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id="toc-The_Origin_of_German_Tragic_Drama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Origin_of_German_Tragic_Drama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 The Origin of German Tragic Drama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Origin_of_German_Tragic_Drama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-One_Way_Street" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One_Way_Street"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 One Way Street </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One_Way_Street-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Arcades_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Arcades_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 The Arcades Project </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Arcades_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Writing style </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Legacy and reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Commemoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_(selection)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_(selection)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Works (selection) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_(selection)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Primary literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Secondary literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 In other media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Walter Benjamin</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" > 69 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86" title="والتر بنيامين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="والتر بنيامين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valter_Benyamin" title="Valter Benyamin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Valter Benyamin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="ভাল্টার বেনিয়ামিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভাল্টার বেনিয়ামিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Валтер Бенямин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Валтер Бенямин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BD" title="Βάλτερ Μπένγιαμιν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βάλτερ Μπένγιαμιν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="والتر بنیامین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="والتر بنیامین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%ED%84%B0_%EB%B2%A4%EC%95%BC%EB%AF%BC" title="발터 벤야민 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발터 벤야민" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80_%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Վալտեր Բենիամին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վալտեր Բենիամին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ולטר בנימין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ולטר בנימין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Вальтер Беньямин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вальтер Беньямин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gualterius_Benjamin" title="Gualterius Benjamin – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gualterius Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valters_Benjamins" title="Valters Benjamins – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Valters Benjamins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="വാൾട്ടർ ബെഞ്ചമിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാൾട്ടർ ബെഞ്ചമിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86" title="والتر بنيامين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="والتر بنيامين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3" title="ヴァルター・ベンヤミン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴァルター・ベンヤミン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8" title="ਵਾਲਤਰ ਬੇਨਿਆਮਿਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਾਲਤਰ ਬੇਨਿਆਮਿਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BC%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="والټر بنیامین – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="والټر بنیامین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Беньямин, Вальтер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Беньямин, Вальтер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Валтер Бенјамин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Валтер Бенјамин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="வால்டர் பெஞ்சமின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வால்டர் பெஞ்சமின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Вальтер Беньямін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вальтер Беньямін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="والتر بنیامین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="والتر بنیامین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E9%9B%85%E6%98%8E" title="瓦尔特·本雅明 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="瓦尔特·本雅明" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Walter Benjamin" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%8F%AD%E9%9B%85%E6%98%8E" title="華特班雅明 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="華特班雅明" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E9%9B%85%E6%98%8E" title="瓦尔特·本雅明 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瓦尔特·本雅明" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q61078#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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.infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Walter Benjamin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Walter_Benjamin_vers_1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Walter_Benjamin_vers_1928.jpg/220px-Walter_Benjamin_vers_1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Walter_Benjamin_vers_1928.jpg/330px-Walter_Benjamin_vers_1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Walter_Benjamin_vers_1928.jpg/440px-Walter_Benjamin_vers_1928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="907" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Benjamin in 1928</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin</div> (1892-07-15)15 July 1892 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">26 September 1940(1940-09-26) (aged 48) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Portbou" title="Portbou">Portbou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a> by <a href="/wiki/Morphine_overdose" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphine overdose">morphine overdose</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">University of Freiburg</a> <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bern" title="University of Bern">University of Bern</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>, 1919) <a href="/wiki/Goethe_University_Frankfurt" title="Goethe University Frankfurt">University of Frankfurt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctoral_candidate" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctoral candidate">Habil. cand.</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxist_hermeneutics" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist hermeneutics">Marxist hermeneutics</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Literary theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_technology" title="Philosophy of technology">philosophy of technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">philosophy of language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">philosophy of history</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">Auratic perception</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">aestheticization of politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectical</a> image,<a href="#cite_note-SEP-3">[3]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A2neur" title="Flâneur">flâneur</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbɛnjəmɪn/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">BEN-yə-min</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈvaltɐ ˈbɛnjamiːn]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/7d\/De-Walter_Benjamin.ogg\/De-Walter_Benjamin.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Walter Benjamin.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/De-Walter_Benjamin.ogg/De-Walter_Benjamin.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-Walter_Benjamin.ogg" title="File:De-Walter Benjamin.ogg">ⓘ</a>;<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> 15 July 1892 – 26 September 1940<a href="#cite_note-Witte-8">[8]</a>) was a German-Jewish <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">cultural critic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Media_theorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Media theorist">media theorist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Essayist" class="mw-redirect" title="Essayist">essayist</a>. An eclectic thinker who combined elements of <a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_mysticism" title="Jewish mysticism">Jewish mysticism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">neo-Kantianism</a>, Benjamin made influential contributions to <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetic theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">historical materialism</a>. He was associated with the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a> and also maintained formative friendships with thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Playwright" title="Playwright">playwright</a> <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Gershom Scholem</a>. He was related to German <a href="/wiki/Political_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Political theory">political theorist</a> and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a> through her first marriage to Benjamin's cousin <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Anders" title="Günther Anders">Günther Anders</a>, though the friendship between Arendt and Benjamin outlasted her marriage to Anders. Both Arendt and Anders were students of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>, whom Benjamin considered a nemesis.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Among Benjamin's best known works are the essays "<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>" (1935), and "<a href="/wiki/Theses_on_the_Philosophy_of_History" title="Theses on the Philosophy of History">Theses on the Philosophy of History</a>" (1940). His major work as a critic included essays on <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Kafka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kraus_(writer)" title="Karl Kraus (writer)">Kraus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Leskov" title="Nikolai Leskov">Leskov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Proust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walser_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Walser (writer)">Walser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trauerspiel" class="mw-redirect" title="Trauerspiel">Trauerspiel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Translation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Translation theory">translation theory</a>. He also made major translations into German of the Tableaux Parisiens section of Baudelaire's <a href="/wiki/Les_Fleurs_du_mal" title="Les Fleurs du mal">Les Fleurs du mal</a> and parts of Proust's <a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Lost_Time" title="In Search of Lost Time">À la recherche du temps perdu</a>. Of the hidden principle organizing Walter Benjamin's thought <a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Scholem</a> wrote unequivocally that "Benjamin was a philosopher",<a href="#cite_note-:8-10">[10]</a> while his younger colleagues Arendt<a href="#cite_note-:9-11">[11]</a> and Adorno<a href="#cite_note-:10-12">[12]</a> contend that he was "not a philosopher".<a href="#cite_note-:9-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-12">[12]</a> Scholem remarked "The peculiar aura of authority emanating from his work tended to incite contradiction".<a href="#cite_note-:8-10">[10]</a> Benjamin himself considered his research to be <a href="/wiki/Theological" class="mw-redirect" title="Theological">theological</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:11-13">[13]</a> though he eschewed all recourse to traditionally metaphysical sources of transcendentally revealed authority.<a href="#cite_note-:9-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-13">[13]</a> In 1940, at the age of 48, Benjamin died by suicide at <a href="/wiki/Portbou" title="Portbou">Portbou</a> on the French–Spanish border while attempting to escape the advance of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Though popular acclaim eluded him during his life, the decades following his death won his work posthumous renown.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Benjamin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Frankfurt_School" title="Category:Frankfurt School">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png/180px-AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png/270px-AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png/360px-AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="696" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Major works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialectic_of_Enlightenment" title="Dialectic of Enlightenment">Dialectic of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_of_Reason_(Horkheimer)" title="Eclipse of Reason (Horkheimer)">Eclipse of Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros_and_Civilization" title="Eros and Civilization">Eros and Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Freedom" title="Escape from Freedom">Escape from Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minima_Moralia" title="Minima Moralia">Minima Moralia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_Dialectics" title="Negative Dialectics">Negative Dialectics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_and_Revolution" title="Reason and Revolution">Reason and Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Structural_Transformation_of_the_Public_Sphere" title="The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere">The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_Communicative_Action" title="The Theory of Communicative Action">The Theory of Communicative Action</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>"</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Notable theorists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Otto_Apel" title="Karl-Otto Apel">Apel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Forst" title="Rainer Forst">Forst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Carl Grünberg">Grünberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Geuss" title="Raymond Geuss">Geuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_Honneth" title="Axel Honneth">Honneth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Horkheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahel_Jaeggi" title="Rahel Jaeggi">Jaeggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kluge" title="Alexander Kluge">Kluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Kracauer" title="Siegfried Kracauer">Kracauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Kirchheimer" title="Otto Kirchheimer">Kirchheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolas_Kompridis" title="Nikolas Kompridis">Kompridis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Kuhlmann" title="Wolfgang Kuhlmann">Kuhlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_L%C3%B6wenthal" title="Leo Löwenthal">Löwenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._McCarthy" title="Thomas A. McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Negt" title="Oskar Negt">Negt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Neumann_(political_scientist)" title="Franz Neumann (political scientist)">Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Offe" title="Claus Offe">Offe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Pollock" title="Friedrich Pollock">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schmidt_(philosopher)" title="Alfred Schmidt (philosopher)">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sohn-Rethel" title="Alfred Sohn-Rethel">Sohn-Rethel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Wellmer" title="Albrecht Wellmer">Wellmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Wingert" title="Lutz Wingert">Wingert</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Important concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipositivism" title="Antipositivism">Antipositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communicative_rationality" title="Communicative rationality">Communicative rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">Dialectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimation_crisis" title="Legitimation crisis">Legitimation crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Non-identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture_studies" title="Popular culture studies">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_(process)" title="Praxis (process)">Praxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatism" title="Privatism">Privatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Psychoanalysis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recognition_(sociology)" title="Recognition (sociology)">Recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" 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sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Frankfurt_School_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Frankfurt School sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Benjamin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> Walter Benjamin and his younger siblings, Georg (1895–1942) and <a href="/wiki/Dora_Benjamin" title="Dora Benjamin">Dora</a> (1901–1946), were born to a wealthy business family of assimilated <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, then the capital of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. Walter's father, Emil Benjamin, was a banker in Paris who had relocated from France to Germany,<a href="#cite_note-:5-16">[16]</a> where he worked as an antiques trader; he later married Pauline Schönflies.<a href="#cite_note-:5-16">[16]</a> He owned a number of investments in Berlin, including ice skating rinks.<a href="#cite_note-:5-16">[16]</a> Walter's uncle, <a href="/wiki/William_Stern_(psychologist)" title="William Stern (psychologist)">William Stern</a>, was a prominent German <a href="/wiki/Child_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Child psychology">child psychologist</a> who developed the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_quotient" title="Intelligence quotient">intelligence quotient</a> (IQ).<a href="#cite_note-:5-16">[16]</a> He also had a cousin, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Anders" title="Günther Anders">Günther Anders</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:5-16">[16]</a> a German philosopher and anti-nuclear activist who studied under <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>. Through his mother, Walter's great-uncle was the classical archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Hirschfeld" title="Gustav Hirschfeld">Gustav Hirschfeld</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In 1902, ten-year-old Walter was enrolled at the Kaiser Friedrich School in <a href="/wiki/Charlottenburg" title="Charlottenburg">Charlottenburg</a>; he completed his secondary school studies ten years later. In his youth, Walter was of fragile health and so in 1905 the family sent him to <a href="/wiki/Hermann-Lietz-Schule_Haubinda" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann-Lietz-Schule Haubinda">Hermann-Lietz-Schule Haubinda</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">boarding school</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringian</a> countryside, for two years; in 1907, having returned to Berlin, he resumed his schooling at the Kaiser Friedrich School.<a href="#cite_note-Witte-8">[8]</a> In 1912, at the age of 20, he enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">University of Freiburg</a>, but at the summer semester's end, he returned to Berlin and matriculated at the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a> to continue studying philosophy. There, Benjamin had his first exposure to <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>, which had not been part of his liberal upbringing. This gave him occasion to formulate his own ideas about the meaning of Judaism. Benjamin distanced himself from political and nationalist Zionism, instead developing in his own thinking what he called a kind of "<a href="/wiki/Cultural_Zionism" title="Cultural Zionism">cultural Zionism</a>"—an attitude that recognized and promoted Judaism and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Jewish values</a>. In Benjamin's formulation, his Jewishness meant a commitment to the furtherance of European culture. He wrote: "My life experience led me to this insight: the Jews represent an elite in the ranks of the spiritually active ... For Judaism is to me in no sense an end in itself, but the most distinguished bearer and representative of the spiritual."<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> This was a position Benjamin largely held lifelong.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> It was as a speaker and debater in the milieu of the <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Wyneken" title="Gustav Wyneken">Gustav Wyneken</a>'s <a href="/wiki/German_Youth_Movement" title="German Youth Movement">German Youth Movement</a> that Benjamin was first encountered by <a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Gershom Scholem</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a> although he had parted ways with the youth group before they had become properly acquainted.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Elected president of the Freie Studentenschaft (Free Students Association), Benjamin wrote essays arguing for educational and general cultural change while working alongside Wyneken at the legendary and controversial youth magazine Der Anfang (The beginning), that was banned in all schools in Bavaria. Wyneken's thesis that a new youth must pave the way for revolutionary cultural change became the main theme of all of Benjamin's publications at that time.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> When not reelected as student association president, he returned to Freiburg to study, with particular attention to the lectures of <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rickert" title="Heinrich Rickert">Heinrich Rickert</a>; at that time he traveled to France and Italy. Benjamin's attempt to volunteer for service at the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in August 1914 was rejected by the army.<a href="#cite_note-:1-23">[23]</a> Benjamin later feigned illnesses to avoid conscription,<a href="#cite_note-:1-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eberg2018-24">[24]</a> allowing him to continue his studies and his translations of works by French poet <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a>. His conspicuous refuge in Switzerland on dubious medical grounds was a likely factor in his ongoing challenges in obtaining academic employment after the war.<a href="#cite_note-Eberg2018-24">[24]</a> The next year, 1915, Benjamin moved to Munich, and continued his schooling at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Munich">University of Munich</a>, where he met <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rainer Maria Rilke</a><a href="#cite_note-Faber_and_Faber-25">[25]</a> and Scholem; the latter became a friend. Intensive discussions with Scholem about Judaism and Jewish mysticism gave the impetus for the 1916 text (surviving as a manuscript) Über Sprache überhaupt und über die Sprache des Menschen ("<a href="/wiki/On_Language_as_Such_and_on_the_Language_of_Man" title="On Language as Such and on the Language of Man">On Language as Such and on the Language of Man</a>"), which, as Benjamin said to Scholem , "has an immanent relationship to Judaism and to the first chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>".<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In that period, Benjamin wrote about the 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> German poet <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Friedrich Hölderlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In 1917 Benjamin transferred to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bern" title="University of Bern">University of Bern</a>; there he met <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bloch" title="Ernst Bloch">Ernst Bloch</a>, and Dora Sophie Pollak<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> (née Kellner), whom he married. They had a son, Stefan Rafael, in 1918. In 1919 Benjamin earned his <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> <a href="/wiki/Summa_cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa cum laude">summa cum laude</a> with the dissertation Der Begriff der Kunstkritik in der deutschen Romantik (The Concept of Art Criticism in German Romanticism).<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> For his <a href="/wiki/Postdoctoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Postdoctoral">postdoctoral</a> thesis in 1920, Benjamin hit upon an idea very similar to the thesis proposed by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> in the latter's own postdoctoral project (Duns Scotus: Theory of Categories and Meaning).<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Wolfram Eilenberger writes that Benjamin's plan was "to legitimize [his theory of language] with reference to a largely forgotten tradition [found in the archaic writings of <a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a>], and to strike the sparks of systematization from the apparent disjunct among modern, logical, and analytical linguistic philosophy and medieval speculations on language that fell under the heading of theology".<a href="#cite_note-Eberg2018-24">[24]</a> After Scholem sympathetically informed his friend that his interest in the concept had been pre-empted by Heidegger's earlier publication,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Benjamin seemed to have derived a lifelong antagonism toward the rival philosopher whose major insights, over the course of both of their careers, sometimes overlapped and sometimes conflicted with Benjamin's.<a href="#cite_note-Eberg2018-24">[24]</a> Incidentally, at that time Heidegger was soon to embark on a love affair with <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>, later related to Benjamin through marriage to his cousin <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Anders" title="Günther Anders">Günther Anders</a>. Later, unable to support himself and family, Benjamin returned to Berlin and resided with his parents. In 1921 he published the essay "Zur Kritik der Gewalt" ("Toward the Critique of Violence"). At this time Benjamin first became socially acquainted with <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a>, and he remained an admirer of Strauss and his work throughout his life.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Friendships">Friendships</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Benjamin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Friendships">edit</a>]</div> Starting in adolescence, in a trend of episodic behavior that was to remain true throughout his life, Benjamin was a maven within an important community during a critically important historical period: the left-<a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> of <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interwar_France" title="Interwar France">Paris</a>. Acquaintance with Walter Benjamin was a connecting thread for a variety of major figures in metaphysics, philosophy, theology, the visual arts, theater, literature, radio, politics and various other domains. Benjamin happened to be present on the outskirts of many of the most important events within the intellectual ferment of the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar-period</a> in <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Germany</a> and interpreted those events in his writing. He was in the crowd at <a href="/wiki/Second_Conference_on_the_Epistemology_of_the_Exact_Sciences" title="Second Conference on the Epistemology of the Exact Sciences">the conference</a> where <a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a> first described the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del%27s_incompleteness_theorems" title="Gödel's incompleteness theorems">incompleteness theorem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> He once took a class on the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Ancient Mayans</a> from Rilke.<a href="#cite_note-Faber_and_Faber-25">[25]</a> He attended the same seminar as Heidegger at Freiburg in the summer of 1913 when both men were still university students: concepts first encountered there influenced their thought for the remainder of their careers. He was an early draft script reader, comrade, favorable critic and promoter as well as a frequent house-guest of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_culture" title="Weimar culture">Berlin cabaret theater scene</a> writer and director <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a>. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a> took an interest in Benjamin, but Benjamin declined to contribute to Buber's journal because it was too <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exoteric">exoteric</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Nevertheless, Buber financed Benjamin's trip to Moscow and promoted his career in other ways. Nominally, Buber had commissioned Benjamin to write an article Moscow for his Die Kreatur, though Benjamin blew his deadline for the delivery of this piece by several years. Benjamin was a close colleague of <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bloch" title="Ernst Bloch">Ernst Bloch</a> while Bloch was writing the Spirit of Utopia and maintained a relationship with him until the late 20's that Bloch later described as "almost too close."<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> An untitled scrap omitted from Benjamin's book review of Bloch's Spirit of Utopia which remained unpublished during Benjamin's lifetime (later anthologized under the title "Theologico-Political Fragment") is now perhaps better remembered than the larger work it cites as an authority for its mystical reflections.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> It was Bloch's commission that inspired Benjamin's work on <a href="/wiki/Category_of_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Category of being">the theory of categories</a>, according to Scholem.<a href="#cite_note-:3-36">[36]</a> This was to be a consequential theme throughout his career. One of Benjamin's high-school best friends (also a German Jew) killed himself using gas at the outbreak of the first World War; another was one of the Jewish Liaisons who took Nazi diplomats on a tour of Palestine. This happened while the Third Reich was preparing the European Zionists to believe that Europe's Jews would be forcibly emigrated from the Reich, to deflect attention from the looming possibility of the strategy that was ultimately adopted: <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">mass extermination in the death camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Scholem, Benjamin's oldest friend, and the sole executor of his literary estate, would resurrect the canonical books of the Kabbalah from private libraries and ancient document dumps called <a href="/wiki/Genizah" title="Genizah">Genizah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-45">[45]</a> These were created when the books flooded into <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> during the period leading up to, coinciding with, and immediately following the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career">Career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Benjamin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a>]</div> In 1923, when the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Social Research">Institute for Social Research</a> was founded, later to become home to the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a>, Benjamin published Charles Baudelaire, Tableaux Parisiens. At this time he became acquainted with <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a> and befriended <a href="/wiki/Georg_Luk%C3%A1cs" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Lukács">Georg Lukács</a>, whose The Theory of the Novel (1920) influenced him. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Inflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflation in the Weimar Republic">inflation in the Weimar Republic</a> after the war made it difficult for Emil Benjamin to continue supporting his son's family. At the end of 1923 Scholem emigrated to Palestine, then under a British mandate; despite repeated invitations, he failed to persuade Benjamin (and family) to leave the continent for the Middle East. In 1924 <a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Hofmannsthal" title="Hugo von Hofmannsthal">Hugo von Hofmannsthal</a>, in the Neue Deutsche Beiträge magazine, published Benjamin's "Goethes Wahlverwandtschaften" ("<a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Elective_Affinities" title="Elective Affinities">Elective Affinities</a>"), about Goethe's third novel, <a href="/wiki/Elective_Affinities" title="Elective Affinities">Die Wahlverwandtschaften</a> (1809). According to literary critic Burkhardt Lindner, the essay forms the "third major philosophical-aesthetic treatise of the early work" alongside the PhD dissertation and the <a href="/wiki/Habilitation_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Habilitation thesis">habilitation thesis</a>. It has often been linked to the breakup of his marriage. The dedication to Julia Cohn, whom he had courted in vain at the time, suggests this.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Likewise, according to <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>, it was his essay on Goethe that ruined Benjamin's only chance of a university career.<a href="#cite_note-:14-49">[49]</a> Benjamin's Goethe monograph is partly a meditation on the form 'free-love' that the Benjamins were experimenting with in their marriage at this time, amongst other things. But this was only tangential to the issue that led to the controversy to which Arendt refers. His mistake (per Arendt) was killing a sacred cow from amongst the academic establishment.<a href="#cite_note-:14-49">[49]</a> As so often in Benjamin's writings, his study of Goethe's Elective Affinities was marked by polemics and the theme of his assault in this work concerned <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gundolf" title="Friedrich Gundolf">Friedrich Gundolf</a>'s Goethe book. Gundolf was the most prominent and able academic member of the <a href="/wiki/George-Kreis" title="George-Kreis">(Stefan) George-Kreis</a>--a cult of post-symbolist, romantic nationalist poets with a mystically conservative, medievalist bent.<a href="#cite_note-:14-49">[49]</a> Elsewhere, in the anonymity of his private epistolary writings, Benjamin explicitly points out how (regardless of the ultimate horror, withdrawal and rejection with which members of the circle greeted <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">the Nazi regime</a>) this group's commitment to particular archaic styles anticipated the aesthetics of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Later that year Benjamin and Bloch resided on the Italian island of <a href="/wiki/Capri" title="Capri">Capri</a>; Benjamin wrote Ursprung des deutschen Trauerspiels (<a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_German_Tragic_Drama" title="The Origin of German Tragic Drama">The Origin of German Tragic Drama</a>) as a habilitation thesis meant to qualify him as a tenured university professor in Germany. At Bloch's suggestion, he read Lukács's <a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness" title="History and Class Consciousness">History and Class Consciousness</a> (1923). He also met the Latvian Bolshevik and actress <a href="/wiki/Asja_L%C4%81cis" title="Asja Lācis">Asja Lācis</a>, then residing in Moscow; he became her lover and she was a lasting intellectual influence on him.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> A year later, in 1925, Benjamin withdrew The Origin of German Tragic Drama as his possible qualification for the habilitation teaching credential at the <a href="/wiki/Goethe_University_Frankfurt" title="Goethe University Frankfurt">University of Frankfurt</a> at Frankfurt am Main, fearing its possible rejection.<a href="#cite_note-BL-52">[52]</a> The work was a study in which he sought to "save" the category of <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a>. It proved too unorthodox and abstruse for its examiners, who included prominent members of the humanities faculty, such as <a href="/wiki/Hans_Cornelius" title="Hans Cornelius">Hans Cornelius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baroque-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Max Horkheimer</a> also sat on the panel of examiners who rejected Benjamin's thesis. Horkheimer later serves as both patron and promoter of Benjamin's work at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Social Research">Institute for Social Research</a> and is best remembered as the co-author of Benjamin's closest disciple <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a>'s magnum opus, the <a href="/wiki/Dialectic_of_Enlightenment" title="Dialectic of Enlightenment">Dialectic of the Enlightenment</a> (a book which cribs heavily from Benjamin's unpublished, esoteric writings in many of its most important passages).<a href="#cite_note-:12-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-55">[55]</a> In the case of Benjamin's habilitation, however, Horkheimer presents a united front with Cornelius and Professor Schultz in asking Benjamin to withdraw his application for the habilitation to avoid disgrace on the occasion of the examination.<a href="#cite_note-:12-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-55">[55]</a> That is to say: His committee informed him that he will not be accepted as an academic instructor in the German university system.<a href="#cite_note-:12-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-55">[55]</a> A diagram of the internecine dynamics of Benjamin's habilitation committee's rejection of his work bear recollection here, as they determine something of the character of his later career and ultimate legacy.<a href="#cite_note-:12-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Cornelius" title="Hans Cornelius">Hans Cornelius</a> had been Adorno's mentor in the institutional context of the university, whereas once Adorno started actually teaching as a professor at the University of Frankfurt, he devoted his seminars to Benjamin's rejected work.<a href="#cite_note-:12-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-55">[55]</a> Adorno's 1931 and 1932 seminars, delivered at <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt University">Frankfurt University</a>, devoted themselves to a close reading of the <a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_German_Tragic_Drama" title="The Origin of German Tragic Drama">Origins of German Tragic Drama</a>. Adorno was still teaching this class on the <a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_German_Tragic_Drama" title="The Origin of German Tragic Drama">Origins of German Tragic Drama</a> during the winter semester that <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolph Hitler</a> came to power, although at that time it was not listed in the course catalog--whereas Adorno's academic mentor Cornelius, who had rejected this thesis, is today remembered primarily because of his rejection of Benjamin's habilitation.<a href="#cite_note-:12-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Horkheimer</a> becomes a footnote to the career of Benjamin's apprentice. Schultz--the other member of Benjamin's committee who seems to have directed him to the subject of Baroque drama in the first place, only to reject the thesis that derived from this recommendation--is virtually altogether forgotten. The episode in the history of the German academy is immortalized in the bon mot, "One cannot habilitate intellect."<a href="#cite_note-:12-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-55">[55]</a> This failure resulted in his father's refusal to continue to support him financially, so that Benjamin was forced to make ends meet as a professional critic and occasional translator.<a href="#cite_note-Baroque-53">[53]</a> Working with <a href="/wiki/Franz_Hessel" title="Franz Hessel">Franz Hessel</a> he translated the first volumes of <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a>'s À la Recherche du Temps Perdu (In Search of Lost Time). The next year, 1926, he began writing for the German newspapers <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Zeitung">Frankfurter Zeitung</a> and Die Literarische Welt (The Literary World); that paid enough for him to reside in Paris for some months. In December 1926, the year his father died, Benjamin went to Moscow<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> to meet Lācis and found her ill in a sanatorium.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> During his stay in Moscow, he was asked by the editorial board of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a> to write an article on Goethe for the first edition of the encyclopedia. Benjamin's article was ultimately rejected, with reviewer <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Lunacharsky" title="Anatoly Lunacharsky">Anatoly Lunacharsky</a> (then the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_Education" title="People's Commissariat for Education">People's Commissar of Education</a>) characterizing it as "non-encyclopedic",<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> and only a small part of the text prepared by Benjamin was included in the encyclopedia. During Benjamin's lifetime, the article was not published in its entirety. A Russian translation of the article was published in the Russian edition of "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction" in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In 1927, he began <a href="/wiki/The_Arcades_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="The Arcades Project">Das Passagen-Werk</a> (The Arcades Project), his uncompleted magnum opus, a study of 19th-century Parisian life. The same year, he saw Scholem in Berlin, for the last time, and considered emigrating from Germany to Palestine. In 1928, he and Dora separated (they divorced two years later, in 1930); in the same year he published Einbahnstraße (One-Way Street), and a revision of his habilitation thesis Ursprung des Deutschen Trauerspiels (The Origin of German Tragic Drama). In 1929 Berlin, Lācis, then an assistant to <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a>, socially presented the intellectuals to each other. In that time, Benjamin also briefly embarked upon an academic career, as an instructor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Heidelberg">University of Heidelberg</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exile_and_death">Exile and death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Benjamin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Exile and death">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BenjaminBnF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Walter Benjamin's membership card for the Bibliothèque nationale de France (1940)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BenjaminBnF.jpg/257px-BenjaminBnF.jpg" decoding="async" width="257" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BenjaminBnF.jpg/386px-BenjaminBnF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BenjaminBnF.jpg/514px-BenjaminBnF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>Walter Benjamin's membership card for the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a> (1940)</figcaption></figure> In 1932, during the turmoil preceding <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s assumption of the office of <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a>, Benjamin left Germany temporarily for the Spanish island of <a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a> where he stayed for some months; he then moved to <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, where he considered killing himself. Perceiving the sociopolitical and cultural significance of the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag fire</a> (27 February 1933) as the de facto Nazi assumption of full power in Germany, then manifest with the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">persecution of the Jews</a>, he left Berlin and Germany for good in September. He moved to Paris, but before doing so he sought shelter in <a href="/wiki/Svendborg" title="Svendborg">Svendborg</a>, at Bertolt Brecht's house, and at <a href="/wiki/Sanremo" title="Sanremo">Sanremo</a>, where his ex-wife Dora lived. As he ran out of money, Benjamin collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Max Horkheimer</a>, and received funds from the Institute for Social Research, later going permanently into exile. In Paris, he met other refugee German artists and intellectuals; he befriended <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>, novelist <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a>, and composer <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Kurt Weill</a>. In 1936, a first version of "<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>" (originally written in German in 1935) was published in French ("L'œuvre d'art à l'époque de sa reproduction méchanisée") by Max Horkheimer in the Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung journal of the Institute for Social Research.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> It was a critique of the authenticity of mass-produced art; he wrote that a mechanically produced copy of an artwork can be taken somewhere the original could never have gone, arguing that the presence of the original is "prerequisite to the concept of authenticity".<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin%27s_apartment_in_Paris_(fot._Mateusz_Palka).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Benjamin%27s_apartment_in_Paris_%28fot._Mateusz_Palka%29.jpg/256px-Benjamin%27s_apartment_in_Paris_%28fot._Mateusz_Palka%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Benjamin%27s_apartment_in_Paris_%28fot._Mateusz_Palka%29.jpg/384px-Benjamin%27s_apartment_in_Paris_%28fot._Mateusz_Palka%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Benjamin%27s_apartment_in_Paris_%28fot._Mateusz_Palka%29.jpg/512px-Benjamin%27s_apartment_in_Paris_%28fot._Mateusz_Palka%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2670" data-file-height="3566" /></a><figcaption>Walter Benjamin's Paris apartment at 10 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rue_Dombasle_(Paris)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rue Dombasle (Paris) (page does not exist)">rue Dombasle</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_Dombasle_(Paris)" class="extiw" title="fr:Rue Dombasle (Paris)">fr</a>] (1938–1940)</figcaption></figure> In 1937 Benjamin worked on "Das Paris des Second Empire bei Baudelaire" ("The Paris of the Second Empire in Baudelaire"), met <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Georges Bataille</a> (to whom he later entrusted the Arcades Project manuscript), and joined the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Sociology" title="College of Sociology">College of Sociology</a> (which he would criticize for its "pre-fascist aestheticism.")<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In 1938 he paid a last visit to Brecht, who was exiled to Denmark.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Meanwhile, the Nazi régime stripped German Jews of their German citizenship; now a stateless man, Benjamin was arrested by the French government and incarcerated for three months in a prison camp near <a href="/wiki/Nevers" title="Nevers">Nevers</a>, in central <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(French_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundy (French region)">Burgundy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Returning to Paris in January 1940, he drafted "Über den Begriff der Geschichte" ("On the Concept of History", later published as "<a href="/wiki/Theses_on_the_Philosophy_of_History" title="Theses on the Philosophy of History">Theses on the Philosophy of History</a>"). While the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> was pushing back the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a>, on 13 June Benjamin and his sister fled Paris to the town of <a href="/wiki/Lourdes" title="Lourdes">Lourdes</a>, just a day before the Germans entered the capital with orders to arrest him at his flat. In August, he obtained a travel visa to the U.S. that Horkheimer had negotiated for him. In eluding the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>, Benjamin planned to travel to the U.S. from neutral Portugal, which he expected to reach via <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a>, then ostensibly a neutral country. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grab_Walter_Benjamin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Grab_Walter_Benjamin.jpg/250px-Grab_Walter_Benjamin.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Grab_Walter_Benjamin.jpg/375px-Grab_Walter_Benjamin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Grab_Walter_Benjamin.jpg/500px-Grab_Walter_Benjamin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2120" /></a><figcaption>Walter Benjamin's grave in Portbou. The epitaph in German, repeated in Catalan, quotes from Section 7 of "Theses on the Philosophy of History": "There is no document of culture which is not at the same time a document of barbarism"</figcaption></figure>The historical record indicates that he safely crossed the French–Spanish border and arrived at the coastal town of <a href="/wiki/Portbou" title="Portbou">Portbou</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> on 25 September 1940. The Franco government had cancelled all transit visas and ordered the Spanish police to return such persons to France, including the Jewish refugee group Benjamin had joined. They were told by the Spanish police that they would be deported back to France the next day, which would have thwarted Benjamin's plans to travel to the United States. Expecting repatriation to Nazi hands, Benjamin killed himself with an overdose of <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a> tablets that night, while staying at the Hotel de Francia; the official Portbou register records 26 September 1940 as the date of death.<a href="#cite_note-Witte-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Benjamin's colleague <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Arthur Koestler</a>, also fleeing Europe, attempted suicide by taking some of the morphine tablets, but survived.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Benjamin's brother Georg was killed at the <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp">Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp</a> in 1942. The others in his party were allowed passage the next day (maybe because Benjamin's suicide shocked Spanish officials), and safely reached <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> on 30 September. Arendt, who crossed the French-Spanish border at Portbou a few months later, passed the manuscript of Theses to Adorno. Another completed manuscript, which Benjamin had carried in his suitcase, disappeared after his death and has not been recovered.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thought">Thought</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Benjamin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Thought">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klee,_Angelus_novus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Klee%2C_Angelus_novus.png/220px-Klee%2C_Angelus_novus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Klee%2C_Angelus_novus.png 1.5x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Paul Klee</a>'s 1920 painting <a href="/wiki/Angelus_Novus" title="Angelus Novus">Angelus Novus</a>, which Benjamin bought in 1921 and compared to "the angel of history"</figcaption></figure> In addition to his lifelong dialogue in letters with <a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Gershom Scholem</a>, Walter Benjamin maintained an intense correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a>, and was occasionally funded by the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a> under the direction of Adorno and <a href="/wiki/Horkheimer" title="Horkheimer">Horkheimer</a>, even from their New York City residence. At other times he received funding from Hebrew University or from funds made available by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a> and his publishing associates including <a href="/wiki/Salman_Schocken" title="Salman Schocken">Salman Schocken</a>. The dynamism or conflict between these competing influences—Brecht's Marxism, Adorno's <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a>, Scholem's Jewish mysticism—were central to his work, although their philosophic differences remained unresolved. Moreover, the critic <a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">Paul de Man</a> argued that the intellectual range of Benjamin's writings flows dynamically among those three intellectual traditions, deriving a critique via juxtaposition; the exemplary synthesis is "Theses on the Philosophy of History". At least one scholar, <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">historian of religion</a> <a href="/wiki/Jason_Josephson-Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Jason Josephson-Storm">Jason Josephson-Storm</a>, has argued that Benjamin's diverse interests may be understood in part by understanding the influence of <a href="/wiki/Western_Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Esotericism">Western Esotericism</a> on Benjamin.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Some of Benjamin's key ideas were adapted from occultists and <a href="/wiki/New_Age_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="New Age movement">New Age</a> figures including <a href="/wiki/Eric_Gutkind" title="Eric Gutkind">Eric Gutkind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Klages" title="Ludwig Klages">Ludwig Klages</a>, and his interest in esotericism is known to have extended far beyond the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In addition to Brecht's Marxism, Adorno's critical theory, and Scholem's Jewish mysticism, Howard Eiland and Michael W. Jennings have underscored the importance of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Karl Korsch</a>'s interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Capital_(Marx)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital (Marx)">Capital</a> to understanding Benjamin's engagement with <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> in later works like the <a href="/wiki/Arcades_Project" title="Arcades Project">Arcades</a>. Karl Korsch's Karl Marx, which was "one of Benjamin's main sources [on]... Marxism," introduced him "to an advanced understanding of Marxism."<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Theses_on_the_Philosophy_of_History"">"Theses on the Philosophy of History"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Benjamin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: "Theses on the Philosophy of History"">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theses_on_the_Philosophy_of_History" title="Theses on the Philosophy of History">Theses on the Philosophy of History</a></div> "Theses on the Philosophy of History" is often cited as Benjamin's last complete work, having been completed, according to Adorno, in the spring of 1940. The Institute for Social Research, which had relocated to New York, published Theses in Benjamin's memory in 1942. Margaret Cohen writes in the Cambridge Companion to Walter Benjamin: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In the "Concept of History" Benjamin also turned to Jewish mysticism for a model of praxis in dark times, inspired by the kabbalistic precept that the work of the holy man is an activity known as <a href="/wiki/Tikkun_olam" title="Tikkun olam">tikkun</a>. According to the kabbalah, God's attributes were once held in vessels whose glass was contaminated by the presence of evil and these vessels had consequently shattered, disseminating their contents to the four corners of the earth. Tikkun was the process of collecting the scattered fragments in the hopes of once more piecing them together. Benjamin fused tikkun with the Surrealist notion that liberation would come through releasing repressed collective material, to produce his celebrated account of the revolutionary historiographer, who sought to grab hold of elided memories as they sparked to view at moments of present danger.</blockquote> In the essay, Benjamin's famed ninth thesis struggles to reconcile the <a href="/wiki/Idea_of_Progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Idea of Progress">Idea of Progress</a> in the present with the apparent chaos of the past: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">A <a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a> painting named <a href="/wiki/Angelus_Novus" title="Angelus Novus">Angelus Novus</a> shows an angel looking as though he is about to move away from something he is fixedly contemplating. His eyes are staring, his mouth is open, his wings are spread. This is how one pictures the angel of history. His face is turned toward the past. Where we perceive a chain of events, he sees one single catastrophe which keeps piling wreckage upon wreckage and hurls it in front of his feet. The angel would like to stay, awaken the dead, and make whole what has been smashed. But a storm is blowing from Paradise; it has got caught in his wings with such violence that the angel can no longer close them. The storm irresistibly propels him into the future to which his back is turned, while the pile of debris before him grows skyward. This storm is what we call progress.</blockquote> The final paragraph about the Jewish quest for the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> provides a final point to Benjamin's work, with its themes of culture, destruction, Jewish heritage and the fight between humanity and nihilism. He brings up the interdiction, in some varieties of Judaism, of attempts to determine the year when the Messiah would come into the world, and points out that this did not make Jews indifferent to the future "for every second of time was the strait gate through which the Messiah might enter". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction"">"The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Benjamin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction"">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a></div> Perhaps Walter Benjamin's best-known essay, "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction," identifies the perceptual shift that takes place when technological advancements emphasize speed and reproducibility.<a href="#cite_note-:0-77">[77]</a> Benjamin argues that the aura is found in a work of art that contains presence. The aura is precisely what cannot be reproduced in a work of art: its original presence in time and space.<a href="#cite_note-:0-77">[77]</a> He suggests a work of art's aura is in a state of decay because it is becoming more and more difficult to apprehend the time and space in which a piece of art is created. This essay also introduces the concept of the optical unconscious, a concept that identifies the subject's ability to identify desire in visual objects. This also leads to the ability to perceive information by habit instead of rapt attention.<a href="#cite_note-:0-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Origin_of_German_Tragic_Drama">The Origin of German Tragic Drama</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Benjamin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Origin of German Tragic Drama">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_German_Tragic_Drama" title="The Origin of German Tragic Drama">The Origin of German Tragic Drama</a></div> Ursprung des deutschen Trauerspiels (<a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_German_Tragic_Drama" title="The Origin of German Tragic Drama">The Origin of German Tragic Drama</a>, 1928), is a critical study of German baroque drama, as well as the political and cultural climate of Germany during the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> (1545–1648). Benjamin presented the work to the University of Frankfurt in 1925 as the <a href="/wiki/Postdoctoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Postdoctoral">postdoctoral</a> dissertation meant to earn him the habilitation (qualification) to become a university instructor in Germany. Professor Schultz of the University of Frankfurt found The Origin of German Tragic Drama inappropriate for his Germanistik department (Department of German Language and Literature), and passed it to the Department of <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a>, the readers of which likewise dismissed Benjamin's work.<a href="#cite_note-Baroque-53">[53]</a> The university officials recommended that Benjamin withdraw Ursprung des deutschen Trauerspiels as a habilitation thesis to avoid formal rejection and public embarrassment.<a href="#cite_note-BL-52">[52]</a> He heeded the advice, and three years later, in 1928, he published The Origin of German Tragic Drama as a book.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="One_Way_Street">One Way Street</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Benjamin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: One Way Street">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/One_Way_Street_(1928_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="One Way Street (1928 book)">One Way Street (1928 book)</a></div> <a href="/wiki/One_Way_Street_(1928_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="One Way Street (1928 book)">Einbahnstraße</a> (One Way Street, 1928) is a series of meditations written primarily during the same phase as <a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_German_Tragic_Drama" title="The Origin of German Tragic Drama">The Origin of German Tragic Drama</a>, after Benjamin had met <a href="/wiki/Asja_L%C4%81cis" title="Asja Lācis">Asja Lācis</a> on the beach at Capri in 1924. He finished the cycle in 1926, and put it out the same year that his failed thesis was published. One Way Street is a collage work. <a href="/wiki/Greil_Marcus" title="Greil Marcus">Greil Marcus</a> compares certain formal qualities of the book to the graphic novel Hundred Headless Women by <a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Max Ernst</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:2-79">[79]</a> or to <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ruttmann" title="Walter Ruttmann">Walter Ruttman's</a> The Weekend (an early sound collage film).<a href="#cite_note-:2-79">[79]</a> The book avoids "all semblance of linear-narrative...[offering] a jumble of sixty apparently autonomous short prose pieces: aphorisms, jokes, dream protocols, cityscapes, landscapes, and mindscapes; portions of writing manuals, trenchant contemporary political analysis; prescient appreciations of the child's psychology, behavior, and moods; decodings of bourgeois fashion, living arrangements and courtship patterns; and time and again, remarkable penetrations into the heart of every day things, what Benjamin would later call a mode of empathy with 'the soul of the commodity'" according to Michael Jennings in his introduction to the work. He continues: "Many of the pieces...first appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Feuilleton" title="Feuilleton">feuilleton</a> section," of newspapers and magazines which was "not a separate section but rather an area at the bottom of every page...and the spatial restrictions of the feuilleton played a decisive role in shaping the prose form on which the book is based."<a href="#cite_note-:2-79">[79]</a> Written contemporaneously with Martin Heidegger's <a href="/wiki/Being_and_Time" title="Being and Time">Being & Time</a>, Benjamin's work from this period explores much of the same territory: formally in his "Epistemo-Critical Prologue" to The Origin of German Tragic Drama, and as sketches, allusions and asides in One Way Street.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Arcades_Project">The Arcades Project</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Benjamin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Arcades Project">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arcades_Project" title="Arcades Project">Arcades Project</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Arcades_Project" title="Arcades Project">Passagenwerk</a> (Arcades Project, 1927–40) was Benjamin's final, incomplete book about Parisian city life in the 19th century, especially about the <a href="/wiki/Passages_couverts_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Passages couverts de Paris">Passages couverts de Paris</a>—the covered passages that extended the culture of <a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A2neur" title="Flâneur">flânerie</a> (idling and people-watching) when inclement weather made flânerie infeasible in the boulevards and streets proper. In this work Benjamin uses his fragmentary style to write about the rise of modern <a href="/wiki/European_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="European culture">European</a> <a href="/wiki/Urban_culture" title="Urban culture">urban culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Several of the major published works that appeared in his lifetime—"<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Paris,_Capital_of_the_19th_Century" title="Paris, Capital of the 19th Century">Paris, The Capital of the 19th Century</a>", and his <a href="/wiki/The_Paris_of_the_Second_Empire_in_Baudelaire" title="The Paris of the Second Empire in Baudelaire">late essays and monograph on Baudelaire</a>—are fragments of the book that he developed as standalone pieces for publication. The Arcades Project, in its current form, brings together a massive collection of notes Benjamin filed together from 1927 to 1940.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The Arcades Project was published for the first time in 1982, and is over a thousand pages long. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing_style">Writing style</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Benjamin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Writing style">edit</a>]</div> Scholem said of Benjamin's prose: "Among the peculiarities of Benjamin's philosophical prose—the critical and metaphysical prose, in which the Marxist element constitutes something like an inversion of the metaphysical-theological—is its enormous suitability for canonization; I might almost say for quotation as a kind of Holy Writ."<a href="#cite_note-:4-83">[83]</a> Scholem's commentary on this phenomenon continues at length. Briefly: Benjamin's texts have an occult quality in the sense that passages appearing quite lucid today may seem impenetrable later, and elements that read as indecipherable or incoherent now may read as transparently obvious upon later revisitation.<a href="#cite_note-:4-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag">Susan Sontag</a> said that in Benjamin's writing, sentences did not originate ordinarily, do not progress into one another, and delineate no obvious line of reasoning, as if each sentence "had to say everything, before the inward gaze of total concentration dissolved the subject before his eyes", a "freeze-frame baroque" style of writing and cogitation. "His major essays seem to end just in time, before they self-destruct".<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The occasional difficulties of Benjamin's style are essential to his philosophical project. Fascinated by notions of reference and constellation, his goal in later works was to use <a href="/wiki/Intertextuality" title="Intertextuality">intertexts</a> to reveal aspects of the past that cannot, and should not, be understood within greater, monolithic constructs of historical understanding. Benjamin's writings identify him as a <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernist</a> for whom the philosophic merges with the literary: logical philosophic reasoning cannot account for all experience, especially not for self-representation via art. He presented his stylistic concerns in "The Task of the Translator", wherein he posits that a literary translation, by definition, produces deformations and misunderstandings of the original text. Moreover, in the deformed text, otherwise hidden aspects of the original, source-language text are elucidated, while previously obvious aspects become unreadable. Such translational modification of the source text is productive; when placed in a specific constellation of works and ideas, newly revealed affinities, between historical objects, appear and are productive of philosophical truth. His work "The Task of the Translator" was later commented by the French translation scholar <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Berman" title="Antoine Berman">Antoine Berman</a> (<a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%A2ge_de_la_traduction" title="L'âge de la traduction">L'âge de la traduction</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_reception">Legacy and reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Benjamin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legacy and reception">edit</a>]</div> Since the publication of Schriften (Writings, 1955), 15 years after his death, Benjamin's work—especially the essay "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction" (French edition, 1936)—has become of seminal importance to academics in the humanities disciplines.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In 1968, the first <a href="/wiki/Internationale_Walter_Benjamin_Gesellschaft" title="Internationale Walter Benjamin Gesellschaft">Internationale Walter Benjamin Gesellschaft</a> was established by the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> thinker, poet and artist <a href="/wiki/Natias_Neutert" title="Natias Neutert">Natias Neutert</a>, as a free association of philosophers, writers, artists, media theoreticians and editors. They did not take Benjamin's body of thought as a scholastic "closed architecture [...], but as one in which all doors, windows and roof hatches are widely open", as the founder Neutert put it—more poetically than politically—in his manifesto.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The members felt liberated to take Benjamin's ideas as a welcome touchstone for social change.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Like the first Internationale Walter Benjamin Gesellschaft, a new one, established in 2000, researches and discusses the imperative that Benjamin formulated in his "Theses on the Philosophy of History": "In every era the attempt must be made anew to wrest the tradition away from a conformism that is about to overpower it." The successor society was registered in Karlsruhe (Germany); Chairman of the Board of Directors was Bernd Witte, an internationally recognized Benjamin scholar and Professor of Modern German Literature in Düsseldorf (Germany). Its members come from 19 countries, both within and beyond Europe and it provides an international forum for discourse. The Society supported research endeavors devoted to the creative and visionary potential of Benjamin's works and their view of 20th century modernism. Special emphasis had been placed upon strengthening academic ties to Latin America and Eastern and Central Europe.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The society conducts conferences and exhibitions, as well as interdisciplinary and intermedial events, at regular intervals and different European venues: <ul><li>Barcelona Conference – September 2000</li> <li>Walter-Benjamin-Evening at Berlin – November 2001</li> <li>Walter-Benjamin-Evening at Karlsruhe – January 2003</li> <li>Rome Conference – November 2003</li> <li>Zurich Conference – October 2004</li> <li>Paris Conference – June 2005</li> <li>Düsseldorf Conference – June 2005</li> <li>Düsseldorf Conference – November 2005</li> <li>Antwerpen Conference – May 2006</li> <li>Vienna Conference – March 2007<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></li></ul> In 2017 Walter Benjamin's Arcades Project was reinterpreted in an exhibition curated by <a href="/wiki/Jens_Hoffmann" title="Jens Hoffmann">Jens Hoffman</a>, held at the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_(Manhattan)" title="Jewish Museum (Manhattan)">Jewish Museum</a> in New York City. The exhibition, entitled "The Arcades: Contemporary Art and Walter Benjamin", featured 36 contemporary artworks representing the 36 convolutes of Benjamin's Project.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In 2022, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Igor_Chubarov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igor Chubarov (page does not exist)">Igor Chubarov</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" class="extiw" title="ru:Игорь Михайлович Чубаров">ru</a>], a modern <a href="/wiki/Russian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian culture">Russian</a> philosopher, specialist in <a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">media studies</a> and translator of Benjamin's works into Russian, created the <a href="/wiki/Russian-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian-language">Russian-language</a> <a href="/wiki/Telegram_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegram channel">Telegram channel</a> "Radio Benjamin".<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Benjamin is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Bleibtreu" title="Moritz Bleibtreu">Moritz Bleibtreu</a> in the 2023 <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> series <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_(TV_series)" title="Transatlantic (TV series)">Transatlantic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Benjamin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Commemoration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berliner_Gedenktafel_Walter_Benjamin_Prinzregentenstra%C3%9Fe_66_Berlin-Wilmersdorf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Berliner_Gedenktafel_Walter_Benjamin_Prinzregentenstra%C3%9Fe_66_Berlin-Wilmersdorf.jpg/220px-Berliner_Gedenktafel_Walter_Benjamin_Prinzregentenstra%C3%9Fe_66_Berlin-Wilmersdorf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Berliner_Gedenktafel_Walter_Benjamin_Prinzregentenstra%C3%9Fe_66_Berlin-Wilmersdorf.jpg/330px-Berliner_Gedenktafel_Walter_Benjamin_Prinzregentenstra%C3%9Fe_66_Berlin-Wilmersdorf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Berliner_Gedenktafel_Walter_Benjamin_Prinzregentenstra%C3%9Fe_66_Berlin-Wilmersdorf.jpg/440px-Berliner_Gedenktafel_Walter_Benjamin_Prinzregentenstra%C3%9Fe_66_Berlin-Wilmersdorf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="1036" /></a><figcaption>Commemorative plaque for Walter Benjamin, Berlin-Wilmersdorf</figcaption></figure> A commemorative plaque is located by the residence where Benjamin lived in Berlin during the years 1930–1933: (Prinzregentenstraße 66, <a href="/wiki/Berlin-Wilmersdorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin-Wilmersdorf">Berlin-Wilmersdorf</a>). A commemorative plaque is located in Paris (10 rue Dombasle, <a href="/wiki/15th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="15th arrondissement of Paris">15th</a>) where Benjamin lived in 1938–1940. Close by <a href="/wiki/Kurf%C3%BCrstendamm" title="Kurfürstendamm">Kurfürstendamm</a>, in the district of <a href="/wiki/Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf" title="Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf">Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf</a>, a town square created by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Kollhoff" title="Hans Kollhoff">Hans Kollhoff</a> in 2001 was named "Walter-Benjamin-Platz".<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> There is a memorial sculpture by the artist <a href="/wiki/Dani_Karavan" title="Dani Karavan">Dani Karavan</a> at Portbou, where Walter Benjamin ended his life. It was commissioned to mark 50 years since his death.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_(selection)">Works (selection)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Benjamin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Works (selection)">edit</a>]</div> Among Walter Benjamin's works are: <ul><li>"Über Sprache überhaupt und über die Sprache des Menschen" ("<a href="/wiki/On_Language_as_Such_and_on_the_Language_of_Man" title="On Language as Such and on the Language of Man">On Language as Such and on the Language of Man</a>", 1916)</li> <li>"Die Aufgabe des Übersetzers" ("The Task of the Translator", 1921) – English translations by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ricorso.net/rx/library/criticism/guest/Benjamin_W/Benjamin_W1.htm">Harry Zohn, 1968</a>, and by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/ttr/1997-v10-n2-ttr1487/037302ar/">Stephen Rendell, 1997</a></li> <li>"Zur Kritik der Gewalt" ("Critique of Violence", 1921)</li> <li>"Theologisch-politisches Fragment" ("Theologico-Political Fragment," 1921)</li> <li>"Goethes Wahlverwandtschaften" ("<a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Elective_Affinities" title="Elective Affinities">Elective Affinities</a>", 1922)</li> <li>Ursprung des deutschen Trauerspiels (<a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_German_Tragic_Drama" title="The Origin of German Tragic Drama">The Origin of German Tragic Drama</a>, 1928)</li> <li>Einbahnstraße (<a href="/wiki/One_Way_Street_(book)" title="One Way Street (book)">One Way Street</a>, 1928)</li> <li>"Karl Kraus" (1931, in the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Zeitung">Frankfurter Zeitung</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.textlog.de/benjamin/kleine-prosa/denkbilder/packe-bibliothek-aus">Ich packe meine Bibliothek aus</a> ("Unpacking my library", 1931)<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Childhood_around_1900" title="Berlin Childhood around 1900">Berlin Childhood around 1900</a>, first published around 1933</li> <li>"Lehre vom Ähnlichen" ("Doctrine of the Similar", 1933)</li> <li>"Über das mimetische Vermögen" ("<a href="/wiki/On_the_Mimetic_Faculty" title="On the Mimetic Faculty">On the Mimetic Faculty</a>", 1933)</li> <li>"Kafka" (The Kafka writings are composed most famously of "Franz Kafka: On the Tenth Anniversary of His Death", 1934, and "Some Remarks on Kafka", excerpted from a 1938 letter to <a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Gershom Scholem</a>. Both of these are collected in the anthology Illuminations. Benjamin also wrote, "Franz Kafka: Building the Great Wall of China" in 1931, a commentary on Max Brod's biography of Kafka in 1937, and carried on a correspondence about Kafka with Scholem and Adorno.)</li> <li>"Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit" ("<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>", 1935)</li> <li>"Paris, Hauptstadt des 19. Jahrhunderts" ("<a href="/wiki/Paris,_Capital_of_the_19th_Century" title="Paris, Capital of the 19th Century">Paris, Capital of the 19th Century</a>," 1935. This essay has been presented as a diptych with "<a href="/wiki/The_Paris_of_the_Second_Empire_in_Baudelaire" title="The Paris of the Second Empire in Baudelaire">Paris of the Second Empire in Baudelaire</a>", as both are fragments from the preparatory writings for the unfinished <a href="/wiki/Arcades_Project" title="Arcades Project">Arcades Project</a>.)</li> <li>Berliner Chronik (Berlin Chronicle, 1932-1935)</li> <li>"Der Erzähler" ("The Storyteller", 1936 was first published in Orient und Okzident)</li> <li>Deutschen Menschen (German People, 1936 is an epistolary anthology of letters reflecting the spirit of humanism in German history with Benjamin's commentary that he was able to publish under the radar of the Nazi censors inside the Third Reich by using the pseudonym 'Detlef Holtz')</li> <li>"Eduard Fuchs, der Sammler und der Historiker" ("Eduard Fuchs, Collector and Historian," 1937. Benjamin mentions embarking on the essay in letters from 1935 and was published the Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung two years later. Not much attended to compared to Benjamin's other major works, it contains the skeleton and many of the crucial phrases later made famous in his <a href="/wiki/Theses_on_the_Philosophy_of_History" title="Theses on the Philosophy of History">"Theses..."</a>).</li> <li>Berliner Kindheit um neunzehnhundert (Berlin Childhood around 1900, 1938)</li> <li>"Das Paris des Second Empire bei Baudelaire" ("<a href="/wiki/The_Paris_of_the_Second_Empire_in_Baudelaire" title="The Paris of the Second Empire in Baudelaire">The Paris of the Second Empire in Baudelaire</a>", 1938)</li> <li>"Über den Begriff der Geschichte" ("<a href="/wiki/Theses_on_the_Philosophy_of_History" title="Theses on the Philosophy of History">Theses on the Philosophy of History</a>", 1940)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Benjamin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_as_Religion" title="Capitalism as Religion">Capitalism as Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Gershom Scholem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Georges Bataille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">The Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowohlt_Verlag" title="Rowohlt Verlag">Rohwohlt Verlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Carl Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rickert" title="Heinrich Rickert">Heinrich Rickert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Giorgio Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Kolmar" title="Gertrud Kolmar">Gertrud Kolmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Heller_(poet)" title="Michael Heller (poet)">Michael Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Berlin" title="List of people from Berlin">List of people from Berlin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Benjamin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Erasmus: Speculum Scientarium, 25, p. 162: "the different versions of Marxist hermeneutics by the examples of Walter Benjamin's <a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_German_Tragic_Drama" title="The Origin of German Tragic Drama">Origins of the German Tragedy</a> [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>], ... and also by Ernst Bloch's <a href="/wiki/The_Principle_of_Hope" title="The Principle of Hope">Hope the Principle</a> [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>]." </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Walter Benjamin, "L'œuvre d'art à l'époque de sa reproduction méchanisée", 1936: "The uniqueness of a work of art is inseparable from its being imbedded in the fabric of tradition. This tradition itself is thoroughly alive and extremely changeable. An ancient statue of Venus, for example, stood in a different traditional context with the Greeks, who made it an object of veneration, than with the clerics of the Middle Ages, who viewed it as an ominous idol. Both of them, however, were equally confronted with its uniqueness, that is, its aura." [Die Einzigkeit des Kunstwerks ist identisch mit seinem Eingebettetsein in den Zusammenhang der Tradition. Diese Tradition selber ist freilich etwas durchaus Lebendiges, etwas außerordentlich Wandelbares. Eine antike Venusstatue z. B. stand in einem anderen Traditionszusammenhange bei den Griechen, die sie zum Gegenstand des Kultus machten, als bei den mittelalterlichen Klerikern, die einen unheilvollen Abgott in ihr erblickten. Was aber beiden in gleicher Weise entgegentrat, war ihre Einzigkeit, mit einem anderen Wort: ihre Aura.] </li> <li id="cite_note-SEP-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_3-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/benjamin/">"Walter Benjamin"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJosephson-Storm2017" class="citation book cs1">Josephson-Storm, Jason (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xZ5yDgAAQBAJ">The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 227–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40336-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40336-6"><bdi>978-0-226-40336-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Disenchantment%3A+Magic%2C+Modernity%2C+and+the+Birth+of+the+Human+Sciences&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=227-8&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-226-40336-6&rft.aulast=Josephson-Storm&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxZ5yDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephson-Storm2017" class="citation book cs1">Josephson-Storm, Jason (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xZ5yDgAAQBAJ">The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40336-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40336-6"><bdi>978-0-226-40336-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Disenchantment%3A+Magic%2C+Modernity%2C+and+the+Birth+of+the+Human+Sciences&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-226-40336-6&rft.aulast=Josephson-Storm&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxZ5yDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgamben2005" class="citation book cs1">Agamben, Giorgio (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55738500">State of exception</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-00924-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-00924-6"><bdi>0-226-00924-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55738500">55738500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+of+exception&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55738500&rft.isbn=0-226-00924-6&rft.aulast=Agamben&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F55738500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Duden Aussprachewörterbuch (6 ed.). Mannheim: Bibliographisches Institut & F.A. Brockhaus AG. 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Duden+Aussprachew%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.place=Mannheim&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=Bibliographisches+Institut+%26+F.A.+Brockhaus+AG&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Witte-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Witte_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witte_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witte_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitte1991" class="citation book cs1">Witte, Bernd (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/walterbenjaminin0000witt">Walter Benjamin: An Intellectual Biography (English translation)</a>. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/walterbenjaminin0000witt/page/9">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-2018-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8143-2018-X"><bdi>0-8143-2018-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walter+Benjamin%3A+An+Intellectual+Biography+%28English+translation%29&rft.place=Detroit%2C+MI&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8143-2018-X&rft.aulast=Witte&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwalterbenjaminin0000witt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjaminBenjamin2012" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Walter; Benjamin, Walter (2012). Scholem, Gershom (ed.). The correspondence of Walter Benjamin: 1910 - 1940. Chicago, Ill London: Univ. of Chicago Press. pp. 82, 168, 172, 359–60, 365, 372, 571. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-04238-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-04238-1"><bdi>978-0-226-04238-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+correspondence+of+Walter+Benjamin%3A+1910+-+1940&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Ill+London&rft.pages=82%2C+168%2C+172%2C+359-60%2C+365%2C+372%2C+571&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-226-04238-1&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Benjamin%2C+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholem1978" class="citation book cs1">Scholem, Gershom (1978). ""Walter Benjamin"". On Jews and Judaism in crisis: selected essays. Schocken paperbacks (1. paperback ed.). New York: Schocken Books. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0588-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0588-6"><bdi>978-0-8052-0588-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Walter+Benjamin%22&rft.btitle=On+Jews+and+Judaism+in+crisis%3A+selected+essays&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Schocken+paperbacks&rft.pages=177&rft.edition=1.+paperback&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-0588-6&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjaminZornBenjamin1999" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Walter; Zorn, Harry; Benjamin, Walter (1999). ""Walter Benjamin: 1892-1940"". In Arendt, Hannah (ed.). Illuminations. London: Pimlico. pp. 4, 14–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-6575-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-6575-9"><bdi>978-0-7126-6575-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Walter+Benjamin%3A+1892-1940%22&rft.btitle=Illuminations&rft.place=London&rft.pages=4%2C+14-15&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-6575-9&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Zorn%2C+Harry&rft.au=Benjamin%2C+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdorno" class="citation journal cs1">Adorno, Theodor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~cavitch/pdf-library/Adorno_Prisms.pdf">"A Portrait of Walter Benjamin"</a> (PDF). Prism: 229.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prism&rft.atitle=A+Portrait+of+Walter+Benjamin&rft.pages=229&rft.aulast=Adorno&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sas.upenn.edu%2F~cavitch%2Fpdf-library%2FAdorno_Prisms.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjaminBenjamin2012" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Walter; Benjamin, Walter (2012). ""Letter to (publisher) Max Rychner, 7 March 1931"". In Scholem, Gershom (ed.). The correspondence of Walter Benjamin: 1910 - 1940. Chicago, Ill London: Univ. of Chicago Press. pp. 371–373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-04238-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-04238-1"><bdi>978-0-226-04238-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Letter+to+%28publisher%29+Max+Rychner%2C+7+March+1931%22&rft.btitle=The+correspondence+of+Walter+Benjamin%3A+1910+-+1940&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Ill+London&rft.pages=371-373&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-226-04238-1&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Benjamin%2C+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArendtScholemKnott2017" class="citation book cs1">Arendt, Hannah; Scholem, Gershom Gerhard; Knott, Marie Luise (2017). "Second letter from Hannah Arendt to Gershom Scholem: Oct. 21st, 1940". The correspondence of Hannah Arendt and Gershom Scholem. Chicago (Ill.): University of Chicago press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-92451-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-92451-9"><bdi>978-0-226-92451-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Second+letter+from+Hannah+Arendt+to+Gershom+Scholem%3A+Oct.+21st%2C+1940&rft.btitle=The+correspondence+of+Hannah+Arendt+and+Gershom+Scholem&rft.place=Chicago+%28Ill.%29&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-226-92451-9&rft.aulast=Arendt&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft.au=Scholem%2C+Gershom+Gerhard&rft.au=Knott%2C+Marie+Luise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjaminJephcott2007" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Walter; Jephcott, Edmund (2007). "Introduction by Peter Demetz". In Demetz, Peter (ed.). Reflections: essays, aphorisms, autobiographical writings. New York, NY: Schocken. pp. vii–xlii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0802-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0802-3"><bdi>978-0-8052-0802-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+by+Peter+Demetz&rft.btitle=Reflections%3A+essays%2C+aphorisms%2C+autobiographical+writings&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=vii-xlii&rft.pub=Schocken&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-0802-3&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Jephcott%2C+Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholem1982" class="citation journal cs1">Scholem, Gershom (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/44509105">"Ahnen und Verwandten Walter Benjamins"</a>. Bulletin des Leo Baeck Instituts. 61: 29–55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+des+Leo+Baeck+Instituts&rft.atitle=Ahnen+und+Verwandten+Walter+Benjamins&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=29-55&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F44509105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Howard Eiland, Walter Benjamin: A Critical Life, Harvard University Press (2014), p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin1955" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Benjamin, Walter (1955). Gesammelte Schriften II (in German). Suhrkamp. p. 839.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gesammelte+Schriften+II&rft.pages=839&rft.pub=Suhrkamp&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Witte, Bernd. (1996) Walter Benjamin: An Intellectual Biography. New York: Verso. pp. 26–27 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholem1988" class="citation book cs1">Scholem, Gershom (1988). Walter Benjamin: The Story of a Friendship. New York: Schocken. pp. 3–5, 7, 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8052-0870-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8052-0870-4"><bdi>0-8052-0870-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walter+Benjamin%3A+The+Story+of+a+Friendship&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3-5%2C+7%2C+13&rft.pub=Schocken&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-8052-0870-4&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholemScholem1982" class="citation book cs1">Scholem, Gershom; Scholem, Gershom (1982). Walter Benjamin: the story of a friendship. London: Faber and Faber. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-11970-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-11970-7"><bdi>978-0-571-11970-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walter+Benjamin%3A+the+story+of+a+friendship&rft.place=London&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-571-11970-7&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rft.au=Scholem%2C+Gershom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEilandJennings2014" class="citation book cs1">Eiland, Howard; Jennings, Michael W (2014). Walter Benjamin: A Critical Life. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05186-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05186-7"><bdi>978-0-674-05186-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walter+Benjamin%3A+A+Critical+Life&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA+and+London&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05186-7&rft.aulast=Eiland&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft.au=Jennings%2C+Michael+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> Chapter II: 'Metaphysics of Youth' (Berlin and Freiburg: 1912–1914). </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJay1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Jay, Martin (1999). "Walter Benjamin, Remembrance, and the First World War". Review of Japanese Culture and Society. 11/12: 18–31. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0913-4700">0913-4700</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42800179">42800179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Japanese+Culture+and+Society&rft.atitle=Walter+Benjamin%2C+Remembrance%2C+and+the+First+World+War&rft.volume=11%2F12&rft.pages=18-31&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42800179%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0913-4700&rft.aulast=Jay&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eberg2018-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eberg2018_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eberg2018_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eberg2018_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eberg2018_24-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEilenberger2020" class="citation book cs1">Eilenberger, Wolfram (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1127067361">Time of the magicians: Wittgenstein, Benjamin, Cassirer, Heidegger, and the decade that reinvented philosophy</a>. Shaun Whiteside. New York. pp. 91–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-525-55966-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-525-55966-5"><bdi>978-0-525-55966-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1127067361">1127067361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+of+the+magicians%3A+Wittgenstein%2C+Benjamin%2C+Cassirer%2C+Heidegger%2C+and+the+decade+that+reinvented+philosophy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=91-94&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1127067361&rft.isbn=978-0-525-55966-5&rft.aulast=Eilenberger&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1127067361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Faber_and_Faber-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faber_and_Faber_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faber_and_Faber_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholemScholem1982" class="citation book cs1">Scholem, Gershom; Scholem, Gershom (1982). Walter Benjamin: the story of a friendship. London: Faber and Faber. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-11970-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-11970-7"><bdi>978-0-571-11970-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walter+Benjamin%3A+the+story+of+a+friendship&rft.place=London&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-571-11970-7&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rft.au=Scholem%2C+Gershom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjaminBenjamin2012" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Walter; Benjamin, Walter (2012). "Letter to Scholem November 11th, 1916". In Scholem, Gershom (ed.). The correspondence of Walter Benjamin: 1910 - 1940. Chicago, Ill London: Univ. of Chicago Press. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-04238-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-04238-1"><bdi>978-0-226-04238-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letter+to+Scholem+November+11th%2C+1916&rft.btitle=The+correspondence+of+Walter+Benjamin%3A+1910+-+1940&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Ill+London&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-226-04238-1&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Benjamin%2C+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitte1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Witte, Bernd (1985). Walter Benjamin mit Selbstzeugnissen und Bilddokumenten [W. Benjamin with self-testimonies and photo documents] (in German). Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt. p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walter+Benjamin+mit+Selbstzeugnissen+und+Bilddokumenten&rft.place=Reinbek+bei+Hamburg&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Rowohlt&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Witte&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholemScholem1982" class="citation book cs1">Scholem, Gershom; Scholem, Gershom (1982). Walter Benjamin: the story of a friendship. London: Faber and Faber. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-11970-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-11970-7"><bdi>978-0-571-11970-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walter+Benjamin%3A+the+story+of+a+friendship&rft.place=London&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-571-11970-7&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rft.au=Scholem%2C+Gershom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholemScholem1982" class="citation book cs1">Scholem, Gershom; Scholem, Gershom (1982). Walter Benjamin: the story of a friendship. London: Faber and Faber. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-11970-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-11970-7"><bdi>978-0-571-11970-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walter+Benjamin%3A+the+story+of+a+friendship&rft.place=London&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-571-11970-7&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rft.au=Scholem%2C+Gershom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjaminJenningsEilandSmith2005" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Walter; Jennings, Michael W.; Eiland, Howard; Smith, Gary; Livingstone, Rodney (2005). "Curriculum Vitae (1)". Selected writings. 2,1: Vol. 2, part 1, 1927-1930 / Transl. by Rodney Livingstone. Ed. by Michael W. Jennings, Howard Eiland and Gary Smith. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press. p. 422. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01588-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01588-3"><bdi>978-0-674-01588-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Curriculum+Vitae+%281%29&rft.btitle=Selected+writings.+2%2C1%3A+Vol.+2%2C+part+1%2C+1927-1930+%2F+Transl.+by+Rodney+Livingstone.+Ed.+by+Michael+W.+Jennings%2C+Howard+Eiland+and+Gary+Smith&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass&rft.pages=422&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01588-3&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Jennings%2C+Michael+W.&rft.au=Eiland%2C+Howard&rft.au=Smith%2C+Gary&rft.au=Livingstone%2C+Rodney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjaminJenningsEilandSmith2005" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Walter; Jennings, Michael W.; Eiland, Howard; Smith, Gary; Livingstone, Rodney (2005). "The Concept of Art Criticism in german Romanticism". Selected writings. 2,1: Vol. 2, part 1, 1927-1930 / Transl. by Rodney Livingstone. Ed. by Michael W. Jennings, Howard Eiland and Gary Smith. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press. pp. 116–200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01588-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01588-3"><bdi>978-0-674-01588-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+Art+Criticism+in+german+Romanticism&rft.btitle=Selected+writings.+2%2C1%3A+Vol.+2%2C+part+1%2C+1927-1930+%2F+Transl.+by+Rodney+Livingstone.+Ed.+by+Michael+W.+Jennings%2C+Howard+Eiland+and+Gary+Smith&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass&rft.pages=116-200&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01588-3&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Jennings%2C+Michael+W.&rft.au=Eiland%2C+Howard&rft.au=Smith%2C+Gary&rft.au=Livingstone%2C+Rodney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjaminBenjamin2012" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Walter; Benjamin, Walter (2012). Scholem, Gershom (ed.). The correspondence of Walter Benjamin: 1910 - 1940. Chicago, Ill London: Univ. of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-04238-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-04238-1"><bdi>978-0-226-04238-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+correspondence+of+Walter+Benjamin%3A+1910+-+1940&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Ill+London&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-226-04238-1&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Benjamin%2C+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjaminBenjamin2012" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Walter; Benjamin, Walter (2012). Scholem, Gershom (ed.). The correspondence of Walter Benjamin: 1910 - 1940. Chicago, Ill London: Univ. of Chicago Press. pp. 167–169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-04238-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-04238-1"><bdi>978-0-226-04238-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+correspondence+of+Walter+Benjamin%3A+1910+-+1940&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Ill+London&rft.pages=167-169&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-226-04238-1&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Benjamin%2C+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEilenberger2020" class="citation book cs1">Eilenberger, Wolfram (2020). Time of the magicians: Wittgenstein, Benjamin, Cassirer, Heidegger, and the decade that reinvented philosophy. Translated by Whiteside, Shaun. New York: Penguin Press. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-525-55966-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-525-55966-5"><bdi>978-0-525-55966-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+of+the+magicians%3A+Wittgenstein%2C+Benjamin%2C+Cassirer%2C+Heidegger%2C+and+the+decade+that+reinvented+philosophy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-525-55966-5&rft.aulast=Eilenberger&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Jewish philosophy and the crisis of modernity (SUNY 1997), Leo Strauss as a Modern Jewish thinker, Kenneth Hart Green, Leo Strauss, page 55 </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_36-1">b</a> Scholem, Gershom. 1981. Walter Benjamin: The Story of a Friendship. Trans. Harry Zohn, page 201, page 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> The Correspondence of Walter Benjamin and Gershom Scholem, 1932–40, New York 1989, page 155-58 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmonds2020" class="citation book cs1">Edmonds, David (2020). The Murder of Professor Schlick: Rise and Fall of the Vienna Circle. Princeton. pp. 97–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16490-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16490-8"><bdi>978-0-691-16490-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Murder+of+Professor+Schlick%3A+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Vienna+Circle&rft.pages=97-98&rft.pub=Princeton&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-691-16490-8&rft.aulast=Edmonds&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjaminBenjamin2012" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Walter; Benjamin, Walter (2012). "Letter to Martin Buber, July 1916". In Scholem, Gershom (ed.). The correspondence of Walter Benjamin: 1910 - 1940. Chicago, Ill London: Univ. of Chicago Press. pp. 79–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-04238-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-04238-1"><bdi>978-0-226-04238-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letter+to+Martin+Buber%2C+July+1916&rft.btitle=The+correspondence+of+Walter+Benjamin%3A+1910+-+1940&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Ill+London&rft.pages=79-81&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-226-04238-1&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Benjamin%2C+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloch1991" class="citation book cs1">Bloch, Ernst (1991). ""Recollections of Watler Benjamin"". In Smith, Gary (ed.). On Walter Benjamin: critical essays and recollections. Studies in contemporary German social thought (1. paperback ed., 3. print ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Pr. p. 338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-19268-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-19268-2"><bdi>978-0-262-19268-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Recollections+of+Watler+Benjamin%22&rft.btitle=On+Walter+Benjamin%3A+critical+essays+and+recollections&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.series=Studies+in+contemporary+German+social+thought&rft.pages=338&rft.edition=1.+paperback+ed.%2C+3.+print&rft.pub=MIT+Pr&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-262-19268-2&rft.aulast=Bloch&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholemScholem1982" class="citation book cs1">Scholem, Gershom; Scholem, Gershom (1982). Walter Benjamin: the story of a friendship. London: Faber and Faber. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-11970-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-11970-7"><bdi>978-0-571-11970-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walter+Benjamin%3A+the+story+of+a+friendship&rft.place=London&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-571-11970-7&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rft.au=Scholem%2C+Gershom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholem1969" class="citation book cs1">Scholem, Gershom (1969). The Story of a Friendship. Schocken. pp. 14–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+a+Friendship&rft.pages=14-15&rft.pub=Schocken&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandel" class="citation web cs1">Mandel, Jonah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/when-a-nazi-toured-the-holy-land-to-find-a-solution-for-the-jewish-problem/">"When a Nazi Toured the Holy Land"</a>. Times of Israel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=When+a+Nazi+Toured+the+Holy+Land&rft.aulast=Mandel&rft.aufirst=Jonah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fwhen-a-nazi-toured-the-holy-land-to-find-a-solution-for-the-jewish-problem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholemScholem1982" class="citation book cs1">Scholem, Gershom; Scholem, Gershom (1982). Walter Benjamin: the story of a friendship. London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-11970-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-11970-7"><bdi>978-0-571-11970-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walter+Benjamin%3A+the+story+of+a+friendship&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-571-11970-7&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rft.au=Scholem%2C+Gershom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholem1972" class="citation book cs1">Scholem, Gershom (1972). Major trends in Jewish mysticism (6. print ed.). New York: Schocken Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0005-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0005-8"><bdi>978-0-8052-0005-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Major+trends+in+Jewish+mysticism&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=6.+print&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-0005-8&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholemZohnIdelScholem2012" class="citation book cs1">Scholem, Gershom; Zohn, Harry; Idel, Mosheh; Scholem, Gershom (2012). From Berlin to Jerusalem: memories of my youth. Autobiography Jewish studies. Philadelphia: Paul Dry Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58988-073-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58988-073-3"><bdi>978-1-58988-073-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Berlin+to+Jerusalem%3A+memories+of+my+youth&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.series=Autobiography+Jewish+studies&rft.pub=Paul+Dry+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-58988-073-3&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rft.au=Zohn%2C+Harry&rft.au=Idel%2C+Mosheh&rft.au=Scholem%2C+Gershom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArendtScholemKnott2017" class="citation book cs1">Arendt, Hannah; Scholem, Gershom Gerhard; Knott, Marie Luise (2017). The correspondence of Hannah Arendt and Gershom Scholem. Chicago (Ill.): University of Chicago press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-92451-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-92451-9"><bdi>978-0-226-92451-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+correspondence+of+Hannah+Arendt+and+Gershom+Scholem&rft.place=Chicago+%28Ill.%29&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-226-92451-9&rft.aulast=Arendt&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft.au=Scholem%2C+Gershom+Gerhard&rft.au=Knott%2C+Marie+Luise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindner2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lindner, Burkhardt (2011). Benjamin Handbook. Leben - Werk - Wirkung [Benjamin handbook. Life - work - effect] (in German). Stuttgart: Metzler. pp. 472–493.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benjamin+Handbook.+Leben+-+Werk+-+Wirkung&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=472-493&rft.pub=Metzler&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Lindner&rft.aufirst=Burkhardt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_49-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArendt1969" class="citation book cs1">Arendt, Hannah (1969). Illuminations. Essays and Reflections. New York: <a href="/wiki/Schocken_Books" title="Schocken Books">Schocken Books</a>. pp. 8–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illuminations.+Essays+and+Reflections&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8-9&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Arendt&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdornoBenjaminBlochBrecht2007" class="citation book cs1">Adorno, Theodor Wiesengrund; Benjamin, Walter; Bloch, Ernst; Brecht, Bertolt; Lukacs, György (2007). Aesthetics and politics. Radical thinkers. London: Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-570-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-570-8"><bdi>978-1-84467-570-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aesthetics+and+politics&rft.place=London&rft.series=Radical+thinkers&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84467-570-8&rft.aulast=Adorno&rft.aufirst=Theodor+Wiesengrund&rft.au=Benjamin%2C+Walter&rft.au=Bloch%2C+Ernst&rft.au=Brecht%2C+Bertolt&rft.au=Lukacs%2C+Gy%C3%B6rgy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lilla" title="Mark Lilla">Mark Lilla</a>, "The Riddle of Walter Benjamin" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1995/05/25/the-riddle-of-walter-benjamin/">The New York Review of Books</a>, May 25, 1995. </li> <li id="cite_note-BL-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BL_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BL_52-1">b</a> Jane O. Newman, Benjamin's Library: Modernity, Nation, and the Baroque, Cornell University Press, 2011, p. 28: "university officials in Frankfurt recommended that Benjamin withdraw the work from consideration as his Habilitation." </li> <li id="cite_note-Baroque-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baroque_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baroque_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baroque_53-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJay1996" class="citation book cs1">Jay, Martin (1996). The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research, 1923-1950. University of California Press. pp. 199–215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520917510" title="Special:BookSources/0520917510"><bdi>0520917510</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dialectical+Imagination%3A+A+History+of+the+Frankfurt+School+and+the+Institute+of+Social+Research%2C+1923-1950&rft.pages=199-215&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0520917510&rft.aulast=Jay&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_54-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_54-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_54-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_54-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinerBenjamin1928" class="citation book cs1">Steiner, George; Benjamin, Walter (1928). "George Steiner's Introduction to Walter Benjamin's 'Origin of German Tragic Drama'". The Origin of German Tragic Drama. Verso. pp. 7–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=George+Steiner%27s+Introduction+to+Walter+Benjamin%27s+%27Origin+of+German+Tragic+Drama%27&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+German+Tragic+Drama&rft.pages=7-27&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Benjamin%2C+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_55-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_55-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_55-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_55-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller-Doohm2009" class="citation book cs1">Müller-Doohm, Stefan (2009). Adorno: a biography. 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St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg Univ. Press, 2018, pp. 575–582. ISSN 2312-2129. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Moscow Diary </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLunacharsky1929" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Lunacharsky" title="Anatoly Lunacharsky">Lunacharsky, Anatoly</a> (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lunachar/works/benjamin.htm">"On Walter Benjamin's Goethe article"</a>. On Literature and Art. Translated by P., Anton. Moscow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+Walter+Benjamin%27s+Goethe+article&rft.btitle=On+Literature+and+Art&rft.place=Moscow&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Lunacharsky&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Flunachar%2Fworks%2Fbenjamin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knigogid.com/books/dokumentalnye-knigi/biografii-i-memuary/page-48-36991-valter-benyamin-moskovskii-dnevnik.html">"Вальтер Беньямин - Московский дневник » Страница 48 » Книги читать онлайн бесплатно без регистрации"</a>. 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"'The Angel of History': Paris, Nevers, Port Bou". Walter Benjamin: a critical life. 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"Introduction". In Walter Benjamin (ed.). Illuminations: Essays and Reflections. pp. 23–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Illuminations%3A+Essays+and+Reflections&rft.pages=23-24&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Arendt&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Jay, Martin The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research 1923–1950. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie2000" class="citation book cs1">Leslie, Esther (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FXUN34lH-jgC&pg=PA215">"Benjamin's Finale"</a>. Walter Benjamin: Overpowering Conformism. Modern European Thinkers. Pluto Press. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1568-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1568-3"><bdi>978-0-7453-1568-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved August 28, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Benjamin%27s+Finale&rft.btitle=Walter+Benjamin%3A+Overpowering+Conformism&rft.series=Modern+European+Thinkers&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-1568-3&rft.aulast=Leslie&rft.aufirst=Esther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFXUN34lH-jgC%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLester2005" class="citation book cs1">Lester, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R1nkj-xSzYgC&pg=PA74">"Suicide to Escape Capture: Cases"</a>. Suicide and the Holocaust. Nova Publishers. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59454-427-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59454-427-9"><bdi>978-1-59454-427-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved August 28, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Suicide+to+Escape+Capture%3A+Cases&rft.btitle=Suicide+and+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Nova+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59454-427-9&rft.aulast=Lester&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR1nkj-xSzYgC%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> "Afraid of being caught by the Gestapo while fleeing France, [Koestler] borrowed suicide pills from Walter Benjamin. 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Chicago: The university of Chicago press. pp. 226–236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40322-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40322-9"><bdi>978-0-226-40322-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+myth+of+disenchantment%3A+magic%2C+modernity%2C+and+the+birth+of+the+human+sciences&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=226-236&rft.pub=The+university+of+Chicago+press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-226-40322-9&rft.aulast=Josephson&rft.aufirst=Jason+%C4%80nanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephson-Storm2017" class="citation book cs1">Josephson-Storm, Jason (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xZ5yDgAAQBAJ">The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 226–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40336-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40336-6"><bdi>978-0-226-40336-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Disenchantment%3A+Magic%2C+Modernity%2C+and+the+Birth+of+the+Human+Sciences&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=226-36&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-226-40336-6&rft.aulast=Josephson-Storm&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxZ5yDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEiland2016" class="citation book cs1">Eiland, Howard (2016). Walter Benjamin : A Critical Life. Cambridge Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 465.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walter+Benjamin+%3A+A+Critical+Life.&rft.place=Cambridge+Mass&rft.pages=465&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Eiland&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSee_also_Nguyen2022" class="citation book cs1">See also Nguyen, Duy Lap (2022). Walter Benjamin and the Critique of Political Economy. London: Bloomsbury academic. pp. 142–159.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walter+Benjamin+and+the+Critique+of+Political+Economy.&rft.place=London&rft.pages=142-159&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+academic&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=See+also+Nguyen&rft.aufirst=Duy+Lap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_77-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuel2019" class="citation web cs1">Manuel, Jessica S. (2019-05-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bookoblivion.com/2019/05/13/walter-benjamin-aura/">"How Time and Space Converge to Evoke Walter Benjamin's Aura"</a>. Book Oblivion. Retrieved 2019-05-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Book+Oblivion&rft.atitle=How+Time+and+Space+Converge+to+Evoke+Walter+Benjamin%27s+Aura&rft.date=2019-05-13&rft.aulast=Manuel&rft.aufirst=Jessica+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbookoblivion.com%2F2019%2F05%2F13%2Fwalter-benjamin-aura%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Introducing Walter Benjamin, Howard Cargill, Alex Coles, Andrey Klimowski, 1998, p. 112 </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_79-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin2016" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Walter (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/947118942">One-way street</a>. E. F. N. Jephcott, Michael William Jennings, Greil Marcus. Cambridge, Massachusetts. pp. xii, xix, 1, 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-54590-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-54590-8"><bdi>978-0-674-54590-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/947118942">947118942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One-way+street&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=xii%2C+xix%2C+1%2C+2&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F947118942&rft.isbn=978-0-674-54590-8&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F947118942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjaminSchwebel2016" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Andrew; Schwebel, Paula (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/928782460">Sparks Will Fly</a>. Albany: SUNY Press. pp. 123–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-5504-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-5504-4"><bdi>978-1-4384-5504-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/928782460">928782460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sparks+Will+Fly&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=123-144&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F928782460&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-5504-4&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Schwebel%2C+Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F928782460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaves2004" class="citation book cs1">Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+City&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Caves&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Buck-Morss, Susan. The Dialectics of Seeing. The MIT Press, 1991, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_83-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholem2012" class="citation book cs1">Scholem, Gershom (2012). "Walter Benjamin and His Angel". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/709681212">On Jews and Judaism in crisis : selected essays</a>. Werner J. Dannhauser (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Paul Dry Books. pp. 51–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58988-074-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58988-074-0"><bdi>978-1-58988-074-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/709681212">709681212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Walter+Benjamin+and+His+Angel&rft.btitle=On+Jews+and+Judaism+in+crisis+%3A+selected+essays&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=51-70&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Paul+Dry+Books&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F709681212&rft.isbn=978-1-58988-074-0&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F709681212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Susan Sontag, <a href="/wiki/Under_the_Sign_of_Saturn" title="Under the Sign of Saturn">Under the Sign of Saturn</a> (1980), p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Wengrofsky, Jeffrey , "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coilhouse.net/2011/07/on-the-occasion-of-walter-benjamin%e2%80%99s-121st-birthday/">On the Occasion of Walter Benjamin's 119th Birthday</a>". Coilhouse Magazine. Archived from the original on 07-2011. Retrieved 2020-05-20. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Cf. Mit Walter Benjamin. Gründungsmanifest der Internationalen Walter-Benjamin-Gesellschaft. Copyleft Verlag, Hamburg, 1968, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Hereto Helmut Salzinger: Swinging Benjamin. Verlag Michael Kellner, Hamburg 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-927623-05-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-927623-05-9">3-927623-05-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://walterbenjamin.info/">"International Walter Benjamin Society"</a>. walterbenjamin.info.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=walterbenjamin.info&rft.atitle=International+Walter+Benjamin+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwalterbenjamin.info%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://walterbenjamin.info/">WalterBenjamin.info</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thejewishmuseum.org/exhibitions/the-arcades-contemporary-art-and-walter-benjamin">"The Arcades: Contemporary Art and Walter Benjamin (March 17 - August 6, 2017)"</a>. The Jewish Museum. thejewishmuseum.org. Retrieved July 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Museum.+thejewishmuseum.org&rft.atitle=The+Arcades%3A+Contemporary+Art+and+Walter+Benjamin+%28March+17+-+August+6%2C+2017%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthejewishmuseum.org%2Fexhibitions%2Fthe-arcades-contemporary-art-and-walter-benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> "Radio Benjamin", since 2022 (Telegram channel in Russian): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://t.me/radio_benjamin">We criticize a lot - we doubt everything: a channel about freedom in the conditions of its impossibility.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.townandcountrymag.com/leisure/arts-and-culture/g43522129/transatlantic-cast-vs-real-life-photos/">"How the Stars of Transatlantic Compare to Their Real-Life Counterparts"</a>. 14 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+Stars+of+Transatlantic+Compare+to+Their+Real-Life+Counterparts&rft.date=2023-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.townandcountrymag.com%2Fleisure%2Farts-and-culture%2Fg43522129%2Ftransatlantic-cast-vs-real-life-photos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baunetz.de/meldungen/Meldungen_Eroeffnung_der_Leibniz-Kolonnaden_in_Berlin_8927.html">Stadtplatz aus Stein: Eröffnung der Leibniz-Kolonnaden in Berlin.</a> (in German). May 14, 2001. <a href="/wiki/BauNetz" title="BauNetz">BauNetz</a>. baunetz.de. Retrieved July 29, 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://walterbenjaminportbou.cat/en/content/lobra">"Walter Benjamin a Portbou"</a>. walterbenjaminportbou.cat.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=walterbenjaminportbou.cat&rft.atitle=Walter+Benjamin+a+Portbou&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwalterbenjaminportbou.cat%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Flobra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin1968" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Walter (23 October 1968). "Unpacking My Library: A Talk about Book Collecting". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mV06rdTclagC">Illuminations: Essays and Reflections</a>. Translated by Harry Zohn. pp. 59–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-54065-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-54065-8"><bdi>978-0-547-54065-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Unpacking+My+Library%3A+A+Talk+about+Book+Collecting&rft.btitle=Illuminations%3A+Essays+and+Reflections&rft.pages=59-68&rft.date=1968-10-23&rft.isbn=978-0-547-54065-8&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmV06rdTclagC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManguel,_Alberto2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Manguel" title="Alberto Manguel">Manguel, Alberto</a> (February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2018/02/01/art-unpacking-library/">"The Art of Unpacking a Library"</a>. The Paris Review.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Paris+Review&rft.atitle=The+Art+of+Unpacking+a+Library&rft.date=2018-02&rft.au=Manguel%2C+Alberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Fblog%2F2018%2F02%2F01%2Fart-unpacking-library%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCronon,_William2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Cronon" title="William Cronon">Cronon, William</a> (November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historians.org/research-and-publications/perspectives-on-history/november-2012/recollecting-my-library--and-my-self">"Recollecting My Library ... And My Self | Perspectives on History | AHA"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recollecting+My+Library+...+And+My+Self+%26%23124%3B+Perspectives+on+History+%26%23124%3B+AHA&rft.date=2012-11&rft.au=Cronon%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historians.org%2Fresearch-and-publications%2Fperspectives-on-history%2Fnovember-2012%2Frecollecting-my-library--and-my-self&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidt,_Sarah2006" class="citation web cs1">Heidt, Sarah (24 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kenyonreview.org/2006/08/unpacking-my-library/">"Unpacking my library: On book-moving and Benjamin « Kenyon Review Blog"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unpacking+my+library%3A+On+book-moving+and+Benjamin+%C2%AB+Kenyon+Review+Blog&rft.date=2006-08-24&rft.au=Heidt%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkenyonreview.org%2F2006%2F08%2Funpacking-my-library%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Benjamin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_literature">Primary literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Benjamin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Primary literature">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674008021">The Arcades Project</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00802-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00802-2">0-674-00802-2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674022225">Berlin Childhood Around 1900</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-02222-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-02222-X">0-674-02222-X</a></li> <li>Charles Baudelaire: A Lyric Poet In The Era Of High Capitalism. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902308-94-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-902308-94-7">0-902308-94-7</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674006898">The Complete Correspondence, 1928–1940</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-15427-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-15427-4">0-674-15427-4</a></li> <li>The Correspondence of Walter Benjamin, 1910–1940. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-04237-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-04237-5">0-226-04237-5</a></li> <li>The Correspondence of Walter Benjamin and Gershom Scholem. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-17415-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-17415-1">0-674-17415-1</a></li> <li>Illuminations. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8052-0241-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8052-0241-2">0-8052-0241-2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674587441">Moscow Diary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-58744-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-58744-8">0-674-58744-8</a></li> <li>One Way Street and Other Writings. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86091-836-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-86091-836-X">0-86091-836-X</a></li> <li>Reflections. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8052-0802-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8052-0802-X">0-8052-0802-X</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674022218">On Hashish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-02221-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-02221-1">0-674-02221-1</a></li> <li>The Origin of German Tragic Drama. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86091-837-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-86091-837-8">0-86091-837-8</a></li> <li>Understanding Brecht. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902308-99-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-902308-99-8">0-902308-99-8</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/results-list.php?collection=1502">Selected Writings</a> in four volumes <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674013551">Volume 1, 1913–1926</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-94585-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-94585-9">0-674-94585-9</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/results-list.php?collection=1503">Volume 2, 1927–1934</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-94586-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-94586-7">0-674-94586-7</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674019812">Volume 3, 1935–1938</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00896-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00896-0">0-674-00896-0</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674022294">Volume 4, 1938–1940</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01076-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01076-0">0-674-01076-0</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674022874">The Writer of Modern Life: Essays on Charles Baudelaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-02287-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-02287-4">0-674-02287-4</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674024458">The Work of Art in the Age of Its Technological Reproducibility, and Other Writings on Media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-02445-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-02445-1">0-674-02445-1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080723122407/http://www.versobooks.com/books/ab/b-titles/benjamin_w_the_archive.shtml">Walter Benjamin's Archive: Images, Texts, Signs</a>. Ed. Ursula Marx, Gudrun Schwarz, Michael Schwarz, Erdmut Wizisla. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-196-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-196-0">978-1-84467-196-0</a></li> <li> The Sonnets of Walter Benjamin. Trans. Andrew Paul Wood, bilingual edition German/English, Kilmog P., Dunedin, 2020.</li> <li>Toward the Critique of Violence: a Critical Edition. Ed. Peter Fenves and Julia Ng. Stanford, Stanford U.P., 2021. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4953-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4953-4">978-0-8047-4953-4</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_literature">Secondary literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Benjamin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Secondary literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Adorno">Adorno</a>, Theodor. (1967). Prisms (Studies in Contemporary German Social Thought). London: Neville Spearman Ltd. [reprinted by <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>, Cambridge, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01064-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01064-1">978-0-262-01064-1</a> (cloth) – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51025-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51025-7">978-0-262-51025-7</a> (paper)]</li> <li>Victor Malsey, Uwe Raseh, Peter Rautmann, Nicolas Schalz, Rosi Huhn, Passages. D'après Walter Benjamin / Passagen. Nach Walter Benjamin. Mainz: Herman Schmidt, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87439-251-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-87439-251-1">3-87439-251-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Benjamin" title="Andrew Benjamin">Benjamin</a>, Andrew, and Peter Osborne, eds. (1993). Walter Benjamin's Philosophy: Destruction and Experience. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08368-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08368-3">978-0-415-08368-3</a> (cloth) – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08369-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08369-0">978-0-415-08369-0</a> (paper) [reprinted by Clinamen Press, Manchester, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903083-08-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903083-08-6">978-1-903083-08-6</a> (paper)]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Buck-Morss" title="Susan Buck-Morss">Buck-Morss, Susan</a>. (1991). The Dialectics of Seeing: Walter Benjamin and the Arcades Project. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/The_MIT_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The MIT Press">The MIT Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02268-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02268-2">978-0-262-02268-2</a> (cloth) – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52164-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52164-2">978-0-262-52164-2</a> (paper)</li> <li>Betancourt, Alex. (2008). Walter Benjamin and Sigmund Freud: Between Theory and Politics. Saarbrücken, Germany: <a href="/wiki/VDM_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="VDM Verlag">VDM Verlag</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8364-3854-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8364-3854-4">978-3-8364-3854-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Castigliano" title="Federico Castigliano">Federico Castigliano</a>, Flâneur. The Art of Wandering the Streets of Paris, 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1534911451" title="Special:BookSources/978-1534911451">978-1534911451</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a>, Jacques. (2001). "Force of Law: The 'Mystical Foundation of Authority'", in Acts of Religion, Gil Anidjar, ed. London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92400-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92400-9">978-0-415-92400-9</a> (cloth) – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92401-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92401-6">978-0-415-92401-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caygill,_Howard" class="mw-redirect" title="Caygill, Howard">Caygill, Howard</a>. (1998) Walter Benjamin: The Colour of Experience. London: Routledge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man, Paul</a>. (1986). "'Conclusions': Walter Benjamin's 'Task of the Translator'", in The Resistance to Theory. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 73–105. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-1294-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-1294-3">0-8166-1294-3</a></li> <li>Eiland, Howard, and Michael W. Jennings. (2014). Walter Benjamin: A Critical Life. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05186-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05186-7">978-0-674-05186-7</a></li> <li>__________. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kIlRQ9Ngc54C">The Cambridge Companion to Walter Benjamin.</a> Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-79329-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-79329-7">0-521-79329-7</a> (cloth) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-79724-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-79724-1">0-521-79724-1</a> (paper)</li> <li>Eilenberger, Wolfram (2020). Time of the magicians: Wittgenstein, Benjamin, Cassirer, Heidegger, and the decade that reinvented philosophy. New York: Penguin Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5255-5966-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5255-5966-5">978-0-5255-5966-5</a> (cloth)</li> <li>Ferris, David S., ed. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?book_id=2569%202570">Walter Benjamin: Theoretical Questions.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113083426/http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?book_id=2569%202570">Archived</a> 2012-01-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Stanford: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2569-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2569-9">978-0-8047-2569-9</a> (cloth) – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2570-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2570-5">978-0-8047-2570-5</a> (paper)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Gandler" title="Stefan Gandler">Gandler, Stefan</a> (2010). "The Concept of History in Walter Benjamin's Critical Theory", in Radical Philosophy Review, San Francisco, CA, Vol. 13, Nr. 1, pp. 19–42. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1388-4441">1388-4441</a>.</li> <li>Jacobs, Carol. (1999). In the Language of Walter Benjamin. Baltimore: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Johns Hopkins Press">Johns Hopkins Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6031-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6031-7">978-0-8018-6031-7</a> (cloth) – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6669-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6669-2">978-0-8018-6669-2</a> (paper)</li> <li>Jennings, Michael. (1987). Dialectical Images: Walter Benjamin's Theory of Literary Criticism. Ithaca: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-2006-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-2006-1">978-0-8014-2006-1</a> (cloth)</li> <li>Jacobson, Eric. (2003). Metaphysics of the Profane: The Political Theology of Walter Benjamin and Gershom Scholem. New York: Columbia University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12657-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12657-1">978-0-231-12657-1</a>, S. 352ff.</li> <li>Kermode, Frank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0614F73D5413728DDDA90B94DF405B888BF1D3&scp=1&sq=walter+benjamin&st=p">"Every Kind of Intelligence; Benjamin"</a>, New York Times. 30 July 1978.</li> <li>Kirst-Gundersen, Karoline. Walter Benjamin's Theory of Narrative. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1989</li> <li>Kishik, David. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=23184">"The Manhattan Project: A Theory of a City."</a> Stanford: Stanford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80478-603-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80478-603-4">978-0-80478-603-4</a> (cloth) – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-50360-277-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-50360-277-9">978-1-50360-277-9</a> (paper)</li> <li>Leslie, Esther. (2000). Walter Benjamin, Overpowering Conformism. London: <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1573-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1573-7">978-0-7453-1573-7</a> (cloth) – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1568-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1568-3">978-0-7453-1568-3</a> (paper)</li> <li>Libero Federici, Il misterioso eliotropismo. Filosofia, politica e diritto in Walter Benjamin, Ombre Corte, Verona 2017</li> <li>Lindner, Burkhardt, ed. (2006). Benjamin-Handbuch: Leben – Werk – Wirkung Stuttgart: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metzler_Verlag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metzler Verlag (page does not exist)">Metzler</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-476-01985-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-476-01985-1">978-3-476-01985-1</a> (paper)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L%C3%B6wy" title="Michael Löwy">Löwy, Michael</a>. (2005). Fire Alarm: Reading Walter Benjamin's 'On the Concept of History.' Trans. Chris Turner. London and New York: Verso.</li> <li>Marchesoni, Stefano. (2016). Walter Benjamins Konzept des Eingedenkens. Über Genese und Semantik einer Denkfigur. Berlin: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadmos_Verlag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadmos Verlag (page does not exist)">Kadmos Verlag</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86599-328-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86599-328-1">978-3-86599-328-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarder2016" class="citation journal cs1">Marder, Elissa (May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F10407391-3522733">"Inhuman beauty: Baudelaire's bad sex"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Differences_(journal)" title="Differences (journal)">differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies</a>. 27 (1). <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>: 1–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F10407391-3522733">10.1215/10407391-3522733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=differences%3A+A+Journal+of+Feminist+Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=Inhuman+beauty%3A+Baudelaire%27s+bad+sex&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-24&rft.date=2016-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F10407391-3522733&rft.aulast=Marder&rft.aufirst=Elissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1215%252F10407391-3522733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Benjamin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Menke, Bettine. (2010). Das Trauerspiel-Buch. Der Souverän – das Trauerspiel – Konstellationen – Ruinen. Bielefeld: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcript_Verlag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transcript Verlag (page does not exist)">Transcript Verlag</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcript_Verlag" class="extiw" title="de:Transcript Verlag">de</a>]. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89942-634-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89942-634-2">978-3-89942-634-2</a>.</li> <li>Missac, Pierre (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080520160350/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=3691">Walter Benjamin's Passages.</a> Cambridge: MIT Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-13305-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-13305-0">978-0-262-13305-0</a> (cloth) – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-63175-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-63175-4">978-0-262-63175-4</a>(paper)</li> <li>Neutert, Natias : Mit Walter Benjamin! Poeto-philosophisches Manifest zur Gründung der Internationalen Walter Benjamin Gesellschaft. Lüdke Verlag, Hamburg 1968.</li> <li>Nguyen, Duy Lap. (2022). Walter Benjamin and the Critique of Political Economy : A New Historical Materialism. London UK: Bloomsbury Academic.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Perret" title="Catherine Perret">Perret, Catherine</a> "Walter Benjamin sans destin", Ed. La Différence, Paris, 1992, rééd. revue et augmentée d'une préface, Bruxelles, éd. La Lettre volée, 2007.</li> <li>Perrier, Florent, ed., Palmier, Jean-Michel (Author), Marc Jimenez (Preface). (2006) Walter Benjamin. Le chiffonnier, l'Ange et le Petit Bossu. Paris: Klincksieck. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-252-03591-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-252-03591-7">978-2-252-03591-7</a></li> <li>Pignotti, Sandro (2009). Walter Benjamin – Judentum und Literatur. Tradition, Ursprung, Lehre mit einer kurzen Geschichte des Zionismus. Rombach, Freiburg <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7930-9547-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7930-9547-7">978-3-7930-9547-7</a></li> <li>Plate, S. Brent (2004). Walter Benjamin, Religion and Aesthetics. London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96992-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96992-5">978-0-415-96992-5</a></li> <li>Roberts, Julian (1982). Walter Benjamin. London: Macmillan.</li> <li>Rudel, Tilla (2006) : Walter Benjamin L'Ange assassiné, éd. Menges – Place Des Victoires, 2006</li> <li>Rutigliano, Enzo: Lo sguardo dell'angelo, Bari, Dedalo, 1983</li> <li>Scheurmann, Ingrid, ed., Scheurmann, Konrad ed., Unseld, Siegfried (Author), Menninghaus, Winfried (Author), Timothy Nevill (Translator) (1993). For Walter Benjamin – Documentation, Essays and a Sketch including: New Documents on Walter Benjamin's Death. Bonn: AsKI e.V. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-930370-00-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-930370-00-X">3-930370-00-X</a></li> <li>Scheurmann, Ingrid / Scheurmann, Konrad (1995). Dani Karavan – Hommage an Walter Benjamin. Der Gedenkort 'Passagen' in Portbou. Homage to Walter Benjamin. 'Passages' Place of Remembrance at Portbou. Mainz: Zabern. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8053-1865-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-8053-1865-0">3-8053-1865-0</a></li> <li>Scheurmann, Konrad (1994) Passages Dani Karavan: An Environment in Remembrance of Walter Benjamin Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam. Bonn: AsKI e.V. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-930370-01-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-930370-01-8">3-930370-01-8</a></li> <li>Schiavoni, Giulio. (2001). Walter Benjamin: Il figlio della felicità. Un percorso biografico e concettuale. Turin: <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Einaudi" title="Giulio Einaudi">Giulio Einaudi Editore</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-06-15729-9" title="Special:BookSources/88-06-15729-9">88-06-15729-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Scholem, Gershom</a>. (2003). Walter Benjamin: The Story of a Friendship. Trans. Harry Zohn. New York: New York Review Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59017-032-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-59017-032-6">1-59017-032-6</a></li> <li>Steinberg, Michael P., ed. (1996). Walter Benjamin and the Demands of History. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3135-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3135-7">978-0-8014-3135-7</a> (cloth) – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8257-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8257-1">978-0-8014-8257-1</a> (paper)</li> <li>Steiner, Uwe. (2010). Walter Benjamin: An Introduction to his Work and Thought. Trans. Michael Winkler. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-77221-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-77221-9">978-0-226-77221-9</a></li> <li>Singh, Iona (2012) Vermeer, Materialism and the Transcendental in Art, from Color, Facture, Art & Design. Hampshire: Zero Books <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78099-629-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78099-629-5">978-1-78099-629-5</a></li> <li>Taussig, Michael. (2006). Walter Benjamin's Grave. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-79004-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-79004-6">978-0-226-79004-6</a>.</li> <li>Tedman, Gary. (2012). the Art Aesthetic State Apparatuses - from Aesthetics & Alienation. Hampshire : Zero Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78099-301-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78099-301-0">978-1-78099-301-0</a>.</li> <li>Weber, Samuel. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674046061">Benjamin's -abilities.</a> Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-02837-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-02837-6">0-674-02837-6</a> (cloth) – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-04606-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-04606-4">0-674-04606-4</a> (paper)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Weigel" title="Sigrid Weigel">Weigel, Sigrid</a>. (2013). Walter Benjamin. Images, the Creaturely, and the Holy. Transl. by Chadwick Truscott Smith. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-804-78059-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-804-78059-9">978-0-804-78059-9</a></li> <li>Witte, Bernd. (1996). Walter Benjamin: An Intellectual Biography. New York: Verso. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-967-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-967-5">978-1-85984-967-5</a></li> <li>Wizisla, Erdmut. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614212456/http://www.librislondon.co.uk/books/1870352785.html">Walter Benjamin and Bertolt Brecht — The Story of a Friendship</a>. Translated by Christine Shuttleworth. London / New Haven: Libris / Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-870352-78-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-870352-78-9">978-1-870352-78-9</a> [Contains a complete translation of the newly discovered Minutes of the meetings around the putative journal Krise und Kritik (1931)].</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wolin" title="Richard Wolin">Wolin, Richard</a>, Telos 43, An Aesthetic of Redemption: Benjamin's Path to Trauerspiel. New York: Telos Press Ltd., Spring 1980. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telospress.com">Telos Press</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wolin" title="Richard Wolin">Wolin, Richard</a>, Telos 53, The Benjamin-Congress: Frankfurt (July 13, 1982). New York: Telos Press Ltd., Fall 1982. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telospress.com">Telos Press</a>).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_other_media">In other media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Benjamin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In other media">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_(TV_series)" title="Transatlantic (TV series)">Transatlantic</a> (2023 TV series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Unwanted_de_Europa" title="Les Unwanted de Europa">Les Unwanted de Europa</a> (2018 film on Benjamin's last days)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tenk.ca/en/documentaires/carlos-ferrand/13-a-ludodrama-about-walter-benjamin">13, a ludodrama about Walter Benjamin, a cinematic essay by Carlos Ferrand and Thomas Sieber Satinsky, 2018, 77 min.</a></li> <li>The Passages of Walter Benjamin (2014 documentary)</li> <li>Who Killed Walter Benjamin? (2005 documentary)</li> <li>One Way Street: Fragments for Walter Benjamin (1992 documentary)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Benjamin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bachelard" title="Gaston Bachelard">Bachelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Bataille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blanchot" title="Maurice Blanchot">Blanchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Cioran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Cixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Dilthey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Ingarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Jaspers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koj%C3%A8ve" title="Alexandre Kojève">Kojève</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koyr%C3%A9" title="Alexandre Koyré">Koyré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Latour" title="Bruno Latour">Latour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Levinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Serres" title="Michel Serres">Serres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">Absurdism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-philosophy" title="Non-philosophy">Non-philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-representational_theory" title="Non-representational theory">Non-representational theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_realism" title="Speculative realism">Speculative realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Always_already" title="Always already">Always already</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysian" title="Apollonian and Dionysian">Apollonian and Dionysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_in_itself" title="Being in itself">Being in itself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_oppositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary oppositions">Binary oppositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique" title="Critique">Critique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immanent_critique" title="Immanent critique">Immanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_criticism" title="Ideological criticism">Ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasein" title="Dasein">Dasein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of God">Death of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diff%C3%A9rance" title="Différance">Différance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_(philosophy)" title="Difference (philosophy)">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_precedes_essence" title="Existence precedes essence">Existence precedes essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_crisis" title="Existential crisis">Existential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facticity" title="Facticity">Facticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_(philosophy)" title="Genealogy (philosophy)">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">Habitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauntology" title="Hauntology">Hauntology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpellation_(philosophy)" title="Interpellation (philosophy)">Interpellation (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">Intersubjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Leap of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_dialectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Master–slave dialectic">Master–slave dialectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_morality" title="Master–slave morality">Master–slave morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontic">Ontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontopoetics" title="Ontopoetics">Ontopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-deception" title="Self-deception">Self-deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_(deconstruction)" title="Trace (deconstruction)">Trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaluation_of_values" title="Transvaluation of values">Transvaluation of values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence#Philosophical_perspectives" title="Violence">Violence § Philosophical perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_to_power" title="Will to power">Will to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics_of_suspicion" title="Hermeneutics of suspicion">Hermeneutics of suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic theory">Linguistic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_determinism" title="Linguistic determinism">Linguistic determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_theory" title="Film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_turn" title="Linguistic turn">Linguistic turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_aesthetic" title="Internet aesthetic">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_aesthetics" title="Medieval aesthetics">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_science" title="Aesthetics of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_aesthetics" title="Theological aesthetics">Theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Aesthetics" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Realism" title="Aesthetic Realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Alberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bal%C3%A1zs" title="Béla Balázs">Balázs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gottlieb_Baumgarten" title="Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten">Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Coomaraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Danto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Hanslick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer">Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Lipps" title="Theodor Lipps">Lipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xie" title="Liu Xie">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki" title="Jun'ichirō Tanizaki">Tanizaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Winckelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aestheticians" title="List of aestheticians">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art%27s_sake" title="Art for art's sake">Art for art's sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">Artistic merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_beauty_ideal" title="Feminine beauty ideal">Feminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_beauty_ideal" title="Masculine beauty ideal">Masculine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuteness" title="Cuteness">Cuteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction" title="Depiction">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun" title="Fun">Fun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imitating_art" title="Life imitating art">Life imitating art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a> (c. 390 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a> (c. 335 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Mind_and_the_Carving_of_Dragons" title="The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons">The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons</a> (c. 100)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a> (c. 500)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Philosophical_Enquiry_into_the_Origin_of_Our_Ideas_of_the_Sublime_and_Beautiful" title="A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful">A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful</a> (1757)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Aesthetics" title="Lectures on Aesthetics">Lectures on Aesthetics</a> (1835)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Critic_as_Artist" title="The Critic as Artist">The Critic as Artist</a>" (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Shadows" title="In Praise of Shadows">In Praise of Shadows</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_as_Experience" title="Art as Experience">Art as Experience</a> (1934)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>" (1935)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Avant-Garde_and_Kitsch" title="Avant-Garde and Kitsch">Avant-Garde and Kitsch</a>" (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Aesthetic_Dimension" title="The Aesthetic Dimension">The Aesthetic Dimension</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Beauty_Matters" title="Why Beauty Matters">Why Beauty Matters</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_aesthetics" title="Applied aesthetics">Applied aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_criticism" title="Arts criticism">Arts criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_film" title="Philosophy of film">Philosophy of film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_art" title="Psychology of art">Psychology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_art" title="Theory of art">Theory of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aesthetics_articles" title="Index of aesthetics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_aesthetics" title="Outline of aesthetics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aesthetics" title="Category:Aesthetics">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500220359">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/363497">RKD Artists</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/791906">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118509039.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118509039">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026717948">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/028184">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w625242g">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elmcip.net/node/7205">ELMCIP</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Benjamin&oldid=1258214970">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Benjamin&oldid=1258214970</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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