchy/view.php">Archived</a> 28 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1901)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/www/kropotkin/ancom/">Anarchist Communism: Its Basis and Principles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311084559/http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/www/kropotkin/ancom/">Archived</a> 11 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1887)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/the-industrial-village-of-the-future/view.php">The Industrial Village of the Future</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180128074715/http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/the-industrial-village-of-the-future/view.php">Archived</a> 28 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1884)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180208123424/http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/the-scientific-basis-of-anarchy/view.php">Archived</a> 8 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1887)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/the-fortress-prison-of-st-petersburg/view.php">The Fortress Prison of St. Petersburg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180208123427/http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/the-fortress-prison-of-st-petersburg/view.php">Archived</a> 8 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1883)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/advice-to-those-about-to-emigrate/view.php">Advice to Those About to Emigrate</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103011557/https://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/advice-to-those-about-to-emigrate/view.php">Archived</a> 3 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1893)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/some-of-the-resources-of-canada/view.php">Some of the Resources of Canada</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180208123422/http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/some-of-the-resources-of-canada/view.php">Archived</a> 8 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1898)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panarchy.org/kropotkin/1896.eng.html">Anarchism: Its Philosophy and Ideal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070808001947/http://www.panarchy.org/kropotkin/1896.eng.html">Archived</a> 8 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1896)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/revolutionary-studies/view.php">Revolutionary Studies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180208064221/http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/revolutionary-studies/view.php">Archived</a> 8 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1892)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/the-direct-action-of-environment-and-evolution/view.php">Direct Action of Environment and Evolution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180208123450/http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/the-direct-action-of-environment-and-evolution/view.php">Archived</a> 8 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1920)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/the-present-crisis-in-russia/view.php">The Present Crisis in Russia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180208123353/http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/the-present-crisis-in-russia/view.php">Archived</a> 8 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1901)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/the-spirit-of-revolt/view.php">The Spirit of Revolt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004248/http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/the-spirit-of-revolt/view.php">Archived</a> 29 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1880)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panarchy.org/kropotkin/1897.state.html">The State: Its Historic Role</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070707094649/http://www.panarchy.org/kropotkin/1897.state.html">Archived</a> 7 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1897)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panarchy.org/kropotkin/economics.html">On Economics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070716064259/http://www.panarchy.org/kropotkin/economics.html">Archived</a> 16 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Selected Passages from his Writings (1898–1913)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/on-the-teaching-of-physiography/view.php">On the Teaching of Physiography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180208123456/http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/on-the-teaching-of-physiography/view.php">Archived</a> 8 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1893)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-war">War!</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170309064851/https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-war">Archived</a> 9 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1914)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kropotkin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/the-constitutional-agitation-in-russia/view.php">"The Constitutional Agitation in Russia"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180204124119/http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/the-constitutional-agitation-in-russia/view.php">Archived</a> 4 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 1905.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/brain-work-and-manual-work/view.php">"Brain Work and Manual Work"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180204182245/http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/brain-work-and-manual-work/view.php">Archived</a> 4 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 1890.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/the-manifesto-of-the-sixteen/view.php">"Manifesto of the Sixteen"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180204124114/http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/the-manifesto-of-the-sixteen/view.php">Archived</a> 4 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 1916.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/organised-vengeance-called-justice/view.php">"Organized Vengeance Called 'Justice.'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180204124136/http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/organised-vengeance-called-justice/view.php">Archived</a> 4 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/proposed-communist-settlement-a-new-colony-for-tyneside-or-wearside/view.php">"A Proposed Communist Settlement: A New Colony for Tyneside or Wearside"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180204124125/http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/proposed-communist-settlement-a-new-colony-for-tyneside-or-wearside/view.php">Archived</a> 4 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/what-geography-ought-to-be/view.php">"What Geography Ought to Be"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180204124122/http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/what-geography-ought-to-be/view.php">Archived</a> 4 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 1885.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/on-order/view.php">"On Order"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184625/http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/on-order/view.php">Archived</a> 5 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/maxim-gork/view.php">"Maxím Górky"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184622/http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/maxim-gork/view.php">Archived</a> 5 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 1904</li> <li>"Research on the <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice age</a>", <i>Notices of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society</i>, 1876.</li> <li>"Baron Toll", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 23, No. 6. (Jun. 1904), pp. 770–772, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1776495">JSTOR</a></li> <li>"The population of Russia", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2. (Aug. 1897), pp. 196–202, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774603">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308001836/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774603">Archived</a> 8 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>"The old beds of the Amu-Daria", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 12, No. 3. (Sep. 1898), pp. 306–310, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774317">JSTOR</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/russian-schools-and-the-holy-synod/view.php">"Russian Schools and the Holy Synod"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180204124131/http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/russian-schools-and-the-holy-synod/view.php">Archived</a> 4 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 1902</li> <li>Mr. Mackinder; Mr. Ravenstein; Dr. Herbertson; Prince Kropotkin; Mr. Andrews; Cobden Sanderson; Elisée Reclus, "On Spherical Maps and Reliefs: Discussion", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 22, No. 3. (Sep. 1903), pp. 294–299, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1775190">JSTOR</a></li> <li>"The <a href="/wiki/Desiccation" title="Desiccation">desiccation</a> of Eur-Asia", <i><a href="/wiki/Geographical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical Journal">Geographical Journal</a></i>, 23 (1904), 722–41.</li> <li>"Finland" in Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), 1911 (in part; with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Fisher_(author)" title="Joseph R. Fisher (author)">Joseph R. Fisher</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Keltie" title="John Scott Keltie">John Scott Keltie</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/finland-a-rising-nationality/view.php">"Finland: A Rising Nationality"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180204124117/http://www.revoltlib.com/anarchism/finland-a-rising-nationality/view.php">Archived</a> 4 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Nineteenth Century, 1885</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/kropotkin/britanniaanarchy.html">"Anarchism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200425154533/http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/kropotkin/britanniaanarchy.html">Archived</a> 25 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), 1911</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.warwick.ac.uk/cdm/ref/collection/tav/id/3889">"Anti-militarism. Was it properly understood?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161129210437/http://contentdm.warwick.ac.uk/cdm/ref/collection/tav/id/3889">Archived</a> 29 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Freedom, vol.XXVIII, no. 307 (November 1914), pp. 82–83.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.warwick.ac.uk/cdm/ref/collection/russian/id/7979">"An open letter of Peter Kropotkin to the Western workingmen"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161129210504/http://contentdm.warwick.ac.uk/cdm/ref/collection/russian/id/7979">Archived</a> 29 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Railway Review (29 June 1917), p. 4.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kropotkin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Leshern_von_Herzfeld" title="Maria Leshern von Herzfeld">Maria Leshern von Herzfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golets_Kropotkin" title="Golets Kropotkin">Golets Kropotkin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kropotkin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian: <span lang="ru">Пётр Алексе́евич Кропо́ткин</span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Russian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈpʲɵtr<span class="wrap"> </span>ɐlʲɪkˈsʲejɪvʲɪt͡ɕ<span class="wrap"> </span>krɐˈpotkʲɪn]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the new style calendar (modern Gregorian), Kropotkin was born on 9 December 1842. According to the old style (Old Julian) calendar used in the Russian Empire at the time, it was 27 November 1842. Russia converted from the old to the new style calendar in 1918.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His birth date was 27 November in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates#Russia" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Russian Old Style</a> calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKropotkinWalter1971504_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKropotkinWalter1971504-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kropotkin previously had some passing familiarity with Bakunin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197933_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197933-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians wrote that Bakunin likely did not wish to meet Kropotkin based on the latter's familial connection to the socialist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lavrov" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Lavrov">Peter Lavrov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197935_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197935-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kropotkin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slatter, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3404100697.html">"Kropotkin, Pyotr Alexeyevich"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160916200053/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3404100697.html">Archived</a> 16 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Encyclopedia of Russian History</i>. 2004. Retrieved 1 March 2016 from Encyclopedia.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/kropotkin">"Kropotkin"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141225005853/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Kropotkin">Archived</a> 25 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCaves2004" class="citation book cs1">Caves, R. W. (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of the City</i>. 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197924_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197913,_24–25-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197913,_24–25_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, p. 13, 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197913,_18,_25-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197913,_18,_25_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, pp. 13, 18, 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197925-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197925_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197925_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197913,_26-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197913,_26_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, p. 13, 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197913,_28-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197913,_28_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, pp. 13, 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197928-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197928_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197927-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197927_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197928–29-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197928–29_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197929-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197929_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197929–30-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197929–30_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197930-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197930_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197913,_32-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197913,_32_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197913,_32_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, pp. 13, 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197930–31-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197930–31_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197931-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197931_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197931_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197931–32-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197931–32_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197913,_32–33-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197913,_32–33_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, pp. 13, 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197933-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197933_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197933_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197933_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197933–34-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197933–34_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197934-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197934_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197934_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197918-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197918_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197918_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197918_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197918_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197914,_34-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197914,_34_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, pp. 14, 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShatz1995" class="citation book cs1">Shatz, Marshall S. (1995). "Introduction". <i>The Conquest of Bread and Other Anarchist Writings</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45990-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45990-7"><bdi>978-0-521-45990-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/832639138">832639138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Conquest+of+Bread+and+Other+Anarchist+Writings&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F832639138&rft.isbn=978-0-521-45990-7&rft.aulast=Shatz&rft.aufirst=Marshall+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197935-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197935_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197935_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197935_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197935_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197936-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197936_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197936–37-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197936–37_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197937-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197937_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197937_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197914,_37-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197914,_37_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, pp. 14, 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197938-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197938_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197938_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197938–39-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197938–39_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197939-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197939_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197939_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197939_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197939_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197914,_39-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197914,_39_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197914,_39_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, pp. 14, 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197940-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197940_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197940–41-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197940–41_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197914,_41-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197914,_41_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, pp. 14, 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197914-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197914_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197914_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197941-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197941_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197944-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197944_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197944_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197942-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197942_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197942–43-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197942–43_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, pp. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197915-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197915_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197915_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197915_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197915_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197915_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197915,_18-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197915,_18_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, pp. 15, 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/kropotkin-peter/1917/a-meeting.html">"A meeting between V.I. Lenin and P. A. Kropotkin"</a>. <i>www.marxists.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230525151920/https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/kropotkin-peter/1917/a-meeting.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=A+meeting+between+V.I.+Lenin+and+P.+A.+Kropotkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fkropotkin-peter%2F1917%2Fa-meeting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKropotkinWalter1971xvii-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKropotkinWalter1971xvii_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKropotkinWalter1971xvii_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKropotkinWalter1971xvii_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKropotkinWalter1971xvii_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKropotkinWalter1971xvii_57-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKropotkinWalter1971xvii_57-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKropotkinWalter1971">Kropotkin & Walter 1971</a>, p. xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKropotkin1902" class="citation book cs1">Kropotkin, Peter (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mutualaidafacto00knigoog"><i>Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution</i></a>. McClure, Philips & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mutualaidafacto00knigoog/page/n247">223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mutual+Aid%3A+A+Factor+of+Evolution&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=McClure%2C+Philips+%26+Company&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmutualaidafacto00knigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBekken2009" class="citation book cs1">Bekken, John (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3PoqAJrrYtAC&pg=PT18">"Peter Kropotkin's anarchist economics for a new society"</a>. <i>Radical Economics and Labour</i>. London & New York: Routledge. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77723-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77723-0"><bdi>978-0-415-77723-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peter+Kropotkin%27s+anarchist+economics+for+a+new+society&rft.btitle=Radical+Economics+and+Labour&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77723-0&rft.aulast=Bekken&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3PoqAJrrYtAC%26pg%3DPT18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKropotkin2011" class="citation book cs1">Kropotkin, Peter (2011). <i>The Conquest of Bread</i>. Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 50, <span class="nowrap">101–</span>102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conquest+of+Bread&rft.pages=50%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.pub=Dover+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-revolutionary-government">"Revolutionary Government"</a>. <i>The Anarchist Library</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170309063440/https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-revolutionary-government">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Anarchist+Library&rft.atitle=Revolutionary+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheanarchistlibrary.org%2Flibrary%2Fpetr-kropotkin-revolutionary-government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-the-modern-state"><i>The Modern State</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221213065703/https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-the-modern-state">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheanarchistlibrary.org%2Flibrary%2Fpetr-kropotkin-the-modern-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-revolutionary-studies">"Revolutionary Studies"</a>. <i>The Anarchist Library</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221213065733/https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-revolutionary-studies">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Anarchist+Library&rft.atitle=Revolutionary+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheanarchistlibrary.org%2Flibrary%2Fpetr-kropotkin-revolutionary-studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"XI. CAN THE STATE BE USED FOR THE EMANCIPATION OF THE WORKERS?". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-the-modern-state"><i>The Modern State</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221213065703/https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-the-modern-state">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XI.+CAN+THE+STATE+BE+USED+FOR+THE+EMANCIPATION+OF+THE+WORKERS%3F&rft.btitle=The+Modern+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheanarchistlibrary.org%2Flibrary%2Fpetr-kropotkin-the-modern-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-the-russian-revolution-and-the-soviet-government-letter-to-the-workers-of-wester">"The Russian Revolution and the Soviet Government: Letter to the Workers of Western Europe"</a>. <i>The Anarchist Library</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221213065732/https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-the-russian-revolution-and-the-soviet-government-letter-to-the-workers-of-wester">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Anarchist+Library&rft.atitle=The+Russian+Revolution+and+the+Soviet+Government%3A+Letter+to+the+Workers+of+Western+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheanarchistlibrary.org%2Flibrary%2Fpetr-kropotkin-the-russian-revolution-and-the-soviet-government-letter-to-the-workers-of-wester&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-letter-to-lenin-4-march-1920">"Letter to Lenin (4 March 1920)"</a>. <i>The Anarchist Library</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221213065733/https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-letter-to-lenin-4-march-1920">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Anarchist+Library&rft.atitle=Letter+to+Lenin+%284+March+1920%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheanarchistlibrary.org%2Flibrary%2Fpetr-kropotkin-letter-to-lenin-4-march-1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-letter-to-lenin">"Letter To Lenin (21 December 1920)"</a>. <i>The Anarchist Library</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221213065705/https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-letter-to-lenin">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Anarchist+Library&rft.atitle=Letter+To+Lenin+%2821+December+1920%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheanarchistlibrary.org%2Flibrary%2Fpetr-kropotkin-letter-to-lenin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sale-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sale_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sale_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Sale" title="Kirkpatrick Sale">Sale, Kirkpatrick</a> (1 July 2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amconmag.com/article/2010/jul/01/00045/">Are Anarchists Revolting?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101212113034/http://amconmag.com/article/2010/jul/01/00045/">Archived</a> 12 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKropotkin,_Peter1902" class="citation book cs1">Kropotkin, Peter (1902). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kropotkin#Mutual_Aid:_A_Factor_of_Evolution_.281902.29"><i>quotation from </i>Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution<i><span></span></i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190316091205/https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kropotkin#Mutual_Aid:_A_Factor_of_Evolution_.281902.29">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=quotation+from+Mutual+Aid%3A+A+Factor+of+Evolution&rft.date=1902&rft.au=Kropotkin%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikiquote.org%2Fwiki%2FKropotkin%23Mutual_Aid%3A_A_Factor_of_Evolution_.281902.29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kropotkin_&_McCay_2018-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kropotkin_&_McCay_2018_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKropotkin2018" class="citation book cs1">Kropotkin, Petr Alekseevich (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n3s5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT3">"Introduction"</a>. In McKay, Iain (ed.). <i>Modern Science and Anarchy</i>. La Vergne: AK Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84935-275-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84935-275-8"><bdi>978-1-84935-275-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1030822849">1030822849</a>. <q>Passage surrounding "Kropotkin was well aware that the drive for cooperation rested on the 'selfish' desire to survive."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Modern+Science+and+Anarchy&rft.place=La+Vergne&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1030822849&rft.isbn=978-1-84935-275-8&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Petr+Alekseevich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn3s5DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gould-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gould_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGould1988" class="citation magazine cs1">Gould, Stephen Jay (June 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/subject/science/essays/kropotkin.htm">"Kropotkin was no crackpot"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(magazine)" title="Natural History (magazine)">Natural History</a></i>. No. 106. pp. <span class="nowrap">12–</span>21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250303084502/http://www.marxists.org/subject/science/essays/kropotkin.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natural+History&rft.atitle=Kropotkin+was+no+crackpot&rft.issue=106&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=1988-06&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fsubject%2Fscience%2Fessays%2Fkropotkin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallaher-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gallaher_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGallaherDahlmanGilmartinMountz2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Gallaher" title="Carolyn Gallaher">Gallaher, Carolyn</a>; Dahlman, Carl T.; Gilmartin, Mary; Mountz, Alison; Shirlow, Peter (2009). <i>Key Concepts in Political Geography</i>. London: SAGE. p. 392. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412946728" title="Special:BookSources/9781412946728"><bdi>9781412946728</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+Concepts+in+Political+Geography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=392&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781412946728&rft.aulast=Gallaher&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft.au=Dahlman%2C+Carl+T.&rft.au=Gilmartin%2C+Mary&rft.au=Mountz%2C+Alison&rft.au=Shirlow%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVucinich1988" class="citation book cs1">Vucinich, Alexander (1988). <i>Darwin in Russian Thought</i>. University of California Press. p. 349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520062832" title="Special:BookSources/9780520062832"><bdi>9780520062832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darwin+in+Russian+Thought&rft.pages=349&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780520062832&rft.aulast=Vucinich&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoy2012" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Debarati (2012). <i>The Power of Money</i>. Vij Books India Private Limited. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789382573173" title="Special:BookSources/9789382573173"><bdi>9789382573173</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Money&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Vij+Books+India+Private+Limited&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789382573173&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Debarati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKropotkin1892" class="citation book cs1">Kropotkin, Peter (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conquestbread00kropgoog"><i>The Conquest of Bread</i></a>. Putnam. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conquestbread00kropgoog/page/n219">201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conquest+of+Bread&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconquestbread00kropgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kropotkin wrote: "After the Collectivist Revolution instead of saying 'twopence' worth of soap, we shall say 'five minutes' worth of soap." (quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrauer,_Fae2009" class="citation book cs1">Brauer, Fae (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kZisTVt0GJQC&pg=PA211">"Wild Beasts and Tame Primates: 'Le Douanier' Rosseau's Dream of Darwin's Evolution"</a>. In Larsen, Barbara Jean (ed.). <i>The Art of Evolution: Darwin, Darwinisms, and Visual Culture</i>. UPNE. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781584657750" title="Special:BookSources/9781584657750"><bdi>9781584657750</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wild+Beasts+and+Tame+Primates%3A+%27Le+Douanier%27+Rosseau%27s+Dream+of+Darwin%27s+Evolution&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Evolution%3A+Darwin%2C+Darwinisms%2C+and+Visual+Culture&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=UPNE&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781584657750&rft.au=Brauer%2C+Fae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkZisTVt0GJQC%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAvrich,_Paul2005" class="citation book cs1">Avrich, Paul (2005). <a href="/wiki/The_Russian_Anarchists" title="The Russian Anarchists"><i>The Russian Anarchists</i></a>. AK Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">28–</span>29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904859482" title="Special:BookSources/9781904859482"><bdi>9781904859482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Anarchists&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781904859482&rft.au=Avrich%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdams2015" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Matthew S. (4 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bFFOCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA114"><i>Kropotkin, Read, and the Intellectual History of British Anarchism: Between Reason and Romanticism</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137392626" title="Special:BookSources/9781137392626"><bdi>9781137392626</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kropotkin%2C+Read%2C+and+the+Intellectual+History+of+British+Anarchism%3A+Between+Reason+and+Romanticism&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015-06-04&rft.isbn=9781137392626&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Matthew+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbFFOCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197920–21-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197920–21_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEds2021" class="citation web cs1">Eds (18 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomnews.org.uk/2021/09/18/sophia-kropotkin-and-a-trip-to-hartlepool/">"Sophia Kropotkin (and a trip to Hartlepool)"</a>. <i>Freedom News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+News&rft.atitle=Sophia+Kropotkin+%28and+a+trip+to+Hartlepool%29&rft.date=2021-09-18&rft.au=Eds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomnews.org.uk%2F2021%2F09%2F18%2Fsophia-kropotkin-and-a-trip-to-hartlepool%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197922-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197922_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197922_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197920-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197920_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197921-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197921_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197919-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197919_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197919_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leading-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-leading_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, p. 19: "Paul Avrich sees Kropotkin as the foremost libertarian theorist and most venerated figure of the anarchist movement" ... "Alexander Gray ... 'probably the most representative, as he is certainly the most attractive and engaging, of the modern anarchist'"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drinnon_1982_p._38-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drinnon_1982_p._38_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDrinnon1982" class="citation book cs1">Drinnon, Richard (1982) [1961]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rebelinparadiseb0000drin/page/30/mode/2up">"The Dream"</a></span>. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rebelinparadiseb0000drin"><i>Rebel in Paradise: A Biography of Emma Goldman</i></a></span>. Paul Avrich Collection (Library of Congress). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rebelinparadiseb0000drin/page/38/mode/2up">38</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-16364-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-16364-2"><bdi>978-0-226-16364-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1319580316">1319580316</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Dream&rft.btitle=Rebel+in+Paradise%3A+A+Biography+of+Emma+Goldman&rft.place=Chicago&rft.series=Paul+Avrich+Collection+%28Library+of+Congress%29&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1319580316&rft.isbn=978-0-226-16364-2&rft.aulast=Drinnon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frebelinparadiseb0000drin%2Fpage%2F30%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197921–22-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsofsky197921–22_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsofsky1979">Osofsky 1979</a>, pp. 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJabado2008" class="citation book cs1">Jabado, Salwa (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a4QDSqAkhy0C&pg=PA63"><i>Fodor's Moscow and St. Petersburg</i></a>. Fodor's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400007172" title="Special:BookSources/9781400007172"><bdi>9781400007172</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fodor%27s+Moscow+and+St.+Petersburg&rft.pub=Fodor%27s&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781400007172&rft.aulast=Jabado&rft.aufirst=Salwa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da4QDSqAkhy0C%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEverett-Heath2017" class="citation book cs1">Everett-Heath, John (7 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qgJCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT913"><i>The Concise Dictionary of World Place Names</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-255646-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-255646-2"><bdi>978-0-19-255646-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Dictionary+of+World+Place+Names&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017-12-07&rft.isbn=978-0-19-255646-2&rft.aulast=Everett-Heath&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqgJCDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlberts1995" class="citation web cs1">Alberts, Fred G. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D-ADezHGpa4C&pg=PA406">"Geographic Names of the Antarctic"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+of+the+Antarctic&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Alberts&rft.aufirst=Fred+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD-ADezHGpa4C%26pg%3DPA406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kropotkin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAvrich1988" class="citation book cs1">Avrich, Paul (1988). <i><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Portraits" title="Anarchist Portraits">Anarchist Portraits</a></i>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">53–</span>106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-04753-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-04753-7"><bdi>0-691-04753-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17727270">17727270</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchist+Portraits&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17727270&rft.isbn=0-691-04753-7&rft.aulast=Avrich&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrowder2003" class="citation book cs1">Crowder, George (2003). "Petr Alekseevich Kropotkin". In Dinega, Alyssa W. (ed.). <i>Russian Literature in the Age of Realism</i>. Vol. 277. Detroit, MI: Gale. pp. <span class="nowrap">191–</span>198. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Gale_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale (identifier)">Gale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7COOSVCP062651800">OOSVCP062651800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Petr+Alekseevich+Kropotkin&rft.btitle=Russian+Literature+in+the+Age+of+Realism&rft.place=Detroit%2C+MI&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E198&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Crowder&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreen2022" class="citation journal cs1">Green, Lara (2022). "The Transnational Life and Death of Peter Kropotkin, 1881-1921: Terrorism, the Anarchist Body, and the Russian Revolution". <i><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Studies" title="Anarchist Studies">Anarchist Studies</a></i>. <b>30</b> (1): 83–. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0967-3393">0967-3393</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Gale_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale (identifier)">Gale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA708386012">A708386012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anarchist+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Transnational+Life+and+Death+of+Peter+Kropotkin%2C+1881-1921%3A+Terrorism%2C+the+Anarchist+Body%2C+and+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83-&rft.date=2022&rft.issn=0967-3393&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Lara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Marshall_(author,_born_1946)" title="Peter Marshall (author, born 1946)">Marshall, Peter</a> (1992). "Peter Kropotkin: The Revolutionary Evolutionist". <i><a href="/wiki/Demanding_the_Impossible:_A_History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism">Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism</a></i>. London: HarperCollins. pp. <span class="nowrap">309–</span>338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-217855-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-217855-6"><bdi>978-0-00-217855-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peter+Kropotkin%3A+The+Revolutionary+Evolutionist&rft.btitle=Demanding+the+Impossible%3A+A+History+of+Anarchism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E309-%3C%2Fspan%3E338&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-00-217855-6&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOsofsky1979" class="citation book cs1">Osofsky, Stephen (1979). <i>Peter Kropotkin</i>. Boston: Twayne Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-7724-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-7724-6"><bdi>978-0-8057-7724-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4497420">4497420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+Kropotkin&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4497420&rft.isbn=978-0-8057-7724-6&rft.aulast=Osofsky&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKropotkinWalter1971" class="citation book cs1">Kropotkin, Peter; Walter, Nicolas (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/isbn_B007GN3XIK"><i>Memoirs of a Revolutionist</i></a>. New York: Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-22485-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-22485-5"><bdi>978-0-486-22485-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+a+Revolutionist&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-486-22485-5&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Walter%2C+Nicolas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_B007GN3XIK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoodcock1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Woodcock" title="George Woodcock">Woodcock, George</a> (1986). "The Explorer". <i><a href="/wiki/Anarchism:_A_History_of_Libertarian_Ideas_and_Movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements">Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements</a></i> (2nd ed.). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">153–</span>182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-022697-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-022697-3"><bdi>978-0-14-022697-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/489971695">489971695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Explorer&rft.btitle=Anarchism%3A+A+History+of+Libertarian+Ideas+and+Movements&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153-%3C%2Fspan%3E182&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F489971695&rft.isbn=978-0-14-022697-3&rft.aulast=Woodcock&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kropotkin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Peter Kropotkin</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Peter+Kropotkin&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Peter+Kropotkin">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Peter+Kropotkin&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Peter Kropotkin</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Peter+Kropotkin&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Peter+Kropotkin">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Peter+Kropotkin&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_on_Kropotkin">Books on Kropotkin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kropotkin&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Books on Kropotkin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButterworth2011" class="citation book cs1">Butterworth, Alex (9 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hU8lHfT4F5wC"><i>The World That Never Was: A True Story of Dreamers, Schemers, Anarchists, and Secret Agents</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-38675-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-38675-5"><bdi>978-0-307-38675-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/676726867">676726867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+That+Never+Was%3A+A+True+Story+of+Dreamers%2C+Schemers%2C+Anarchists%2C+and+Secret+Agents&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011-08-09&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F676726867&rft.isbn=978-0-307-38675-5&rft.aulast=Butterworth&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhU8lHfT4F5wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCahm,_Caroline1989" class="citation book cs1">Cahm, Caroline (1989). <i>Kropotkin and the Rise of Revolutionary Anarchism 1872–1886</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36445-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36445-0"><bdi>0-521-36445-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19553164">19553164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kropotkin+and+the+Rise+of+Revolutionary+Anarchism+1872%E2%80%931886&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19553164&rft.isbn=0-521-36445-0&rft.au=Cahm%2C+Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavis2018" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Mike (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lov-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA179">"The Coming Desert: Kropotkin, Mars and the Pulse of Asia"</a>. <i>Old Gods, New Enigmas: Marx's Lost Theory</i>. London: Verso Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78873-217-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78873-217-8"><bdi>978-1-78873-217-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1014051592">1014051592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Coming+Desert%3A+Kropotkin%2C+Mars+and+the+Pulse+of+Asia&rft.btitle=Old+Gods%2C+New+Enigmas%3A+Marx%27s+Lost+Theory&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1014051592&rft.isbn=978-1-78873-217-8&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlov-DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEngelbert2012" class="citation book cs1">Engelbert, Arthur (2012). <i>Help! Gegenseitig behindern oder helfen. Eine politische Skizze zur Wahrnehmung heute</i>. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8260-5017-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8260-5017-6"><bdi>978-3-8260-5017-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/822991908">822991908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Help%21+Gegenseitig+behindern+oder+helfen.+Eine+politische+Skizze+zur+Wahrnehmung+heute&rft.place=W%C3%BCrzburg&rft.pub=K%C3%B6nigshausen+%26+Neumann&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F822991908&rft.isbn=978-3-8260-5017-6&rft.aulast=Engelbert&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoll,_James1980" class="citation book cs1">Joll, James (1980). <i>The Anarchists</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03641-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03641-3"><bdi>978-0-674-03641-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6016024">6016024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anarchists&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6016024&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03641-3&rft.au=Joll%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMac_Laughlin,_Jim2023" class="citation book cs1">Mac Laughlin, Jim (4 November 2023). <i>Kropotkin and the Anarchist Intellectual Tradition</i>. London: Pluto Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt19qgdvc">10.2307/j.ctt19qgdvc</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745335131" title="Special:BookSources/9780745335131"><bdi>9780745335131</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt19qgdvc">j.ctt19qgdvc</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/937451696">937451696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kropotkin+and+the+Anarchist+Intellectual+Tradition&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2023-11-04&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F937451696&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt19qgdvc%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt19qgdvc&rft.isbn=9780745335131&rft.au=Mac+Laughlin%2C+Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaíz2021" class="citation book cs1">Maíz, Jordi, ed. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fal2.cnt.es/tienda/node/805"><i>Kropotkin. Cien años después</i></a>. Madrid: Fundación de Estudios Libertarios Anselmo Lorenzo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-123507-1-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-123507-1-5"><bdi>978-84-123507-1-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1264877365">1264877365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kropotkin.+Cien+a%C3%B1os+despu%C3%A9s&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Fundaci%C3%B3n+de+Estudios+Libertarios+Anselmo+Lorenzo&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1264877365&rft.isbn=978-84-123507-1-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffal2.cnt.es%2Ftienda%2Fnode%2F805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller1976" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Martin A. (1976). <i>Kropotkin</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-52594-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-52594-5"><bdi>978-0-226-52594-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1035901653">1035901653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kropotkin&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1035901653&rft.isbn=978-0-226-52594-5&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Martin+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorris,_Brian2004" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Brian (2004). <i>Kropotkin: The Politics of Community</i>. Oakland, California: PM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781629635057" title="Special:BookSources/9781629635057"><bdi>9781629635057</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1030892242">1030892242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kropotkin%3A+The+Politics+of+Community&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.pub=PM+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1030892242&rft.isbn=9781629635057&rft.au=Morris%2C+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalter2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Walter, Nicolas (2004). "Kropotkin, Peter". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F42326">10.1093/ref:odnb/42326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kropotkin%2C+Peter&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F42326&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoodcockAvakumović1950" class="citation book cs1">Woodcock, George; Avakumović, Ivan (1950). <a href="/wiki/The_Anarchist_Prince" title="The Anarchist Prince"><i>The Anarchist Prince: A Biographical Study of Peter Kropotkin</i></a>. Kraus Reprint. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805203059" title="Special:BookSources/9780805203059"><bdi>9780805203059</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/242229">242229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anarchist+Prince%3A+A+Biographical+Study+of+Peter+Kropotkin&rft.pub=Kraus+Reprint&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F242229&rft.isbn=9780805203059&rft.aulast=Woodcock&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Avakumovi%C4%87%2C+Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periodical_articles">Periodical articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kropotkin&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Periodical articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAfinogenov2023" class="citation magazine cs1">Afinogenov, Greg (4 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v45/n09/greg-afinogenov/what-should-the-action-be">"What should the action be?"</a>. <i>London Review of Books</i>. Vol. 45, no. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0260-9592">0260-9592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=What+should+the+action+be%3F&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2023-05-04&rft.issn=0260-9592&rft.aulast=Afinogenov&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv45%2Fn09%2Fgreg-afinogenov%2Fwhat-should-the-action-be&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlan,_Barnard2004" class="citation journal cs1">Alan, Barnard (March 2004). "Mutual Aid and the Foraging Mode of Thought: Re-reading Kropotkin on the Khoisan". <i>Social Evolution & History</i>. <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.515.4372">10.1.1.515.4372</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Evolution+%26+History&rft.atitle=Mutual+Aid+and+the+Foraging+Mode+of+Thought%3A+Re-reading+Kropotkin+on+the+Khoisan&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.515.4372%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.au=Alan%2C+Barnard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Kropotkin,_Peter_Alexeivich">"Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivich" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 928.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kropotkin%2C+Peter+Alexeivich&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=928&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1922" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivich, Prince"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Kropotkin,_Peter_Alexeivich,_Prince">"Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivich, Prince" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 31 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. p. 688.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kropotkin%2C+Peter+Alexeivich%2C+Prince&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pages=688&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Company&rft.date=1922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEfremenkoEvseeva2012" class="citation journal cs1">Efremenko, Dmitry; Evseeva, Yaroslava (2012). "Studies of Social Solidarity in Russia: Tradition and Modern Trends". <i>The American Sociologist</i>. <b>43</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">349–</span>365. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12108-012-9165-2">10.1007/s12108-012-9165-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-1232">0003-1232</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23319618">23319618</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255519594">255519594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Sociologist&rft.atitle=Studies+of+Social+Solidarity+in+Russia%3A+Tradition+and+Modern+Trends&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E349-%3C%2Fspan%3E365&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=0003-1232&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A255519594%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23319618%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12108-012-9165-2&rft.aulast=Efremenko&rft.aufirst=Dmitry&rft.au=Evseeva%2C+Yaroslava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGould,_S._J.1997" class="citation journal cs1">Gould, S. J. (June 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/subject/science/essays/kropotkin.htm">"Kropotkin Was No Crackpot"</a>. <i>Natural History</i>. <b>106</b>: <span class="nowrap">12–</span>21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natural+History&rft.atitle=Kropotkin+Was+No+Crackpot&rft.volume=106&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=1997-06&rft.au=Gould%2C+S.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fsubject%2Fscience%2Fessays%2Fkropotkin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Kropotkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F106735a0">"Prince P. A. Kropotkin"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>106</b> (2675): <span class="nowrap">735–</span>736. February 1921. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1921Natur.106..735.">1921Natur.106..735.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F106735a0">10.1038/106735a0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4292571">4292571</a>.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/2278">Works by Peter Kropotkin</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kropotkin.ru">Kropotkin Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240911202410/http://kropotkin.ru/en/">Kropotkin Petr Alekseevich: virtual Museum of P. A. Kropotkin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 11 September 2024)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Peter_Kropotkin588" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Peter_Kropotkin" title="Template:Peter Kropotkin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Peter_Kropotkin" title="Template talk:Peter Kropotkin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peter_Kropotkin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Peter Kropotkin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peter_Kropotkin588" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter Kropotkin</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Appeal_to_the_Young" title="An Appeal to the Young">An Appeal to the Young</a></i> (1880)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conquest_of_Bread" title="The Conquest of Bread">The Conquest of Bread</a></i> (1892)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fields,_Factories,_and_Workshops" title="Fields, Factories, and Workshops">Fields, Factories, and Workshops</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_a_Revolutionist" title="Memoirs of a Revolutionist">Memoirs of a Revolutionist</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Aid:_A_Factor_of_Evolution" title="Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution">Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution</a></i> (1902)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ethics:_Origin_and_Development" title="Ethics: Origin and Development">Ethics: Origin and Development</a></i> (1921)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Kropotkin_circa_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Peter_Kropotkin_circa_1900.jpg/50px-Peter_Kropotkin_circa_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Peter_Kropotkin_circa_1900.jpg/75px-Peter_Kropotkin_circa_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Peter_Kropotkin_circa_1900.jpg/100px-Peter_Kropotkin_circa_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="674" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist communism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_R%C3%A9volt%C3%A9" title="Le Révolté">Le Révolté</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_(British_newspaper)" title="Freedom (British newspaper)">Freedom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Anarchist_Prince" title="The Anarchist Prince">The Anarchist Prince</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kropotkin_(biography)" title="Kropotkin (biography)"><i>Kropotkin</i> (biography)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kropotkin_and_the_Rise_of_Revolutionary_Anarchism" title="Kropotkin and the Rise of Revolutionary Anarchism">Kropotkin and the Rise of Revolutionary Anarchism</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Peter_Kropotkin" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Peter Kropotkin"><b>Commons</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikibooks page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Peter_Kropotkin" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Peter Kropotkin"><b>Wikibooks</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikiquote page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Peter_Kropotkin" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Peter Kropotkin"><b>Wikiquote</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Author:Peter_Kropotkin" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Author:Peter Kropotkin"><b>Wikisource texts</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anarchist_communism329" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchist_communism" title="Template:Anarchist communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchist_communism" title="Template talk:Anarchist communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchist_communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchist communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anarchist_communism329" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist communism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_economics" title="Co-operative economics">Co-operative economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarian_community" title="Egalitarian community">Egalitarian community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_control" title="Workers' control">Workers' control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Red_star#Use_by_socialist_or_revolutionary_organizations" title="Red star"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rb-star.svg/120px-Rb-star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rb-star.svg/250px-Rb-star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="952" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarcho-communists" title="Category:Anarcho-communists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Alexander Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cafiero" title="Carlo Cafiero">Carlo Cafiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Covelli" title="Emilio Covelli">Emilio Covelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Joseph Déjacque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarissa_Dixon" title="Clarissa Dixon">Clarissa Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Buenaventura Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Sébastien Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iosif_Bleikhman" title="Iosif Bleikhman">Iosif Bleikhman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galleani" title="Luigi Galleani">Luigi Galleani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Ricardo Flores Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Meltzer" title="Albert Meltzer">Albert Meltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Nechayev" title="Sergey Nechayev">Sergey Nechayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizational forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis federations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_Other_Essays" title="Anarchism and Other Essays">Anarchism and Other Essays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conquest_of_Bread" title="The Conquest of Bread">The Conquest of Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fields,_Factories,_and_Workshops" title="Fields, Factories, and Workshops">Fields, Factories, and Workshops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Aid:_A_Factor_of_Evolution" title="Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution">Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Now_and_After" title="Now and After">Now and After</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Scarcity_Anarchism" title="Post-Scarcity Anarchism">Post-Scarcity Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_a_Revolutionary" title="Catechism of a Revolutionary">Catechism of a Revolutionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social anarchism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 #aaa;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anarchy-symbol-red.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Anarchy-symbol-red.svg/20px-Anarchy-symbol-red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/20px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/10px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/15px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/20px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communism482" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism" title="Template:Communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism" title="Template talk:Communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communism482" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_communism" title="World communism">World communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism)" title="Socialization (Marxism)">Socialization (Marxism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_value" title="Use value">Use value</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_ideologies" title="List of communist ideologies">Variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-communism" title="Crypto-communism">Crypto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Marxist_communism" title="Pre-Marxist communism">Pre-Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League" title="Communist League">Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">First International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Third International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">Communist Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Council" title="World Peace Council">WPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">WFTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">WFDY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Students" title="International Union of Students">IUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Democratic_Federation" title="Women's International Democratic Federation">WIDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientific_Workers" title="World Federation of Scientific Workers">WFSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_of_Journalists" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organisation of Journalists">IOR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Communists" title="Category:Communists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Horner_(trade_unionist)" title="Arthur Horner (trade unionist)">Horner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Gallacher_(politician)" title="Willie Gallacher (politician)">Gallacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaysone_Phomvihane" title="Kaysone Phomvihane">Phomvihane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pasolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._N._Aidit" title="D. N. Aidit">Aidit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Raja" title="D. Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maclean_(Scottish_socialist)" title="John Maclean (Scottish socialist)">Maclean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Palme_Dutt" title="R. Palme Dutt">Palme Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Berlinguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Pollitt" title="Harry Pollitt">Pollitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holloway_(sociologist)" title="John Holloway (sociologist)">Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_S%C3%A1nchez_Gordillo" title="Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo">Gordillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lordon" title="Frédéric Lordon">Lordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Kelley" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Hatherley" title="Owen Hatherley">Hatherley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Moufawad-Paul" title="J. Moufawad-Paul">Moufawad-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Corval%C3%A1n" title="Luis Corvalán">Corvalán</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Griffiths_(politician)" title="Robert Griffiths (politician)">Griffiths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Brazil" title="Communism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Far-left politics in the United Kingdom">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Colombia" title="Communism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_France" title="Communism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_India" title="Communism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Kerala" title="Communism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Korea" title="Communism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Peru" title="Communism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_the_Philippines" title="Communism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Poland" title="Communism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of communism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Sumatra" title="Communism in Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Vietnam" title="Communism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism" title="Communist symbolism">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">Red flag (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_star" title="Red star">Red star</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of the world, unite!</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_propaganda" title="Communist propaganda">Communist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">Criticism of Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_communist_theorists" title="21st-century communist theorists">21st-century communist theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti_anti-communism" title="Anti anti-communism">Anti anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBTQ_rights" title="Communism and LGBTQ rights">LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Marx's theory of alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_communism_in_Romania" title="National communism in Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">War communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/20px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/40px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/17px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evolutionary_psychologists" title="Template:Evolutionary psychologists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evolutionary_psychologists" title="Template talk:Evolutionary psychologists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary_psychologists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary psychologists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evolutionary_psychologists771" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_evolutionary_psychologists" title="List of evolutionary psychologists">Evolutionary psychologists</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Biologists /<br />neuroscientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crespi" title="Bernard Crespi">Bernard Crespi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crook_(ethologist)" title="John Crook (ethologist)">John Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._D._Hamilton" title="W. D. Hamilton">W. D. Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kinsey" title="Alfred Kinsey">Alfred Kinsey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Orians" title="Gordon Orians">Gordon Orians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaak_Panksepp" title="Jaak Panksepp">Jaak Panksepp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margie_Profet" title="Margie Profet">Margie Profet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Richerson" title="Peter Richerson">Peter Richerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Rizzolatti" title="Giacomo Rizzolatti">Giacomo Rizzolatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Thornhill" title="Randy Thornhill">Randy Thornhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trivers" title="Robert Trivers">Robert Trivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carel_van_Schaik" title="Carel van Schaik">Carel van Schaik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Wedekind" title="Claus Wedekind">Claus Wedekind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_West-Eberhard" title="Mary Jane West-Eberhard">Mary Jane West-Eberhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wickler" title="Wolfgang Wickler">Wolfgang Wickler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Christopher_Williams" title="George Christopher Williams">George C. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sloan_Wilson" title="David Sloan Wilson">David Sloan Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wrangham" title="Richard Wrangham">Richard Wrangham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Anthropologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_H._Barkow" title="Jerome H. Barkow">Jerome H. Barkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Boehm" title="Christopher Boehm">Christopher Boehm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyd_(anthropologist)" title="Robert Boyd (anthropologist)">Robert Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Brown_(anthropologist)" title="Donald Brown (anthropologist)">Donald E. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Chagnon" title="Napoleon Chagnon">Napoleon Chagnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Dunbar" title="Robin Dunbar">Robin Dunbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Fessler" title="Daniel Fessler">Daniel Fessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Flinn" title="Mark Flinn">Mark Flinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Hawks" title="John D. Hawks">John D. Hawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henrich" title="Joseph Henrich">Joseph Henrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Mace" title="Ruth Mace">Ruth Mace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nettle" title="Daniel Nettle">Daniel Nettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Shennan" title="Stephen Shennan">Stephen Shennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Symons" title="Donald Symons">Donald Symons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tooby" title="John Tooby">John Tooby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_L._van_den_Berghe" title="Pierre L. van den Berghe">Pierre van den Berghe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Psychologists /<br />cognitive scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ainsworth" title="Mary Ainsworth">Mary Ainsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Baron-Cohen" title="Simon Baron-Cohen">Simon Baron-Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_L._Barrett" title="Justin L. Barrett">Justin L. Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Belsky" title="Jay Belsky">Jay Belsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Bering" title="Jesse Bering">Jesse Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_F._Bjorklund" title="David F. Bjorklund">David F. Bjorklund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bloom_(psychologist)" title="Paul Bloom (psychologist)">Paul Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bowlby" title="John Bowlby">John Bowlby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Boyer" title="Pascal Boyer">Pascal Boyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bulbulia" title="Joseph Bulbulia">Joseph Bulbulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Buss" title="David Buss">David Buss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josep_Call" title="Josep Call">Josep Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Campbell_(academic)" title="Anne Campbell (academic)">Anne Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="Donald T. Campbell">Donald T. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carruthers_(philosopher)" title="Peter Carruthers (philosopher)">Peter Carruthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leda_Cosmides" title="Leda Cosmides">Leda Cosmides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Daly_(professor)" title="Martin Daly (professor)">Martin Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_J._Ellis" title="Bruce J. Ellis">Bruce J. Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Fernald" title="Anne Fernald">Anne Fernald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Jos%C3%A9_Figueredo" title="Aurelio José Figueredo">Aurelio José Figueredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Fleischman" title="Diana Fleischman">Diana Fleischman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uta_Frith" title="Uta Frith">Uta Frith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_G._Gallup" title="Gordon G. Gallup">Gordon G. Gallup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_C._Geary" title="David C. Geary">David C. Geary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Gigerenzer" title="Gerd Gigerenzer">Gerd Gigerenzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gray_(psychologist)" title="Peter Gray (psychologist)">Peter Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Haidt" title="Jonathan Haidt">Jonathan Haidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Rich_Harris" title="Judith Rich Harris">Judith Rich Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martie_Haselton" title="Martie Haselton">Martie Haselton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_and_Stephen_Kaplan" title="Rachel and Stephen Kaplan">Stephen Kaplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Barry_Kaufman" title="Scott Barry Kaufman">Scott Barry Kaufman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_T._Kenrick" title="Douglas T. Kenrick">Douglas T. Kenrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_M._Kirby" title="Simon M. Kirby">Simon M. Kirby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kurzban" title="Robert Kurzban">Robert Kurzban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_MacWhinney" title="Brian MacWhinney">Brian MacWhinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_T._McGuire" title="Michael T. McGuire">Michael T. McGuire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Geoffrey Miller (psychologist)">Geoffrey Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darcia_Narvaez" title="Darcia Narvaez">Darcia Narvaez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Nelson" title="Katherine Nelson">Katherine Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_M._Nesse" title="Randolph M. Nesse">Randolph M. Nesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Neuberg" title="Steven Neuberg">Steven Neuberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Perrett" title="David Perrett">David Perrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Plotkin" title="Henry Plotkin">Henry Plotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rozin" title="Paul Rozin">Paul Rozin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Schaller" title="Mark Schaller">Mark Schaller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_P._Schmitt" title="David P. Schmitt">David P. Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Segal" title="Nancy Segal">Nancy Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd_K._Shackelford" title="Todd K. Shackelford">Todd K. Shackelford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Shepard" title="Roger Shepard">Roger Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Silverman" title="Irwin Silverman">Irwin Silverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_K._Smith" title="Peter K. Smith">Peter K. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Sperber" title="Dan Sperber">Dan Sperber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Stevens_(Jungian_analyst)" title="Anthony Stevens (Jungian analyst)">Anthony Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sulloway" title="Frank Sulloway">Frank Sulloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tomasello" title="Michael Tomasello">Michael Tomasello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Tybur" title="Joshua Tybur">Joshua Tybur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_van_Vugt" title="Mark van Vugt">Mark van Vugt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Whiten" title="Andrew Whiten">Andrew Whiten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Wilson_(psychologist)" title="Glenn Wilson (psychologist)">Glenn Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margo_Wilson" title="Margo Wilson">Margo Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Other<br />social scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Badcock" title="Christopher Badcock">Christopher Badcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bowles_(economist)" title="Samuel Bowles (economist)">Samuel Bowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Fehr" title="Ernst Fehr">Ernst Fehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gintis" title="Herbert Gintis">Herbert Gintis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_D._P._Johnson" title="Dominic D. P. Johnson">Dominic D. P. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gad_Saad" title="Gad Saad">Gad Saad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Literary theorists /<br />philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Carroll_(scholar)" title="Joseph Carroll (scholar)">Joseph Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Dutton" title="Denis Dutton">Denis Dutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_research_groups_and_centers" title="Evolutionary psychology research groups and centers">Research centers/<br />organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Evolutionary_Psychology" title="Center for Evolutionary Psychology">Center for Evolutionary Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Behavior_and_Evolution_Society" title="Human Behavior and Evolution Society">Human Behavior and Evolution Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Human_Cognitive_and_Brain_Sciences" title="Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences">Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Complex_Systems_Institute" title="New England Complex Systems Institute">New England Complex Systems Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adapted_Mind" title="The Adapted Mind">The Adapted Mind</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_Human_Behavior" title="Evolution and Human Behavior">Evolution and Human Behavior</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Evolution_of_Human_Sexuality" title="The Evolution of Human Sexuality">The Evolution of Human Sexuality</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolution,_Mind_and_Behaviour" title="Evolution, Mind and Behaviour">Evolution, Mind and Behaviour</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_Behavioral_Sciences" title="Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences">Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_Psychology_(journal)" title="Evolutionary Psychology (journal)">Evolutionary Psychology</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Evolutionary_psychology" title="Category:Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Freedom_Press159" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B60000; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Freedom_Press" title="Template:Freedom Press"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Freedom_Press" title="Template talk:Freedom Press"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Freedom_Press" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Freedom 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Louise Berneri">Marie Louise Berneri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Boston" title="Richard Boston">Richard Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Brown_(anarchist)" title="Tom Brown (anarchist)">Tom Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cantwell" title="Thomas Cantwell">Thomas Cantwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cores" title="George Cores">George Cores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_Dryhurst" class="mw-redirect" title="Nora Dryhurst">Nora Dryhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah_Feldman" title="Leah Feldman">Leah Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Harper" title="Clifford Harper">Clifford Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hewetson" title="John Hewetson">John Hewetson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Keell" title="Thomas Keell">Thomas Keell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Kelly_(anarchist)" title="Harry Kelly (anarchist)">Harry Kelly</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marsh" title="Alfred Marsh">Alfred Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Meltzer" title="Albert Meltzer">Albert Meltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Moyse" title="Arthur Moyse">Arthur Moyse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Nettlau" title="Max Nettlau">Max Nettlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Richards" title="Vernon Richards">Vernon Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Robinson_(anarchist)" title="Jack Robinson (anarchist)">Jack Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rooum" title="Donald Rooum">Donald Rooum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sansom" title="Philip Sansom">Philip Sansom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Segar" title="Rufus Segar">Rufus Segar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner_(anarchist)" title="John Turner (anarchist)">John Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Walter" title="Nicolas Walter">Nicolas Walter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Colin Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolf_Wess" title="Woolf Wess">Woolf Wess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Wilson" title="Charlotte Wilson">Charlotte Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilian_Wolfe" title="Lilian Wolfe">Lilian Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:black; color:white;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Defence_Committee" title="Freedom Defence Committee">Freedom Defence Committee</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wildcat_(comic_strip)" title="Wildcat (comic strip)">Wildcat</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Revolutionary_socialism109" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Revolutionary_socialism" title="Template:Revolutionary socialism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Revolutionary_socialism" title="Template talk:Revolutionary socialism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Revolutionary_socialism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Revolutionary socialism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Revolutionary_socialism109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foco" title="Foco">Foco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossibilism" title="Impossibilism">Impossibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_war" title="People's war">People's war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">Permanent revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_base_area" title="Revolutionary base area">Revolutionary base area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_terror" title="Revolutionary terror">Revolutionary terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_prank" title="Situationist prank">Situationist prank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">United front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_stylized_fist.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Red_stylized_fist.svg/80px-Red_stylized_fist.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Red_stylized_fist.svg/120px-Red_stylized_fist.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Red_stylized_fist.svg/160px-Red_stylized_fist.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="663" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tendencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Leonism" title="De Leonism">De Leonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao-spontex" title="Mao-spontex">Mao-spontex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Invisible_Committee" title="The Invisible Committee">The Invisible Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Louis Auguste Blanqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_De_Leon" title="Daniel De Leon">Daniel De Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gis_Debray" title="Régis Debray">Régis Debray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Abimael Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Karl Liebknecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Thomas Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Anarcho-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">Popular front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialism965" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism" title="Template:Socialism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism" title="Template talk:Socialism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialism965" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History</a> - <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_socialism" title="Outline of socialism">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Schools of<br />thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarians" title="Icarians">Icarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Simonianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Simonianism">Saint-Simonianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">from below</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire#Socialism" title="Laissez-faire">Left-wing laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_market_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing market anarchism">Left-wing market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Neozapatismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg#Thought" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity#Mao-Spontex" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Mao-Spontex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Pablo" title="Michel Pablo">Pabloism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_Posadist" title="Fourth International Posadist">Posadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Trotskyism" title="Orthodox Trotskyism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_camp" title="Third camp">Third camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism#Socialism_from_above" title="Authoritarian socialism">from above</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barracks_communism" title="Barracks communism">Barracks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Nechayev" title="Sergey Nechayev">Nechayevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu#Ceaușescu's_policies" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Ceaușism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husakism" title="Husakism">Husakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Kadarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchevism">Khrushchevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Dengism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism_(Third_Worldism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoism (Third Worldism)">Maoism–Third Worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Thought" title="Gonzalo Thought">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism%E2%80%93Prachanda_Path" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tkachev" title="Pyotr Tkachev">Tkachevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lassallism" title="Lassallism">Lassallism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_leftism" title="Afro-Caribbean leftism">African-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marhaenism" title="Marhaenism">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">In one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_socialism" title="Real socialism">Real</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Socialism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World_socialism" title="Third World socialism">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key topics<br />and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Criticism of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_equal_liberty#Equal_liberty" title="Law of equal liberty">Equal liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equality of opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_of_outcome" title="Equality of outcome">Equality of outcome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History of anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History of communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History of social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossibilism" title="Impossibilism">Impossibilism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanosocialism" title="Nanosocialism">Nanosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Socialisation of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">Basic income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">Calculation in kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association of producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor-time_calculation" title="Labor-time calculation">Labor-time calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Organizational self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_for_use" title="Production for use">Production for use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">Public ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialists" title="Category:Socialists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_d%27Hupay" title="Victor d'Hupay">Victor d'Hupay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Gabriel Bonnot de Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Étienne-Gabriel Morelly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Stephen Pearl Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Goodwyn_Barmby" title="John Goodwyn Barmby">John Goodwyn Barmby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Barone" title="Enrico Barone">Enrico Barone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">August Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Edward Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Louis Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Louis Auguste Blanqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buchez" title="Philippe Buchez">Philippe Buchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner" title="Georg Büchner">Georg Büchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buonarroti" title="Philippe Buonarroti">Philippe Buonarroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Largo_Caballero" title="Francisco Largo Caballero">Francisco Largo Caballero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Étienne Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Edward Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chernyshevsky" title="Nikolay Chernyshevsky">Nikolay Chernyshevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Prosper_Considerant" title="Victor Prosper Considerant">Victor Prosper Considerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_D%C3%A9mar" title="Claire Démar">Claire Démar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_D%C3%A9zamy" title="Théodore Dézamy">Théodore Dézamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy-Prosper_Enfantin" title="Barthélemy-Prosper Enfantin">Prosper Enfantin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">William Batchelder Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hall_(economist)" title="Charles Hall (economist)">Charles Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Alexander Herzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Thomas Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mother Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Ferdinand Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Lavrov" title="Pyotr Lavrov">Pyotr Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Auguste_Ledru-Rollin" title="Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin">Alexandre Ledru-Rollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Leroux" title="Pierre Leroux">Pierre Leroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Macfarlane" title="Helen Macfarlane">Helen Macfarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Louise Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Mikhaylovsky" title="Nikolay Mikhaylovsky">Nikolay Mikhaylovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pascoli" title="Giovanni Pascoli">Giovanni Pascoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Pecqueur" title="Constantin Pecqueur">Constantin Pecqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Georgi Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Emilio_Recabarren" title="Luis Emilio Recabarren">Luis Emilio Recabarren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Henri de Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Saltykov-Shchedrin" title="Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin">Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Schulz" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz">Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue" title="Eugène Sue">Eugène Sue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Taylor" title="Fred M. Taylor">Fred M. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thompson_(philosopher)" title="William Thompson (philosopher)">William Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tkachev" title="Pyotr Tkachev">Pyotr Tkachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Voilquin" title="Suzanne Voilquin">Suzanne Voilquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Weitling" title="Wilhelm Weitling">Wilhelm Weitling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Tariq Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inejir%C5%8D_Asanuma" title="Inejirō Asanuma">Inejirō Asanuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San" title="Aung San">Aung San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Barbusse" title="Henri Barbusse">Henri Barbusse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Lee_Boggs" title="Grace Lee Boggs">Grace Lee Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Marcel Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiz_Ahmad_Faiz" title="Faiz Ahmad Faiz">Faiz Ahmad Faiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen">Einar Gerhardsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safdar_Hashmi" title="Safdar Hashmi">Safdar Hashmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Ib%C3%A1rruri" title="Dolores Ibárruri">Dolores Ibárruri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Iglesias_Posse" title="Pablo Iglesias Posse">Pablo Iglesias Posse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Jacoby" title="Russell Jacoby">Russell Jacoby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-il">Kim Jong-il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Alexandra Kollontai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Larkin" title="James Larkin">James Larkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._S._Namboodiripad" title="E. M. S. Namboodiripad">E. M. S. Namboodiripad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Jack Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Henri Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lefort" title="Claude Lefort">Claude Lefort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Mari%C3%A1tegui" title="José Carlos Mariátegui">José Carlos Mariátegui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Marquet" title="Adrien Marquet">Adrien Marquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Dun" title="Mao Dun">Mao Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salama_Moussa" title="Salama Moussa">Salama Moussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch" title="Ernst Niekisch">Ernst Niekisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">Ne Win</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Paterson" title="Fred Paterson">Fred Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Renaudel" title="Pierre Renaudel">Pierre Renaudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._T._Ranadive" title="B. T. Ranadive">B. T. Ranadive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Salvemini" title="Gaetano Salvemini">Gaetano Salvemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Scargill" title="Arthur Scargill">Arthur Scargill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._H._Tawney" title="R. H. Tawney">R. H. Tawney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">E. P. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Manohar_Lohia" title="Ram Manohar Lohia">Ram Manohar Lohia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">Cornel West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Zetkin" title="Clara Zetkin">Clara Zetkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Howard Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Posadas" title="J. Posadas">J. Posadas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Pedro Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Crow" title="Bob Crow">Bob Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7daro%C4%9Flu" title="Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu">Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lula_da_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis" title="Yanis Varoufakis">Yanis Varoufakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaush" title="Vaush">Vaush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_organizations" title="Category:Socialist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_socialist_organizations" title="Category:International socialist organizations">International socialist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_parties" title="Category:Socialist parties">Socialist parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxist philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Template:Socialism by state">Socialism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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Labour">Organized Labour portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">Personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(44 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1486)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1756)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1949)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1967)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1990)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1991)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_legitimacy" title="Political legitimacy">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/19px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/29px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/38px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/20px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/40px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/20px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/40px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" 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data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5752#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4425" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5752#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4425" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5752#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012281103X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/66469467">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/32978/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwHfxHBRKr3x3k43mVHmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118567055">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79033037">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11910132z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11910132z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00446393">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kropotkin, Pëtr"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV032276">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an49782402">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19992015180&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000080009&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX998172">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/103744">Portugal</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/52646">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068204582">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90399238">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000030557&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000176530&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000138855">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=88697">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199615518">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/53hklgfp1hr2j2z">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810574048405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/188747">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007264141405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000099755">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512899206706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14083394">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00421348?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Пётр Кропоткин"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/0b586bc5-bd60-4f9a-a6d4-133d6e978d02">MusicBrainz</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1526977">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118567055.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118567055">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029801834">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/028373">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6fx7dzb">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kropotkin&oldid=1281690024">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kropotkin&oldid=1281690024</a>"</div></div> 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