CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>South Africa: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy" ,"wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f54ac9ab-5d38-483e-abff-9b5cadd27039","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"South_Africa","wgTitle":"South Africa","wgCurRevisionId":1259701935,"wgRevisionId":1259139544,"wgArticleId":17416221,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Tswana-language sources (tn)","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from May 2019","CS1 maint: unfit URL","CS1 errors: periodical ignored","Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages", "Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism","Use South African English from April 2021","All Wikipedia articles written in South African English","Use dmy dates from January 2024","Articles containing Afrikaans-language text","Articles containing Zulu-language text","Articles containing Swazi-language text","Articles containing Northern Sotho-language text","Articles containing Sotho-language text","Articles containing Tswana-language text","Articles containing Tsonga-language text","Articles containing Swahili (macrolanguage)-language text","Articles containing Venda-language text","Articles containing Southern Ndebele-language text","Articles containing ǀXam-language text","Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters","Articles containing Dutch-language text","Articles containing Xhosa-language text","Articles containing Portuguese-language text","Articles with text in Bantu languages","Articles with excerpts", "Articles containing Flaaitaal-language text","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Pages using Sister project links with default search","Coordinates on Wikidata","South Africa","BRICS nations","Countries in Africa","Countries and territories where English is an official language","G20 members","Member states of the African Union","Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations","Member states of the United Nations","Newly industrializing countries","Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations","Southern African countries","States and territories established in 1910"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"South_Africa","wgRelevantArticleId":17416221,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive": false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"extRevisionSliderTimeOffset":0,"wgDiffOldId":1259131046,"wgDiffNewId":1259139544,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":-30,"lon":25},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q258","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true, "wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.visualEditor.diffPage.init.styles":"ready","oojs-ui.styles.icons-accessibility":"ready","oojs-ui.styles.icons-editing-advanced":"ready","oojs-ui-core.styles":"ready","oojs-ui.styles.indicators":"ready","mediawiki.widgets.styles":"ready","oojs-ui-core.icons":"ready","ext.RevisionSlider.lazyCss":"ready","mediawiki.interface.helpers.styles":"ready","mediawiki.diff.styles":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.imagemap.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","mediawiki.helplink":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.visualEditor.diffPage.init","ext.RevisionSlider.lazyJs","mediawiki.diff","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.imagemap","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.RevisionSlider.lazyCss%7Cext.cite.styles%7Cext.imagemap.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.visualEditor.diffPage.init.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.diff.styles%7Cmediawiki.helplink%7Cmediawiki.interface.helpers.styles%7Cmediawiki.widgets.styles%7Coojs-ui-core.icons%2Cstyles%7Coojs-ui.styles.icons-accessibility%2Cicons-editing-advanced%2Cindicators%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow,max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/1200px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/800px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/640px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="South Africa: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mw-article-diff skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-South_Africa rootpage-South_Africa skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=South+Africa&returntoquery=curid%3D17416221%26diff%3D1259139544%26oldid%3D1259131046" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=South+Africa&returntoquery=curid%3D17416221%26diff%3D1259139544%26oldid%3D1259131046" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=South+Africa&returntoquery=curid%3D17416221%26diff%3D1259139544%26oldid%3D1259131046" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=South+Africa&returntoquery=curid%3D17416221%26diff%3D1259139544%26oldid%3D1259131046" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistoric_archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric_archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistoric archaeology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bantu_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bantu_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Bantu expansion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bantu_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mapungubwe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mapungubwe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Mapungubwe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mapungubwe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Portuguese exploration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_colonisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_colonisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Dutch colonisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_colonisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Mfecane,_British_colonisation,_and_the_Great_Trek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Mfecane,_British_colonisation,_and_the_Great_Trek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 The Mfecane, British colonisation, and the Great Trek </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Mfecane,_British_colonisation,_and_the_Great_Trek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boer_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boer_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Boer Wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boer_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apartheid_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apartheid_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Apartheid era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apartheid_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-apartheid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-apartheid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Post-apartheid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-apartheid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-HIV/AIDS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HIV/AIDS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 HIV/AIDS </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HIV/AIDS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urbanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urbanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Urbanization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urbanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement_and_crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement_and_crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Law enforcement and crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement_and_crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Mining </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Railways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Airports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energy_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.1 Energy crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_supply_and_sanitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_supply_and_sanitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Water supply and sanitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_supply_and_sanitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">South Africa: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 287 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-287" aria-hidden="true" > 287 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Tunong" title="Afrika Tunong – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Afrika Tunong" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%8D_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Ипшэ Африкэ Республикэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Ипшэ Африкэ Республикэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8D_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Къыблэ Африкэ Республикэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Къыблэ Африкэ Республикэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suid-Afrika" title="Suid-Afrika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Suid-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdafrika" title="Südafrika – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Südafrika" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A1%E1%89%A5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AB" title="ደቡብ አፍሪካ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ደቡብ አፍሪካ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maad%C3%A2-Afrik" title="Maadâ-Afrik – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Maadâ-Afrik" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्षिण अफ्रीका – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="दक्षिण अफ्रीका" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%AB%C3%B0affrica" title="Sūðaffrica – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sūðaffrica" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аладатәи Африка – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аладатәи Африка" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="جنوب إفريقيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جنوب إفريقيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudafrica" title="Sudafrica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sudafrica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%82%D5%A1%D6%83%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հարաւափրիկեան Հանրապետութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հարաւափրիկեան Հանրապետութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_du_Mi%C3%A9-jorn" title="Africa du Mié-jorn – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Africa du Mié-jorn" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud%C3%A1frica" title="Sudáfrica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sudáfrica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvy%C3%A1frika" title="Yvyáfrika – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvyáfrika" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%99nubi_Afrika_Respublikas%C4%B1" title="Cənubi Afrika Respublikası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cənubi Afrika Respublikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="جنوبی آفریقا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جنوبی آفریقا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Kelod" title="Afrika Kelod – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Afrika Kelod" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worodugu_Afrika" title="Worodugu Afrika – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Worodugu Afrika" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="দক্ষিণ আফ্রিকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দক্ষিণ আফ্রিকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprika_Salatan" title="Aprika Salatan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Aprika Salatan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2m-hui-kok" title="Lâm-hui-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lâm-hui-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Kidul" title="Afrika Kidul – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Afrika Kidul" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D2%A1_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Көньяҡ Африка Республикаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Көньяҡ Африка Республикаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Паўднёва-Афрыканская Рэспубліка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўднёва-Афрыканская Рэспубліка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Паўднёва-Афрыканская Рэспубліка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паўднёва-Афрыканская Рэспубліка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्खिन अफिरका – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="दक्खिन अफिरका" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habagatan_na_Aprika" title="Habagatan na Aprika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Habagatan na Aprika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saot_Afrika" title="Saot Afrika – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Saot Afrika" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Република Южна Африка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Република Южна Африка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidafrika" title="Sidafrika – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sidafrika" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%B7%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A5%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BC%8D" title="ལྷོ་ཨ་ཧྥེ་རི་ཁ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལྷོ་ཨ་ཧྥེ་རི་ཁ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEnoafri%C4%8Dka_Republika" title="Južnoafrička Republika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Južnoafrička Republika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suafrika" title="Suafrika – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Suafrika" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81)" title="Урда Африка (улас) – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Урда Африка (улас)" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-%C3%A0frica" title="Sud-àfrica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sud-àfrica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%BD%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Кăнтăр Африка Республики – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăнтăр Африка Республики" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habagatang_Aprika" title="Habagatang Aprika – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Habagatang Aprika" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihoafrick%C3%A1_republika" title="Jihoafrická republika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jihoafrická republika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudafrica" title="Sudafrica – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Sudafrica" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afilika_ya_Kumwera" title="Afilika ya Kumwera – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Afilika ya Kumwera" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afurika_Chamhembe" title="Afurika Chamhembe – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Afurika Chamhembe" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="South Africa" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudafrica" title="Sudafrica – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Sudafrica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Affrica" title="De Affrica – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="De Affrica" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="South Africa" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydafrika" title="Sydafrika – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sydafrika" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="جنوب إفريقيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جنوب إفريقيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulli-Afrihk%C3%A1" title="Lulli-Afrihká – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Lulli-Afrihká" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudd-Afrikaa" title="Sudd-Afrikaa – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Sudd-Afrikaa" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdafrika" title="Südafrika – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Südafrika" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8B%DE%AC%DE%86%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%AA_%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%8A%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%86%DE%A7" title="ދެކުނު އެފްރިކާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ދެކުނު އެފްރިކާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9yah_Naakaii_%C5%81izhinii_Bik%C3%A9yah_Sh%C3%A1di%CA%BC%C3%A1%C3%A1hj%C3%AD_Si%CA%BC%C3%A1n%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Kéyah Naakaii Łizhinii Bikéyah Shádiʼááhjí Siʼánígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Kéyah Naakaii Łizhinii Bikéyah Shádiʼááhjí Siʼánígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3dpo%C5%82dnjowa_Afrika" title="Pódpołdnjowa Afrika – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pódpołdnjowa Afrika" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्षिण अफ्रिका – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="दक्षिण अफ्रिका" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%90%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%95%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BC%8B" title="སའུཐ་ཨཕ་རི་ཀ་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="སའུཐ་ཨཕ་རི་ཀ་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5una-Aafrika_Vabariik" title="Lõuna-Aafrika Vabariik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lõuna-Aafrika Vabariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%91%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Νότια Αφρική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νότια Αφρική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCd_Africa" title="Süd Africa – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Süd Africa" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C-%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Лембеёнксонь-Африкань Республикась – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Лембеёнксонь-Африкань Республикась" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud%C3%A1frica" title="Sudáfrica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sudáfrica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-Afriko" title="Sud-Afriko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sud-Afriko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud%C3%A1frica" title="Sudáfrica – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sudáfrica" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegoafrika" title="Hegoafrika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hegoafrika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyiehe_Afrika" title="Anyiehe Afrika – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Anyiehe Afrika" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="South Africa" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target">Farefare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="آفریقای جنوبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آفریقای جنوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="South Africa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%B0urafrika" title="Suðurafrika – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Suðurafrika" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrique_du_Sud" title="Afrique du Sud – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Afrique du Sud" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAd-Afrika" title="Súd-Afrika – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Súd-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawdafirika" title="Sawdafirika – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Sawdafirika" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Afraic_Theas" title="An Afraic Theas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Afraic Theas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Affrick_Yiass" title="Yn Affrick Yiass – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Affrick Yiass" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%BClen_Afrika_Respublikas%C4%B1" title="Üülen Afrika Respublikası – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Üülen Afrika Respublikası" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afraga_a_Deas" title="Afraga a Deas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Afraga a Deas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur%C3%A1frica" title="Suráfrica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Suráfrica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B5-%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="ЗӀилбухе-Африкера Республика – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ЗӀилбухе-Африкера Республика" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E" title="南非 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="南非" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C4%A9rika_ya_Kuthini" title="Abĩrika ya Kuthini – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Abĩrika ya Kuthini" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A3_%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE" title="દક્ષિણ આફ્રિકા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="દક્ષિણ આફ્રિકા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0_%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍂𐌰 𐌰𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍂𐌰 𐌰𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokxin_Afrika" title="Dokxin Afrika – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Dokxin Afrika" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A0m-f%C3%AE" title="Nàm-fî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Nàm-fî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4_%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="남아프리카 공화국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="남아프리카 공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afirka_ta_Kudu" title="Afirka ta Kudu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Afirka ta Kudu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBApelika_Hema" title="ʻApelika Hema – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻApelika Hema" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%86%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հարավաֆրիկյան Հանրապետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարավաֆրիկյան Հանրապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्षिण अफ़्रीका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दक्षिण अफ़्रीका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Afrika" title="Južna Afrika – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Južna Afrika" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Afrika" title="Južna Afrika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Južna Afrika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Afrika Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudafrika" title="Sudafrika – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sudafrika" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="South Africa" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abagatan_nga_Aprika" title="Abagatan nga Aprika – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Abagatan nga Aprika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="খা আফ্রিকা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="খা আফ্রিকা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Afrika Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_del_Sud" title="Africa del Sud – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Africa del Sud" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-Africa" title="Sud-Africa – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Sud-Africa" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiluli%C3%B1iq_Aprika" title="Kiluliñiq Aprika – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Kiluliñiq Aprika" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Хуссар Африкæйы Республикæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хуссар Африкæйы Республикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMzantsi_Afrika" title="UMzantsi Afrika – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="UMzantsi Afrika" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRiphabhuliki_yaseNingizimu_Afrika" title="IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%B0ur-Afr%C3%ADka" title="Suður-Afríka – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Suður-Afríka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudafrica" title="Sudafrica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sudafrica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="דרום אפריקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דרום אפריקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Kidul" title="Afrika Kidul – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Afrika Kidul" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Had%C9%9B_Ki%C5%8B" title="Afrika Hadɛ Kiŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Afrika Hadɛ Kiŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A3_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE" title="ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಆಫ್ರಿಕಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಆಫ್ರಿಕಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauling_Aprika" title="Mauling Aprika – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Mauling Aprika" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0-%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Къыбыла-Африкан Республика – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къыбыла-Африкан Республика" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="სამხრეთ აფრიკის რესპუბლიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამხრეთ აფრიკის რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%D9%86%D9%88%D9%97%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%8E%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%82%DB%81" title="جۆنوٗبی اَفریٖقہ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جۆنوٗبی اَفریٖقہ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4%C5%82niow%C3%B4_Afrika" title="Pôłniowô Afrika – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Pôłniowô Afrika" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D2%A3%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Оңтүстік Африка Республикасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оңтүстік Африка Республикасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Dyghow" title="Afrika Dyghow – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Afrika Dyghow" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afurika_y%E2%80%99Epfo" title="Afurika y’Epfo – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Afurika y’Epfo" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Kusini" title="Afrika Kusini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Afrika Kusini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лунвыв Африкаса Республика – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Лунвыв Африкаса Республика" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubilika_ya_Afelika_ya_Sudi" title="Repubilika ya Afelika ya Sudi – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Repubilika ya Afelika ya Sudi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geeafrika" title="Geeafrika – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Geeafrika" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrik_disid_(peyi)" title="Afrik disid (peyi) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Afrik disid (peyi)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafrik_di_Sid" title="Lafrik di Sid – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lafrik di Sid" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afr%C3%AEkaya_Ba%C5%9F%C3%BBr" title="Afrîkaya Başûr – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Afrîkaya Başûr" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%88%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%BA-%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Түштүк-Африка Республикасы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түштүк-Африка Республикасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudafrica" title="Sudafrica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Sudafrica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-Afrika" title="Sud-Afrika – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Sud-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9F%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%83%E0%BA%95%E0%BB%89" title="ປະເທດອາຟຣິກາໃຕ້ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດອາຟຣິກາໃຕ້" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%ABnavydu_Afrikys_Republika" title="Dīnavydu Afrikys Republika – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Dīnavydu Afrikys Republika" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Australis" title="Africa Australis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Africa Australis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dienvid%C4%81frika" title="Dienvidāfrika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dienvidāfrika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdafrika" title="Südafrika – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Südafrika" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5-%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кьибле-Африкадин Республика – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Кьибле-Африкадин Республика" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet%C5%B3_Afrikos_Respublika" title="Pietų Afrikos Respublika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pietų Afrikos Respublika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudafrica" title="Sudafrica – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Sudafrica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuid-Afrika" title="Zuid-Afrika – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zuid-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidafr%C3%ADka" title="Sidafríka – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Sidafríka" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudafrica" title="Sudafrica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sudafrica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvi_Afriekku" title="Suvi Afriekku – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Suvi Afriekku" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/nanfi%27ogu%27e" title="nanfi'ogu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="nanfi'ogu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="South Africa" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdafrica" title="Südafrica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Südafrica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9l-afrikai_K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g" title="Dél-afrikai Köztársaság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dél-afrikai Köztársaság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्षिण अफ्रिका – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="दक्षिण अफ्रिका" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Јужноафриканска Република – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јужноафриканска Република" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Atsimo" title="Afrika Atsimo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Afrika Atsimo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95" title="സൗത്ത് ആഫ്രിക്ക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൗത്ത് ആഫ്രിക്ക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_t%27Isfel" title="Afrika t'Isfel – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Afrika t'Isfel" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80wherika-ki-te-tonga" title="Āwherika-ki-te-tonga – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Āwherika-ki-te-tonga" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्षिण आफ्रिका – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दक्षिण आफ्रिका" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ობჟათე აფრიკაშ რესპუბლიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ობჟათე აფრიკაშ რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="جنوب افريقيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جنوب افريقيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="جنوبی آفریقا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جنوبی آفریقا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Afrika Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%A5_%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%90%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯈꯥ ꯑꯐ꯭ꯔꯤꯀꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯈꯥ ꯑꯐ꯭ꯔꯤꯀꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Afrika Selatan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A0ng-h%C4%AD" title="Nàng-hĭ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nàng-hĭ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica_de_l_Sul" title="África de l Sul – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="África de l Sul" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Лямбеширень Африконь Республикась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Лямбеширень Африконь Республикась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D3%A9%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Өмнөд Африк – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Өмнөд Африк" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="တောင်အာဖရိကနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တောင်အာဖရိကနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saut_Afrika" title="Saut Afrika – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Saut Afrika" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceva_kei_Aferika" title="Ceva kei Aferika – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Ceva kei Aferika" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuid-Afrika" title="Zuid-Afrika – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zuid-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuud-Afrika" title="Zuud-Afrika – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zuud-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्षिण अफ्रिका – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दक्षिण अफ्रिका" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्षिण अफ्रिका – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="दक्षिण अफ्रिका" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="南アフリカ共和国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="南アフリカ共和国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8A%DF%9D%DF%99%DF%8C%DF%9E%DF%8C%DF%AC_%DF%A5%DF%99%DF%8F%DF%AC%DF%98%DF%8E%DF%AE" title="ߊߝߙߌߞߌ߬ ߥߙߏ߬ߘߎ߮ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߊߝߙߌߞߌ߬ ߥߙߏ߬ߘߎ߮" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0-%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Къилба-Африкин Республика – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Къилба-Африкин Республика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%BCdafrikoo" title="Süüdafrikoo – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Süüdafrikoo" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowth_Afreka" title="Sowth Afreka – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Sowth Afreka" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Afrika" title="Sør-Afrika – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sør-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Afrika" title="Sør-Afrika – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sør-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrique_du_Sud" title="Afrique du Sud – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Afrique du Sud" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud_Afrika" title="Sud Afrika – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Sud Afrika" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-Africa" title="Sud-Africa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sud-Africa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Кечывалвел Африка Республик – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кечывалвел Африка Республик" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A3_%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE" title="ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆଫ୍ରିକା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaa_Kibbaa" title="Afrikaa Kibbaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Afrikaa Kibbaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janubiy_Afrika_Respublikasi" title="Janubiy Afrika Respublikasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Janubiy Afrika Respublikasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्षिण-अफ्रीका – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="दक्षिण-अफ्रीका" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_africa" title="South africa – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="South africa" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="جنوبی افریقا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جنوبی افریقا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur_Afrika" title="Sur Afrika – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Sur Afrika" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%90%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7" title="سوېلي افريقا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سوېلي افريقا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sout_Afrika" title="Sout Afrika – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Sout Afrika" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%84" title="អាហ្វ្រិកខាងត្បូង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាហ្វ្រិកខាងត្បូង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrike_dech_Sud" title="Afrike dech Sud – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Afrike dech Sud" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud%C3%A0frica" title="Sudàfrica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sudàfrica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saut_Aprika" title="Saut Aprika – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Saut Aprika" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%BCdafrika" title="Süüdafrika – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Süüdafrika" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%82udniowa_Afryka" title="Południowa Afryka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Południowa Afryka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica_do_Sul" title="África do Sul – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="África do Sul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubla_Afrika_Respublikas%C4%B1" title="Qubla Afrika Respublikası – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qubla Afrika Respublikası" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cen%C3%BCbiy_Afrika" title="Cenübiy Afrika – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Cenübiy Afrika" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%99Afirita_i_%E2%80%99Apato%E2%80%99a" title="’Afirita i ’Apato’a – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="’Afirita i ’Apato’a" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdafrika" title="Südafrika – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Südafrika" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_de_Sud" title="Africa de Sud – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Africa de Sud" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_dal_Sid" title="Africa dal Sid – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Africa dal Sid" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urin_Aprika" title="Urin Aprika – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Urin Aprika" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Южноафрицька републіка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Южноафрицька републіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Южно-Африканская Республика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Южно-Африканская Республика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D2%95%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D3%A8%D1%80%D3%A9%D1%81%D0%BF%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Соҕуруу Африка Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Соҕуруу Африка Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="South Africa" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aferika_i_Saute" title="Aferika i Saute – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Aferika i Saute" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्षिण-आफ्रिका – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="दक्षिण-आफ्रिका" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afr%C3%AEka-Mbongo" title="Afrîka-Mbongo – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Afrîka-Mbongo" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud%C3%A0frica" title="Sudàfrica – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Sudàfrica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooth_Africae" title="Sooth Africae – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sooth Africae" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="South Africa" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suud-Afrikoa" title="Suud-Afrikoa – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Suud-Afrikoa" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Borwa" title="Afrika Borwa – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Afrika Borwa" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Borwa" title="Afrika Borwa – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Afrika Borwa" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aforika_Borwa" title="Aforika Borwa – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Aforika Borwa" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_e_Jugut" title="Afrika e Jugut – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Afrika e Jugut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80frica_d%C3%BB_Sud" title="Àfrica dû Sud – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Àfrica dû Sud" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="දකුණු අප්‍රිකාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දකුණු අප්‍රිකාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="South Africa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8F%DA%A9%DA%BB_%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%A7" title="ڏکڻ آفريڪا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڏکڻ آفريڪا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningizimu_Afrika" title="Ningizimu Afrika – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Ningizimu Afrika" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEn%C3%A1_Afrika_(%C5%A1t%C3%A1t)" title="Južná Afrika (štát) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Južná Afrika (štát)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Afrika" title="Južna Afrika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Južna Afrika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Po%C5%82ed%C5%84owyj_Afriki" title="Republika Połedńowyj Afriki – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Republika Połedńowyj Afriki" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koonfur_Afrika" title="Koonfur Afrika – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Koonfur Afrika" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ئەفریقای باشوور – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەفریقای باشوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Јужноафричка Република – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јужноафричка Република" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEnoafri%C4%8Dka_Republika" title="Južnoafrička Republika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Južnoafrička Republika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Kidul" title="Afrika Kidul – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Afrika Kidul" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etel%C3%A4-Afrikka" title="Etelä-Afrikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Etelä-Afrikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydafrika" title="Sydafrika – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sydafrika" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timog_Aprika" title="Timog Aprika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Timog Aprika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="தென்னாப்பிரிக்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தென்னாப்பிரிக்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafrikt_n_Wen%E1%BA%93ul" title="Tafrikt n Wenẓul – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tafrikt n Wenẓul" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud_Afriche" title="Sud Afriche – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Sud Afriche" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Көньяк Африка Республикасы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Көньяк Африка Республикасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%BE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%81%B5%E1%82%83%E1%82%89%E1%81%B8%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းဢႃႇၾရိၵႃႉၸၢၼ်း – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢႃႇၾရိၵႃႉၸၢၼ်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_africa" title="South africa – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="South africa" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE" title="దక్షిణాఫ్రికా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="దక్షిణాఫ్రికా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89" title="ประเทศแอฟริกาใต้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศแอฟริกาใต้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paank%C9%94c_Pagu%C3%B6t_Apir%C3%AFka" title="Paankɔc Paguöt Apirïka – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Paankɔc Paguöt Apirïka" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A1%E1%89%A5_%E1%8A%A3%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AA%E1%89%83" title="ደቡብ ኣፍሪቃ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ደቡብ ኣፍሪቃ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D1%83%D0%BC%D2%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B1%D3%A3" title="Ҷумҳурии Африқои Ҷанубӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷумҳурии Африқои Ҷанубӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAfilika_Tonga" title="ʻAfilika Tonga – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻAfilika Tonga" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%83%E1%8F%AE%E1%8E%AC%E1%8E%BF%E1%8E%A8%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%9B" title="ᎤᎦᏃᏮᎬᎿᎨᏍᏛ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᎦᏃᏮᎬᎿᎨᏍᏛ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%27hetaneho%27e_h%C3%A1n%C3%AAs%C3%B3v%C3%B3ne" title="Mo'hetaneho'e hánêsóvóne – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Mo'hetaneho'e hánêsóvóne" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afurika_Tshipembe" title="Afurika Tshipembe – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Afurika Tshipembe" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A3_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE" title="ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಆಫ್ರಿಕಾ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಆಫ್ರಿಕಾ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCney_Afrika_Cumhuriyeti" title="Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnorta_Afrika_Respublikasy" title="Günorta Afrika Respublikasy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Günorta Afrika Respublikasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afi%CC%B1rika_A%CC%B1tak" title="Afi̱rika A̱tak – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Afi̱rika A̱tak" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лымшор Африкаысь Республика – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Лымшор Африкаысь Республика" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Південно-Африканська Республіка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Південно-Африканська Республіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="جنوبی افریقا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنوبی افریقا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%86%DB%87%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%8A_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%82%D8%A7" title="جەنۇبىي ئافرىقا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="جەنۇبىي ئافرىقا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanzfeih" title="Nanzfeih – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Nanzfeih" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud%C3%A0frica" title="Sudàfrica – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sudàfrica" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suviafrikan_Tazovaldkund" title="Suviafrikan Tazovaldkund – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Suviafrikan Tazovaldkund" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a_Nam_Phi" title="Cộng hòa Nam Phi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cộng hòa Nam Phi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sul%C3%BCdafrik%C3%A4n" title="Sulüdafrikän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sulüdafrikän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5un%C3%B5-Afriga_Vabariik" title="Lõunõ-Afriga Vabariik – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Lõunõ-Afriga Vabariik" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonne-Afrike" title="Nonne-Afrike – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Nonne-Afrike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E" title="南非 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="南非" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuud-Afrika" title="Zuud-Afrika – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zuud-Afrika" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salatan_nga_Aprik%C3%A1" title="Salatan nga Apriká – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Salatan nga Apriká" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrig_gu_B%C3%ABj-saalum" title="Afrig gu Bëj-saalum – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Afrig gu Bëj-saalum" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E" title="南非 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="南非" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika-Dzonga" title="Afrika-Dzonga – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Afrika-Dzonga" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A2" title="דרום אפריקע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דרום אפריקע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BA%C3%BAs%C3%B9_%C3%81fr%C3%ADk%C3%A0" title="Gúúsù Áfríkà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Gúúsù Áfríkà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E" title="南非 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="南非" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikay_Veroci" title="Afrikay Veroci – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Afrikay Veroci" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuud-Afrika" title="Zuud-Afrika – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Zuud-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%97it%C5%AB_Afr%C4%97kas_Respobl%C4%97ka" title="Pėitū Afrėkas Respoblėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pėitū Afrėkas Respoblėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E" title="南非 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="南非" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afirika_Osiki" title="Afirika Osiki – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Afirika Osiki" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprika_Kidul" title="Aprika Kidul – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Aprika Kidul" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Afrika Selatan" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="South Africa" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Afrika Selatan" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nr mw-list-item"><a href="https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isewula_Afrika" title="Isewula Afrika – South Ndebele" lang="nr" hreflang="nr" data-title="Isewula Afrika" data-language-autonym="IsiNdebele seSewula" data-language-local-name="South Ndebele" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiNdebele seSewula</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyso_Afrik%C9%99_Respublik%C9%99" title="Nyso Afrikə Respublikə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Nyso Afrikə Respublikə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%87%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%A5%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8D" title="ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵏⵥⵓⵍ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵏⵥⵓⵍ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q258#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:South_Africa" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Africa&action=edit&oldid=1259139544" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Africa&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Africa&action=edit&oldid=1259139544">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Africa&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/South_Africa" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/South_Africa" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Africa&oldid=1259139544" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Africa&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=South_Africa&id=1259139544&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DSouth_Africa%26curid%3D17416221%26diff%3D1259139544%26oldid%3D1259131046">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DSouth_Africa%26curid%3D17416221%26diff%3D1259139544%26oldid%3D1259131046">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=render_article&arttitle=South+Africa&returnto=South+Africa&oldid=1259131046&writer=rl" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Africa&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_(RSA)" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:South_Africa" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/South_Africa" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_Africa" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q258" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_Africa&params=30_S_25_E_type:country">30°S 25°E / 30°S 25°E / -30; 25</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-mw-helplink" class="mw-indicator"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Diff" target="_blank" class="mw-helplink">Help</a></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-revslider-container"><span style='width: 100%; text-align: center;' id='ooui-php-1' class='mw-revslider-toggle-button oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-indicatorElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget' data-ooui='{"_":"OO.ui.ButtonWidget","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"indicator":"down","label":"Browse history interactively","title":"Open revision slider","classes":["mw-revslider-toggle-button"]}'><a role='button' title='Open revision slider' tabindex='0' rel='nofollow' class='oo-ui-buttonElement-button'>Browse history interactively</a><div class="mw-revslider-slider-wrapper" style="display: none;"><div class="mw-revslider-placeholder"><div class="mw-revslider-spinner"><div class="mw-revslider-bounce"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mw-diff-revision-history-links"><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Africa&diff=prev&oldid=1259131046" class="mw-diff-revision-history-link-previous" title="South Africa">← Previous edit</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Africa&diff=next&oldid=1259139544" class="mw-diff-revision-history-link-next" title="South Africa">Next edit →</a></div><div class="mw-diff-table-prefix" dir="ltr" lang="en"><div class="mw-diff-inline-legend oo-ui-element-hidden">Content deleted Content added</div><div class="ve-init-mw-diffPage-diffMode"><a role='button' tabindex='-1' aria-disabled='true' rel='nofollow' class='oo-ui-buttonElement-button'>Visual</a><a role='button' tabindex='0' rel='nofollow' class='oo-ui-buttonElement-button'>Wikitext</a></div><div class="mw-diffPage-inlineToggle-container"><div id='mw-diffPage-inline-toggle-switch-layout' class='oo-ui-layout oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-fieldLayout oo-ui-fieldLayout-align-left' data-ooui='{"_":"OO.ui.FieldLayout","fieldWidget":{"tag":"mw-diffPage-inline-toggle-switch"},"$overlay":true,"label":"Inline","title":"Switches between inline format and two-column format"}'><div class='oo-ui-fieldLayout-body'><label title='Switches between inline format and two-column format' id='ooui-php-2' class='oo-ui-labelElement-label'>Inline</label><div class='oo-ui-fieldLayout-field'><div id='mw-diffPage-inline-toggle-switch' title='Switches between inline format and two-column format' aria-checked='false' tabindex='0' role='switch' aria-labelledby='ooui-php-2' class='oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-toggleWidget oo-ui-toggleWidget-off oo-ui-toggleSwitchWidget' data-ooui='{"_":"OO.ui.ToggleSwitchWidget","href":"\/w\/index.php?title=South_Africa&curid=17416221&diff=1259139544&oldid=1259131046&diff-type=inline","value":false,"title":"Switches between inline format and two-column format"}'><a href='/w/index.php?title=South_Africa&curid=17416221&diff=1259139544&oldid=1259131046&diff-type=inline'></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><table class="diff diff-type-table diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" class="diff-otitle diff-side-deleted"><div id="mw-diff-otitle1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Africa&oldid=1259131046" title="South Africa">Revision as of 15:04, 23 November 2024</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Africa&action=edit&oldid=1259131046" title="South Africa">view source</a></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Kowal2701" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Kowal2701" data-mw-revid="1259131046"><bdi>Kowal2701</bdi></a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Kowal2701" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Kowal2701">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Kowal2701" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Kowal2701">contribs</a>)<div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount">15,687 edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle3"> <a href="#Mapungubwe">→<bdi dir="ltr">Mapungubwe</bdi></a>: ce</div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tag</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor">Visual edit</a></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Africa&diff=prev&oldid=1259131046" title="South Africa" id="differences-prevlink">← Previous edit</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Africa&oldid=1259139544" title="South Africa">Revision as of 16:01, 23 November 2024</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Africa&action=edit&oldid=1259139544" title="South Africa">view source</a> </div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Kowal2701" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Kowal2701" data-mw-revid="1259139544"><bdi>Kowal2701</bdi></a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Kowal2701" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Kowal2701">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Kowal2701" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Kowal2701">contribs</a>)<div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount">15,687 edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <a href="#British_colonisation_and_the_Great_Trek">→<bdi dir="ltr">British colonisation and the Great Trek</bdi></a>: mfecane paragraph was outdated, rewritten</div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tag</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor">Visual edit</a></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Africa&diff=next&oldid=1259139544" title="South Africa" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 243:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 243:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>The eastward expansion of Dutch colonists ushered in a series of wars with the southwesterly migrating Xhosa tribe, known as the [[Xhosa Wars]], as both sides competed for the pastureland near the Great Fish River, which the colonists desired for grazing cattle.<ref name=Stapleton2>{{cite book|last=Stapleton|first=Timothy|title=A Military History of South Africa: From the Dutch-Khoi Wars to the End of Apartheid|date=2010|pages=4–6|publisher=Praeger Security International|location=Santa Barbara|isbn=978-0-313-36589-8}}</ref> ''Vrijburgers'' who became independent farmers on the frontier were known as ''[[Boers]]'', with some adopting semi-nomadic lifestyles being denoted as {{lang|nl|[[trekboers]]}}.<ref name=Stapleton2 /> The Boers formed loose [[militia]]s, which they termed ''commandos'', and forged alliances with Khoisan peoples to repel Xhosa raids.<ref name=Stapleton2 /> Both sides launched bloody but inconclusive offensives, and sporadic violence, often accompanied by livestock theft, remained common for several decades.<ref name=Stapleton2 /></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The eastward expansion of Dutch colonists ushered in a series of wars with the southwesterly migrating Xhosa tribe, known as the [[Xhosa Wars]], as both sides competed for the pastureland near the Great Fish River, which the colonists desired for grazing cattle.<ref name=Stapleton2>{{cite book|last=Stapleton|first=Timothy|title=A Military History of South Africa: From the Dutch-Khoi Wars to the End of Apartheid|date=2010|pages=4–6|publisher=Praeger Security International|location=Santa Barbara|isbn=978-0-313-36589-8}}</ref> ''Vrijburgers'' who became independent farmers on the frontier were known as ''[[Boers]]'', with some adopting semi-nomadic lifestyles being denoted as {{lang|nl|[[trekboers]]}}.<ref name=Stapleton2 /> The Boers formed loose [[militia]]s, which they termed ''commandos'', and forged alliances with Khoisan peoples to repel Xhosa raids.<ref name=Stapleton2 /> Both sides launched bloody but inconclusive offensives, and sporadic violence, often accompanied by livestock theft, remained common for several decades.<ref name=Stapleton2 /></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>===British colonisation and the Great Trek===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>===<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The Mfecane, </ins>British colonisation<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> and the Great Trek===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Main|Invasion of the Cape Colony|Cape Colony|Great Trek|British Bechuanaland|Colony of Natal}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Main|Invasion of the Cape Colony|Cape Colony|Great Trek|British Bechuanaland|Colony of Natal}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 250:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 250:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Charles Bell - Zoeloe-aanval op 'n Boerelaer - 1838.jpg|thumb|Depiction of a [[Weenen massacre|Zulu attack]] on a Boer camp in February 1838]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Charles Bell - Zoeloe-aanval op 'n Boerelaer - 1838.jpg|thumb|Depiction of a [[Weenen massacre|Zulu attack]] on a Boer camp in February 1838]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>In the early 1800s, the [[Mfecane]] (lit. 'crushing') saw a heightened period of conflict, migration, and state formation among native groups, caused by the complex interplay of international trade, environmental instability, and European colonisation.<ref>Eldredge, "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa," 28.</ref> Chiefdoms grew wealthier and competed over trade routes and grazing land, leading to the formation of the [[Ndwandwe]] and [[Mthethwa Clan|Mthethwa]] Paramountcies in the east.<ref>Wright, "Turbulent Times," 250.</ref> Ndwandwe defeated Mthethwa which split into different groups, one of which was led by [[Shaka]] of the [[amaZulu]].<ref name=":1">Wright, "Turbulent Times," 225-226.</ref> The 1810s saw the fourth and fifth [[Xhosa Wars]] as British colonisation expanded.<ref name=":8">Wright, "Turbulent Times," 233.</ref> Ndwandwe splintered amid costly raids and Shaka's [[Zulu Kingdom]] rose to fill the power vacuum.<ref name=":1" /> The [[Gaza kingdom]] formed. The Zulu totally defeated the Ndwandwe, however were repelled by Gaza.<ref>Wright, "Turbulent Times," 227.</ref><ref name=":11">Wright, "Turbulent Times," 249.</ref> In the interior, the [[Cape Colony]] expanded at the expense of the [[Griqua people|Griqua]], and Boer expansion caused great instability in the Middle Orange River region.<ref>Wright, "Turbulent Times," 215.</ref> The [[Matabele kingdom]] came to dominate the eastern interior, and raided the [[Venda people|Venda]] kingdom.<ref>Wright, "Turbulent Times," 235.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>In the first two decades of the 19th century, the Zulu people grew in power and expanded their territory under their leader, [[Shaka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/19_century/3032216.html?page=4&c=y|title=Shaka: Zulu Chieftain|publisher=Historynet.com|access-date=30 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209113856/http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/19_century/3032216.html?page=4&c=y|archive-date= 9 February 2008 }}</ref> Shaka's warfare indirectly led to the {{lang|zu|[[Mfecane]]}} ('crushing'), in which one to two million people were killed and the inland plateau was devastated and depopulated in the early 1820s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/537814/Shaka/537814rellinks/Related-Links|title=Shaka (Zulu chief)|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=11 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111043550/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/537814/Shaka/537814rellinks/Related-Links|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=W. D. Rubinstein|title=Genocide: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMMAk4VwLLwC&pg=PA22|access-date=26 June 2013|year=2004|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=978-0-582-50601-5|page=22|archive-date=8 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808075142/http://books.google.com/books?id=nMMAk4VwLLwC&pg=PA22|url-status=live}}</ref> An offshoot of the Zulu, the [[Northern Ndebele people|Matabele]] people created a larger empire that included large parts of the [[highveld]] under their king [[Mzilikazi]].</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>During the early 19th century, many Dutch settlers departed from the [[Cape Colony]], where they had been subjected to British control, in a series of migrant groups who came to be known as {{lang|nl|[[Voortrekkers]]}}, meaning "pathfinders" or "pioneers". They migrated to the future [[Natal (province)|Natal]], Free State, and [[Transvaal (province)|Transvaal]] regions. The Boers founded the [[Boer republics]]: the [[South African Republic]], the [[Natalia Republic]], and the [[Orange Free State]].<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Orange Free State |volume=20 |last1= Hillier |first1= Alfred Peter |author-link1= Alfred Hillier |last2= Cana |first2= Frank Richardson |author-link2= |pages=151-160 |short=1}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>During the early 19th century, many Dutch settlers departed from the [[Cape Colony]], where they had been subjected to British control, in a series of migrant groups who came to be known as {{lang|nl|[[Voortrekkers]]}}, meaning "pathfinders" or "pioneers". They migrated to the future [[Natal (province)|Natal]], Free State, and [[Transvaal (province)|Transvaal]] regions. The Boers founded the [[Boer republics]]: the [[South African Republic]], the [[Natalia Republic]], and the [[Orange Free State]].<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Orange Free State |volume=20 |last1= Hillier |first1= Alfred Peter |author-link1= Alfred Hillier |last2= Cana |first2= Frank Richardson |author-link2= |pages=151-160 |short=1}}</ref></div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 16:01, 23 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Southern Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mzansi" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mzansi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mzansi (disambiguation)">Mzansi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country. For the geographical area, see <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="South Africa (disambiguation)">South Africa (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of South Africa</div><div class="ib-country-names"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:86%;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">11 other official languages<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox" style="font-size:77%;font-weight:normal;"><tbody><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Republiek van Suid-Afrika</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">iRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">iRiphabhlikhi yoMzantsi Afrika</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sotho language">Pedi</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Repabliki ya Afrika-Borwa</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Southern Sotho</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Rephaboliki ya Afrika Borwa</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Riphabliki ya Afrika Dzonga</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Swazi_language" title="Swazi language">Swati</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">iRiphabhulikhi yaseNingizimu-Afrika</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Riphabuḽiki ya Afurika Tshipembe</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">Southern Ndebele</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">iRiphabliki yeSewula Afrika</td></tr></tbody></table> </li></ul> </div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of South Africa"><img alt="Flag of South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/125px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/188px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/250px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Africa" title="Flag of South Africa">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa_(heraldic).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of South Africa"><img alt="Coat of arms of South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa_%28heraldic%29.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa_%28heraldic%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa_%28heraldic%29.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa_%28heraldic%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa_%28heraldic%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa_%28heraldic%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="1432" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa" title="Coat of arms of South Africa"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: "ǃke e: ǀxarra ǁke" (<a href="/wiki/%C7%80Xam_language" title="ǀXam language">ǀXam</a>) "<a href="/wiki/Unity_in_diversity" title="Unity in diversity">Unity in diversity</a>"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_South_Africa" title="National anthem of South Africa">National anthem of South Africa</a>" <div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="centre"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="123" data-mwtitle="South_African_national_anthem.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/South_African_national_anthem.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1d/South_African_national_anthem.oga/South_African_national_anthem.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASouth_African_national_anthem.oga&lang=af&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="af" label="Afrikaans ‪(af)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASouth_African_national_anthem.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASouth_African_national_anthem.oga&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASouth_African_national_anthem.oga&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASouth_African_national_anthem.oga&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASouth_African_national_anthem.oga&lang=he&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="he" label="עברית ‪(he)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASouth_African_national_anthem.oga&lang=is&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="is" label="íslenska ‪(is)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASouth_African_national_anthem.oga&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASouth_African_national_anthem.oga&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASouth_African_national_anthem.oga&lang=nr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nr" label="isiNdebele seSewula ‪(nr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASouth_African_national_anthem.oga&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASouth_African_national_anthem.oga&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASouth_African_national_anthem.oga&lang=ss&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ss" label="SiSwati ‪(ss)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASouth_African_national_anthem.oga&lang=st&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="st" label="Sesotho ‪(st)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASouth_African_national_anthem.oga&lang=tn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tn" label="Setswana ‪(tn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASouth_African_national_anthem.oga&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASouth_African_national_anthem.oga&lang=ts&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ts" label="Xitsonga ‪(ts)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASouth_African_national_anthem.oga&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASouth_African_national_anthem.oga&lang=ve&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ve" label="Tshivenda ‪(ve)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASouth_African_national_anthem.oga&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASouth_African_national_anthem.oga&lang=xh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="xh" label="isiXhosa ‪(xh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASouth_African_national_anthem.oga&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASouth_African_national_anthem.oga&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASouth_African_national_anthem.oga&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASouth_African_national_anthem.oga&lang=zu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zu" label="isiZulu ‪(zu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:ZAF_orthographic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/ZAF_orthographic.svg/220px-ZAF_orthographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/ZAF_orthographic.svg/330px-ZAF_orthographic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/ZAF_orthographic.svg/440px-ZAF_orthographic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a>Show globe</div><div> <a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg/220px-South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg/330px-South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg/440px-South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2031" data-file-height="1741" /></a>Show map of South Africa</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a> (executive)<a href="#cite_note-South_Africa_at_a_glance-3">[3]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> (legislative)<a href="#cite_note-South_Africa_at_a_glance-3">[3]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a> (judicial)<a href="#cite_note-South_Africa_at_a_glance-3">[3]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">12 languages</a><a href="#cite_note-constitution.1.6-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-parliament.gov.za-5">[5]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">Ndebele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedi language">Sepedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Setswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Sign_Language" title="South African Sign Language">South African Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swazi_language" title="Swazi language">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Tshivenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Xitsonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;font-size:100%;"><div>Languages with special status<a href="#cite_note-constitution.1.6-4">[4]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Khoe_languages" title="Khoe languages">Khoe languages</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Nama</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan languages</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2022<a href="#cite_note-Mitchley-6">[6]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>81.4% <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa" title="Bantu peoples of South Africa">Black</a></li><li>8.2% <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloured</a></li><li>7.3% <a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">White</a></li><li>2.7% <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Asian_(South_Africa)" title="Asian (South Africa)">Asian</a></li><li>0.4% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2022)<a href="#cite_note-2022_census3-7">[7]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">85.3% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_South_Africa" title="Christianity in South Africa">Christianity</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">7.8% <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">traditional faiths</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">3.1% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_South_Africa" title="Irreligion in South Africa">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.6% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Africa" title="Islam in South Africa">Islam</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.1% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_South_Africa" title="Hinduism in South Africa">Hinduism</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.1% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Africa" title="Demographics of South Africa">South African</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Africa" title="Politics of South Africa">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government#Parliamentary_republics_with_an_executive_president" title="List of countries by system of government">parliamentary republic with an executive presidency</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Deputy_President_of_South_Africa" title="Deputy President of South Africa">Deputy President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mashatile" title="Paul Mashatile">Paul Mashatile</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_South_Africa" title="Speaker of the National Assembly of South Africa">Speaker of the National Assembly</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thoko_Didiza" title="Thoko Didiza">Thoko Didiza</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_National_Council_of_Provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairperson of the National Council of Provinces">Chairperson of the National Council of Provinces</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Refilwe_Mtsweni-Tsipane" title="Refilwe Mtsweni-Tsipane">Refilwe Mtsweni-Tsipane</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_South_Africa" title="Chief Justice of South Africa">Chief Justice</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mandisa_Maya" title="Mandisa Maya">Mandisa Maya</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Provinces" title="National Council of Provinces">National Council of Provinces</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_South_Africa" title="National Assembly of South Africa">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Independence <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 May 1910</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 December 1931</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1960_South_African_republic_referendum" title="1960 South African republic referendum">Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 May 1961</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 February 1997</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Africa" title="Geography of South Africa">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,221,037 km2 (471,445 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">24th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.380</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Africa" title="Demographics of South Africa">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/2022_South_African_census" title="2022 South African census">2022</a> census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">62,027,503<a href="#cite_note-Census-2022-8">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">23rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">50.8/km2 (131.6/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">169th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $993.75 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ZA-9">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">32nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $15,720<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ZA-9">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">95th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $403.75 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ZA-9">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">38th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $6,380<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ZA-9">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">98th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2014)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 63.0<a href="#cite_note-wb-gini-10">[10]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>very high inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.717<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-11">[11]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">110th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_African_rand" title="South African rand">South African rand</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ZAR</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="/wiki/South_African_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Standard Time">SAST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">Short formats: <ul><li>yyyy/mm/dd<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li> <li>yyyy-mm-dd<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">left</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_South_Africa" title="Telephone numbers in South Africa">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_South_Africa" title="Telephone numbers in South Africa">+27</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:ZA" title="ISO 3166-2:ZA">ZA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.za" title=".za">.za</a></td></tr></tbody></table> South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">southernmost</a> country in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Africa" title="Provinces of South Africa">nine provinces</a> are bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres (1,739 miles) of <a href="/wiki/Coastline" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastline">coastline</a> that stretches along the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">South Atlantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>;<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-safacts-16">[16]</a> to the north by the neighbouring countries of <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>; to the east and northeast by <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>; and it encloses <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Covering an area of 1,221,037 square kilometres (471,445 square miles), the country has over <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Africa" title="Demographics of South Africa">62 million people</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a> is the administrative capital, while <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, as the seat of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">Parliament</a>, is the legislative capital. <a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a> has traditionally been regarded as the judicial capital.<a href="#cite_note-Marais_Twala_2020_pp._49–62-18">[18]</a> The largest and most populous city is <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, followed by Cape Town and the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Durban" title="Port of Durban">busiest port city</a> in sub-Saharan Africa, <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_Humankind" title="Cradle of Humankind">Archaeological findings</a> suggest that various <a href="/wiki/Hominid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominid">hominid</a> species existed in South Africa about 2.5 million years ago, and <a href="/wiki/Modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern humans">modern humans</a> inhabited the region over 100,000 years ago. The first known people were the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa" title="Bantu peoples of South Africa">Bantu-speaking peoples</a> who <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">expanded</a> from West and Central Africa later <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">settled</a> in the region 2,000 to 1,000 years ago. On the northern border, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</a> formed in the 13th century. In 1652, the Dutch established the first European settlement <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">at Table Bay</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Cape_Colony" title="Invasion of the Cape Colony">1795</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">1806</a>, the British occupied it. The <a href="/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">Mfecane</a>, a period of significant upheaval, led to the formation of various African kingdoms, including the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a>. The region was further colonised, and diamonds and gold were <a href="/wiki/Mineral_Revolution" title="Mineral Revolution">discovered</a>, bringing a shift towards industrialisation and urbanisation. The <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> was <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_Act_1909" title="South Africa Act 1909">created</a> in 1910 out of the former <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> colonies, becoming a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> in <a href="/wiki/1960_South_African_republic_referendum" title="1960 South African republic referendum">1961</a>. Though a system of non-racial franchise had <a href="/wiki/Cape_Qualified_Franchise" title="Cape Qualified Franchise">existed</a> in the Cape, it was gradually eroded, and the vast majority of Black South Africans were not <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">enfranchised</a> until 1994. The <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a> imposed <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> in 1948, institutionalising previous <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a>. After a <a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">largely non-violent struggle</a> by the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> and other anti-apartheid activists both inside and outside the country, the repeal of discriminatory laws began in the mid-1980s. <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal</a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Africa" title="Elections in South Africa">elections</a> <a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">took place in 1994</a>, following which all racial groups have held political representation in the country's <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>, which comprises a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> and nine provinces. South Africa is a multi-ethnic society encompassing a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Africa" title="Culture of South Africa">cultures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">languages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">religions</a>; it is often referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Rainbow_nation" title="Rainbow nation">rainbow nation</a>" to describe the country's multicultural diversity, especially in the wake of apartheid.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Recognised as a <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a> in international affairs, it maintains significant <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional influence</a> and is a member of <a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a>, the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">SADC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Customs_Union" title="Southern African Customs Union">SACU</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lynch2010-21">[21]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialized_country" title="Newly industrialized country">newly industrialised country</a>, South Africa has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of African countries by GDP (nominal)">largest</a> economy in Africa by nominal GDP.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Waugh2000-23">[23]</a> It is tied with <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> for the most <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africa" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Africa">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a> in Africa,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> and is a <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">biodiversity hotspot</a> with unique <a href="/wiki/Biomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomes">biomes</a>, plant, and animal life. Since the end of apartheid, government accountability and quality of life have substantially improved.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_South_Africa" title="Crime in South Africa">crime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in South Africa">poverty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Inequality_in_post-apartheid_South_Africa" title="Inequality in post-apartheid South Africa">inequality</a> remain widespread.<a href="#cite_note-worldbank-poverty-26">[26]</a> Having the highest <a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a> of 0.63, South Africa is considered one of the most unequal countries in the world, if not the most unequal.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_official_names_of_South_Africa" title="List of official names of South Africa">List of official names of South Africa</a></div> The name "South Africa" is derived from the country's geographic location at the southern tip of Africa. Upon formation, the country was named the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> in English and Unie van Zuid-Afrika in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, reflecting its origin from the unification of four British colonies. Since 1961, the long formal name in English has been the "Republic of South Africa" and Republiek van Suid-Afrika in <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>. The country has an official name in <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">12 official languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Mzansi, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a> noun uMzantsi meaning "south", is a <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloquial name</a> for South Africa,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> while some <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanist</a> political parties prefer the term "<a href="/wiki/Azania" title="Azania">Azania</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Azania-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa" title="History of South Africa">History of South Africa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_archaeology">Prehistoric archaeology</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maropeng_visitor_centre,_Cradle_of_Humankind,_South_Africa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Maropeng_visitor_centre%2C_Cradle_of_Humankind%2C_South_Africa.jpg/220px-Maropeng_visitor_centre%2C_Cradle_of_Humankind%2C_South_Africa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Maropeng_visitor_centre%2C_Cradle_of_Humankind%2C_South_Africa.jpg/330px-Maropeng_visitor_centre%2C_Cradle_of_Humankind%2C_South_Africa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Maropeng_visitor_centre%2C_Cradle_of_Humankind%2C_South_Africa.jpg/440px-Maropeng_visitor_centre%2C_Cradle_of_Humankind%2C_South_Africa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3523" data-file-height="2042" /></a><figcaption>Front of Maropeng at the <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_Humankind" title="Cradle of Humankind">Cradle of Humankind</a></figcaption></figure> South Africa contains some of the oldest archaeological and <a href="/wiki/List_of_human_evolution_fossils" title="List of human evolution fossils">human-fossil</a> sites in the world.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Archaeologists have recovered extensive fossil remains from a series of caves in <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a> Province. The area, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, has been branded "the <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_Humankind" title="Cradle of Humankind">Cradle of Humankind</a>". The sites include <a href="/wiki/Sterkfontein" title="Sterkfontein">Sterkfontein</a>, one of the richest sites for <a href="/wiki/Hominin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominin">hominin</a> fossils in the world, as well as <a href="/wiki/Swartkrans" title="Swartkrans">Swartkrans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gondolin_Cave" title="Gondolin Cave">Gondolin Cave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kromdraai_fossil_site" title="Kromdraai fossil site">Kromdraai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooper%27s_Cave" title="Cooper's Cave">Cooper's Cave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malapa_Fossil_Site,_Cradle_of_Humankind" title="Malapa Fossil Site, Cradle of Humankind">Malapa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Dart" title="Raymond Dart">Raymond Dart</a> identified the first hominin fossil discovered in Africa, the <a href="/wiki/Taung_Child" title="Taung Child">Taung Child</a> (found near <a href="/wiki/Taung" title="Taung">Taung</a>) in 1924. Other hominin remains have come from the sites of <a href="/wiki/Makapansgat" title="Makapansgat">Makapansgat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Limpopo" title="Limpopo">Limpopo</a> Province; <a href="/wiki/Cornelia,_Free_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelia, Free State">Cornelia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florisbad" title="Florisbad">Florisbad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Free_State_(province)" title="Free State (province)">Free State Province</a>; <a href="/wiki/Border_Cave" title="Border Cave">Border Cave</a> in <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> Province; <a href="/wiki/Klasies_River_Caves" title="Klasies River Caves">Klasies River Caves</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a> Province; and <a href="/wiki/Pinnacle_Point" title="Pinnacle Point">Pinnacle Point</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saldanha_man" title="Saldanha man">Elandsfontein</a> and Die Kelders Cave in <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a> Province.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> These finds suggest that various hominid species existed in South Africa from about three million years ago, starting with <a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">Australopithecus africanus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">Australopithecus sediba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">Homo ergaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homo_rhodesiensis" title="Homo rhodesiensis">Homo rhodesiensis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homo_helmei" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo helmei">Homo helmei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homo_naledi" title="Homo naledi">Homo naledi</a> and modern <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a> (Homo sapiens). Modern humans have inhabited Southern Africa for at least 170,000 years. Various researchers have located <a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">pebble tools</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Vaal_River" title="Vaal River">Vaal River</a> valley.<a href="#cite_note-Langer-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bantu_expansion">Bantu expansion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a></div> Settlements of <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa" title="Bantu peoples of South Africa">Bantu-speaking peoples</a>, who were iron-using agriculturists and <a href="/wiki/Herder" title="Herder">herdsmen</a>, were present south of the <a href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">Limpopo River</a> (now the northern border with <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>) by the 4th or 5th century CE. The Bantu slowly moved south. The earliest <a href="/wiki/Ironworks" title="Ironworks">ironworks</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal Province</a> are believed to date from around 1050. The southernmost group was the <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa people</a>, whose language incorporates certain linguistic traits from the earlier Khoisan people. The Xhosa reached the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fish_River" title="Great Fish River">Great Fish River</a>, in today's Eastern Cape Province. As they migrated, these larger <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> populations displaced or assimilated earlier peoples. In <a href="/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga">Mpumalanga</a> Province, several stone circles have been found along with a stone arrangement that has been named <a href="/wiki/Blaauboschkraal_stone_ruins" title="Blaauboschkraal stone ruins">Adam's Calendar</a>, and the ruins are thought to be created by the <a href="/wiki/Bokoni" title="Bokoni">Bakone</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sotho language">Northern Sotho</a> people.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mapungubwe">Mapungubwe</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MapungubweHill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/MapungubweHill.jpg/220px-MapungubweHill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/MapungubweHill.jpg/330px-MapungubweHill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/MapungubweHill.jpg/440px-MapungubweHill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mapungubwe_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapungubwe Hill">Mapungubwe Hill</a>, the site of the former capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</a></figcaption></figure>Around 1220, in the <a href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">Limpopo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Shashe_River" title="Shashe River">Shashe</a> Basin, the leader of <a href="/wiki/Bambandyanalo" title="Bambandyanalo">K2</a> moved to settle the flat-topped summit of Mapungubwe Hill, with the population settling below. <a href="/wiki/Rainmaking_(ritual)" title="Rainmaking (ritual)">Rainmaking</a> was crucial to the development of <a href="/wiki/Sacral_kingship" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacral kingship">sacral kingship</a>. By 1250, the capital had a population of 5000 and the state covered 30,000 km² (11,500 square miles), growing wealthy through the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade" title="Indian Ocean trade">Indian Ocean trade</a>. It is unknown how Mapungubwe collapsed around 1300, however trade routes shifted north from the Limpopo to the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</a>, precipitating the rise of <a href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe">Great Zimbabwe</a>. The hill was abandoned and Mapungubwe's population scattered.<a href="#cite_note-:5-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_exploration">Portuguese exploration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese discoveries">Portuguese discoveries</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F._Benda-The_planting_of_cross_by_Bartholomew_Dias_in_1488-0681_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/F._Benda-The_planting_of_cross_by_Bartholomew_Dias_in_1488-0681_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-F._Benda-The_planting_of_cross_by_Bartholomew_Dias_in_1488-0681_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/F._Benda-The_planting_of_cross_by_Bartholomew_Dias_in_1488-0681_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-F._Benda-The_planting_of_cross_by_Bartholomew_Dias_in_1488-0681_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/F._Benda-The_planting_of_cross_by_Bartholomew_Dias_in_1488-0681_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-F._Benda-The_planting_of_cross_by_Bartholomew_Dias_in_1488-0681_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2705" data-file-height="1793" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese explorer <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias" title="Bartolomeu Dias">Bartolomeu Dias</a> planting the cross at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Point" title="Cape Point">Cape Point</a> after being the first to successfully round the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a></figcaption></figure> In 1487, the Portuguese explorer <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias" title="Bartolomeu Dias">Bartolomeu Dias</a> led the first European voyage to land in southern Africa.<a href="#cite_note-domville-25-44">[44]</a> On 4 December, he landed at Walfisch Bay (now known as <a href="/wiki/Walvis_Bay" title="Walvis Bay">Walvis Bay</a> in present-day Namibia). This was south of the furthest point reached in 1485 by his predecessor, the Portuguese navigator <a href="/wiki/Diogo_C%C3%A3o" title="Diogo Cão">Diogo Cão</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cape_Cross" title="Cape Cross">Cape Cross</a>, north of the bay). Dias continued down the western coast of southern Africa. After 8 January 1488, prevented by storms from proceeding along the coast, he sailed out of sight of land and passed the southernmost point of Africa without seeing it. He reached as far up the eastern coast of Africa as, what he called, Rio do Infante, probably the present-day <a href="/wiki/Groot_River_(Eastern_Cape)" title="Groot River (Eastern Cape)">Groot River</a>, in May 1488. On his return he saw the cape, which he named Cabo das Tormentas ('Cape of Storms'). King <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">John II</a> renamed the point Cabo da Boa Esperança, or <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>, as it led to the riches of the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Dias' feat of navigation was immortalised in <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es" title="Luís de Camões">Luís de Camões</a>' 1572 epic poem <a href="/wiki/Os_Lus%C3%ADadas" title="Os Lusíadas">Os Lusíadas</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_colonisation">Dutch colonisation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boer_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Republics">Boer Republics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Bell_-_Jan_van_Riebeeck_se_aankoms_aan_die_Kaap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Charles_Bell_-_Jan_van_Riebeeck_se_aankoms_aan_die_Kaap.jpg/220px-Charles_Bell_-_Jan_van_Riebeeck_se_aankoms_aan_die_Kaap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Charles_Bell_-_Jan_van_Riebeeck_se_aankoms_aan_die_Kaap.jpg/330px-Charles_Bell_-_Jan_van_Riebeeck_se_aankoms_aan_die_Kaap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Charles_Bell_-_Jan_van_Riebeeck_se_aankoms_aan_die_Kaap.jpg/440px-Charles_Bell_-_Jan_van_Riebeeck_se_aankoms_aan_die_Kaap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1059" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Davidson_Bell" title="Charles Davidson Bell">Charles Davidson Bell</a>'s 19th-century painting of <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Riebeeck" title="Jan van Riebeeck">Jan van Riebeeck</a>, who founded the first European settlement in South Africa, arrives in <a href="/wiki/Table_Bay" title="Table Bay">Table Bay</a> in 1652</figcaption></figure> By the early 17th century, Portugal's maritime power was starting to decline, and English and Dutch merchants competed to oust Portugal from its lucrative monopoly on the <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pakeman-46">[46]</a> Representatives of the British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> sporadically called at the cape in search of provisions as early as 1601 but later came to favour <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> as alternative ports of refuge.<a href="#cite_note-Kaap-47">[47]</a> Dutch interest was aroused after 1647, when two employees of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> were shipwrecked at the cape for several months. The sailors were able to survive by obtaining fresh water and meat from the natives.<a href="#cite_note-Kaap-47">[47]</a> They also sowed vegetables in the fertile soil.<a href="#cite_note-zastudy-48">[48]</a> Upon their return to Holland, they reported favourably on the cape's potential as a "warehouse and garden" for provisions to stock passing ships for long voyages.<a href="#cite_note-Kaap-47">[47]</a> In 1652, a century and a half after the discovery of the cape sea route, <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Riebeeck" title="Jan van Riebeeck">Jan van Riebeeck</a> established a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/victual#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:victual">victualling</a> station at the Cape of Good Hope, at what would become <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, on behalf of the Dutch East India Company.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hunt1-50">[50]</a> In time, the cape became home to a large population of vrijlieden, also known as vrijburgers (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'free citizens'), <a href="/wiki/Free_Burghers_in_the_Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Free Burghers in the Dutch Cape Colony">former company employees</a> who stayed in Dutch territories overseas after serving their contracts.<a href="#cite_note-Hunt1-50">[50]</a> Dutch traders also brought thousands of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">enslaved people</a> to the fledgling colony from <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, and parts of eastern Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Worden-51">[51]</a> Some of the earliest mixed race communities in the country were formed between vrijburgers, enslaved people, and indigenous peoples.<a href="#cite_note-zimstudy-52">[52]</a> This led to the development of a new ethnic group, the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a>, most of whom adopted the Dutch language and Christian faith.<a href="#cite_note-zimstudy-52">[52]</a> The Khoisan people, comprising the Khoikhoi and San, were the indigenous inhabitants of South Africa. Conflicts with Dutch settlers began in the 17th century and continued for centuries. Initial encounters between Dutch coloniers and Khoikhoi were peaceful, but tensions arose over land and resources. The Khoikhoi resisted Dutch expansion, leading to skirmishes and battles.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The eastward expansion of Dutch colonists ushered in a series of wars with the southwesterly migrating Xhosa tribe, known as the <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a>, as both sides competed for the pastureland near the Great Fish River, which the colonists desired for grazing cattle.<a href="#cite_note-Stapleton2-54">[54]</a> Vrijburgers who became independent farmers on the frontier were known as <a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boers</a>, with some adopting semi-nomadic lifestyles being denoted as <a href="/wiki/Trekboers" title="Trekboers">trekboers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stapleton2-54">[54]</a> The Boers formed loose <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militias</a>, which they termed commandos, and forged alliances with Khoisan peoples to repel Xhosa raids.<a href="#cite_note-Stapleton2-54">[54]</a> Both sides launched bloody but inconclusive offensives, and sporadic violence, often accompanied by livestock theft, remained common for several decades.<a href="#cite_note-Stapleton2-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Mfecane,_British_colonisation,_and_the_Great_Trek">The Mfecane, British colonisation, and the Great Trek</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Cape_Colony" title="Invasion of the Cape Colony">Invasion of the Cape Colony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Trek" title="Great Trek">Great Trek</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Bechuanaland" title="British Bechuanaland">British Bechuanaland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Colony of Natal</a></div> Great Britain occupied Cape Town between 1795 and 1803 to prevent it from falling under the control of the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a>, which had invaded the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stapleton2-54">[54]</a> After briefly returning to Dutch rule under the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a> in 1803, the cape was occupied again by the British in 1806.<a href="#cite_note-Keegan-55">[55]</a> Following the end of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, it was formally ceded to Great Britain and became an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lloyd1-56">[56]</a> British emigration to South Africa began around 1818, subsequently culminating in the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/1820_Settlers" title="1820 Settlers">1820 Settlers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lloyd1-56">[56]</a> The new colonists were induced to settle for a variety of reasons, namely to increase the size of the European workforce and to bolster frontier regions against Xhosa incursions.<a href="#cite_note-Lloyd1-56">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Bell_-_Zoeloe-aanval_op_%27n_Boerelaer_-_1838.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Charles_Bell_-_Zoeloe-aanval_op_%27n_Boerelaer_-_1838.jpg/220px-Charles_Bell_-_Zoeloe-aanval_op_%27n_Boerelaer_-_1838.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Charles_Bell_-_Zoeloe-aanval_op_%27n_Boerelaer_-_1838.jpg/330px-Charles_Bell_-_Zoeloe-aanval_op_%27n_Boerelaer_-_1838.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Charles_Bell_-_Zoeloe-aanval_op_%27n_Boerelaer_-_1838.jpg/440px-Charles_Bell_-_Zoeloe-aanval_op_%27n_Boerelaer_-_1838.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of a <a href="/wiki/Weenen_massacre" title="Weenen massacre">Zulu attack</a> on a Boer camp in February 1838</figcaption></figure> In the early 1800s, the <a href="/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">Mfecane</a> (lit. 'crushing') saw a heightened period of conflict, migration, and state formation among native groups, caused by the complex interplay of international trade, environmental instability, and European colonisation.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Chiefdoms grew wealthier and competed over trade routes and grazing land, leading to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Ndwandwe" title="Ndwandwe">Ndwandwe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mthethwa_Clan" title="Mthethwa Clan">Mthethwa</a> Paramountcies in the east.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Ndwandwe defeated Mthethwa which split into different groups, one of which was led by <a href="/wiki/Shaka" title="Shaka">Shaka</a> of the <a href="/wiki/AmaZulu" class="mw-redirect" title="AmaZulu">amaZulu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-59">[59]</a> The 1810s saw the fourth and fifth <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a> as British colonisation expanded.<a href="#cite_note-:8-60">[60]</a> Ndwandwe splintered amid costly raids and Shaka's <a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a> rose to fill the power vacuum.<a href="#cite_note-:1-59">[59]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gaza_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza kingdom">Gaza kingdom</a> formed. The Zulu totally defeated the Ndwandwe, however were repelled by Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-62">[62]</a> In the interior, the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> expanded at the expense of the <a href="/wiki/Griqua_people" title="Griqua people">Griqua</a>, and Boer expansion caused great instability in the Middle Orange River region.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Matabele_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Matabele kingdom">Matabele kingdom</a> came to dominate the eastern interior, and raided the <a href="/wiki/Venda_people" title="Venda people">Venda</a> kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> During the early 19th century, many Dutch settlers departed from the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>, where they had been subjected to British control, in a series of migrant groups who came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Voortrekkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Voortrekkers">Voortrekkers</a>, meaning "pathfinders" or "pioneers". They migrated to the future <a href="/wiki/Natal_(province)" title="Natal (province)">Natal</a>, Free State, and <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_(province)" title="Transvaal (province)">Transvaal</a> regions. The Boers founded the <a href="/wiki/Boer_republics" title="Boer republics">Boer republics</a>: the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Republic" title="Natalia Republic">Natalia Republic</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The discovery of diamonds in 1867 and gold in 1884 in the interior started the <a href="/wiki/Mineral_Revolution" title="Mineral Revolution">Mineral Revolution</a> and increased economic growth and immigration. This intensified British subjugation of the indigenous people. The struggle to control these important economic resources was a factor in relations between Europeans and the indigenous population and also between the Boers and the British.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cape_Colony_map_1876_-_Eve_of_Confederation_Wars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cape_Colony_map_1876_-_Eve_of_Confederation_Wars.jpg/220px-Cape_Colony_map_1876_-_Eve_of_Confederation_Wars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cape_Colony_map_1876_-_Eve_of_Confederation_Wars.jpg/330px-Cape_Colony_map_1876_-_Eve_of_Confederation_Wars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cape_Colony_map_1876_-_Eve_of_Confederation_Wars.jpg/440px-Cape_Colony_map_1876_-_Eve_of_Confederation_Wars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption>1876 map of South Africa</figcaption></figure> On 16 May 1876, President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fran%C3%A7ois_Burgers" title="Thomas François Burgers">Thomas François Burgers</a> of the South African Republic declared war against the <a href="/wiki/Pedi_people" title="Pedi people">Pedi people</a>. King <a href="/wiki/Sekhukhune" title="Sekhukhune">Sekhukhune</a> managed to defeat the army on 1 August 1876. Another attack by the Lydenburg Volunteer Corps was also repulsed. On 16 February 1877, the two parties signed a peace treaty at <a href="/wiki/Botshabelo,_Mpumalanga" title="Botshabelo, Mpumalanga">Botshabelo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The Boers' inability to subdue the Pedi led to the departure of Burgers in favour of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kruger" title="Paul Kruger">Paul Kruger</a> and the British annexation of the South African Republic. In 1878 and 1879 three British attacks were successfully repelled until <a href="/wiki/Garnet_Wolseley,_1st_Viscount_Wolseley" title="Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley">Garnet Wolseley</a> defeated Sekhukhune in November 1879 with an army of 2,000 British soldiers, Boers and 10,000 Swazis. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Anglo-Zulu War">Anglo-Zulu War</a> was fought in 1879 between the British and the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a>. Following <a href="/wiki/Henry_Herbert,_4th_Earl_of_Carnarvon" title="Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon">Lord Carnarvon</a>'s successful introduction of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">federation in Canada</a>, it was thought that similar political effort, coupled with military campaigns, might succeed with the African kingdoms, tribal areas and Boer republics in South Africa. In 1874, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bartle_Frere" title="Henry Bartle Frere">Henry Bartle Frere</a> was sent to South Africa as the British <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_for_Southern_Africa" title="High Commissioner for Southern Africa">High Commissioner</a> to bring such plans into being. Among the obstacles were the presence of the independent states of the Boers, and the Zululand army. The Zulu nation defeated the British at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Isandlwana" title="Battle of Isandlwana">Battle of Isandlwana</a>. Eventually Zululand lost the war, resulting in the termination of the Zulu nation's independence.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boer_Wars">Boer Wars</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Boer_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Wars">Boer Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Majuba_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Battle_of_Majuba_Hill.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Majuba_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Battle_of_Majuba_Hill.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Majuba_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Battle_of_Majuba_Hill.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Majuba_Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Majuba_Hill" title="Battle of Majuba Hill">Battle of Majuba Hill</a> was the last decisive battle during the <a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a>, and saw the British defeated by the Boers after 2 hours of fighting.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boercamp1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Boercamp1.jpg/220px-Boercamp1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Boercamp1.jpg/330px-Boercamp1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Boercamp1.jpg/440px-Boercamp1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>Boer women and children in a <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War_concentration_camps" title="Second Boer War concentration camps">British concentration camp</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></figcaption></figure> The Boer republics successfully resisted British encroachments during the <a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a> (1880–1881) using <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> tactics, which were well-suited to local conditions. The British returned with greater numbers, more experience, and new strategy in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (1899–1902) and, although suffering heavy casualties due to Boer <a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">attrition warfare</a>, they were ultimately successful due in part to <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> tactics such as <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War_concentration_camps" title="Second Boer War concentration camps">concentration camps</a>, in which 27,000 Boer civilians died due to a combination of disease and neglect.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> South Africa's urban population grew rapidly from the end of the 19th century onward. After the devastation of the wars, Dutch-descendant Boer farmers fled into cities from the devastated <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> and Orange Free State territories to become the class of the white urban poor.<a href="#cite_note-Ogura_1996-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of South Africa during World War I">Military history of South Africa during World War I</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">Military history of South Africa during World War II</a></div> Anti-British policies among white South Africans focused on independence. During the Dutch and British colonial years, <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> was mostly informal, though some legislation was enacted to control the settlement and movement of indigenous people, including the <a href="/wiki/Native_Location_Act_of_1879" title="Native Location Act of 1879">Native Location Act of 1879</a> and the system of <a href="/wiki/Pass_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Pass laws">pass laws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Eight years after the end of the Second Boer War and after four years of negotiation, the <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_Act_1909" title="South Africa Act 1909">South Africa Act 1909</a> granted nominal independence while creating the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> on 31 May 1910. The union was a <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a> that included the former territories of the Cape, Transvaal and Natal colonies, as well as the Orange Free State republic.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Natives_Land_Act,_1913" title="Natives Land Act, 1913">Natives' Land Act</a> of 1913 severely restricted the ownership of land by blacks; at that stage they controlled only 7% of the country. The amount of land reserved for indigenous peoples was later marginally increased.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In 1931, the union became fully sovereign from the United Kingdom with the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a>, which abolished the last powers of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> to legislate in the country. Only three other African countries—Liberia, Ethiopia, and Egypt—had been independent prior to that point. In 1934, the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Party" title="South African Party">South African Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a> merged to form the <a href="/wiki/United_Party_(South_Africa)" title="United Party (South Africa)">United Party</a>, seeking reconciliation between Afrikaners and English-speaking whites. In 1939, the party split over the entry of the union into World War II, as an ally of the United Kingdom, a move which National Party followers opposed.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apartheid_era">Apartheid era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa" title="Disinvestment from South Africa">Disinvestment from South Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg/220px-ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg/330px-ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg/440px-ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>"For use by white persons" – apartheid sign in English and Afrikaans</figcaption></figure> In 1948, the National Party was elected to power. It strengthened the racial segregation begun under Dutch and British colonial rule. Taking Canada's <a href="/wiki/Indian_Act" title="Indian Act">Indian Act</a> as a framework,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> government classified all peoples into three races (Whites, Blacks, Indians and Coloured people (people of mixed race)) and developed rights and limitations for each. The white minority (less than 20%)<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> controlled the vastly larger black majority. The legally institutionalised segregation became known as <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>. While whites enjoyed the highest <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> in all of Africa, comparable to <a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a> Western nations, the black majority remained disadvantaged by almost every standard, including income, education, housing, and life expectancy.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Charter" title="Freedom Charter">Freedom Charter</a>, adopted in 1955 by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_Alliance" title="Congress Alliance">Congress Alliance</a>, demanded a non-racial society and an end to discrimination. On 31 May 1961, the country became a republic following <a href="/wiki/1960_South_African_republic_referendum" title="1960 South African republic referendum">a referendum</a> (only open to white voters) which narrowly passed;<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> the British-dominated Natal province largely voted against the proposal. <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> lost the title <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">Queen of South Africa</a>, and the last <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_South_Africa" title="Governor-General of South Africa">Governor-General</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._R._Swart" title="C. R. Swart">Charles Robberts Swart</a>, became <a href="/wiki/State_President_of_South_Africa" title="State President of South Africa">state president</a>. As a concession to the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>, the appointment of the president remained by parliament and was virtually powerless until <a href="/wiki/P._W._Botha" title="P. W. Botha">P. W. Botha</a>'s <a href="/wiki/South_African_Constitution_of_1983" title="South African Constitution of 1983">Constitution Act of 1983</a>, which eliminated the office of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Africa" title="Prime Minister of South Africa">prime minister</a> and instated a unique "strong presidency" <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">responsible to parliament</a>. Pressured by other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> countries, South Africa withdrew from the organisation in 1961 and rejoined it in 1994. Despite <a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">opposition to apartheid</a> both within and outside the country, the government legislated for a continuation of apartheid. The security forces cracked down on internal dissent, and violence became widespread, with anti-apartheid organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC), the <a href="/wiki/Azanian_People%27s_Organisation" title="Azanian People's Organisation">Azanian People's Organisation</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">Pan-Africanist Congress</a> carrying out guerrilla warfare<a href="#cite_note-Biko1-83">[83]</a> and urban sabotage.<a href="#cite_note-Switzer-84">[84]</a> The three rival resistance movements also engaged in occasional inter-factional clashes as they jockeyed for domestic influence.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-85">[85]</a> Apartheid became increasingly controversial, and several countries began to boycott business with the South African government because of its racial policies. The boycotts and restrictions were later extended to international sanctions and the <a href="/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa" title="Disinvestment from South Africa">divestment of holdings</a> by foreign investors.<a href="#cite_note-Bridgland-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Landgren-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-apartheid">Post-apartheid</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1994%E2%80%93present)" title="History of South Africa (1994–present)">History of South Africa (1994–present)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederik_de_Klerk_with_Nelson_Mandela_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_1992.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Frederik_de_Klerk_with_Nelson_Mandela_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_1992.jpg/220px-Frederik_de_Klerk_with_Nelson_Mandela_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_1992.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Frederik_de_Klerk_with_Nelson_Mandela_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_1992.jpg/330px-Frederik_de_Klerk_with_Nelson_Mandela_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_1992.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Frederik_de_Klerk_with_Nelson_Mandela_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_1992.jpg/440px-Frederik_de_Klerk_with_Nelson_Mandela_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_1992.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F.W. de Klerk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> shake hands in January 1992.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Mahlabatini_Declaration_of_Faith" title="Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith">Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith</a>, signed by <a href="/wiki/Mangosuthu_Buthelezi" title="Mangosuthu Buthelezi">Mangosuthu Buthelezi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Schwarz" title="Harry Schwarz">Harry Schwarz</a> in 1974, enshrined the principles of <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power" title="Peaceful transition of power">peaceful transition of power</a> and equality for all, the first of such agreements by black and white political leaders in South Africa. Ultimately, <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F.W. de Klerk</a> opened bilateral discussions with <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> in 1993 for a transition of policies and government. In 1990, the National Party government took the first step towards dismantling discrimination when it lifted the ban on the ANC and other political organisations. It released Nelson Mandela from prison after 27 years of serving a sentence for sabotage. A <a href="/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa">negotiation process</a> followed. With approval from the white electorate in a <a href="/wiki/1992_South_African_apartheid_referendum" title="1992 South African apartheid referendum">1992 referendum</a>, the government continued negotiations to end apartheid. South Africa held its first universal <a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">elections in 1994</a>, which the ANC won by an overwhelming majority. It has been in power ever since. The country rejoined the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> and became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In post-apartheid South Africa, unemployment remained high. While many black people have risen to middle or upper classes, the overall unemployment rate of black people worsened between 1994 and 2003 by official metrics but declined significantly using expanded definitions.<a href="#cite_note-sach3-89">[89]</a> Poverty among white South Africans, which was previously rare, increased.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The government struggled to achieve the monetary and fiscal discipline to ensure both redistribution of wealth and economic growth. The United Nations <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> rose steadily until the mid-1990s<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> then fell from 1995 to 2005 before recovering its 1995 peak in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The fall is in large part attributable to the <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in South Africa">South African HIV/AIDS pandemic</a> which saw South African life expectancy fall from a high point of 62 years in 1992 to a low of 53 in 2005,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> and the failure of the government to take steps to address the pandemic in its early years.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watching_South_Africa_%26_France_match_at_World_Cup_2010-06-22_in_Soweto_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Watching_South_Africa_%26_France_match_at_World_Cup_2010-06-22_in_Soweto_13.jpg/220px-Watching_South_Africa_%26_France_match_at_World_Cup_2010-06-22_in_Soweto_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Watching_South_Africa_%26_France_match_at_World_Cup_2010-06-22_in_Soweto_13.jpg/330px-Watching_South_Africa_%26_France_match_at_World_Cup_2010-06-22_in_Soweto_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Watching_South_Africa_%26_France_match_at_World_Cup_2010-06-22_in_Soweto_13.jpg/440px-Watching_South_Africa_%26_France_match_at_World_Cup_2010-06-22_in_Soweto_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2555" /></a><figcaption>Supporters watching the <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010 FIFA World Cup</a> with <a href="/wiki/Vuvuzela" title="Vuvuzela">vuvuzelas</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Township_(South_Africa)" title="Township (South Africa)">township</a> of <a href="/wiki/Soweto" title="Soweto">Soweto</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Suburbs_of_Johannesburg" title="Suburbs of Johannesburg">suburb of Johannesburg</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:People%27s_March_Anti_Xenophobia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/People%27s_March_Anti_Xenophobia.jpg/220px-People%27s_March_Anti_Xenophobia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/People%27s_March_Anti_Xenophobia.jpg/330px-People%27s_March_Anti_Xenophobia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/People%27s_March_Anti_Xenophobia.jpg/440px-People%27s_March_Anti_Xenophobia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>March in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> against <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">xenophobia in South Africa</a>, 23 April 2015</figcaption></figure> In May 2008, riots left over 60 people dead.<a href="#cite_note-Broke-on-Broke_Violence-95">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Centre_on_Housing_Rights_and_Evictions" title="Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions">Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions</a> estimated that over 100,000 people were driven from their homes.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The targets were mainly <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_South_Africa" title="Immigration to South Africa">legal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_South_Africa" title="Illegal immigration to South Africa">illegal migrants</a>, and refugees seeking asylum, but a third of the victims were South African citizens.<a href="#cite_note-Broke-on-Broke_Violence-95">[95]</a> In a 2006 survey, the South African Migration Project concluded that South Africans are more opposed to immigration than any other national group.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UN High Commissioner for Refugees</a> in 2008 reported that over 200,000 refugees applied for asylum in South Africa, almost four times as many as the year before.<a href="#cite_note-unhcr.org-98">[98]</a> These people were mainly from <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, though many also come from <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-unhcr.org-98">[98]</a> Competition over jobs, business opportunities, public services and housing has led to tension between refugees and host communities.<a href="#cite_note-unhcr.org-98">[98]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">xenophobia in South Africa</a> is still a problem, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in 2011 reported that recent violence had not been as widespread as initially feared.<a href="#cite_note-unhcr.org-98">[98]</a> Nevertheless, as South Africa continues to grapple with racial issues, one of the proposed solutions has been to pass legislation, such as the pending <a href="/wiki/Prevention_and_Combating_of_Hate_Crimes_and_Hate_Speech_Bill" title="Prevention and Combating of Hate Crimes and Hate Speech Bill">Hate Crimes and Hate Speech Bill</a>, to uphold South Africa's ban on racism and commitment to equality.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> On 14 February 2018, Jacob Zuma resigned the presidency. Since 15 February, ANC president <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> has been President of South Africa. On 16 March 2018, just over a month after <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a> resigned from the presidency, National Director of Public Prosecutions <a href="/wiki/Shaun_Abrahams" title="Shaun Abrahams">Shaun Abrahams</a> announced that Zuma would again <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma_corruption_charges" title="Jacob Zuma corruption charges">face prosecution</a> on 16 criminal charges – 12 charges of fraud, two of corruption, and one each of racketeering and money laundering, just as in the 2006 indictment. A warrant was issued for his arrest in February 2020 after he failed to appear in court. In 2021 <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma_contempt_of_court" title="Jacob Zuma contempt of court">he was found guilty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_court" title="Contempt of court">contempt of court</a> and sentenced to 15 months' imprisonment. In response, supporters of Zuma <a href="/wiki/2021_South_African_unrest" title="2021 South African unrest">engaged in protests</a> which led to riots, looting, vandalism and widespread violence, leaving 354 people dead.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> South Africa has been undergoing a period of intense political and economic crisis since 2020 with growing numbers of international institutions, businesses and political figures warning that the country risks collapsing into a <a href="/wiki/Failed_state" title="Failed state">failed state</a> due to high unemployment, low economic growth, low business investment, rising levels of violent crime, disorder, political corruption, and <a href="/wiki/State_capture" title="State capture">state capture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The country has been undergoing an <a href="/wiki/South_African_energy_crisis" title="South African energy crisis">energy crisis</a> since 2007, resulting in routine rolling electricity blackouts due to <a href="/wiki/Rolling_blackout" title="Rolling blackout">loadshedding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, South Africa is suffering from "massive corruption" and state capture.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Zondo_Commission" title="Zondo Commission">Zondo Commission</a>, established in 2018 in order to investigate allegations of corruption and state capture released its findings in 2022. It found rampant corruption at every level of government, including <a href="/wiki/Transnet" title="Transnet">Transnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eskom" title="Eskom">Eskom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Denel" title="Denel">Denel</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_South_Africa" title="Law enforcement in South Africa">law enforcement</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Agency_(South_Africa)" title="State Security Agency (South Africa)">intelligence agencies</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil service</a>. It documented evidence of <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">systemic corruption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racketeering" title="Racketeering">racketeering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">bribery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>, and state capture. It investigated the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> party and Jacob Zuma, whom it concluded were complicit in state capture through their direct assistance to the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_family" title="Gupta family">Gupta family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-PARI-Zondo-2022-110">[110]</a> "The Commission estimated the total amount of money spent by the state which was 'tainted' by state capture to be around R57 billion. More than 97% of the R57 billion came from Transnet and Eskom. Out of these funds, the Gupta enterprise received at least R15 billion. The total loss to the state is difficult to quantify, but would far exceed that R15 billion."<a href="#cite_note-PARI-Zondo-2022-110">[110]</a> South Africa has maintained a position of neutrality in regards to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russia invasion of Ukraine</a> in 2022 and the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">ongoing war</a>. On 29 December 2023, South Africa formally submitted <a href="/wiki/South_Africa%27s_genocide_case_against_Israel" title="South Africa's genocide case against Israel">its case</a> to the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> regarding <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>'s conduct in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>, alleging that Israel had committed and was committing <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_genocide_accusation" title="Palestinian genocide accusation">genocide against Palestinians</a> in the Gaza Strip. South Africa has repeatedly hosted senior leaders of <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>, the group responsible for the <a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">October 7th massacre</a> in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/2024_South_African_general_election" title="2024 South African general election">2024 general elections</a>, the African National Congress saw its share of the national vote fall below 50% for the first time since the end of Apartheid, though it remained the single largest party in the South African Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> President Ramaphosa announced a <a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">national unity government</a>, the first since the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Nelson_Mandela" title="Cabinet of Nelson Mandela">Cabinet of Nelson Mandela</a>, and entered a deal with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Democratic Alliance</a>, the previous main opposition party, and other minor parties.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Ramaphosa was reelected for a second term in office by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_South_Africa" title="National Assembly of South Africa">National Assembly</a> against the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fighters" title="Economic Freedom Fighters">Economic Freedom Fighters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Malema" title="Julius Malema">Julius Malema</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Africa" title="Geography of South Africa">Geography of South Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_sat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/South_Africa_sat.jpg/220px-South_Africa_sat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/South_Africa_sat.jpg/330px-South_Africa_sat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/South_Africa_sat.jpg/440px-South_Africa_sat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="1527" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Satellite_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite image">Satellite image</a> of South Africa</figcaption></figure> South Africa is in southernmost Africa, with a coastline that stretches more than 2,500 km (1,553 mi) and along two oceans (the South Atlantic and the Indian). At 1,219,912 km2 (471,011 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> South Africa is the 24th-largest country in the world.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Excluding the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands" title="Prince Edward Islands">Prince Edward Islands</a>, the country lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/22nd_parallel_south" title="22nd parallel south">22°</a> and <a href="/wiki/35th_parallel_south" title="35th parallel south">35°S</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/16th_meridian_east" title="16th meridian east">16°</a> and <a href="/wiki/33rd_meridian_east" title="33rd meridian east">33°E</a>. The interior of South Africa consists of a large, in most places almost flat plateau with an altitude of between 1,000 m (3,300 ft) and 2,100 m (6,900 ft), highest in the east and sloping gently downwards towards the west and north, and slightly so to the south and south-west.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> This plateau is surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Escarpment,_Southern_Africa" title="Great Escarpment, Southern Africa">Great Escarpment</a><a href="#cite_note-Altas-119">[119]</a> whose eastern, and highest, stretch is known as the <a href="/wiki/Drakensberg" title="Drakensberg">Drakensberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mafadi" title="Mafadi">Mafadi</a> in the Drakensberg at 3,450 m (11,320 ft) is the highest peak. The KwaZulu-Natal–Lesotho international border is formed by the highest portion of the Great Escarpment which reaches an altitude of over 3,000 m (9,800 ft).<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The south and south-western parts of the plateau (at approximately 1,100–1,800 m above sea level) and the adjoining plain below (at approximately 700–800 m above sea level – see map on the right) is known as the <a href="/wiki/Karoo" title="Karoo">Great Karoo</a>, which consists of sparsely populated <a href="/wiki/Shrubland" title="Shrubland">shrubland</a>. To the north, the Great Karoo fades into the more arid Bushmanland, which eventually becomes the <a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari Desert</a> in the north-west of the country. The mid-eastern and highest part of the plateau is known as the <a href="/wiki/Highveld" title="Highveld">Highveld</a>. This relatively well-watered area is home to a great proportion of the country's commercial farmlands and contains its largest conurbation (Gauteng). To the north of Highveld, from about the 25° 30' S line of latitude, the plateau slopes downwards into the <a href="/wiki/Bushveld" title="Bushveld">Bushveld</a>, which ultimately gives way to the Limpopo River lowlands or <a href="/wiki/Veld#Highveld_and_Lowveld" title="Veld">Lowveld</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Altas-119">[119]</a> The coastal belt, below the Great Escarpment, moving clockwise from the northeast, consists of the Limpopo Lowveld, which merges into the Mpumalanga Lowveld, below the Mpumalanga Drakensberg (the eastern portion of the Great Escarpment).<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> This is hotter, drier and less intensely cultivated than the Highveld above the escarpment.<a href="#cite_note-Altas-119">[119]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kruger_National_Park" title="Kruger National Park">Kruger National Park</a>, located in the provinces of Limpopo and Mpumalanga in north-eastern South Africa, occupies a large portion of the Lowveld covering 19,633 square kilometres (7,580 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-Kruger_National_Park-123">[123]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_-_Drakensberg_(16261357780).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image depicting the Drakensberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/South_Africa_-_Drakensberg_%2816261357780%29.jpg/220px-South_Africa_-_Drakensberg_%2816261357780%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/South_Africa_-_Drakensberg_%2816261357780%29.jpg/330px-South_Africa_-_Drakensberg_%2816261357780%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/South_Africa_-_Drakensberg_%2816261357780%29.jpg/440px-South_Africa_-_Drakensberg_%2816261357780%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5313" data-file-height="2989" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Drakensberg" title="Drakensberg">Drakensberg</a>, the eastern and highest portion of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Escarpment,_Southern_Africa" title="Great Escarpment, Southern Africa">Great Escarpment</a> which surrounds the east, south and western borders of the central plateau</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Namaqualand,_Goegap_0035.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Namaqualand%2C_Goegap_0035.jpg/220px-Namaqualand%2C_Goegap_0035.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Namaqualand%2C_Goegap_0035.jpg/330px-Namaqualand%2C_Goegap_0035.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Namaqualand%2C_Goegap_0035.jpg/440px-Namaqualand%2C_Goegap_0035.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Spring flowers in <a href="/wiki/Namaqualand" title="Namaqualand">Namaqualand</a></figcaption></figure> The coastal belt below the south and south-western stretches of the Great Escarpment contains several ranges of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Fold_Belt" title="Cape Fold Belt">Cape Fold Mountains</a> which run parallel to the coast, separating the Great Escarpment from the ocean.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-geological_map-125">[125]</a> (These parallel ranges of fold mountains are shown on the map, above left. Note the course of the Great Escarpment to the north of these mountain ranges.) The land between the <a href="/wiki/Outeniqua_Mountains" title="Outeniqua Mountains">Outeniqua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Langeberg" title="Langeberg">Langeberg</a> ranges to the south and the <a href="/wiki/Swartberg" title="Swartberg">Swartberg</a> range to the north is known as the <a href="/wiki/Karoo" title="Karoo">Little Karoo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Altas-119">[119]</a> which consists of semi-desert shrubland similar to that of the Great Karoo, except that its northern strip along the foothills of the Swartberg Mountains has a somewhat higher rainfall and is, therefore, more cultivated than the Great Karoo. The Little Karoo is famous for its ostrich farming around <a href="/wiki/Oudtshoorn" title="Oudtshoorn">Oudtshoorn</a>. The lowland area to the north of the Swartberg range up to the Great Escarpment is the lowland part of the Great Karoo, which is climatically and botanically almost indistinguishable from the Karoo above the Great Escarpment. The narrow coastal strip between the Outeniqua and Langeberg ranges and the ocean has a moderately high year-round rainfall, which is known as the <a href="/wiki/Garden_Route" title="Garden Route">Garden Route</a>. It is famous for the most extensive areas of forests in South Africa (a generally forest-poor country). In the south-west corner of the country, the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Peninsula" title="Cape Peninsula">Cape Peninsula</a> forms the southernmost tip of the coastal strip which borders the Atlantic Ocean and ultimately terminates at the country's border with Namibia at the <a href="/wiki/Orange_River" title="Orange River">Orange River</a>. The Cape Peninsula has a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a>, making it and its immediate surrounds the only portion of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> which receives most of its rainfall in winter.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Altas1-127">[127]</a> The coastal belt to the north of the Cape Peninsula is bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean and the first row of north–south running Cape Fold Mountains to the east. The Cape Fold Mountains peter out at about the 32° S line of latitude,<a href="#cite_note-geological_map-125">[125]</a> after which the Great Escarpment bounds the coastal plain. The most southerly portion of this coastal belt is known as the <a href="/wiki/Swartland" title="Swartland">Swartland</a> and Malmesbury Plain, which is an important wheat growing region, relying on winter rains. The region further north is known as <a href="/wiki/Namaqualand" title="Namaqualand">Namaqualand</a>,<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> which becomes more arid near the Orange River. The little rain that falls tends to fall in winter,<a href="#cite_note-Altas1-127">[127]</a> which results in one of the world's most spectacular displays of flowers carpeting huge stretches of <a href="/wiki/Veld" title="Veld">veld</a> in spring (August–September). South Africa also has one offshore possession, the small <a href="/wiki/Subantarctic" title="Subantarctic">sub-Antarctic</a> <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> of the Prince Edward Islands, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Marion_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Marion Island">Marion Island</a> (290 km2 or 110 sq mi) and Prince Edward Island (45 km2 or 17 sq mi) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_South_Africa" title="Climate of South Africa">Climate of South Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/South_Africa_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/220px-South_Africa_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/South_Africa_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/330px-South_Africa_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/South_Africa_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/440px-South_Africa_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1287" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate types</a> of South Africa</figcaption></figure> South Africa has a generally <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climate</a> because it is surrounded by the Atlantic and Indian Oceans on three sides, because it is located in the climatically milder <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>, and because its average elevation rises steadily toward the north (toward the equator) and further inland. This varied topography and oceanic influence result in a great variety of climatic zones. The climatic zones range from the extreme desert of the southern <a href="/wiki/Namib" title="Namib">Namib</a> in the farthest northwest to the lush subtropical climate in the east along the border with Mozambique and the Indian Ocean. Winters in South Africa occur between June and August. The extreme southwest has a climate similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean</a> with wet winters and hot, dry summers, hosting the famous <a href="/wiki/Fynbos" title="Fynbos">fynbos</a> <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biome</a> of shrubland and <a href="/wiki/Albany_thickets" title="Albany thickets">thicket</a>. This area produces much of the wine in South Africa and is known for its wind, which blows intermittently almost all year. The severity of this wind made passing around the Cape of Good Hope particularly treacherous for sailors, causing many shipwrecks. Further east on the south coast, rainfall is distributed more evenly throughout the year, producing a green landscape. The annual rainfall increases south of the Lowveld, especially near the coast, which is <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropical</a>. The Free State is particularly flat because it lies centrally on the high plateau. North of the <a href="/wiki/Vaal_River" title="Vaal River">Vaal River</a>, the Highveld becomes better watered and does not experience subtropical extremes of heat. Johannesburg, in the centre of the Highveld, is at 1,740 m (5,709 ft) above sea level and receives an annual rainfall of 760 mm (29.9 in). Winters in this region are cold, although snow is rare.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The coldest place on mainland South Africa is Buffelsfontein in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a>, where a temperature of −20.1 °C (−4.2 °F) was recorded in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The Prince Edward Islands have colder average annual temperatures, but Buffelsfontein has colder extremes. The deep interior of mainland South Africa has the hottest temperatures: a temperature of 51.7 °C (125.06 °F) was recorded in 1948 in the Northern Cape Kalahari near <a href="/wiki/Upington" title="Upington">Upington</a>,<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> but this temperature is unofficial and was not recorded with standard equipment; the official highest temperature is 48.8 °C (119.84 °F) at <a href="/wiki/Vioolsdrif" title="Vioolsdrif">Vioolsdrif</a> in January 1993.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Africa" title="Climate change in South Africa">Climate change in South Africa</a> is leading to increased temperatures and rainfall variability. <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme weather</a> events are becoming more prominent.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> This is a critical concern for South Africans as climate change will affect the overall status and wellbeing of the country, for example with regards to <a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">water resources</a>. Speedy environmental changes are resulting in clear effects on the community and environmental level in different ways and aspects, starting with air quality, to temperature and weather patterns, reaching out to food security and disease burden.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> According to computer-generated climate modelling produced by the South African National Biodiversity Institute,<a href="#cite_note-SANBI-135">[135]</a> parts of southern Africa will see an increase in temperature by about 1 °C (1.8 °F) along the coast to more than 4 °C (7.2 °F) in the already hot <a href="/wiki/Hinterland" title="Hinterland">hinterland</a> such as the Northern Cape in late spring and summertime by 2050. The Cape Floral Region is predicted to be hit very hard by climate change. Drought, increased intensity and frequency of fire, and climbing temperatures are expected to push many rare species towards extinction. South Africa has published two national climate change reports in 2011 and 2016.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> South Africa contributes considerable <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">carbon dioxide emissions</a>, being the 14th largest emitter of carbon dioxide,<a href="#cite_note-Carbon_Brief-2018-137">[137]</a> primarily from its heavy reliance on coal and oil for <a href="/wiki/Energy_development" title="Energy development">energy production</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carbon_Brief-2018-137">[137]</a> As part of its international commitments, South Africa has pledged to peak emissions between 2020 and 2025.<a href="#cite_note-Carbon_Brief-2018-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_South_Africa" title="Biodiversity of South Africa">Biodiversity of South Africa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_South_Africa" title="Wildlife of South Africa">Wildlife of South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of South Africa">Protected areas of South Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marine_biodiversity_of_South_Africa" title="Marine biodiversity of South Africa">Marine biodiversity of South Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_African_Giraffes,_fighting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/South_African_Giraffes%2C_fighting.jpg/220px-South_African_Giraffes%2C_fighting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/South_African_Giraffes%2C_fighting.jpg/330px-South_African_Giraffes%2C_fighting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/South_African_Giraffes%2C_fighting.jpg/440px-South_African_Giraffes%2C_fighting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1370" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/South_African_giraffe" title="South African giraffe">South African giraffes</a>, Kruger National Park</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:African_Leopard_Sabi_Sands_Fir0002_Oct18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/African_Leopard_Sabi_Sands_Fir0002_Oct18.jpg/220px-African_Leopard_Sabi_Sands_Fir0002_Oct18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/African_Leopard_Sabi_Sands_Fir0002_Oct18.jpg/330px-African_Leopard_Sabi_Sands_Fir0002_Oct18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/African_Leopard_Sabi_Sands_Fir0002_Oct18.jpg/440px-African_Leopard_Sabi_Sands_Fir0002_Oct18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The female <a href="/wiki/African_Leopard" class="mw-redirect" title="African Leopard">African Leopard</a> "Thandi" in the Djuma concession of the <a href="/wiki/Sabi_Sand_Game_Reserve" title="Sabi Sand Game Reserve">Sabi Sand Game Reserve</a></figcaption></figure> South Africa signed the Rio <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> on 4 June 1994 and became a party to the convention on 2 November 1995.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> It has subsequently produced a <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_action_plan" title="Biodiversity action plan">National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan</a>, which was received by the convention on 7 June 2006.<a href="#cite_note-cbd.int-139">[139]</a> The country is ranked sixth out of the world's seventeen <a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_countries" title="Megadiverse countries">megadiverse countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism_in_South_Africa" title="Ecotourism in South Africa">Ecotourism in South Africa</a> has become more prevalent in recent years, as a possible method of maintaining and improving biodiversity. Numerous mammals are found in the Bushveld including lions, <a href="/wiki/African_leopard" title="African leopard">African leopards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_African_cheetah" title="Southeast African cheetah">South African cheetahs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_white_rhinoceros" title="Southern white rhinoceros">southern white rhinos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_wildebeest" title="Blue wildebeest">blue wildebeest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kudu" title="Kudu">kudus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">impalas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">hyenas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotamuses</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_African_giraffe" title="South African giraffe">South African giraffes</a>. A significant extent of the Bushveld exists in the north-east including Kruger National Park and the <a href="/wiki/Sabi_Sand_Game_Reserve" title="Sabi Sand Game Reserve">Sabi Sand Game Reserve</a>, as well as in the far north in the <a href="/wiki/Waterberg_Biosphere" title="Waterberg Biosphere">Waterberg Biosphere</a>. South Africa houses many <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic species</a>, among them the critically endangered <a href="/wiki/Riverine_rabbit" title="Riverine rabbit">riverine rabbit</a> (Bunolagus monticullaris) in the Karoo. Up to 1945, more than 4,900 species of <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Lichen#Fungi" title="Lichen">lichen-forming</a> species) had been recorded.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> In 2006, the number of fungi in South Africa was estimated at 200,000 species but did not take into account fungi associated with insects.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> If correct, then the number of South African fungi dwarfs that of its plants. In at least some major South African ecosystems, an exceptionally high percentage of fungi are highly specific in terms of the plants with which they occur.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> The country's Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan does not mention fungi (including lichen-forming fungi).<a href="#cite_note-cbd.int-139">[139]</a> With more than 22,000 different <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a>, or about 9% of all the known species of plants on Earth,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> South Africa is particularly rich in plant diversity. The most prevalent biome is the <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a>, particularly on the Highveld, where the plant cover is dominated by different <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grasses</a>, low shrubs, and <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">acacia</a>, mainly camel-thorn (<a href="/wiki/Vachellia_erioloba" title="Vachellia erioloba">Vachellia erioloba</a>). Vegetation is sparse towards the north-west because of low rainfall. There are numerous species of water-storing succulents, like <a href="/wiki/Aloe" title="Aloe">aloes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphorbia" title="Euphorbia">euphorbias</a>, in the very hot and dry Namaqualand area. And according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wildlife Fund</a>, South Africa is home to around a third of all succulent species.<a href="#cite_note-Trenchard-2021-145">[145]</a> The grass and thorn <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> turns slowly into a bush savanna towards the north-east of the country, with denser growth. There are significant numbers of <a href="/wiki/Adansonia" title="Adansonia">baobab</a> trees in this area, near the northern end of Kruger National Park.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> The fynbos biome, which makes up the majority of the area and plant life in the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Floristic_Region" title="Cape Floristic Region">Cape Floristic Region</a>, is located in a small region of the Western Cape and contains more than 9,000 of those species, or three times more plant species than found in the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a>,<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> making it among the richest regions on earth in terms of plant diversity. Most of the plants are <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> hard-leaf plants with fine, needle-like leaves, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sclerophyll" title="Sclerophyll">sclerophyllous</a> plants. Another uniquely South African flowering plant group is the genus <a href="/wiki/Protea" title="Protea">Protea</a>, with around 130 different species. While South Africa has a great wealth of flowering plants, only 1% of the land is forest, almost exclusively in the humid <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu%E2%80%93Cape_coastal_forest_mosaic" title="KwaZulu–Cape coastal forest mosaic">coastal plain of KwaZulu-Natal</a>, where there are also areas of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa_mangroves" title="Southern Africa mangroves">Southern Africa mangroves</a> in river mouths. Even smaller reserves of forests are out of the reach of fire, known as <a href="/wiki/Knysna%E2%80%93Amatole_montane_forests" title="Knysna–Amatole montane forests">montane forests</a>. Plantations of imported tree species are predominant, particularly the non-native <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a> and pine. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flora_at_Cape_Peninsula.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flora_at_Cape_Peninsula.JPG/220px-Flora_at_Cape_Peninsula.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flora_at_Cape_Peninsula.JPG/330px-Flora_at_Cape_Peninsula.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flora_at_Cape_Peninsula.JPG/440px-Flora_at_Cape_Peninsula.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cape_Floral_Region_Protected_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Floral Region Protected Areas">Cape Floral Region Protected Areas</a></figcaption></figure> South Africa has lost a large area of natural habitat in the last four decades, primarily because of overpopulation, sprawling development patterns, and deforestation during the 19th century. The country had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 4.94/10, ranking it 112th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-148">[148]</a> South Africa is one of the worst affected countries in the world when it comes to invasion by <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">alien species</a> with many (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Acacia_mearnsii" title="Acacia mearnsii">black wattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acacia_saligna" title="Acacia saligna">Port Jackson willow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakea" title="Hakea">Hakea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lantana" title="Lantana">Lantana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacaranda" title="Jacaranda">Jacaranda</a>) posing a significant threat to the native biodiversity and the already scarce water resources. Also <a href="/wiki/Woody_plant_encroachment" title="Woody plant encroachment">woody plant encroachment</a> of native plants in grasslands poses a threat to biodiversity and related ecosystem services, affecting over 7 million hectares.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> The original <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">temperate forest</a> found by the first European settlers was exploited until only small patches remained. Currently, South African hardwood trees like <a href="/wiki/Real_yellowwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Real yellowwood">real yellowwood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Podocarpus_latifolius" title="Podocarpus latifolius">Podocarpus latifolius</a>), stinkwood (<a href="/wiki/Ocotea_bullata" title="Ocotea bullata">Ocotea bullata</a>), and South African black ironwood (<a href="/wiki/Olea_capensis" title="Olea capensis">Olea capensis</a>) are under strict government protection. Statistics from the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Environment,_Forestry_and_Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries">Department of Environmental Affairs</a> show a record 1,215 rhinos were killed in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Since South Africa is home to a third of all succulent species (many endemic to the Karoo), it makes it a hotspot for plant poaching, leading to many species to be threatened with extinction.<a href="#cite_note-Trenchard-2021-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Africa" title="Demographics of South Africa">Demographics of South Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_2011_population_density_map_(hex_cells).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/South_Africa_2011_population_density_map_%28hex_cells%29.svg/220px-South_Africa_2011_population_density_map_%28hex_cells%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/South_Africa_2011_population_density_map_%28hex_cells%29.svg/330px-South_Africa_2011_population_density_map_%28hex_cells%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/South_Africa_2011_population_density_map_%28hex_cells%29.svg/440px-South_Africa_2011_population_density_map_%28hex_cells%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="807" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption>Map of population density in South Africa<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256394559">.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key>ol{margin-left:1.3em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key>ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media(min-width:300px){.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key,.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-wide{column-count:2}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-narrow{column-count:1}}@media(min-width:450px){.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-wide{column-count:3}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist image-key"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <1 /km2</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  1–3 /km2</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  3–10 /km2</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  10–30 /km2</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  30–100 /km2</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  100–300 /km2</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  300–1000 /km2</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  1000–3000 /km2</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  >3000 /km2</div></li></ul></div> </figcaption></figure> South Africa is a nation of about 62 million (as of 2022) people of diverse origins, cultures, languages, and religions.<a href="#cite_note-:0-151">[151]</a> The last <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Census_of_2022" class="mw-redirect" title="South African National Census of 2022">census</a> was held in 2022, with estimates produced on an annual basis. According to the United Nations' <a href="/wiki/World_Population_Prospects" class="mw-redirect" title="World Population Prospects">World Population Prospects</a>, South Africa's total population was 55.3 million in 2015, compared to only 13.6 million in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> South Africa is home to an estimated five million <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrants</a>, including some three million Zimbabweans.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> A series of <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">anti-immigrant riots</a> occurred beginning in May 2008.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Statistics_South_Africa" title="Statistics South Africa">Statistics South Africa</a> asks people to describe themselves in the census in terms of five racial population groups.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> The 2022 census figures for these groups were: <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa" title="Bantu peoples of South Africa">Black African</a> at 81%, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Coloured</a> at 8.2%, <a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">White</a> at 7.3%, <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indian or Asian</a> at 2.7%, and Other/Unspecified at 0.5%.<a href="#cite_note-Census-2022-8">[8]</a> The first census in 1911 showed that whites made up 22% of the population; this had declined to 16% by 1980.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> South Africa hosts a sizeable refugee and asylum seeker population. According to the World Refugee Survey 2008, published by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Committee_for_Refugees_and_Immigrants" title="U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants">U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants</a>, this population numbered approximately 144,700 in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-World_Refugee_Survey_2008-160">[160]</a> Groups of refugees and asylum seekers numbering over 10,000 included people from Zimbabwe (48,400), the DRC (24,800), and Somalia (12,900).<a href="#cite_note-World_Refugee_Survey_2008-160">[160]</a> These populations mainly lived in Johannesburg, Pretoria, <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, Cape Town, and <a href="/wiki/Port_Elizabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Elizabeth">Port Elizabeth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-World_Refugee_Survey_2008-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">Languages of South Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_2011_dominant_language_map_(hex_cells).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/South_Africa_2011_dominant_language_map_%28hex_cells%29.svg/220px-South_Africa_2011_dominant_language_map_%28hex_cells%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/South_Africa_2011_dominant_language_map_%28hex_cells%29.svg/330px-South_Africa_2011_dominant_language_map_%28hex_cells%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/South_Africa_2011_dominant_language_map_%28hex_cells%29.svg/440px-South_Africa_2011_dominant_language_map_%28hex_cells%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="807" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Map showing the dominant <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">South African languages</a> by area</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a> (24.4%)</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a> (16.0%)</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  ⁠<a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> (13.5%)</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">English</a> (9.6%)</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Pedi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedi language">Pedi</a> (9.1%)</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</a> (8.0%)</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Southern Sotho</a> (7.6%)</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga</a> (4.5%)</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Swazi_language" title="Swazi language">Swazi</a> (2.5%)</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda</a> (2.4%)</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">Southern Ndebele</a> (2.1%)</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  None dominant</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Areas of little or no population</div> </li></ul> </div></figcaption></figure> South Africa has 12 official languages:<a href="#cite_note-parliament.gov.za-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho" title="Northern Sotho">Pedi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Southern Sotho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swazi_language" title="Swazi language">Swazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">Southern Ndebele</a> (in order of first language speakers), as well as South African Sign Language which was recognised as an official language in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-parliament.gov.za-5">[5]</a> In this regard it is fourth only to <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages of India">India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> in number. While all the languages are formally equal, some languages are spoken more than others. According to the 2022 census, the three most spoken first languages are Zulu (24.4%), Xhosa (16.6%), and Afrikaans (10.6%).<a href="#cite_note-Census-2022-8">[8]</a> Although English is recognised as the language of commerce and science, it is only the fifth most common home language, that of only 8.7% of South Africans in 2022; nevertheless, it has become the de facto <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the nation.<a href="#cite_note-Census-2022-8">[8]</a> Estimates based on the 1991 census suggest just under half of South Africans could speak English.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> It is the second most commonly spoken language outside of the household, after Zulu.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Other languages are spoken, or were widely used previously, including <a href="/wiki/Fanagalo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanagalo language">Fanagalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khoe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoe language">Khoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lobedu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobedu language">Lobedu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nama language">Nama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Northern Ndebele</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phuthi_language" title="Phuthi language">Phuthi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Many of the unofficial <a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">languages of the San and Khoekhoe</a> peoples contain regional dialects stretching northwards into Namibia and Botswana, and elsewhere. These people, who are a physically distinct population from the Bantu people who make up most of the Black Africans in South Africa, have their own cultural identity based on their <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> societies. They have been marginalised, and the remainder of their languages are in danger of becoming <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a>. White South Africans may also speak European languages, including Italian, Portuguese (also spoken by black Angolans and Mozambicans), Dutch, German, and Greek, while some Indian South Africans and more recent migrants from South Asia speak <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Indian languages</a>, such as Gujarati, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu. French is spoken by migrants from <a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">Francophone Africa</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">Religion in South Africa</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#Fcd116"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in South Africa (2010)<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#B57EDC; width:73.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">73.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:14.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">14.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_South_Africa" title="Catholic Church in South Africa">Catholicism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkblue; width:7.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">7.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:1.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkorange; width:1.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other faith</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:silver; width:1.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.7%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> According to the 2001 census, Christians accounted for 79.8% of the population, with a majority of them being members of various <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denominations</a> (broadly defined to include <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic</a> <a href="/wiki/African-initiated_church" title="African-initiated church">African-initiated churches</a>) and a minority of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholics</a> and other Christians. Christian category includes <a href="/wiki/Zion_Christian_Church" title="Zion Christian Church">Zion Christian</a> (11.1%), <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a>) (8.2%), <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_South_Africa" title="Catholic Church in South Africa">Roman Catholic</a> (7.1%), <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Southern_Africa" title="Methodist Church of Southern Africa">Methodist</a> (6.8%), <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church_in_South_Africa_(NGK)" title="Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NGK)">Dutch Reformed</a> (6.7%), and <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Southern_Africa" title="Anglican Church of Southern Africa">Anglican</a> (3.8%). Members of remaining Christian churches accounted for another 36% of the population. <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Africa" title="Islam in South Africa">Muslims</a> accounted for 1.5% of the population, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_South_Africa" title="Hinduism in South Africa">Hindus</a> 1.2%,<a href="#cite_note-state.gov-166">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">traditional African religions</a> 0.3% and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> 0.2%. 15.1% had no religious affiliation, 0.6% were "other" and 1.4% were "unspecified."<a href="#cite_note-factbook-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-state.gov-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> African-initiated churches formed the largest of the Christian groups. It was believed that many of the persons who claimed no affiliation with any organised religion adhered to a traditional African religion. There are an estimated 200,000 <a href="/wiki/Traditional_healers_of_Southern_Africa" title="Traditional healers of Southern Africa">traditional healers</a>, and up to 60% of South Africans consult these healers,<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> generally called sangoma ('diviner') or inyanga ('herbalist'). These healers use a combination of <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">ancestral spiritual beliefs</a> and a belief in the spiritual and medicinal properties of local fauna, flora, and funga commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_medicine" title="Traditional African medicine">muti</a> ('medicine'), to facilitate healing in clients. Many peoples have syncretic religious practices combining Christian and indigenous influences.<a href="#cite_note-DoS-171">[171]</a> South African Muslims comprise mainly Coloureds and Indians. They have been joined by black or white South African converts as well as those from other parts of Africa.<a href="#cite_note-csmonitor-172">[172]</a> South African Muslims describe their faith as the fastest-growing religion of conversion in the country, with the number of black Muslims growing sixfold, from 12,000 in 1991 to 74,700 in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-csmonitor-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> There is a substantial <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa">Jewish population</a>, descended from <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">European Jews</a> who arrived as a minority among other European settlers. This population peaked in the 1970s at 118,000, though only around 75,000 remain today, the rest having emigrated, mostly to Israel.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Even so, these numbers make the Jewish community in South Africa the twelfth largest in the world. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Africa" title="Education in South Africa">Education in South Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UCT_Upper_Campus_landscape_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/UCT_Upper_Campus_landscape_view.jpg/220px-UCT_Upper_Campus_landscape_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/UCT_Upper_Campus_landscape_view.jpg/330px-UCT_Upper_Campus_landscape_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/UCT_Upper_Campus_landscape_view.jpg/440px-UCT_Upper_Campus_landscape_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1394" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a></figcaption></figure> The adult <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> rate in 2007 was 89%.<a href="#cite_note-unescolit-175">[175]</a> South Africa has a <a href="/wiki/Three-tier_education" title="Three-tier education">three-tier system</a> of education starting with primary school, followed by high school, and tertiary education in the form of (academic) universities and universities of technology. Learners have twelve years of formal schooling, from grade 1 to 12. Grade R, or grade 0, is a pre-primary foundation year.<a href="#cite_note-edufacts0831-176">[176]</a> Primary schools span the first seven years of schooling.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> High school education spans a further five years. The <a href="/wiki/Matriculation_in_South_Africa" title="Matriculation in South Africa">National Senior Certificate</a> examination takes place at the end of grade 12 and is necessary for tertiary studies at a <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_South_Africa" title="List of universities in South Africa">South African university</a>.<a href="#cite_note-edufacts0831-176">[176]</a> Public universities are divided into three types: traditional universities, which offer theoretically oriented university degrees; <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_technology" title="Institute of technology">universities of technology</a> (formerly called <a href="/wiki/Technikon" title="Technikon">technikons</a>), which offer vocationally-oriented diplomas and degrees; and comprehensive universities, which offer both types of qualification. There are 23 public universities in South Africa: 11 traditional universities, 6 universities of technology, and 6 comprehensive universities. Under apartheid, schools for black people were subject to discrimination through inadequate funding and a separate syllabus called <a href="/wiki/Bantu_Education_Act,_1953" title="Bantu Education Act, 1953">Bantu Education</a> which only taught skills sufficient to work as labourers.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> In 2004, South Africa started reforming its tertiary education system, merging and incorporating small universities into larger institutions, and renaming all tertiary education institutions "university". By 2015, 1.4 million students in higher education have been aided by a financial aid scheme which was promulgated in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-Cele-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_South_Africa" title="Health in South Africa">Health in South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_South_Africa" title="Healthcare in South Africa">Healthcare in South Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tygerberg_from_air.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tygerberg_from_air.jpg/220px-Tygerberg_from_air.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tygerberg_from_air.jpg/330px-Tygerberg_from_air.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tygerberg_from_air.jpg/440px-Tygerberg_from_air.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tygerberg_Hospital" title="Tygerberg Hospital">Tygerberg Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Parow,_South_Africa" title="Parow, South Africa">Parow, Cape Town</a></figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Institute_of_Race_Relations" title="South African Institute of Race Relations">South African Institute of Race Relations</a>, the life expectancy in 2009 was 71 years for a white South African and 48 years for a black South African.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> The healthcare spending in the country is about 9% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-smartpl-181">[181]</a> About 84% of the population depends on the public healthcare system,<a href="#cite_note-smartpl-181">[181]</a> which is beset with chronic human resource shortages and limited resources.<a href="#cite_note-icap-182">[182]</a> About 20% of the population use private healthcare.<a href="#cite_note-fmhealth-183">[183]</a> Only 16% of the population are covered by <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">medical aid schemes</a>;<a href="#cite_note-medicl-184">[184]</a> the rest pay for private care <a href="/wiki/Out-of-pocket_expense" title="Out-of-pocket expense">out-of-pocket</a> or through in-hospital-only plans.<a href="#cite_note-fmhealth-183">[183]</a> The three dominant hospital groups, <a href="/wiki/Mediclinic_International" title="Mediclinic International">Mediclinic</a>, <a href="/wiki/LIFE_Healthcare_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="LIFE Healthcare Group">Life Healthcare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Netcare" title="Netcare">Netcare</a>, together control 75% of the private hospital market.<a href="#cite_note-fmhealth-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in South Africa">HIV/AIDS in South Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_select_African_countries,_1950%E2%80%932019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Life_expectancy_in_select_African_countries%2C_1950%E2%80%932019.jpg/220px-Life_expectancy_in_select_African_countries%2C_1950%E2%80%932019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Life_expectancy_in_select_African_countries%2C_1950%E2%80%932019.jpg/330px-Life_expectancy_in_select_African_countries%2C_1950%E2%80%932019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Life_expectancy_in_select_African_countries%2C_1950%E2%80%932019.jpg/440px-Life_expectancy_in_select_African_countries%2C_1950%E2%80%932019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption>Life expectancy in select Southern African countries, 1950–2019. <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> has caused a fall in life expectancy.</figcaption></figure> According to the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">UNAIDS</a> medical report, South Africa has an estimated seven million people who are living with HIV – more than any other country in the world.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> In 2018, HIV prevalence—the percentage of people living with HIV—among adults (15–49 years) was 20.4%, and in the same year 71,000 people died from an AIDS-related illness.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> A 2008 study revealed that HIV/AIDS infection is distinctly divided along racial lines: 13.6% of blacks are HIV-positive, whereas only 0.3% of whites have the virus.<a href="#cite_note-ten-187">[187]</a> Most deaths are experienced by economically active individuals, resulting in many <a href="/wiki/AIDS_orphan" title="AIDS orphan">AIDS orphans</a> who in many cases depend on the state for care and financial support.<a href="#cite_note-avertaids-188">[188]</a> It is estimated that there are 1,200,000 orphans in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-avertaids-188">[188]</a> The link between HIV, a virus spread primarily by sexual contact, and AIDS was long <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">denied</a> by President <a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a> and his health minister <a href="/wiki/Manto_Tshabalala-Msimang" title="Manto Tshabalala-Msimang">Manto Tshabalala-Msimang</a>, who insisted that the many deaths in the country are caused by <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition_in_South_Africa" title="Malnutrition in South Africa">malnutrition</a>, and hence poverty, and not HIV.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> In 2007, in response to international pressure, the government made efforts to fight AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-www.info.gov.za-190">[190]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/2009_South_African_general_election" title="2009 South African general election">2009 general elections</a>, President Jacob Zuma appointed <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Motsoaledi" title="Aaron Motsoaledi">Aaron Motsoaledi</a> as the health minister and committed his government to increasing funding for and widening the scope of HIV treatment,<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> and by 2015, South Africa had made significant progress, with the widespread availability of <a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">antiretroviral drugs</a> resulted in an increase in life expectancy from 52.1 years to 62.5 years.<a href="#cite_note-conversationHIVExcelled-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urbanization">Urbanization</h3></div> One online database<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> lists South Africa having more than 12,600 cities and towns. The following are the largest cities and towns in South Africa. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Largest cities of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Largest cities of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in South Africa <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">2016 Community Survey <a href="#cite_note-2016Survey-194">[194]</a>, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision <a href="#cite_note-2018Revision-195">[195]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in South Africa">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Africa" title="Provinces of South Africa">Province</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannesburg_CBD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Johannesburg"><img alt="Johannesburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Johannesburg_CBD.jpg/120px-Johannesburg_CBD.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Johannesburg_CBD.jpg/180px-Johannesburg_CBD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Johannesburg_CBD.jpg/240px-Johannesburg_CBD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cape_Town_in_July_2018_-_259.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cape Town"><img alt="Cape Town" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Cape_Town_in_July_2018_-_259.jpg/120px-Cape_Town_in_July_2018_-_259.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Cape_Town_in_July_2018_-_259.jpg/180px-Cape_Town_in_July_2018_-_259.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Cape_Town_in_July_2018_-_259.jpg/240px-Cape_Town_in_July_2018_-_259.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,167,045 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:ZA-Durban-straende.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Durban"><img alt="Durban" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/ZA-Durban-straende.jpg/120px-ZA-Durban-straende.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/ZA-Durban-straende.jpg/180px-ZA-Durban-straende.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/ZA-Durban-straende.jpg/240px-ZA-Durban-straende.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1215" data-file-height="807" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Pretoria_SBD,_b,_vanaf_TUT-kampus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pretoria"><img alt="Pretoria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pretoria_SBD%2C_b%2C_vanaf_TUT-kampus.jpg/120px-Pretoria_SBD%2C_b%2C_vanaf_TUT-kampus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pretoria_SBD%2C_b%2C_vanaf_TUT-kampus.jpg/180px-Pretoria_SBD%2C_b%2C_vanaf_TUT-kampus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pretoria_SBD%2C_b%2C_vanaf_TUT-kampus.jpg/240px-Pretoria_SBD%2C_b%2C_vanaf_TUT-kampus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,004,793 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,661,911 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,437,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gqeberha" title="Gqeberha">Gqeberha</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,263,051 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vereeniging" title="Vereeniging">Vereeniging</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">957,528 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Soshanguve" title="Soshanguve">Soshanguve</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">841,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/East_London,_Eastern_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="East London, Eastern Cape">East London</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">810,528 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Free_State_(province)" title="Free State (province)">Free State</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">759,693 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pietermaritzburg" title="Pietermaritzburg">Pietermaritzburg</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">679,766 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Africa" title="Government of South Africa">Government of South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Africa" title="Politics of South Africa">Politics of South Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Law_of_South_Africa" title="Law of South Africa">Law of South Africa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_South_Africa" title="LGBT rights in South Africa">LGBT rights in South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Africa" title="Human rights in South Africa">Human rights in South Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uniegebou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of the Union Buildings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Uniegebou.jpg/220px-Uniegebou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Uniegebou.jpg/330px-Uniegebou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Uniegebou.jpg/440px-Uniegebou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Union_Buildings" title="Union Buildings">Union Buildings</a> in Pretoria, seat of the executive</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_in_company_gardens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Parliament_in_company_gardens.jpg/220px-Parliament_in_company_gardens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Parliament_in_company_gardens.jpg/330px-Parliament_in_company_gardens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Parliament_in_company_gardens.jpg/440px-Parliament_in_company_gardens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="1079" /></a><figcaption>Houses of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">Parliament</a> in Cape Town, seat of the legislature</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of the Constitutional Court" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa.jpg/220px-Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa.jpg/330px-Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa.jpg/440px-Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3285" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa" title="Constitutional Court of South Africa">Constitutional Court</a> in Johannesburg</figcaption></figure> South Africa is a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a>, but unlike most such republics, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">president</a> is both <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> and depends for their tenure on the <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence</a> of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">Parliament</a>. The executive, legislature, and judiciary are all subject to the supremacy of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">Constitution of South Africa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_South_Africa" title="Courts of South Africa">superior courts</a> have the power to strike down executive actions and acts of Parliament if they are unconstitutional. The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_South_Africa" title="National Assembly of South Africa">National Assembly</a>, the lower house of Parliament, consists of 400 members and is elected every five years by a system of <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party-list proportional representation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Provinces" title="National Council of Provinces">National Council of Provinces</a>, the upper house, consists of ninety members, with each of the nine <a href="/wiki/Provincial_legislature_(South_Africa)" title="Provincial legislature (South Africa)">provincial legislatures</a> electing ten members. After each parliamentary election, the National Assembly elects one of its members as president; hence the president serves a term of office the same as that of the Assembly, normally five years. No president may serve more than two terms in office.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> The president appoints a <a href="/wiki/Deputy_President_of_South_Africa" title="Deputy President of South Africa">deputy president</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">ministers</a> (each representing a <a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">department</a>) who form the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_South_Africa" title="Cabinet of South Africa">cabinet</a>. The National Assembly may remove the president and the cabinet by a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">motion of no confidence</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/2024_South_African_general_election" title="2024 South African general election">most recent election</a>, held on 29 May 2024, the ANC lost its majority for the first time since the end of Apartheid,<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> winning only 40% of the vote and 159 seats, while the main opposition, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Democratic Alliance</a> (DA), won 22% of the vote and 87 seats. <a href="/wiki/UMkhonto_weSizwe_(political_party)" title="UMkhonto weSizwe (political party)">uMkhonto weSizwe</a>, a new party founded by former <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">President</a> and ANC leader <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a>, won 14.6% of the vote and 58 seats, while the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fighters" title="Economic Freedom Fighters">Economic Freedom Fighters</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Malema" title="Julius Malema">Julius Malema</a>, former president of the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress_Youth_League" title="African National Congress Youth League">ANC Youth League</a> who was later expelled from the ANC, won 9.5% of the vote and 39 seats. After the election, the ANC formed a <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of National Unity (South Africa)">Government of National Unity</a> with the DA and several smaller parties.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> South Africa has no legally defined capital city. The fourth chapter of the constitution states "The seat of Parliament is Cape Town, but an Act of Parliament enacted in accordance with section 76(1) and (5) may determine that the seat of Parliament is elsewhere."<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> The country's three branches of government are split over different cities. Cape Town, as the seat of Parliament, is the legislative capital; Pretoria, as the seat of the president and cabinet, is the administrative capital; and Bloemfontein is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeal_(South_Africa)" title="Supreme Court of Appeal (South Africa)">Supreme Court of Appeal</a>, and has traditionally been regarded as the judicial capital;<a href="#cite_note-Marais_Twala_2020_pp._49–62-18">[18]</a> although the highest court, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa" title="Constitutional Court of South Africa">Constitutional Court of South Africa</a> has been based in Johannesburg since 1994. Most foreign embassies are located in Pretoria. Since 2004, South Africa has had many thousands of popular protests,<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> some violent, making it, according to one academic, the "most protest-rich country in the world".<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> There have been numerous incidents of <a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_post-apartheid_South_Africa" title="Political repression in post-apartheid South Africa">political repression</a> as well as threats of future repression in violation of the constitution, leading some analysts and <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> organisations to conclude that there is or could be a new climate of political repression.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> In 2022, South Africa placed sixth out of 48 sub-Saharan African countries on the <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Index_of_African_Governance" title="Ibrahim Index of African Governance">Ibrahim Index of African Governance</a>. South Africa scored well in the categories of <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(behavior)" title="Transparency (behavior)">Transparency</a>, Corruption, <a href="/wiki/Public_participation_(decision_making)" title="Public participation (decision making)">Participation</a> and Human Rights, but scored low in Safety and Security.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> In 2006, South Africa became one of the first jurisdictions in the world to legalise <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_South_Africa" title="Same-sex marriage in South Africa">same-sex marriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-206">[206]</a> The Constitution of South Africa is the supreme rule of law in the country. The primary sources of <a href="/wiki/Law_of_South_Africa" title="Law of South Africa">South African law</a> are <a href="/wiki/Roman-Dutch_law" title="Roman-Dutch law">Roman-Dutch mercantile law</a> and personal law and <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English Common law</a>, as imports of Dutch settlements and British colonialism.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> The first European-based law in South Africa was brought by the Dutch East India Company and is called Roman-Dutch law. It was imported before the <a href="/wiki/Codification_(law)" title="Codification (law)">codification</a> of European law into the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Napoleonic Code</a> and is comparable in many ways to <a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Scots law</a>. This was followed in the 19th century by English law, both <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">statutory</a>. After unification in 1910, South Africa had its own parliament which passed laws specific for South Africa, building on those previously passed for the individual member colonies. The judicial system consists of the <a href="/wiki/Magistrate%27s_court_(South_Africa)" title="Magistrate's court (South Africa)">magistrates' courts</a>, which hear lesser criminal cases and smaller civil cases; the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_South_Africa" title="High Court of South Africa">High Court</a>, which has divisions that serve as the courts of <a href="/wiki/General_jurisdiction" title="General jurisdiction">general jurisdiction</a> for specific areas; the Supreme Court of Appeal; and the Constitutional Court, which is the highest court. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa" title="Foreign relations of South Africa">Foreign relations of South Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PM_in_a_family_photograph_during_the_BRICS_Leaders_Retreat_Meeting,_at_Johannesburg,_in_South_Africa_on_August_23,_2023_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/PM_in_a_family_photograph_during_the_BRICS_Leaders_Retreat_Meeting%2C_at_Johannesburg%2C_in_South_Africa_on_August_23%2C_2023_%281%29.jpg/220px-PM_in_a_family_photograph_during_the_BRICS_Leaders_Retreat_Meeting%2C_at_Johannesburg%2C_in_South_Africa_on_August_23%2C_2023_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/PM_in_a_family_photograph_during_the_BRICS_Leaders_Retreat_Meeting%2C_at_Johannesburg%2C_in_South_Africa_on_August_23%2C_2023_%281%29.jpg/330px-PM_in_a_family_photograph_during_the_BRICS_Leaders_Retreat_Meeting%2C_at_Johannesburg%2C_in_South_Africa_on_August_23%2C_2023_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/PM_in_a_family_photograph_during_the_BRICS_Leaders_Retreat_Meeting%2C_at_Johannesburg%2C_in_South_Africa_on_August_23%2C_2023_%281%29.jpg/440px-PM_in_a_family_photograph_during_the_BRICS_Leaders_Retreat_Meeting%2C_at_Johannesburg%2C_in_South_Africa_on_August_23%2C_2023_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1466" /></a><figcaption>Ramaphosa and other <a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a> leaders during the <a href="/wiki/15th_BRICS_summit" title="15th BRICS summit">15th BRICS Summit</a> in Johannesburg, August 2023.</figcaption></figure> As the Union of South Africa, the country was a founding member of the United Nations (UN), with Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a> writing the <a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Preamble to the United Nations Charter">preamble to the UN Charter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gildersleeve-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schlesinger-209">[209]</a> South Africa is one of the founding members of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> (AU) and has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of African countries by GDP (nominal)">largest economy of all the members</a>. It is a founding member of the AU's <a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">New Partnership for Africa's Development</a>. After apartheid ended, South Africa was readmitted to the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. The country is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">Group of 77</a> and chaired the organisation in 2006. South Africa is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Peace_and_Cooperation_Zone" title="South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone">South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Customs_Union" title="Southern African Customs Union">Southern African Customs Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, International Monetary Fund, <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>, <a href="/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">G8+5</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Port_Management_Association_of_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa">Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa</a>. South Africa has played a key role as a mediator in African conflicts over the last decade, such as in Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Comoros, Mozambique and Zimbabwe. President <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a> and Chinese President <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a> upgraded bilateral ties between the two countries in 2010 when they signed the Beijing Agreement which elevated South Africa's earlier "strategic partnership" with China to the higher level of "comprehensive strategic partnership" in both economic and political affairs, including the strengthening of exchanges between their respective ruling parties and legislatures.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> In 2011, South Africa joined the Brazil-Russia-India-China (<a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a>) grouping of countries, identified by Zuma as the country's largest trading partners and also the largest trading partners with Africa as a whole. Zuma asserted that BRICS member countries would also work with each other through the UN, G20, and the India, Brazil South Africa (<a href="/wiki/IBSA_Dialogue_Forum" title="IBSA Dialogue Forum">IBSA</a>) forum.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">South African National Defence Force</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:SAAF-Gripen-001_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/SAAF-Gripen-001_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-SAAF-Gripen-001_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/SAAF-Gripen-001_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-SAAF-Gripen-001_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/SAAF-Gripen-001_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-SAAF-Gripen-001_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1798" data-file-height="1152" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force" title="South African Air Force">South African Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/JAS-39" class="mw-redirect" title="JAS-39">Saab Gripen</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Rooivalk_in_flight_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rooivalk_in_flight_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Rooivalk_in_flight_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rooivalk_in_flight_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Rooivalk_in_flight_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rooivalk_in_flight_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Rooivalk_in_flight_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="837" data-file-height="588" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">South African-made <a href="/wiki/Denel_Rooivalk" title="Denel Rooivalk">Rooivalk</a> attack helicopter</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:SAS_Spioenkop_during_Exercise_IBSAMAR_V_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/SAS_Spioenkop_during_Exercise_IBSAMAR_V_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-SAS_Spioenkop_during_Exercise_IBSAMAR_V_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/SAS_Spioenkop_during_Exercise_IBSAMAR_V_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-SAS_Spioenkop_during_Exercise_IBSAMAR_V_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/SAS_Spioenkop_during_Exercise_IBSAMAR_V_%28cropped%29.JPG/440px-SAS_Spioenkop_during_Exercise_IBSAMAR_V_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="515" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/SAS_Spioenkop" title="SAS Spioenkop">SAS Spioenkop (F147)</a>, one of the four <a href="/wiki/Valour-class_frigate" title="Valour-class frigate">Valour-class</a> stealth guided-missile frigates of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Navy" title="South African Navy">South African Navy</a></div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">South African National Defence Force</a> (SANDF) was created in 1994<a href="#cite_note-constitution-1993-224-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_military" title="Volunteer military">volunteer military</a> composed of the former <a href="/wiki/South_African_Defence_Force" title="South African Defence Force">South African Defence Force</a>, the forces of the African nationalist groups (<a href="/wiki/UMkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="UMkhonto we Sizwe">uMkhonto we Sizwe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azanian_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Azanian People's Liberation Army">Azanian People's Liberation Army</a>), and the former Bantustan defence forces.<a href="#cite_note-constitution-1993-224-213">[213]</a> The SANDF is subdivided into four branches, the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Army" title="South African Army">South African Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force" title="South African Air Force">South African Air Force</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Navy" title="South African Navy">South African Navy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Military_Health_Service" title="South African Military Health Service">South African Military Health Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-act-42-2002-215">[215]</a> The SANDF consists of around 75,000 <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">professional soldiers</a> as of 2019.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> In recent years, the SANDF has become a major <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> force in Africa,<a href="#cite_note-dod-sep2005-217">[217]</a> and has been involved in operations in Lesotho, the DRC,<a href="#cite_note-dod-sep2005-217">[217]</a> and Burundi,<a href="#cite_note-dod-sep2005-217">[217]</a> amongst others. It has also served in multinational <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">UN Peacekeeping forces</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Force_Intervention_Brigade" title="United Nations Force Intervention Brigade">UN Force Intervention Brigade</a>. In 2022 the nation spent US$3.069 billion on its armed forces which is about 0.86% of the nation's entire GDP. Over the years, <a href="/wiki/Military_budget" title="Military budget">defence expenditure</a> has been cut as the nation currently faces no external military threats.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> The SANDF are often deployed in crime fighting and whenever the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Police_Service" title="South African Police Service">South African Police Service</a> (SAPS) are no longer able to control the situation.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2021_South_African_unrest" title="2021 South African unrest">2021 South African unrest</a>, South Africa's worst violence since the end of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>, saw the deployment of 25,000 troops, more than a dozen military helicopters and heavily armed vehicles deployed in the nation's <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a> provinces to assist the South African Police in ending the riots and looting, this was one of the nation's largest military deployments since 1994, the largest deployment of troops since the end of apartheid was in March 2020, when 70,000 troops were deployed to enforce the nation's strict lockdown laws to combat the spread of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> South Africa has a lot of <a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_military_bases" title="List of South African military bases">military bases</a> distributed all over the nation, this includes two naval bases, nine air force bases and the army maintains large bases in all nine provinces of the country.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_South_Africa" title="Defence industry of South Africa">South African Defence Industry</a> is the most advanced on the African continent and one of the most advanced in the world.<a href="#cite_note-southafricanmadeweapons-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> As of 2020 South Africa is the world's 24th largest arms exporter, the only nation in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> The nation designs many types of weapons that range from armored fighting vehicles to <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missiles</a>, notable South African-made weapons include the <a href="/wiki/Ratel_IFV" title="Ratel IFV">Ratel IFV</a>, the world's first wheeled <a href="/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle" title="Infantry fighting vehicle">infantry fighting vehicle</a>, South Africa also made its own <a href="/wiki/Attack_helicopter" title="Attack helicopter">attack helicopter</a> known as the "<a href="/wiki/Denel_Rooivalk" title="Denel Rooivalk">Rooivalk</a>" which is known to be one of the most advanced attack helicopters in the world.<a href="#cite_note-southafricanmadeweapons-222">[222]</a> In recent years a R16 billion ($1 billion) contract was signed with the local defence industry which aims to produce 244 units of <a href="/wiki/Badger_IFV" title="Badger IFV">Badger IFV</a> for the SANDF.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> South Africa is the only African country to have successfully developed <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="South Africa and weapons of mass destruction">nuclear weapons</a>. It became the first country (followed by Ukraine) with nuclear capability to voluntarily renounce and dismantle its programme and in the process signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a> in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-fas-ocp27-226">[226]</a> South Africa undertook a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_programme_of_South_Africa" title="Nuclear programme of South Africa">nuclear weapons programme</a> in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-fas-ocp27-226">[226]</a> South Africa is <a href="/wiki/Vela_incident" title="Vela incident">alleged to have conducted</a> a nuclear test over the Atlantic in 1979,<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> although this is officially denied; de Klerk maintained that South Africa had "never conducted a clandestine nuclear test."<a href="#cite_note-South_Africa_comes_clean-228">[228]</a> Six nuclear devices were completed between 1980 and 1990 but all were dismantled by 1991.<a href="#cite_note-South_Africa_comes_clean-228">[228]</a> In 2017, South Africa signed the UN treaty on the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement_and_crime">Law enforcement and crime</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_South_Africa" title="Law enforcement in South Africa">Law enforcement in South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_South_Africa" title="Crime in South Africa">Crime in South Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_african_police_may_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/South_african_police_may_2010.jpg/220px-South_african_police_may_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/South_african_police_may_2010.jpg/330px-South_african_police_may_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/South_african_police_may_2010.jpg/440px-South_african_police_may_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="1347" /></a><figcaption>Officers of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Police_Service" title="South African Police Service">South African Police Service</a> with <a href="/wiki/R4_assault_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="R4 assault rifle">Vektor R5</a> rifles on parade in Johannesburg, 2010</figcaption></figure> Law enforcement in South Africa is primarily the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Police_Service" title="South African Police Service">South African Police Service</a> (SAPS), South Africa's national police force. SAPS is responsible for investigating crime and security throughout the country. The South African Police Service has over 1,154 police stations across the country and over 150,950 officers.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> In 2023 the <a href="/wiki/Special_Task_Force_(SAPS)" title="Special Task Force (SAPS)">Special Task Force (SAPS)</a> placed 9th at the international SWAT competition out of 55 law enforcement teams from across the world making it the best in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> South Africa has the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Private_security_industry_in_South_Africa" title="Private security industry in South Africa">private security industry</a>,<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> with over 10,380 private security companies and 2.5 million private security personnel of which over 556,000 are active,<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> making it bigger than the South African Police Force and Military combined.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> Private security mainly provide assistance to the South African Police Service (SAPS) to combat crime throughout the country. Over the years there has been tremendous growth in the private security industry.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> As of February 2023, South Africa has the sixth highest crime rate in the world.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> From April 2017 to March 2018, on average 57 murders were committed each day in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> In the year ended March 2017, there were 20,336 murders and the murder rate was 35.9 per 100,000 – over five times higher than the global average of 6.2 per 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> More than 526,000 South Africans were murdered from 1994 to 2019.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smash_and_Grab_Hot_Spot,_Retreat_(South_Africa).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Smash_and_Grab_Hot_Spot%2C_Retreat_%28South_Africa%29.jpg/220px-Smash_and_Grab_Hot_Spot%2C_Retreat_%28South_Africa%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Smash_and_Grab_Hot_Spot%2C_Retreat_%28South_Africa%29.jpg/330px-Smash_and_Grab_Hot_Spot%2C_Retreat_%28South_Africa%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Smash_and_Grab_Hot_Spot%2C_Retreat_%28South_Africa%29.jpg/440px-Smash_and_Grab_Hot_Spot%2C_Retreat_%28South_Africa%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3272" data-file-height="2266" /></a><figcaption>Smash and Grab Hot Spot sign in <a href="/wiki/Retreat,_Cape_Town" title="Retreat, Cape Town">Retreat, Cape Town</a></figcaption></figure> South Africa has a high rape rate, with 43,195 rapes reported in 2014/15, and an unknown number of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assaults</a> going unreported.<a href="#cite_note-africaCheckRapeStats-240">[240]</a> A 2009 survey of 1,738 men in KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape by the Medical Research Council found one in four men admitted to raping someone,<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> and another survey of 4,000 women in Johannesburg by CIET Africa found one in three said they had been raped in the past year.<a href="#cite_note-bbc1-242">[242]</a> Rape occurs most commonly within relationships, but many men and women say that rape cannot occur in relationships; however, one in four women reported having been abused by an intimate partner.<a href="#cite_note-Abrahams-243">[243]</a> Rapes are also perpetrated by children (some as young as ten).<a href="#cite_note-medscape-244">[244]</a> The incidence of <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child and infant rape</a> is among the highest in the world, largely as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_cleansing_myth" title="Virgin cleansing myth">virgin cleansing myth</a>, and a number of high-profile cases (sometimes as young as eight months)<a href="#cite_note-medscape-244">[244]</a> have outraged the nation.<a href="#cite_note-time-245">[245]</a> Between 1994 and 2018, there were more than 500 <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobic</a> <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">attacks against foreigners</a> in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2019_Johannesburg_riots" title="2019 Johannesburg riots">2019 Johannesburg riots</a> were similar in nature and origin to the <a href="/wiki/May_2008_South_Africa_riots" title="May 2008 South Africa riots">2008 xenophobic riots</a> that also occurred in Johannesburg.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_South_Africa" title="Administrative divisions of South Africa">Administrative divisions of South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Africa" title="Provinces of South Africa">Provinces of South Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Africa_with_English_labels.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Map_of_South_Africa_with_English_labels.svg/350px-Map_of_South_Africa_with_English_labels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Map_of_South_Africa_with_English_labels.svg/525px-Map_of_South_Africa_with_English_labels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Map_of_South_Africa_with_English_labels.svg/700px-Map_of_South_Africa_with_English_labels.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Africa" title="Provinces of South Africa">Provinces of South Africa</a></figcaption></figure> Each of the nine provinces is governed by a <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Provincial_legislature_(South_Africa)" title="Provincial legislature (South Africa)">legislature</a>, which is elected every five years by <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party-list proportional representation</a>. The legislature elects a <a href="/wiki/Premier_(South_Africa)" title="Premier (South Africa)">premier</a> as head of government, and the premier appoints an <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_(South_Africa)" title="Executive Council (South Africa)">Executive Council</a> as a provincial cabinet. The powers of provincial governments are limited to topics listed in the constitution; these topics include such fields as health, education, public housing and transport. The provinces are in turn divided into 52 <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_South_Africa" title="Districts of South Africa">districts</a>: 8 <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipality_(South_Africa)" title="Metropolitan municipality (South Africa)">metropolitan</a> and 44 <a href="/wiki/District_municipality_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="District municipality (South Africa)">district municipalities</a>. The district municipalities are further subdivided into 205 <a href="/wiki/Local_municipality_(South_Africa)" title="Local municipality (South Africa)">local municipalities</a>. The metropolitan municipalities, which govern the largest urban agglomerations, perform the functions of both district and local municipalities. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align: right"> <tbody><tr> <th>Province </th> <th>Provincial capital </th> <th>Largest city </th> <th>Area (km2)<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> </th> <th>Population (2022)<a href="#cite_note-:0-151">[151]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Bhisho" title="Bhisho">Bhisho</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Gqeberha" title="Gqeberha">Gqeberha</a></td> <td>168,966</td> <td>7,230,204 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Free_State_(South_African_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State (South African province)">Free State</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a></td> <td align="left">Bloemfontein</td> <td>129,825</td> <td>2,964,412 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></td> <td align="left">Johannesburg</td> <td>18,178</td> <td>15,099,422 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Pietermaritzburg" title="Pietermaritzburg">Pietermaritzburg</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a></td> <td>94,361</td> <td>12,423,907 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Limpopo" title="Limpopo">Limpopo</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Polokwane" title="Polokwane">Polokwane</a></td> <td align="left">Polokwane</td> <td>125,754</td> <td>6,572,720 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga">Mpumalanga</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mbombela" title="Mbombela">Mbombela</a></td> <td align="left">Mbombela</td> <td>76,495</td> <td>5,143,324 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/North_West_(South_African_province)" title="North West (South African province)">North West</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mahikeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahikeng">Mahikeng</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Klerksdorp" title="Klerksdorp">Klerksdorp</a></td> <td>104,882</td> <td>3,804,548 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cape" title="Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Kimberley,_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimberley, South Africa">Kimberley</a></td> <td align="left">Kimberley</td> <td>372,889</td> <td>1,355,946 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a></td> <td align="left">Cape Town</td> <td>129,462</td> <td>7,433,019 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa" title="Economy of South Africa">Economy of South Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannesburg_Stock_Exchange.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Johannesburg_Stock_Exchange.jpg/170px-Johannesburg_Stock_Exchange.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Johannesburg_Stock_Exchange.jpg/255px-Johannesburg_Stock_Exchange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Johannesburg_Stock_Exchange.jpg/340px-Johannesburg_Stock_Exchange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1429" data-file-height="2168" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/JSE_Limited" title="JSE Limited">Johannesburg Stock Exchange</a> (JSE) is the largest <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchange</a> on the African continent and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges" class="mw-redirect" title="List of stock exchanges">17th largest</a> in the world with a <a href="/wiki/Market_capitalization" title="Market capitalization">market capitalization</a> of $1.36 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a></figcaption></figure> South Africa has a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a>. Its economy is Africa's most largest, industrialized, and technologically advanced. It also has a relatively high gross domestic product (GDP) per capita compared to other countries in sub-Saharan Africa US$16,080 at <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> as of 2023 ranked 95th. However, South Africa is still burdened by a relatively high rate of poverty and unemployment and is ranked in the top ten countries in the world for <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">income inequality</a>,<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> measured by the <a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a>. South Africa is ranked 40th by <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_wealth" title="List of countries by total wealth">total wealth</a>, making it the second wealthiest country in Africa, in terms of private wealth South Africa has a private wealth of $651 billion making South Africa's population the richest in Africa followed by <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> with $307 billion and <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> with $228 billion.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> Approximately 55.5% (30.3 million people) of the population is living in poverty at the national upper <a href="/wiki/Poverty_threshold" title="Poverty threshold">poverty line</a> while a total of 13.8 million people (25% of the population) are experiencing food poverty.<a href="#cite_note-worldbank-poverty-26">[26]</a> In 2015, 71% of net wealth are held by 10% of the population, whereas 60% of the population held only 7% of the net wealth, and the Gini coefficient was 0.63, whereas in 1996 it was 0.61.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> Unlike most of the world's poor countries, South Africa does not have a thriving <a href="/wiki/Informal_economy" title="Informal economy">informal economy</a>. Only 15% of South African jobs are in the <a href="/wiki/Informal_economy" title="Informal economy">informal sector</a>, compared with around half in <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">India</a> and nearly three-quarters in <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (<a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>) attributes this difference to South Africa's widespread welfare system.<a href="#cite_note-economist1-255">[255]</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> research shows that South Africa has one of the widest gaps between per capita GDP versus its <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> ranking, with only Botswana showing a larger gap.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannesburg_Skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Johannesburg_Skyline.jpg/220px-Johannesburg_Skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Johannesburg_Skyline.jpg/330px-Johannesburg_Skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Johannesburg_Skyline.jpg/440px-Johannesburg_Skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2487" data-file-height="1145" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, the financial capital of South Africa and the African continent<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a></figcaption></figure> After 1994, government policy brought down inflation, stabilised public finances, and some foreign capital was attracted; however, growth was still subpar.<a href="#cite_note-assessment2008-2-258">[258]</a> From 2004 onward, economic growth picked up significantly; both employment and <a href="/wiki/Capital_formation" title="Capital formation">capital formation</a> increased.<a href="#cite_note-assessment2008-2-258">[258]</a> During the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a>, the government increased the role of <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">state-owned enterprises</a> (SOEs). Some of the biggest SOEs are <a href="/wiki/Eskom" title="Eskom">Eskom</a>, the electric power monopoly, <a href="/wiki/South_African_Airways" title="South African Airways">South African Airways</a> (SAA), and <a href="/wiki/Transnet" title="Transnet">Transnet</a>, the railroad and ports monopoly. Some of these SOEs have not been profitable, such as SAA, which has required bailouts totaling R30 billion ($2.03 billion) over the 20 years preceding 2015.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> Principal international trading partners of South Africa—besides other African countries—include Germany, the United States, China, Japan, the United Kingdom and Spain.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-167">[167]</a> The 2020 <a href="/wiki/Financial_Secrecy_Index" title="Financial Secrecy Index">Financial Secrecy Index</a> ranked South Africa as the 58th safest <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">tax haven</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_South_Africa" title="Agriculture in South Africa">South African agricultural industry</a> contributes around 10% of formal employment, relatively low compared to other parts of Africa, as well as providing work for casual labourers and contributing around 2.6% of GDP for the nation.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-261">[261]</a> Due to the <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">aridity</a> of the land, only 13.5% can be used for crop production, and only 3% is considered high potential land.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> In August 2013, South Africa was ranked as the top African Country of the Future by <a href="/wiki/FDi_Intelligence" title="FDi Intelligence">fDi Intelligence</a> based on the country's <a href="/wiki/Economic_potential" title="Economic potential">economic potential</a>, labour environment, cost-effectiveness, infrastructure, business friendliness, and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> strategy.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in South Africa">Mining in South Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Platinum_Mining.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Platinum_Mining.jpg/220px-Platinum_Mining.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Platinum_Mining.jpg/330px-Platinum_Mining.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Platinum_Mining.jpg/440px-Platinum_Mining.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="2242" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view of the <a href="/wiki/Two_Rivers_mine" title="Two Rivers mine">Two Rivers mine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Steelpoort" title="Steelpoort">Steelpoort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limpopo" title="Limpopo">Limpopo</a>, owned by both African Rainbow Minerals and Impala Platinum Holdings Limited</figcaption></figure> Mining has been a major component of South Africa's economy throughout its history. Until 2006 South Africa was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_gold_production" title="List of countries by gold production">world's largest gold producer</a> for almost a century, by the end of 2009 gold mining in South Africa had declined rapidly having produced 205 metric tons (mt) of gold in 2008 compared to 1,000 metric tons produced in 1970 (almost 80% of the world's mine supply at the time).<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> Despite this, the country still has 6,000 tonnes of gold reserves<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> and is still number 5 in gold production and remains a cornucopia of mineral riches.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> South Africa is home to worlds deepest gold mine, <a href="/wiki/Mponeng_Gold_Mine" title="Mponeng Gold Mine">Mponeng Gold Mine</a>, reaching nearly 4000m depth. <a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a>It is the world's largest producer<a href="#cite_note-minerals.USGS.gov-268">[268]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vermiculite" title="Vermiculite">vermiculite</a>. It is the second largest producer<a href="#cite_note-minerals.USGS.gov-268">[268]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">rutile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a>. It is the world's third largest coal exporter.<a href="#cite_note-platts.com-269">[269]</a> It is a huge producer of iron ore; in 2012, it overtook India to become the world's third-biggest iron ore supplier to China, the world's largest consumers of iron ore.<a href="#cite_note-mwsa-270">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_South_Africa" title="Tourism in South Africa">Tourism in South Africa</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_South_Africa&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tourists_looking_at_Table_Mountain_and_Cape_Town_from_viewpoint_on_Robben_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A straight stone pathway through a rocky area, elevated in places from the walkway, with a low retaining wall and chain fence on the left. Beyond is an area of ocean; at the far background on the left is a large flat rocky mountain with a peaked one at its left. Closer to the camera is a small building on the right; people are milling around it and the paths, some taking pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Tourists_looking_at_Table_Mountain_and_Cape_Town_from_viewpoint_on_Robben_Island.jpg/220px-Tourists_looking_at_Table_Mountain_and_Cape_Town_from_viewpoint_on_Robben_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Tourists_looking_at_Table_Mountain_and_Cape_Town_from_viewpoint_on_Robben_Island.jpg/330px-Tourists_looking_at_Table_Mountain_and_Cape_Town_from_viewpoint_on_Robben_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Tourists_looking_at_Table_Mountain_and_Cape_Town_from_viewpoint_on_Robben_Island.jpg/440px-Tourists_looking_at_Table_Mountain_and_Cape_Town_from_viewpoint_on_Robben_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5784" data-file-height="3372" /></a><figcaption>Tourists taking in the view of Cape Town and Table Mountain from <a href="/wiki/Robben_Island" title="Robben Island">Robben Island</a></figcaption></figure> South Africa is a <a href="/wiki/Tourist_destination" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist destination">tourist destination</a> with the tourist industry accounting for 2.34% of GDP<a href="#cite_note-Tourism_in_South_Africa_:3-271">[271]</a> in 2019 followed by a sharp drop in 2020 to 0.81% of GDP<a href="#cite_note-Tourism_in_South_Africa_:3-271">[271]</a> due to lack of travel caused by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. The official marketing agency for the country <a href="/wiki/South_African_Tourism" title="South African Tourism">South African Tourism</a> is responsible for marketing South Africa to the world. According to the World Travel & Tourism Council, the tourism industry directly contributed <a href="/wiki/South_African_rand" title="South African rand">ZAR</a> 102 billion to South African <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> in 2012, and supports 10.3% of jobs in the country.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> The official national <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a> agency of the South African government, with the goal of promoting tourism in South Africa both locally and globally is known as <a href="/wiki/South_African_Tourism" title="South African Tourism">South African Tourism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> South Africa offers both domestic and international tourists a wide variety of options, among others the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Africa" title="Geography of South Africa">picturesque natural landscape</a> and <a href="/wiki/SANParks" class="mw-redirect" title="SANParks">game reserves</a>, diverse <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Africa" title="Culture of South Africa">cultural heritage</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">highly regarded wines</a>. Some of the most popular destinations include several national parks, such as the expansive <a href="/wiki/Kruger_National_Park" title="Kruger National Park">Kruger National Park</a> in the north of the country, the coastlines and beaches of the <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a> provinces, and the major cities like <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>. According to Statistics South Africa's latest Tourism and Migration Survey, almost 3,5 million travellers passed through the country's ports of entry in August 2017.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> The top five overseas countries with the largest number of tourists visiting South Africa were the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. Most of the tourists arriving in South Africa from elsewhere in Africa came from <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">SADC</a> countries. <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> tops the list at 31%, followed by <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>. In addition, Nigeria was the country of origin for nearly 30% of tourists arriving in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandela_Bridge,_Johannesburg,_Gauteng,_South_Africa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mandela_Bridge%2C_Johannesburg%2C_Gauteng%2C_South_Africa.jpg/220px-Mandela_Bridge%2C_Johannesburg%2C_Gauteng%2C_South_Africa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mandela_Bridge%2C_Johannesburg%2C_Gauteng%2C_South_Africa.jpg/330px-Mandela_Bridge%2C_Johannesburg%2C_Gauteng%2C_South_Africa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mandela_Bridge%2C_Johannesburg%2C_Gauteng%2C_South_Africa.jpg/440px-Mandela_Bridge%2C_Johannesburg%2C_Gauteng%2C_South_Africa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela_Bridge" title="Nelson Mandela Bridge">Nelson Mandela Bridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></figcaption></figure> South Africa has a total road network of 750,000 kilometres, the largest of any African country and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_road_network_size" title="List of countries by road network size">12th largest in the world</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/SANRAL" title="SANRAL">SANRAL</a>, the road network is valued at more than R2.1 trillion. SANRAL manages national roads and has a network of 22 197 kilometres of paved roads. Provinces are responsible for 222 951 kilometres while, according to the DoT, the municipal network is estimated at 275 661 kilometres of the proclaimed network. The rest are unproclaimed gravel roads (mainly serving rural communities) and are therefore not owned or maintained by any road authority. The country has more than 12 million motor vehicles with an average density of 16 motor vehicles per kilometre. The provincial road network is about 222 951 kilometres in length, consisting of 170 837 kilometres of unpaved and 52 114 kilometres of paved roads.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_South_Africa" title="Rail transport in South Africa">Rail transport in South Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gautrain...,_O_R_Tambo_Intl_Airport_South_Africa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Gautrain...%2C_O_R_Tambo_Intl_Airport_South_Africa.jpg/220px-Gautrain...%2C_O_R_Tambo_Intl_Airport_South_Africa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Gautrain...%2C_O_R_Tambo_Intl_Airport_South_Africa.jpg/330px-Gautrain...%2C_O_R_Tambo_Intl_Airport_South_Africa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Gautrain...%2C_O_R_Tambo_Intl_Airport_South_Africa.jpg/440px-Gautrain...%2C_O_R_Tambo_Intl_Airport_South_Africa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gautrain" title="Gautrain">Gautrain</a> <a href="/wiki/Higher-speed_rail" title="Higher-speed rail">higher-speed</a> commuter rail</figcaption></figure> Rail transport in South Africa is an important element of the country's <a href="/wiki/Transportation_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation infrastructure">transport infrastructure</a>. All major cities are connected by rail. <a href="/wiki/Transnet_Freight_Rail" title="Transnet Freight Rail">Transnet Freight Rail</a> mainly operates freight services while <a href="/wiki/Passenger_Rail_Agency_of_South_Africa" title="Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa">PRASA</a> operates commuter services. State-owned utility Transnet Freight Rail is the largest freight rail transport operator on the African continent, the company maintains a rail network of approximately 31,000 kilometres but only 20,900 kilometres of this are in use.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> South Africa's railway system is the most developed and largest in Africa as well as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rail_transport_network_size" title="List of countries by rail transport network size">13th largest in the world</a>; however, vandalism, theft, and underinvestment has left left the overall condition of the majority of networks in a poor state.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> Freight, passenger and port capacity shortages remain a severe constraint in domestic and regional trade.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> Coal and iron ore are mainly transported on these lines. The country's rail network carried nearly 230 million tons of freight in 2017; however, this has declined to 179 million tons in 2021,<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a>and it is likely that efforts will be made to revitalize these transport sectors through private sector partnerships.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_South_Africa" title="List of airports in South Africa">List of airports in South Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_African_Airways_Airbus_A340-313_ZS-SXE_MUC_2015_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/South_African_Airways_Airbus_A340-313_ZS-SXE_MUC_2015_01.jpg/220px-South_African_Airways_Airbus_A340-313_ZS-SXE_MUC_2015_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/South_African_Airways_Airbus_A340-313_ZS-SXE_MUC_2015_01.jpg/330px-South_African_Airways_Airbus_A340-313_ZS-SXE_MUC_2015_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/South_African_Airways_Airbus_A340-313_ZS-SXE_MUC_2015_01.jpg/440px-South_African_Airways_Airbus_A340-313_ZS-SXE_MUC_2015_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/South_African_Airways" title="South African Airways">South African Airways</a> <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A340" title="Airbus A340">Airbus A340</a> at <a href="/wiki/Munich_Airport" title="Munich Airport">Munich Airport</a></figcaption></figure> South Africa has international airports in six cities: <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gqeberha" title="Gqeberha">Port Elizabeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_Airport" title="Kimberley Airport">Kimberley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nelspruit_Airport" title="Nelspruit Airport">Nelspruit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> As of 2021, South Africa had 407 airports, making it the leading country in Africa in terms of airport ownership and the country ranked 20th globally.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> The four <a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_airports_by_passenger_movements" title="List of South African airports by passenger movements">major</a> airports in South Africa are: <a href="/wiki/O._R._Tambo_International_Airport" title="O. R. Tambo International Airport">O.R. Tambo International Airport</a> in Johannesburg, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_International_Airport" title="Cape Town International Airport">Cape Town International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Shaka_International_Airport" title="King Shaka International Airport">King Shaka International Airport</a> in Durban and <a href="/wiki/Chief_Dawid_Stuurman_International_Airport" title="Chief Dawid Stuurman International Airport">Chief Dawid Stuurman International Airport</a> in Port Elizabeth. O.R. Tambo International Airport in Johannesburg is Africa's largest and busiest airport which receives over 21 million passengers a year.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> During the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Skytrax" title="Skytrax">Skytrax</a> World Airport Awards, Cape Town International Airport was voted the best airport on the African continent for the seventh consecutive year, Durban's King Shaka International Airport was voted the second best in Africa and Johannesburg's O.R. Tambo International Airport came third place.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_South_Africa" title="Energy in South Africa">Energy in South Africa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eskom" title="Eskom">Eskom</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_South_Africa" title="List of power stations in South Africa">List of power stations in South Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koebergnps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Koebergnps.jpg/220px-Koebergnps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Koebergnps.jpg/330px-Koebergnps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Koebergnps.jpg/440px-Koebergnps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3728" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Koeberg_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Koeberg Nuclear Power Station">Koeberg Nuclear Power Station</a> in Cape Town, it is the only <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plant</a> in Africa</figcaption></figure> South Africa has a very large energy sector and is currently the only country on the African continent that possesses a <a href="/wiki/Koeberg_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Koeberg Nuclear Power Station">nuclear power plant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> The country is the largest producer of electricity on the African continent and it ranks 21st globally.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> South Africa is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coal_production" title="List of countries by coal production">7th largest coal producer</a> in the world and produces in excess of 248 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> and consumes almost three-quarters of that domestically. Around 77% of South Africa's energy needs are directly derived from coal and 92% of coal consumed on the African continent is mined in South Africa. South Africa is also the world's 14th largest emitter of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> The country's primary electricity generator is Eskom, the utility is the largest producer of electricity in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, and is among the top seven utilities in the world in terms of generation capacity and among the top nine in terms of sales.<a href="#cite_note-as-289">[289]</a> It is the largest of <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_South_Africa" title="State-owned enterprises of South Africa">South Africa's state owned enterprises</a>. Eskom generates approximately 95% of electricity in South Africa and operates a number of notable <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power stations</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Koeberg_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Koeberg Nuclear Power Station">Koeberg Nuclear Power Station</a> in Cape Town, the only nuclear power plant in Africa, <a href="/wiki/Kendal_Power_Station" title="Kendal Power Station">Kendal Power Station</a>, the largest dry-cooled power station in the world,<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Duvha_Power_Station" title="Duvha Power Station">Duvha Power Station</a> which became the first power station in the world to be retrofitted with <a href="/wiki/Dust_collector#Reverse_jet" title="Dust collector">pulse jet fabric filter</a> plants.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> In 2001 Eskom was named the best electricity utility in the entire world.<a href="#cite_note-as-289">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Energy_crisis">Energy crisis</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_African_energy_crisis" title="South African energy crisis">South African energy crisis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kusilekragsentrale,_Mpumalanga,_2019,_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kusilekragsentrale%2C_Mpumalanga%2C_2019%2C_a.jpg/220px-Kusilekragsentrale%2C_Mpumalanga%2C_2019%2C_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kusilekragsentrale%2C_Mpumalanga%2C_2019%2C_a.jpg/330px-Kusilekragsentrale%2C_Mpumalanga%2C_2019%2C_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kusilekragsentrale%2C_Mpumalanga%2C_2019%2C_a.jpg/440px-Kusilekragsentrale%2C_Mpumalanga%2C_2019%2C_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5151" data-file-height="2587" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kusile_Power_Station" title="Kusile Power Station">Kusile Power Station</a> was built as a response to the energy crisis. When fully operational it will be the 4th largest <a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">coal-fired power station</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a></figcaption></figure>Due to severe mismanagement and <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Africa" title="Corruption in South Africa">corruption</a> at Eskom, the company is R392bn ($22bn) in debt and is unable to meet the demands of the South African power grid.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> Due to this, Eskom implemented <a href="/wiki/Loadshedding" class="mw-redirect" title="Loadshedding">loadshedding</a> for the first time in 2007, which is periodically switching off electricity to specific power grids in specific time frames. In South Africa, load shedding is done to prevent a failure of the entire system when the demand for electricity strains the capacity of Eskom's power generating system. Load shedding is characterized by periods of widespread national-level rolling blackouts.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> Crime such as theft, and sabotage at Eskom power stations had also been a significant issue contributing to South Africa's energy crisis.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> Starting from March 2024, the end of South Africa's electricity crisis is beginning to look possible, due to a series of strategic reforms and increased investments in the energy sector. The government and Eskom have made significant strides toward resolving the issues that have plagued the power system for years. Key to this progress has been a focus on improving maintenance of its coal-fired power plants, reducing frequent breakdowns that caused widespread load shedding. In addition, there has been a noticeable increase in the contribution of renewable energy sources, such as <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind</a>, from independent power producers (IPPs), which has helped diversify South Africa's energy mix and reduce reliance on coal.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_South_Africa" title="Science and technology in South Africa">Science and technology in South Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mark_Shuttleworth_NASA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mark_Shuttleworth_NASA.jpg/220px-Mark_Shuttleworth_NASA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mark_Shuttleworth_NASA.jpg/330px-Mark_Shuttleworth_NASA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mark_Shuttleworth_NASA.jpg/440px-Mark_Shuttleworth_NASA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shuttleworth" title="Mark Shuttleworth">Mark Shuttleworth</a> in space</figcaption></figure> Several important scientific and technological developments have originated in South Africa. South Africa was ranked 69th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> The first human-to-human <a href="/wiki/Heart_transplantation" title="Heart transplantation">heart transplant</a> was performed by cardiac surgeon <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard">Christiaan Barnard</a> at <a href="/wiki/Groote_Schuur_Hospital" title="Groote Schuur Hospital">Groote Schuur Hospital</a> in December 1967; <a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Max Theiler</a> developed a <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever_vaccine" title="Yellow fever vaccine">vaccine</a> against <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allan_MacLeod_Cormack" title="Allan MacLeod Cormack">Allan MacLeod Cormack</a> pioneered X-ray computed tomography (<a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a>); and <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Aaron Klug</a> developed <a href="/wiki/Electron_crystallography" title="Electron crystallography">crystallographic electron microscopy</a> techniques. Cormack and Klug received <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prizes</a> for their work. <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a> won in 2002, for his pioneering work in <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Shuttleworth" title="Mark Shuttleworth">Mark Shuttleworth</a> founded an early Internet security company <a href="/wiki/Thawte" title="Thawte">Thawte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> South Africa has cultivated a burgeoning <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> community. It hosts the <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Large_Telescope" title="Southern African Large Telescope">Southern African Large Telescope</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Optical_telescope" title="Optical telescope">optical telescope</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>. South Africa is currently building the <a href="/wiki/MeerKAT" title="MeerKAT">Karoo Array Telescope</a> as a pathfinder for the €1.5 billion <a href="/wiki/Square_Kilometre_Array" title="Square Kilometre Array">Square Kilometre Array</a> project.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_South_Africa" title="Transport in South Africa">Transport in South Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MyCiti_Bus_system_Civic_Centre_station_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/MyCiti_Bus_system_Civic_Centre_station_2.JPG/220px-MyCiti_Bus_system_Civic_Centre_station_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/MyCiti_Bus_system_Civic_Centre_station_2.JPG/330px-MyCiti_Bus_system_Civic_Centre_station_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/MyCiti_Bus_system_Civic_Centre_station_2.JPG/440px-MyCiti_Bus_system_Civic_Centre_station_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MyCiTi" title="MyCiTi">MyCiTi</a> Bus in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a></figcaption></figure> Modes of transport include roads, railways, airports, water, and pipelines for petroleum oil. The majority of people in South Africa use informal <a href="/wiki/Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">minibus taxis</a> as their main mode of transport. <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">Bus rapid transit</a> has been implemented in some cities in an attempt to provide more formalised and safer public transport services. South Africa has many major ports including Cape Town, Durban, and Port Elizabeth that allow ships and other boats to pass through, some carrying passengers and some carrying <a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">petroleum tankers</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_supply_and_sanitation">Water supply and sanitation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_South_Africa" title="Water supply and sanitation in South Africa">Water supply and sanitation in South Africa</a></div> Two distinctive features of the South African water sector are the policy of free basic water and the existence of <a href="/wiki/Water_Board_(South_Africa)" title="Water Board (South Africa)">water boards</a>, which are bulk water supply agencies that operate pipelines and sell water from reservoirs to municipalities. These features have led to significant problems concerning the financial sustainability of service providers, leading to a lack of attention to maintenance. Following the end of apartheid, the country had made improvements in the levels of access to water as those with access increased from 66% to 79% from 1990 to 2010.<a href="#cite_note-JMP-300">[300]</a> Sanitation access increased from 71% to 79% during the same period.<a href="#cite_note-JMP-300">[300]</a> However, water supply and sanitation has come under increasing pressure in recent years despite a commitment made by the government to improve service standards and provide investment subsidies to the water industry.<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> The eastern parts of South Africa suffer from periodic droughts linked to the <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a> weather phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-whyCapeTownDroughtConversation-302">[302]</a> In early 2018, Cape Town, which has different weather patterns to the rest of the country,<a href="#cite_note-whyCapeTownDroughtConversation-302">[302]</a> faced a water crisis as the city's water supply was predicted to run dry before the end of June. Water-saving measures were in effect that required each citizen to use less than 50 litres (13 US gal) per day.<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> Cape Town rejected an offer from Israel to help it build <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalination</a> plants.<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Africa" title="Culture of South Africa">Culture of South Africa</a></div> The South African black majority still has a substantial number of rural inhabitants who lead largely impoverished lives. It is among these people that cultural traditions survive most strongly; as blacks have become increasingly urbanised and <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Westernised</a>, aspects of traditional culture have declined. Members of the middle class, who have historically been predominantly white but whose ranks include growing numbers of black, Coloured and Indian people,<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> have lifestyles similar in many respects to that of people found in Western Europe, North America and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Rock_Art_-_Cederberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/San_Rock_Art_-_Cederberg.jpg/220px-San_Rock_Art_-_Cederberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/San_Rock_Art_-_Cederberg.jpg/330px-San_Rock_Art_-_Cederberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/San_Rock_Art_-_Cederberg.jpg/440px-San_Rock_Art_-_Cederberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock painting</a> by the <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cederberg" title="Cederberg">Cederberg</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/South_African_art" title="South African art">South African art</a> includes the oldest art objects in the world, which were discovered in a South African cave and dated from roughly 75,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> The scattered tribes of the Khoisan peoples moving into South Africa from around 10,000 BC had their own fluent art styles seen today in a multitude of cave paintings. They were superseded by the Bantu/Nguni peoples with their own vocabularies of art forms. Forms of art evolved in the mines and townships: a dynamic art using everything from plastic strips to bicycle spokes. The Dutch-influenced folk art of the Afrikaner <a href="/wiki/Trekboer" class="mw-redirect" title="Trekboer">trekboers</a> and the urban white artists, earnestly following changing European traditions from the 1850s onwards, also contributed to this eclectic mix which continues to evolve to this day. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa" title="Music of South Africa">Music of South Africa</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_South_Africa" title="Mass media in South Africa">South African media</a> sector is large, and South Africa is one of Africa's major media centres. While the many broadcasters and publications reflect the diversity of the population as a whole, the most commonly used language is English. However, all ten other official languages are represented to some extent or another. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-11-26_traditional_Zulu_performance_02_anagoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/2014-11-26_traditional_Zulu_performance_02_anagoria.JPG/220px-2014-11-26_traditional_Zulu_performance_02_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/2014-11-26_traditional_Zulu_performance_02_anagoria.JPG/330px-2014-11-26_traditional_Zulu_performance_02_anagoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/2014-11-26_traditional_Zulu_performance_02_anagoria.JPG/440px-2014-11-26_traditional_Zulu_performance_02_anagoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulus">Zulus</a> performing a traditional dance</figcaption></figure> There is great diversity in <a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa" title="Music of South Africa">South African music</a>. Black musicians have developed unique styles called <a href="/wiki/Kwaito" title="Kwaito">Kwaito</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amapiano" title="Amapiano">Amapiano</a>, that is said to have taken over radio, television, and magazines.<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> Of note is <a href="/wiki/Brenda_Fassie" title="Brenda Fassie">Brenda Fassie</a>, who launched to fame with her song "<a href="/wiki/Weekend_Special" title="Weekend Special">Weekend Special</a>", which was sung in English. More famous traditional musicians include <a href="/wiki/Ladysmith_Black_Mambazo" title="Ladysmith Black Mambazo">Ladysmith Black Mambazo</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Soweto_String_Quartet" title="Soweto String Quartet">Soweto String Quartet</a> performs classical music with an African flavour. South Africa has produced world-famous jazz musicians, notably <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Masekela" title="Hugh Masekela">Hugh Masekela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Gwangwa" title="Jonas Gwangwa">Jonas Gwangwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ibrahim" title="Abdullah Ibrahim">Abdullah Ibrahim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Makeba" title="Miriam Makeba">Miriam Makeba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Butler" title="Jonathan Butler">Jonathan Butler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_McGregor" title="Chris McGregor">Chris McGregor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sathima_Bea_Benjamin" title="Sathima Bea Benjamin">Sathima Bea Benjamin</a>. Afrikaans music covers multiple genres, such as the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Steve_Hofmeyr" title="Steve Hofmeyr">Steve Hofmeyr</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> band <a href="/wiki/Fokofpolisiekar" title="Fokofpolisiekar">Fokofpolisiekar</a>, and the singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Loops" title="Jeremy Loops">Jeremy Loops</a>. South African popular musicians that have found international success include <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Mann_(musician)" title="Manfred Mann (musician)">Manfred Mann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Clegg" title="Johnny Clegg">Johnny Clegg</a>, rap-rave duo <a href="/wiki/Die_Antwoord" title="Die Antwoord">Die Antwoord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyla_(South_African_singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyla (South African singer)">Tyla</a>, and rock band <a href="/wiki/Seether" title="Seether">Seether</a>. Rappers such as <a href="/wiki/AKA_(rapper)" title="AKA (rapper)">AKA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasty_C" title="Nasty C">Nasty C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cassper_Nyovest" title="Cassper Nyovest">Cassper Nyovest</a> gained notoriety in other avenues like the BET Awards for best African acts. Although few <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Africa" title="Cinema of South Africa">South African film</a> productions are known outside South Africa, many foreign films have been produced about South Africa. Arguably, the most high-profile film portraying South Africa in recent years was <a href="/wiki/District_9" title="District 9">District 9</a> and its upcoming sequel, as well as <a href="/wiki/Chappie_(film)" title="Chappie (film)">Chappie</a>. Other notable exceptions are the film <a href="/wiki/Tsotsi" title="Tsotsi">Tsotsi</a>, which won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_International_Feature_Film" title="Academy Award for Best International Feature Film">Academy Award for Foreign Language Film</a> at the <a href="/wiki/78th_Academy_Awards" title="78th Academy Awards">78th Academy Awards</a> in 2006, as well as <a href="/wiki/U-Carmen_e-Khayelitsha" class="mw-redirect" title="U-Carmen e-Khayelitsha">U-Carmen e-Khayelitsha</a>, which won the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bear" title="Golden Bear">Golden Bear</a> at the 2005 <a href="/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival" title="Berlin International Film Festival">Berlin International Film Festival</a>. In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hermanus" title="Oliver Hermanus">Oliver Hermanus</a> film <a href="/wiki/The_Endless_River_(film)" title="The Endless River (film)">The Endless River</a> became the first South African film selected for the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival" title="Venice Film Festival">Venice Film Festival</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_African_literature" title="South African literature">South African literature</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:107px;max-width:107px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:116px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sol_Plaatje_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sol_Plaatje_002.jpg/105px-Sol_Plaatje_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sol_Plaatje_002.jpg/158px-Sol_Plaatje_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Sol_Plaatje_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="228" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Sol_Plaatje" title="Sol Plaatje">Sol Plaatje</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:91px;max-width:91px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:116px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Alan_Paton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Alan_Paton.jpg/89px-Alan_Paton.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Alan_Paton.jpg/134px-Alan_Paton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Alan_Paton.jpg/178px-Alan_Paton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="640" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Paton" title="Alan Paton">Alan Paton</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:106px;max-width:106px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Archibald_Campbell_Mzolisa_Jordan_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Archibald_Campbell_Mzolisa_Jordan_.jpg/104px-Archibald_Campbell_Mzolisa_Jordan_.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Archibald_Campbell_Mzolisa_Jordan_.jpg/156px-Archibald_Campbell_Mzolisa_Jordan_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Archibald_Campbell_Mzolisa_Jordan_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="240" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell_Jordan" title="Archibald Campbell Jordan">Archibald Campbell Jordan</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:92px;max-width:92px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Breyten_Breytenbach,_Bestanddeelnr_932-4729.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Breyten_Breytenbach%2C_Bestanddeelnr_932-4729.jpg/90px-Breyten_Breytenbach%2C_Bestanddeelnr_932-4729.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Breyten_Breytenbach%2C_Bestanddeelnr_932-4729.jpg/135px-Breyten_Breytenbach%2C_Bestanddeelnr_932-4729.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Breyten_Breytenbach%2C_Bestanddeelnr_932-4729.jpg/180px-Breyten_Breytenbach%2C_Bestanddeelnr_932-4729.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2437" data-file-height="3669" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Breyten_Breytenbach" title="Breyten Breytenbach">Breyten Breytenbach</a></div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/South_African_literature" title="South African literature">South African literature</a> emerged from a unique social and political history. One of the first well known novels written by a black author in an African language was <a href="/wiki/Sol_Plaatje" title="Sol Plaatje">Solomon Thekiso Plaatje</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mhudi" title="Mhudi">Mhudi</a>, written in 1930. During the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Drum_(South_African_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum (South African magazine)">Drum</a> magazine became a hotbed of political satire, fiction, and essays, giving a voice to the urban black culture. Notable white South African authors include anti-apartheid activist <a href="/wiki/Alan_Paton" title="Alan Paton">Alan Paton</a>, who published the novel <a href="/wiki/Cry,_the_Beloved_Country" title="Cry, the Beloved Country">Cry, the Beloved Country</a> in 1948. <a href="/wiki/Nadine_Gordimer" title="Nadine Gordimer">Nadine Gordimer</a> became the first South African to be awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>, in 1991. <a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J.M. Coetzee</a> won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2003. When awarding the prize, the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Academy" title="Swedish Academy">Swedish Academy</a> stated that Coetzee "in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider."<a href="#cite_note-Swedish_Academy-312">[312]</a> The plays of <a href="/wiki/Athol_Fugard" title="Athol Fugard">Athol Fugard</a> have been regularly premiered in <a href="/wiki/Fringe_theatre" title="Fringe theatre">fringe theatres</a> in South Africa, London (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre" title="Royal Court Theatre">Royal Court Theatre</a>) and New York. <a href="/wiki/Olive_Schreiner" title="Olive Schreiner">Olive Schreiner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_an_African_Farm" title="The Story of an African Farm">The Story of an African Farm</a> (1883) was a revelation in <a href="/wiki/Victorian_literature" title="Victorian literature">Victorian literature</a>: it is heralded by many as introducing feminism into the novel form. <a href="/wiki/Breyten_Breytenbach" title="Breyten Breytenbach">Breyten Breytenbach</a> was jailed for his involvement with the guerrilla movement against apartheid.<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Brink" title="André Brink">André Brink</a> was the first Afrikaner writer to be <a href="/wiki/Banned_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Banned book">banned</a> by the government after he released the novel <a href="/wiki/A_Dry_White_Season_(novel)" title="A Dry White Season (novel)">A Dry White Season</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_African_cuisine" title="South African cuisine">South African cuisine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">South African wine</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:103px;max-width:103px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:75px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bobotie,_South_African_dish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bobotie%2C_South_African_dish.jpg/101px-Bobotie%2C_South_African_dish.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bobotie%2C_South_African_dish.jpg/152px-Bobotie%2C_South_African_dish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bobotie%2C_South_African_dish.jpg/202px-Bobotie%2C_South_African_dish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Bobotie" title="Bobotie">Bobotie</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:75px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Melktert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Melktert.jpg/113px-Melktert.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Melktert.jpg/170px-Melktert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Melktert.jpg/226px-Melktert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="2220" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Melktert" title="Melktert">Melktert</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:110px;max-width:110px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:72px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Potjie_is_ready.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_Potjie_is_ready.JPG/108px-The_Potjie_is_ready.JPG" decoding="async" width="108" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_Potjie_is_ready.JPG/162px-The_Potjie_is_ready.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_Potjie_is_ready.JPG/216px-The_Potjie_is_ready.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Potjiekos" title="Potjiekos">Potjiekos</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:108px;max-width:108px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:72px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Koesisters_Cape_Malay_South_Africa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Koesisters_Cape_Malay_South_Africa.jpg/106px-Koesisters_Cape_Malay_South_Africa.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Koesisters_Cape_Malay_South_Africa.jpg/159px-Koesisters_Cape_Malay_South_Africa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Koesisters_Cape_Malay_South_Africa.jpg/212px-Koesisters_Cape_Malay_South_Africa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3301" data-file-height="2257" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Koe%27sister" title="Koe'sister">Koe'sister</a></div></div></div></div></div> The cuisine of South Africa is diverse, and foods from many different cultures and backgrounds are enjoyed by all communities, and especially marketed to tourists who wish to sample the large variety available. The cuisine is mostly meat-based and has spawned the distinctively South African social gathering known as the <a href="/wiki/Braai" class="mw-redirect" title="Braai">braai</a>, a variation of the <a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">barbecue</a>. South Africa has also developed into a major <a href="/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">wine producer</a>, with some of the best <a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">vineyards</a> lying in valleys around <a href="/wiki/Stellenbosch" title="Stellenbosch">Stellenbosch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franschhoek" title="Franschhoek">Franschhoek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paarl" title="Paarl">Paarl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barrydale" title="Barrydale">Barrydale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Africa" title="Sport in South Africa">Sport in South Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_-_Cape_Town_Drieankerbaai_from_Lion%27s_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aerial view of the Cape Town Stadium in Cape Town, South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d5/South_Africa_-_Cape_Town_Drieankerbaai_from_Lion%27s_head.jpg/220px-South_Africa_-_Cape_Town_Drieankerbaai_from_Lion%27s_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d5/South_Africa_-_Cape_Town_Drieankerbaai_from_Lion%27s_head.jpg/330px-South_Africa_-_Cape_Town_Drieankerbaai_from_Lion%27s_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d5/South_Africa_-_Cape_Town_Drieankerbaai_from_Lion%27s_head.jpg/440px-South_Africa_-_Cape_Town_Drieankerbaai_from_Lion%27s_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Stadium" title="Cape Town Stadium">Cape Town Stadium</a> is the 5th-largest stadium in South Africa, with a capacity of 55,000.</figcaption></figure> South Africa's most popular sports are <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>.<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> Other sports with significant support are swimming, athletics, golf, boxing, tennis, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ringball" title="Ringball">ringball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a>, surfing and <a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">netball</a>. Although football (soccer) commands the greatest following among the youth, other sports like basketball, judo, softball and skateboarding are becoming increasingly popular amongst the populace.<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> Association football is the most popular sport in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> Footballers who have played for major foreign clubs include <a href="/wiki/Steven_Pienaar" title="Steven Pienaar">Steven Pienaar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Radebe" title="Lucas Radebe">Lucas Radebe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philemon_Masinga" class="mw-redirect" title="Philemon Masinga">Philemon Masinga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benni_McCarthy" title="Benni McCarthy">Benni McCarthy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Mokoena" title="Aaron Mokoena">Aaron Mokoena</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Delron_Buckley" title="Delron Buckley">Delron Buckley</a>. South Africa hosted the <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010 FIFA World Cup</a>, and FIFA president <a href="/wiki/Sepp_Blatter" title="Sepp Blatter">Sepp Blatter</a> awarded South Africa a grade 9 out of 10 for successfully hosting the event.<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a> Player Benni McCarthy is also a first-team coach for the English football club <a href="/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C." title="Manchester United F.C.">Manchester United</a>.<a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a> It hosted the <a href="/wiki/1996_African_Cup_of_Nations" title="1996 African Cup of Nations">1996 African Cup of Nations</a>, with the national team <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_national_soccer_team" title="South Africa national soccer team">Bafana Bafana</a> going on to win the tournament. In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_women%27s_national_soccer_team" title="South Africa women's national soccer team">women's team</a> also won the <a href="/wiki/2022_Women%27s_Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="2022 Women's Africa Cup of Nations">Women's Africa Cup of Nations</a>, beating <a href="/wiki/Morocco_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Morocco women's national football team">Morocco</a> 2–1 in <a href="/wiki/2022_Women%27s_Africa_Cup_of_Nations_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Women's Africa Cup of Nations Final">the final</a>. The women's team went on to reach the last 16 at the <a href="/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="2023 FIFA Women's World Cup">2023 FIFA Women's World Cup</a>, beating <a href="/wiki/Italy_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Italy women's national football team">Italy</a> and tying with <a href="/wiki/Argentina_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Argentina women's national football team">Argentina</a> in the group stage. Famous <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sport</a> personalities include Baby Jake <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Matlala" title="Jacob Matlala">Jacob Matlala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vuyani_Bungu" title="Vuyani Bungu">Vuyani Bungu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welcome_Ncita" title="Welcome Ncita">Welcome Ncita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dingaan_Thobela" title="Dingaan Thobela">Dingaan Thobela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corrie_Sanders" title="Corrie Sanders">Corrie Sanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerrie_Coetzee" title="Gerrie Coetzee">Gerrie Coetzee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mitchell_(boxer)" title="Brian Mitchell (boxer)">Brian Mitchell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dricus_du_Plessis" title="Dricus du Plessis">Dricus du Plessis</a>. Durban surfer <a href="/wiki/Jordy_Smith" title="Jordy Smith">Jordy Smith</a> won the 2010 Billabong J-Bay Open making him the highest ranked surfer in the world. South Africa produced <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> motor racing's 1979 world champion <a href="/wiki/Jody_Scheckter" title="Jody Scheckter">Jody Scheckter</a>. Famous active <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing" title="Grand Prix motorcycle racing">Grand Prix motorcycle racing</a> personalities include <a href="/wiki/Brad_Binder" title="Brad Binder">Brad Binder</a> and his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Darryn_Binder" title="Darryn Binder">Darryn Binder</a>. Well-known active cricket players include <a href="/wiki/Kagiso_Rabada" title="Kagiso Rabada">Kagiso Rabada</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Miller_(South_African_cricketer)" title="David Miller (South African cricketer)">David Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keshav_Maharaj" title="Keshav Maharaj">Keshav Maharaj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quinton_de_Kock" title="Quinton de Kock">Quinton de Kock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lungi_Ngidi" title="Lungi Ngidi">Lungi Ngidi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anrich_Nortje" title="Anrich Nortje">Anrich Nortje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aiden_Markram" title="Aiden Markram">Aiden Markram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faf_du_Plessis" title="Faf du Plessis">Faf du Plessis</a>; some also participate in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Premier_League" title="Indian Premier League">Indian Premier League</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bokke_Webb_Ellis-beker_toer_JHB_20191107_145608.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bokke_Webb_Ellis-beker_toer_JHB_20191107_145608.jpg/220px-Bokke_Webb_Ellis-beker_toer_JHB_20191107_145608.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bokke_Webb_Ellis-beker_toer_JHB_20191107_145608.jpg/330px-Bokke_Webb_Ellis-beker_toer_JHB_20191107_145608.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bokke_Webb_Ellis-beker_toer_JHB_20191107_145608.jpg/440px-Bokke_Webb_Ellis-beker_toer_JHB_20191107_145608.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2697" data-file-height="1761" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team" title="South Africa national rugby union team">Springboks</a> on their tour of the country after winning the <a href="/wiki/2019_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2019 Rugby World Cup">2019 Rugby World Cup</a></figcaption></figure> South Africa has produced numerous world class rugby players, including <a href="/wiki/Francois_Pienaar" title="Francois Pienaar">Francois Pienaar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joost_van_der_Westhuizen" title="Joost van der Westhuizen">Joost van der Westhuizen</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Smit" title="John Smit">John Smit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Os_du_Randt" title="Os du Randt">Os du Randt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Villiers" title="Jean de Villiers">Jean de Villiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chester_Williams" title="Chester Williams">Chester Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frans_Steyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Frans Steyn">Frans Steyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Matfield" title="Victor Matfield">Victor Matfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Habana" title="Bryan Habana">Bryan Habana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tendai_Mtawarira" title="Tendai Mtawarira">Tendai Mtawarira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eben_Etzebeth" title="Eben Etzebeth">Eben Etzebeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheslin_Kolbe" title="Cheslin Kolbe">Cheslin Kolbe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siya_Kolisi" title="Siya Kolisi">Siya Kolisi</a>. South Africa has won the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cup</a> four times, the most wins of any country. South Africa first won the <a href="/wiki/1995_Rugby_World_Cup" title="1995 Rugby World Cup">1995 Rugby World Cup</a>, which it hosted. They went on to win the tournament again in 2007, 2019 and 2023.<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> Cricket is one of the most played sports in South Africa. It has hosted the <a href="/wiki/2003_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2003 Cricket World Cup">2003 Cricket World Cup</a>, the <a href="/wiki/ICC_World_Twenty20" class="mw-redirect" title="ICC World Twenty20">2007 World Twenty20 Championship</a>. South Africa's national cricket team, the <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_national_cricket_team" title="South Africa national cricket team">Proteas</a>, have also won the inaugural edition of the <a href="/wiki/1998_ICC_KnockOut_Trophy" title="1998 ICC KnockOut Trophy">1998 ICC KnockOut Trophy</a> by defeating <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_national_cricket_team" class="mw-redirect" title="West Indies national cricket team">West Indies</a> in the final. The <a href="/wiki/2023_ICC_Women%27s_T20_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 ICC Women's T20 World Cup">2023 ICC Women's T20 World Cup</a> was hosted in South Africa and the <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_women%27s_national_cricket_team" title="South Africa women's national cricket team">women's team</a> won silver. The men's team won silver at the <a href="/wiki/2024_ICC_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup">2024 ICC T20 World Cup</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_national_blind_cricket_team" title="South Africa national blind cricket team">South Africa's national blind cricket team</a> also went on to win the inaugural edition of the <a href="/wiki/Blind_Cricket_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Blind Cricket World Cup">Blind Cricket World Cup</a> in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> In 2004, the swimming team of <a href="/wiki/Roland_Schoeman" title="Roland Schoeman">Roland Schoeman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Ferns" title="Lyndon Ferns">Lyndon Ferns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darian_Townsend" title="Darian Townsend">Darian Townsend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ryk_Neethling" title="Ryk Neethling">Ryk Neethling</a> won the gold medal at the <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">Olympic Games in Athens</a>, simultaneously breaking the world record in the 4×100 <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_Relay" class="mw-redirect" title="Freestyle Relay">Freestyle Relay</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penny_Heyns" class="mw-redirect" title="Penny Heyns">Penny Heyns</a> won Olympic Gold in the 1996 <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta Olympic Games">Atlanta Olympic Games</a>, and more recently, swimmers <a href="/wiki/Tatjana_Smith" title="Tatjana Smith">Tatjana Smith</a> (née Schoenmaker), <a href="/wiki/Lara_van_Niekerk" title="Lara van Niekerk">Lara van Niekerk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akani_Simbine" title="Akani Simbine">Akani Simbine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wayde_van_Niekerk" title="Wayde van Niekerk">Wayde van Niekerk</a> have all broken records and won medals at both the Olympic and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a>, with Wayde van Niekerk being the world record holder in <a href="/wiki/400_metres" title="400 metres">400 metres</a> since 2016. In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Pistorius" title="Oscar Pistorius">Oscar Pistorius</a> became the first double amputee sprinter to compete at the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">Olympic Games in London</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gary_Player" title="Gary Player">Gary Player</a> is regarded as one of the greatest golfers of all time, having won the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(golf)" title="Grand Slam (golf)">Career Grand Slam</a>, one of five to have done so.<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/32px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/48px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/64px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Africa" title="Portal:South Africa">South Africa portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_South_Africa" title="Timeline of South Africa">Timeline of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Africa" title="Outline of South Africa">Outline of South Africa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Constitution Eighteenth Amendment Act (47665) (in English and Tswana). Vol. 697. Parliament of the Republic of South Africa. 27 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Constitution+Eighteenth+Amendment+Act&rft.pub=Parliament+of+the+Republic+of+South+Africa&rft.date=2023-07-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypopulation.de/World.html">"Principal Agglomerations of the World"</a>. City Population. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225073559/http://www.citypopulation.de/World.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Principal+Agglomerations+of+the+World&rft.pub=City+Population&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2FWorld.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-South_Africa_at_a_glance-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-South_Africa_at_a_glance_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-South_Africa_at_a_glance_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-South_Africa_at_a_glance_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africa-glance">"South Africa at a glance"</a>. South African Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200526163527/https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africa-glance">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+African+Government&rft.atitle=South+Africa+at+a+glance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.za%2Fabout-sa%2Fsouth-africa-glance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-constitution.1.6-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-constitution.1.6_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-constitution.1.6_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf">The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa</a> (PDF) (2013 English version ed.). Constitutional Court of South Africa. 2013. ch. 1, s. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174423/https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+South+Africa&rft.pages=ch.-1%2C+s.-6&rft.edition=2013+English+version&rft.pub=Constitutional+Court+of+South+Africa&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.concourt.org.za%2Fimages%2Fphocadownload%2Fthe_text%2Fenglish-2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-parliament.gov.za-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parliament.gov.za_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-parliament.gov.za_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-parliament.gov.za_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.gov.za/press-releases/na-approves-south-african-sign-language-12th-official-language">"The NA Approves South African Sign Language as the 12th Official Language"</a>. Parliament of South Africa. 3 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231222131030/https://www.parliament.gov.za/press-releases/na-approves-south-african-sign-language-12th-official-language">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliament+of+South+Africa&rft.atitle=The+NA+Approves+South+African+Sign+Language+as+the+12th+Official+Language&rft.date=2023-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.gov.za%2Fpress-releases%2Fna-approves-south-african-sign-language-12th-official-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchley-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Mitchley_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchley" class="citation web cs1">Mitchley, Alex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/sas-population-swells-to-62-million-2022-census-at-a-glance-20231010">"SA's population swells to 62 million - 2022 census at a glance"</a>. News24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231011171333/https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/sas-population-swells-to-62-million-2022-census-at-a-glance-20231010">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News24&rft.atitle=SA%27s+population+swells+to+62+million+-+2022+census+at+a+glance&rft.aulast=Mitchley&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2Fnews24%2Fsouthafrica%2Fnews%2Fsas-population-swells-to-62-million-2022-census-at-a-glance-20231010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2022_census3-7"><a href="#cite_ref-2022_census3_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://census.statssa.gov.za/assets/documents/2022/P03014_Census_2022_Statistical_Release.pdf">"Statistical Release - Census 2022"</a> (PDF). statssa.gov.za. Retrieved 22 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statssa.gov.za&rft.atitle=Statistical+Release+-+Census+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensus.statssa.gov.za%2Fassets%2Fdocuments%2F2022%2FP03014_Census_2022_Statistical_Release.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census-2022-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census-2022_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census-2022_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census-2022_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census-2022_8-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/P03014_Census_2022_Statistical_Release.pdf">"Census 2022 Statistical Release"</a> (PDF). Statistics South Africa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231015192129/https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/P03014_Census_2022_Statistical_Release.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+2022+Statistical+Release&rft.pub=Statistics+South+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.za%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FP03014_Census_2022_Statistical_Release.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.ZA-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.ZA_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.ZA_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.ZA_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.ZA_9-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ZAF">"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (South Africa)"</a>. www.imf.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 16 April 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240416232751/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=199,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.imf.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+April+2024+Edition.+%28South+Africa%29&rft.date=2024-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fdatamapper%2Fprofile%2FZAF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wb-gini-10"><a href="#cite_ref-wb-gini_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=ZA">"Gini Index"</a>. World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200529083011/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=ZA">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gini+Index&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DZA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHDR-11"><a href="#cite_ref-UNHDR_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. p. 275. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/en-ZA/index.html">"Data Source Comparison for en-ZA"</a>. www.localeplanet.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816213516/https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/en-ZA/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.localeplanet.com&rft.atitle=Data+Source+Comparison+for+en-ZA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.localeplanet.com%2Fcompare%2Fen-ZA%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/af-ZA/index.html">"Data Source Comparison for af-ZA"</a>. www.localeplanet.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505092248/https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/af-ZA/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.localeplanet.com&rft.atitle=Data+Source+Comparison+for+af-ZA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.localeplanet.com%2Fcompare%2Faf-ZA%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samsa.org.za/">"South African Maritime Safety Authority"</a>. South African Maritime Safety Authority. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081229120804/http://www.samsa.org.za/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+African+Maritime+Safety+Authority&rft.pub=South+African+Maritime+Safety+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samsa.org.za%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170716042040/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html">"Coastline"</a>. The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html">the original</a> on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Coastline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2060.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-safacts-16"><a href="#cite_ref-safacts_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080719213531/http://www.southafrica.info/about/facts.htm">"South Africa Fast Facts"</a>. SouthAfrica.info. April 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southafrica.info/about/facts.htm">the original</a> on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 14 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africa+Fast+Facts&rft.pub=SouthAfrica.info&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southafrica.info%2Fabout%2Ffacts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy_Arnold" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Arnold" title="Guy Arnold">Guy Arnold</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9113829/LESOTHO">"Lesotho: Year In Review 1996 – Britannica Online Encyclopedia"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615085933/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/337131/Lesotho-Year-In-Review-1996">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Lesotho%3A+Year+In+Review+1996+%E2%80%93+Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.au=Guy+Arnold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9113829%2FLESOTHO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marais_Twala_2020_pp._49–62-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marais_Twala_2020_pp._49–62_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marais_Twala_2020_pp._49–62_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaraisTwala2020" class="citation journal cs1">Marais, Lochner; Twala, Chitja (7 May 2020). "Bloemfontein: the rise and fall of South Africa's judicial capital". African Geographical Review. 40 (1). Informa UK Limited: 49–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19376812.2020.1760901">10.1080/19376812.2020.1760901</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1937-6812">1937-6812</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218929562">218929562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Geographical+Review&rft.atitle=Bloemfontein%3A+the+rise+and+fall+of+South+Africa%27s+judicial+capital&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-62&rft.date=2020-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218929562%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1937-6812&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19376812.2020.1760901&rft.aulast=Marais&rft.aufirst=Lochner&rft.au=Twala%2C+Chitja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7512700.stm">"Rainbow Nation – dream or reality?"</a>. BBC News. 18 July 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130908141212/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7512700.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Rainbow+Nation+%E2%80%93+dream+or+reality%3F&rft.date=2008-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F7512700.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooperAntkiewiczShaw2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper, Andrew F; Antkiewicz, Agata; Shaw, Timothy M (10 December 2007). "Lessons from/for BRICSAM about South-North Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?". <a href="/wiki/International_Studies_Review" title="International Studies Review">International Studies Review</a>. 9 (4): 675, 687. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2486.2007.00730.x">10.1111/j.1468-2486.2007.00730.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-2486">1468-2486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Lessons+from%2Ffor+BRICSAM+about+South-North+Relations+at+the+Start+of+the+21st+Century%3A+Economic+Size+Trumps+All+Else%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=675%2C+687&rft.date=2007-12-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2486.2007.00730.x&rft.issn=1468-2486&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Andrew+F&rft.au=Antkiewicz%2C+Agata&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Timothy+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lynch2010-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Lynch2010_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2010" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, David A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-MH-GEL425AC&pg=PA51">Trade and Globalization: An Introduction to Regional Trade Agreements</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6689-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6689-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-6689-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131011173913/http://books.google.com/books?id=-MH-GEL425AC&pg=PA51">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013. <q>Southern Africa is home to the other of sub-Saharan Africa's regional powers: South Africa. South Africa is more than just a regional power; it is currently the most developed and economically powerful country in Africa, and is able to use that influence in Africa more than during the days of apartheid, when it was ostracised from the rest of the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trade+and+Globalization%3A+An+Introduction+to+Regional+Trade+Agreements&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6689-7&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-MH-GEL425AC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/country/south-africa">"South Africa"</a>. World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111101050034/http://data.worldbank.org/country/south-africa">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africa&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Fcountry%2Fsouth-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waugh2000-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Waugh2000_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaugh2000" class="citation book cs1">Waugh, David (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7GH0KZZthGoC">"Manufacturing industries (chapter 19), World development (chapter 22)"</a>. Geography: An Integrated Approach. Nelson Thornes. pp. 563, 576–579, 633, 640. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-17-444706-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-17-444706-1"><bdi>978-0-17-444706-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131011173925/http://books.google.com/books?id=7GH0KZZthGoC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manufacturing+industries+%28chapter+19%29%2C+World+development+%28chapter+22%29&rft.btitle=Geography%3A+An+Integrated+Approach&rft.pages=563%2C+576-579%2C+633%2C+640&rft.pub=Nelson+Thornes&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-17-444706-1&rft.aulast=Waugh&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7GH0KZZthGoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/&order=region">"World Heritage List"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 16 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=World+Heritage+List&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F%26order%3Dregion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieberman2022" class="citation book cs1">Lieberman, Evan (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691203003/until-we-have-won-our-liberty">Until We Have Won Our Liberty</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-20300-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-20300-3"><bdi>978-0-691-20300-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124200625/https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691203003/until-we-have-won-our-liberty">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Until+We+Have+Won+Our+Liberty&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-691-20300-3&rft.aulast=Lieberman&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Fbooks%2Fhardcover%2F9780691203003%2Funtil-we-have-won-our-liberty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldbank-poverty-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-worldbank-poverty_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-worldbank-poverty_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZAF.pdf">""World Bank" : South Africa"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420193850/https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZAF.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22World+Bank%22+%3A+South+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatabankfiles.worldbank.org%2Fpublic%2Fddpext_download%2Fpoverty%2F33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE%2FGlobal_POVEQ_ZAF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=1W-ZA&most_recent_value_desc=true">"World Bank Open Data"</a>. World Bank Open Data. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240404210056/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=1W-ZA&most_recent_value_desc=true">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank+Open+Data&rft.atitle=World+Bank+Open+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3D1W-ZA%26most_recent_value_desc%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancisWebster2019" class="citation journal cs1">Francis, David; Webster, Edward (2 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0376835X.2019.1666703">"Poverty and inequality in South Africa: critical reflections"</a>. Development Southern Africa. 36 (6): 788–802. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0376835X.2019.1666703">10.1080/0376835X.2019.1666703</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0376-835X">0376-835X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240404210056/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0376835X.2019.1666703">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Development+Southern+Africa&rft.atitle=Poverty+and+inequality+in+South+Africa%3A+critical+reflections&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=788-802&rft.date=2019-11-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0376835X.2019.1666703&rft.issn=0376-835X&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Webster%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F0376835X.2019.1666703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.concourt.org.za/index.php/constitution/the-text">"The text"</a>. www.concourt.org.za. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231225080137/https://www.concourt.org.za/index.php/constitution/the-text">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.concourt.org.za&rft.atitle=The+text&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.concourt.org.za%2Findex.php%2Fconstitution%2Fthe-text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="/wiki/South_African_Sign_Language" title="South African Sign Language">South African Sign Language</a> is also an official language </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivermon2008" class="citation book cs1">Livermon, Xavier (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hNONyzwm420C">"Sounds in the City"</a>. In Nuttall, Sarah; Mbembé, Achille (eds.). Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-8121-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-8121-1"><bdi>978-0-8223-8121-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502074447/https://books.google.com/books?id=hNONyzwm420C">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2016. <q>Mzansi is another black urban vernacular term popular with the youth and standing for South Africa.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sounds+in+the+City&rft.btitle=Johannesburg%3A+The+Elusive+Metropolis&rft.place=Durham&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-8121-1&rft.aulast=Livermon&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhNONyzwm420C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116135926/http://www.deafsa.co.za/mzansi_ditoloki/">"Mzansi DiToloki"</a>. Deaf Federation of South Africa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deafsa.co.za/mzansi_ditoloki/">the original</a> on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2014. <q>uMzantsi in Xhosa means 'south', Mzansi means this country, South Africa</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mzansi+DiToloki&rft.pub=Deaf+Federation+of+South+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deafsa.co.za%2Fmzansi_ditoloki%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Azania-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Azania_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Darren. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/content/south-african-party-says-call-it-azania/1855679.html">"South African Party Says Call Their Country 'Azania'"</a>. VOA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624200956/http://www.voanews.com/content/south-african-party-says-call-it-azania/1855679.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VOA&rft.atitle=South+African+Party+Says+Call+Their+Country+%27Azania%27&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Darren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fcontent%2Fsouth-african-party-says-call-it-azania%2F1855679.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWymerSinger,_R1982" class="citation book cs1">Wymer, John; Singer, R (1982). The Middle Stone Age at Klasies River Mouth in South Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-76103-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-76103-9"><bdi>978-0-226-76103-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Stone+Age+at+Klasies+River+Mouth+in+South+Africa&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-226-76103-9&rft.aulast=Wymer&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Singer%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeacon,_HJ2001" class="citation web cs1">Deacon, HJ (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.sun.ac.za/archaeology/KRguide2001.PDF">"Guide to Klasies River"</a> (PDF). Stellenbosch University. p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195519/http://academic.sun.ac.za/archaeology/KRguide2001.PDF">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 February 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Klasies+River&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Stellenbosch+University&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Deacon%2C+HJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademic.sun.ac.za%2Farchaeology%2FKRguide2001.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/915/">"Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191204231517/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/915">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Fossil+Hominid+Sites+of+South+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F915%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarean2010" class="citation journal cs1">Marean, Curtis W. (September 2010). "Pinnacle Point Cave 13B (Western Cape Province, South Africa) in context: The Cape Floral kingdom, shellfish, and modern human origins". Journal of Human Evolution. 59 (3–4): 425–443. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JHumE..59..425M">2010JHumE..59..425M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2010.07.011">10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20934095">20934095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Evolution&rft.atitle=Pinnacle+Point+Cave+13B+%28Western+Cape+Province%2C+South+Africa%29+in+context%3A+The+Cape+Floral+kingdom%2C+shellfish%2C+and+modern+human+origins&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=425-443&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20934095&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2010.07.011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010JHumE..59..425M&rft.aulast=Marean&rft.aufirst=Curtis+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroker" class="citation web cs1">Broker, Stephen P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1979/6/79.06.02.x.html">"Hominid Evolution"</a>. Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080407181350/http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1979/6/79.06.02.x.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2008. Retrieved 19 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hominid+Evolution&rft.pub=Yale-New+Haven+Teachers+Institute&rft.aulast=Broker&rft.aufirst=Stephen+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Fynhti%2Fcurriculum%2Funits%2F1979%2F6%2F79.06.02.x.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Langer-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Langer_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanger1972" class="citation book cs1">Langer, William L., ed. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00will/page/9">An Encyclopedia of World History</a> (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00will/page/9">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-13592-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-13592-1"><bdi>978-0-395-13592-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopedia+of+World+History&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=9&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-395-13592-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaworl00will%2Fpage%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeakey1936" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Seymour_Bazett_Leakey" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey">Leakey, Louis Seymour Bazett</a> (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FsEiAAAAMAAJ">"Stone Age cultures of South Africa"</a>. Stone age Africa: an outline of prehistory in Africa (reprint ed.). Negro Universities Press. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780837120225" title="Special:BookSources/9780837120225"><bdi>9780837120225</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 February 2018. <q>In 1929, during a brief visit to the Transvaal, I myself found a number of pebble tools in some of the terrace gravels of the Vaal River, and similar finds have been recorded by Wayland, who visited South Africa, and by van Riet Lowe and other South African prehistorians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stone+Age+cultures+of+South+Africa&rft.btitle=Stone+age+Africa%3A+an+outline+of+prehistory+in+Africa&rft.pages=79&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Negro+Universities+Press&rft.date=1936&rft.isbn=9780837120225&rft.aulast=Leakey&rft.aufirst=Louis+Seymour+Bazett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFsEiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfred" class="citation web cs1">Alfred, Luke. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/the-bakoni-from-prosperity-to-extinction-in-a-generation-20180703">"The Bakoni: From prosperity to extinction in a generation"</a>. Citypress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020040304/https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/the-bakoni-from-prosperity-to-extinction-in-a-generation-20180703">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Citypress&rft.atitle=The+Bakoni%3A+From+prosperity+to+extinction+in+a+generation&rft.aulast=Alfred&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2Fcitypress%2Fnews%2Fthe-bakoni-from-prosperity-to-extinction-in-a-generation-20180703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sa-venues.com/things-to-do/mpumalanga/adams-calendar/">"Adam's Calendar in Waterval Boven, Mpumalanga"</a>. www.sa-venues.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201217065507/https://www.sa-venues.com/things-to-do/mpumalanga/adams-calendar/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sa-venues.com&rft.atitle=Adam%27s+Calendar+in+Waterval+Boven%2C+Mpumalanga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sa-venues.com%2Fthings-to-do%2Fmpumalanga%2Fadams-calendar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-43"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChirikureDeliusEsterhuysenHall2015" class="citation book cs1">Chirikure, Shadreck; Delius, Peter; Esterhuysen, Amanda; Hall, Simon; Lekgoathi, Sekibakiba; Maulaudzi, Maanda; Neluvhalani, Vele; Ntsoane, Otsile; Pearce, David (1 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3pa7CgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT6&dq=kingdom+of+mapungubwe&ots=DBGvfIqhKD&sig=0DLONA_alzoDCmxgO3aQL0S2Ybs#v=onepage&q=kingdom%20of%20mapungubwe&f=false">Mapungubwe Reconsidered: A Living Legacy: Exploring Beyond the Rise and Decline of the Mapungubwe State</a>. Real African Publishers Pty Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-920655-06-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-920655-06-8"><bdi>978-1-920655-06-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapungubwe+Reconsidered%3A+A+Living+Legacy%3A+Exploring+Beyond+the+Rise+and+Decline+of+the+Mapungubwe+State&rft.pub=Real+African+Publishers+Pty+Ltd.&rft.date=2015-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-920655-06-8&rft.aulast=Chirikure&rft.aufirst=Shadreck&rft.au=Delius%2C+Peter&rft.au=Esterhuysen%2C+Amanda&rft.au=Hall%2C+Simon&rft.au=Lekgoathi%2C+Sekibakiba&rft.au=Maulaudzi%2C+Maanda&rft.au=Neluvhalani%2C+Vele&rft.au=Ntsoane%2C+Otsile&rft.au=Pearce%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fhl%3Den%26lr%3D%26id%3D3pa7CgAAQBAJ%26oi%3Dfnd%26pg%3DPT6%26dq%3Dkingdom%2Bof%2Bmapungubwe%26ots%3DDBGvfIqhKD%26sig%3D0DLONA_alzoDCmxgO3aQL0S2Ybs%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dkingdom%2520of%2520mapungubwe%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-domville-25-44"><a href="#cite_ref-domville-25_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomville-Fife1900" class="citation book cs1">Domville-Fife, C.W. (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/encyclopediaofbr01domvuoft#page/24/mode/2up">The encyclopedia of the British Empire the first encyclopedic record of the greatest empire in the history of the world ed</a>. London: Rankin. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+the+British+Empire+the+first+encyclopedic+record+of+the+greatest+empire+in+the+history+of+the+world+ed&rft.place=London&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Rankin&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Domville-Fife&rft.aufirst=C.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fencyclopediaofbr01domvuoft%23page%2F24%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackenzieStead1899" class="citation book cs1">Mackenzie, W. Douglas; Stead, Alfred (1899). South Africa: Its History, Heroes, and Wars. Chicago: The Co-Operative Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Africa%3A+Its+History%2C+Heroes%2C+and+Wars&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=The+Co-Operative+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Mackenzie&rft.aufirst=W.+Douglas&rft.au=Stead%2C+Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pakeman-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Pakeman_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakeman,_SA" class="citation book cs1">Pakeman, SA. Nations of the Modern World: Ceylon (1964 ed.). Frederick A Praeger, Publishers. pp. 18–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nations+of+the+Modern+World%3A+Ceylon&rft.pages=18-19&rft.edition=1964&rft.pub=Frederick+A+Praeger%2C+Publishers&rft.au=Pakeman%2C+SA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaap-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaap_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaap_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaap_47-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmotJohn_Centlivres_Chase" class="citation book cs1">Wilmot, Alexander & John Centlivres Chase. History of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope: From Its Discovery to the Year 1819 (2010 ed.). Claremont: David Philip (Pty) Ltd. pp. 1–548. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-144-83015-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-144-83015-9"><bdi>978-1-144-83015-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Colony+of+the+Cape+of+Good+Hope%3A+From+Its+Discovery+to+the+Year+1819&rft.pages=1-548&rft.edition=2010&rft.pub=Claremont%3A+David+Philip+%28Pty%29+Ltd&rft.isbn=978-1-144-83015-9&rft.aulast=Wilmot&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=John+Centlivres+Chase&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zastudy-48"><a href="#cite_ref-zastudy_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Irving. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED056947.pdf">Area Handbook for the Republic of South Africa</a> (PDF). pp. 46–771. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428004403/http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED056947.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Area+Handbook+for+the+Republic+of+South+Africa&rft.pages=46-771&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Irving&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiles.eric.ed.gov%2Ffulltext%2FED056947.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107070748/http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his311/timeline/t-19saf.htm">"African History Timeline"</a>. West Chester University of Pennsylvania. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his311/timeline/t-19saf.htm">the original</a> on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=African+History+Timeline&rft.pub=West+Chester+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcourses.wcupa.edu%2Fjones%2Fhis311%2Ftimeline%2Ft-19saf.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunt1-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hunt1_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunt1_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2005" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, John (2005). Campbell, Heather-Ann (ed.). Dutch South Africa: Early Settlers at the Cape, 1652–1708. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 13–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904744-95-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904744-95-5"><bdi>978-1-904744-95-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dutch+South+Africa%3A+Early+Settlers+at+the+Cape%2C+1652%E2%80%931708&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=13-35&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-904744-95-5&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Worden-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Worden_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorden2010" class="citation book cs1">Worden, Nigel (5 August 2010). Slavery in Dutch South Africa (2010 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 40–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15266-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15266-2"><bdi>978-0-521-15266-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+Dutch+South+Africa&rft.pages=40-43&rft.edition=2010&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-08-05&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15266-2&rft.aulast=Worden&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zimstudy-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zimstudy_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zimstudy_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Harold. Zimbabwe: A Country Study. pp. 237–317.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pages=237-317&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElphick1993" class="citation book cs1">Elphick, R (1993). Khoikhoi and the Founding of White South Africa (1st ed.). Johannesburg: Ravan Press. p. 240.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khoikhoi+and+the+Founding+of+White+South+Africa&rft.place=Johannesburg&rft.pages=240&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Ravan+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Elphick&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stapleton2-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stapleton2_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stapleton2_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stapleton2_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stapleton2_54-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stapleton2_54-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStapleton2010" class="citation book cs1">Stapleton, Timothy (2010). A Military History of South Africa: From the Dutch-Khoi Wars to the End of Apartheid. Santa Barbara: Praeger Security International. pp. 4–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36589-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36589-8"><bdi>978-0-313-36589-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+South+Africa%3A+From+the+Dutch-Khoi+Wars+to+the+End+of+Apartheid&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=4-6&rft.pub=Praeger+Security+International&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-36589-8&rft.aulast=Stapleton&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keegan-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Keegan_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan1996" class="citation book cs1">Keegan, Timothy (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colonialsouthafr0000keeg">Colonial South Africa and the Origins of the Racial Order</a> (1996 ed.). David Philip Publishers (Pty) Ltd. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colonialsouthafr0000keeg/page/85">85–86</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1735-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1735-1"><bdi>978-0-8139-1735-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+South+Africa+and+the+Origins+of+the+Racial+Order&rft.pages=85-86&rft.edition=1996&rft.pub=David+Philip+Publishers+%28Pty%29+Ltd&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-1735-1&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolonialsouthafr0000keeg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lloyd1-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lloyd1_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lloyd1_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lloyd1_56-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd1997" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd, Trevor Owen (1997). The British Empire, 1558–1995. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 201–203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873133-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873133-7"><bdi>978-0-19-873133-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Empire%2C+1558%E2%80%931995&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=201-203&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-873133-7&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Trevor+Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Eldredge, "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa," 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Wright, "Turbulent Times," 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_59-1">b</a> Wright, "Turbulent Times," 225-226. </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-60"><a href="#cite_ref-:8_60-0">^</a> Wright, "Turbulent Times," 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Wright, "Turbulent Times," 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-62"><a href="#cite_ref-:11_62-0">^</a> Wright, "Turbulent Times," 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Wright, "Turbulent Times," 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Wright, "Turbulent Times," 235. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillierCana1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hillier" title="Alfred Hillier">Hillier, Alfred Peter</a>; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Orange_Free_State">"Orange Free State" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). pp. 151–160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Orange+Free+State&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=151-160&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Hillier&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Peter&rft.au=Cana%2C+Frank+Richardson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams,_Garner_F1905" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Garner F (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120731083954/http://www.farlang.com/diamonds/williams_diamond_mines_2/page_285">The Diamond Mines of South Africa, Vol II</a>. New York: B. F Buck & Co. pp. Chapter XX. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farlang.com/diamonds/williams_diamond_mines_2/page_285">the original</a> on 31 July 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diamond+Mines+of+South+Africa%2C+Vol+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=Chapter+XX&rft.pub=B.+F+Buck+%26+Co.&rft.date=1905&rft.au=Williams%2C+Garner+F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.farlang.com%2Fdiamonds%2Fwilliams_diamond_mines_2%2Fpage_285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol025hk.html">"South African Military History Society – Journal- THE SEKUKUNI WARS"</a>. samilitaryhistory.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200723053419/http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol025hk.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=samilitaryhistory.org&rft.atitle=South+African+Military+History+Society+%E2%80%93+Journal-+THE+SEKUKUNI+WARS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsamilitaryhistory.org%2Fvol025hk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2011" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Ian (6 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s2mbl5xPOcUC&q=Zulu+Victory:+The+Epic+of+Isandlwana+and+the+cover-up">Zulu Rising: The Epic Story of Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift</a>. Pan Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781447202233" title="Special:BookSources/9781447202233"><bdi>9781447202233</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628010915/https://books.google.com/books?id=s2mbl5xPOcUC&q=Zulu+Victory:+The+Epic+of+Isandlwana+and+the+cover-up">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zulu+Rising%3A+The+Epic+Story+of+Isandlwana+and+Rorke%27s+Drift&rft.pub=Pan+Macmillan&rft.date=2011-05-06&rft.isbn=9781447202233&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds2mbl5xPOcUC%26q%3DZulu%2BVictory%3A%2BThe%2BEpic%2Bof%2BIsandlwana%2Band%2Bthe%2Bcover-up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/worst-atrocities-british-empire-amritsar-boer-war-concentration-camp-mau-mau-a6821756.html">"5 of the worst atrocities carried out by the British Empire"</a>. The Independent. 19 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190927142647/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/worst-atrocities-british-empire-amritsar-boer-war-concentration-camp-mau-mau-a6821756.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=5+of+the+worst+atrocities+carried+out+by+the+British+Empire&rft.date=2016-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fworst-atrocities-british-empire-amritsar-boer-war-concentration-camp-mau-mau-a6821756.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ogura_1996-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Ogura_1996_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgura1996" class="citation journal cs1">Ogura, Mitsuo (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1746-1049.1996.tb01178.x">"Urbanization and Apartheid in South Africa: Influx Controls and Their Abolition"</a>. The Developing Economies. 34 (4): 402–423. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1746-1049.1996.tb01178.x">10.1111/j.1746-1049.1996.tb01178.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1746-1049">1746-1049</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12292280">12292280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Developing+Economies&rft.atitle=Urbanization+and+Apartheid+in+South+Africa%3A+Influx+Controls+and+Their+Abolition&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=402-423&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=1746-1049&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12292280&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1746-1049.1996.tb01178.x&rft.aulast=Ogura&rft.aufirst=Mitsuo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1746-1049.1996.tb01178.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond1999" class="citation book cs1">Bond, Patrick (1999). Cities of gold, townships of coal: essays on South Africa's new urban crisis. Africa World Press. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86543-611-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86543-611-4"><bdi>978-0-86543-611-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+gold%2C+townships+of+coal%3A+essays+on+South+Africa%27s+new+urban+crisis&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Africa+World+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-86543-611-4&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reportoftheselec00capeiala">Report of the Select Committee on Location Act</a> (Report). Cape Times Limited. 1906. Retrieved 30 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Select+Committee+on+Location+Act&rft.pub=Cape+Times+Limited&rft.date=1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freportoftheselec00capeiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodleyArchibaldThomsonHemsworth1920" class="citation report cs1">Godley, Godfrey; Archibald, Welsh; Thomson, William; Hemsworth, H. D. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/reportofinterdep00sout#page/2/mode/1up">Report of the Inter-departmental committee on the native pass laws</a> (Report). Cape Times Limited. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Inter-departmental+committee+on+the+native+pass+laws&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Cape+Times+Limited&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Godley&rft.aufirst=Godfrey&rft.au=Archibald%2C+Welsh&rft.au=Thomson%2C+William&rft.au=Hemsworth%2C+H.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Freportofinterdep00sout%23page%2F2%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transvaalpapersr00grea">Papers relating to legislation affecting natives in the Transvaal</a> (Report). Great Britain Colonial Office; Transvaal (Colony). Governor (1901–1905: Milner). January 1902.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Papers+relating+to+legislation+affecting+natives+in+the+Transvaal&rft.pub=Great+Britain+Colonial+Office%3B+Transvaal+%28Colony%29.+Governor+%281901%E2%80%931905%3A+Milner%29&rft.date=1902-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftransvaalpapersr00grea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Villiers1896" class="citation book cs1">De Villiers, John Abraham Jacob (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transvaal00devi">The Transvaal</a>. London: Chatto & Windus. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transvaal00devi/page/30">30</a> (n46). Retrieved 30 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transvaal&rft.place=London&rft.pages=30+%28n46%29&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=De+Villiers&rft.aufirst=John+Abraham+Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftransvaal00devi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCana1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/South_Africa">"South Africa" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 467.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=South+Africa&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=467&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Cana&rft.aufirst=Frank+Richardson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101014095049/http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/thisday/1913-06-19.htm">"Native Land Act"</a>. South African Institute of Race Relations. 19 June 1913. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/thisday/1913-06-19.htm">the original</a> on 14 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Native+Land+Act&rft.pub=South+African+Institute+of+Race+Relations&rft.date=1913-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Fpages%2Fchronology%2Fthisday%2F1913-06-19.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/national-party-np">"National Party (NP) | South African History Online"</a>. www.sahistory.org.za. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200508083820/https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/national-party-np">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sahistory.org.za&rft.atitle=National+Party+%28NP%29+%26%23124%3B+South+African+History+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Farticle%2Fnational-party-np&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Gloria Galloway, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/chiefs-reflect-on-apartheid-and-first-nations-as-atleo-visits-mandela-memorial/article15902124/">"Chiefs Reflect on Apartheid"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502050752/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/chiefs-reflect-on-apartheid-and-first-nations-as-atleo-visits-mandela-memorial/article15902124/">Archived</a> 2 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Globe and Mail, 11 December 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Beinart, William (2001). Twentieth-century South Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 202. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-289318-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-289318-5">978-0-19-289318-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/apartheid">"apartheid | South Africa, Definition, Facts, Beginning, & End"</a>. Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220507192302/https://www.britannica.com/topic/apartheid">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=apartheid+%7C+South+Africa%2C+Definition%2C+Facts%2C+Beginning%2C+%26+End&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fapartheid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/hendrik-frensch-verwoerd">"Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd"</a>. South African History Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171129002322/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/hendrik-frensch-verwoerd">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2013. <q>On 5 October 1960 a referendum was held in which White voters were asked: "Do you support a republic for the Union?" – 52 percent voted 'Yes'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hendrik+Frensch+Verwoerd&rft.pub=South+African+History+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Fpeople%2Fhendrik-frensch-verwoerd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biko1-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Biko1_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibsonAlexanderMngxitama2008" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Nigel; Alexander, Amanda; Mngxitama, Andile (2008). Biko Lives! Contesting the Legacies of Steve Biko. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-60649-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-60649-4"><bdi>978-0-230-60649-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biko+Lives%21+Contesting+the+Legacies+of+Steve+Biko&rft.place=Hampshire&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-230-60649-4&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft.au=Alexander%2C+Amanda&rft.au=Mngxitama%2C+Andile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Switzer-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Switzer_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwitzer,_Les2000" class="citation book cs1">Switzer, Les (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bUvA7PHnCrUC&q=breytenbach+dakar&pg=PA415">South Africa's Resistance Press: Alternative Voices in the Last Generation Under Apartheid. Issue 74 of Research in international studies: Africa series</a>. Ohio University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-213-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-213-1"><bdi>978-0-89680-213-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201211144708/https://books.google.com/books?id=bUvA7PHnCrUC&q=breytenbach+dakar&pg=PA415">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Africa%27s+Resistance+Press%3A+Alternative+Voices+in+the+Last+Generation+Under+Apartheid.+Issue+74+of+Research+in+international+studies%3A+Africa+series&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-89680-213-1&rft.au=Switzer%2C+Les&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbUvA7PHnCrUC%26q%3Dbreytenbach%2Bdakar%26pg%3DPA415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchell-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2008" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Thomas (2008). Native vs Settler: Ethnic Conflict in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland and South Africa. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 194–196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31357-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31357-8"><bdi>978-0-313-31357-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+vs+Settler%3A+Ethnic+Conflict+in+Israel%2FPalestine%2C+Northern+Ireland+and+South+Africa&rft.place=Westport&rft.pages=194-196&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31357-8&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bridgland-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Bridgland_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridgland1990" class="citation book cs1">Bridgland, Fred (1990). The War for Africa: Twelve months that transformed a continent. Gibraltar: Ashanti Publishing. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-874800-12-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-874800-12-5"><bdi>978-1-874800-12-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+for+Africa%3A+Twelve+months+that+transformed+a+continent&rft.place=Gibraltar&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Ashanti+Publishing&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-874800-12-5&rft.aulast=Bridgland&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landgren-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Landgren_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandgren1989" class="citation book cs1">Landgren, Signe (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/embargodisimplem0000land/page/6">Embargo Disimplemented: South Africa's Military Industry</a> (1989 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/embargodisimplem0000land/page/6">6–10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829127-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829127-5"><bdi>978-0-19-829127-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Embargo+Disimplemented%3A+South+Africa%27s+Military+Industry&rft.pages=6-10&rft.edition=1989&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829127-5&rft.aulast=Landgren&rft.aufirst=Signe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fembargodisimplem0000land%2Fpage%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sadc.int/member-states/south-africa#:~:text=The+Republic+of+South+Africa,first+time+in+August+1994">"South Africa"</a>. www.sadc.int. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231225091856/https://www.sadc.int/member-states/south-africa#:~:text=The+Republic+of+South+Africa,first+time+in+August+1994">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sadc.int&rft.atitle=South+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sadc.int%2Fmember-states%2Fsouth-africa%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2BRepublic%2Bof%2BSouth%2BAfrica%2Cfirst%2Btime%2Bin%2BAugust%2B1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sach3-89"><a href="#cite_ref-sach3_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/nft/2006/soafrica/eng/pasoafr/sach3.pdf">"Post-Apartheid South Africa: the First Ten Years – Unemployment and the Labor Market"</a> (PDF). IMF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729103119/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/nft/2006/soafrica/eng/pasoafr/sach3.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Post-Apartheid+South+Africa%3A+the+First+Ten+Years+%E2%80%93+Unemployment+and+the+Labor+Market&rft.pub=IMF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fnft%2F2006%2Fsoafrica%2Feng%2Fpasoafr%2Fsach3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mg.co.za/article/2008-04-18-zuma-surprised-at-level-of-white-poverty">"Zuma surprised at level of white poverty"</a>. Mail & Guardian. 18 April 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729140129/http://www.mg.co.za/article/2008-04-18-zuma-surprised-at-level-of-white-poverty">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mail+%26+Guardian&rft.atitle=Zuma+surprised+at+level+of+white+poverty&rft.date=2008-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mg.co.za%2Farticle%2F2008-04-18-zuma-surprised-at-level-of-white-poverty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071129203325/http://hdrstats.undp.org/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_ZAF.html">"South Africa"</a>. Human Development Report. United Nations Development Programme. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdrstats.undp.org/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_ZAF.html">the original</a> on 29 November 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Development+Report&rft.atitle=South+Africa&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdrstats.undp.org%2Fcountries%2Fcountry_fact_sheets%2Fcty_fs_ZAF.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222080742/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2015_human_development_report.pdf">"2015 United Nations Human Development Report"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2015_human_development_report.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2015+United+Nations+Human+Development+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2015_human_development_report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=ZA">"South African Life Expectancy at Birth, World Bank"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180806024743/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=ZA">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+African+Life+Expectancy+at+Birth%2C+World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSP.DYN.LE00.IN%3Flocations%3DZA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sairr.org.za/wsc/pstory.htx?storyID=428">"Ridicule succeeds where leadership failed on AIDS"</a>. South African Institute of Race Relations. 10 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ridicule+succeeds+where+leadership+failed+on+AIDS&rft.pub=South+African+Institute+of+Race+Relations&rft.date=2006-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sairr.org.za%2Fwsc%2Fpstory.htx%3FstoryID%3D428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Broke-on-Broke_Violence-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Broke-on-Broke_Violence_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broke-on-Broke_Violence_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChance2008" class="citation journal cs1">Chance, Kerry (20 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2193949/">"Broke-on-Broke Violence"</a>. Slate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110908002524/http://www.slate.com/id/2193949/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Broke-on-Broke+Violence&rft.date=2008-06-20&rft.aulast=Chance&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2193949%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abahlali.org/node/3612">"COHRE statement on Xenophobic Attacks"</a>. 2 June 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118140918/http://www.abahlali.org/node/3612">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=COHRE+statement+on+Xenophobic+Attacks&rft.date=2008-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abahlali.org%2Fnode%2F3612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthern_African_Migration_ProjectInstitute_for_Democracy_in_South_AfricaQueen's_University2008" class="citation book cs1">Southern African Migration Project; Institute for Democracy in South Africa; Queen's University (2008). Jonathan Crush (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730044247/http://www.queensu.ca/samp/sampresources/samppublications/policyseries/Acrobat50.pdf">The perfect storm: the realities of xenophobia in contemporary South Africa</a> (PDF). Idasa. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-920118-71-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-920118-71-6"><bdi>978-1-920118-71-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.queensu.ca/samp/sampresources/samppublications/policyseries/Acrobat50.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 July 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+perfect+storm%3A+the+realities+of+xenophobia+in+contemporary+South+Africa&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Idasa&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-920118-71-6&rft.au=Southern+African+Migration+Project&rft.au=Institute+for+Democracy+in+South+Africa&rft.au=Queen%27s+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.queensu.ca%2Fsamp%2Fsampresources%2Fsamppublications%2Fpolicyseries%2FAcrobat50.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unhcr.org-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr.org_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr.org_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr.org_98-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr.org_98-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/4cd96a569.html">"UNHCR Global Appeal 2011 – South Africa"</a>. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511000002/http://www.unhcr.org/4cd96a569.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNHCR+Global+Appeal+2011+%E2%80%93+South+Africa&rft.pub=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Refugees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2F4cd96a569.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2004" class="citation report cs1">Harris, Bronwyn (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://csvr.org.za/docs/racism/arrangingprejudice.pdf">Arranging prejudice: Exploring hate crime in post-apartheid South Africa</a> (PDF) (Report). Cape Town: Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240528013833/http://csvr.org.za/docs/racism/arrangingprejudice.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Arranging+prejudice%3A+Exploring+hate+crime+in+post-apartheid+South+Africa&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pub=Centre+for+the+Study+of+Violence+and+Reconciliation&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Bronwyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcsvr.org.za%2Fdocs%2Fracism%2Farrangingprejudice.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraum2014" class="citation journal cs1">Traum, Alexander (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24585817">"Contextualising the hate speech debate: the United States and South Africa"</a>. The Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa. 47 (1): 64–88. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4051">0010-4051</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24585817">24585817</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610231627/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24585817">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Comparative+and+International+Law+Journal+of+Southern+Africa&rft.atitle=Contextualising+the+hate+speech+debate%3A+the+United+States+and+South+Africa&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=64-88&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24585817%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0010-4051&rft.aulast=Traum&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24585817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2021" class="citation web cs1">Campbell, John (15 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/blog/south-africa-sees-best-times-and-worst-times">"South Africa Sees the Best of Times and the Worst of Times"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240604133942/https://www.cfr.org/blog/south-africa-sees-best-times-and-worst-times">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=South+Africa+Sees+the+Best+of+Times+and+the+Worst+of+Times&rft.date=2021-07-15&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fblog%2Fsouth-africa-sees-best-times-and-worst-times&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSguazzin2020" class="citation news cs1">Sguazzin, Antony (10 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-10/south-africa-heading-toward-becoming-a-failed-state-group-says">"South Africa Heading Toward Becoming a Failed State, Group Says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220424200133/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-10/south-africa-heading-toward-becoming-a-failed-state-group-says">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=South+Africa+Heading+Toward+Becoming+a+Failed+State%2C+Group+Says&rft.date=2020-09-10&rft.aulast=Sguazzin&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2020-09-10%2Fsouth-africa-heading-toward-becoming-a-failed-state-group-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHattingh2021" class="citation web cs1">Hattingh, Chris (20 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fee.org/articles/south-africa-descends-into-looting-and-violence-amid-economic-turmoil/">"South Africa Descends Into Looting and Violence Amid Economic Turmoil"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Economic_Education" title="Foundation for Economic Education">Foundation for Economic Education</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240604133941/https://fee.org/articles/south-africa-descends-into-looting-and-violence-amid-economic-turmoil/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foundation+for+Economic+Education&rft.atitle=South+Africa+Descends+Into+Looting+and+Violence+Amid+Economic+Turmoil&rft.date=2021-07-20&rft.aulast=Hattingh&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffee.org%2Farticles%2Fsouth-africa-descends-into-looting-and-violence-amid-economic-turmoil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevyHirschNaidooNxele2021" class="citation web cs1">Levy, Brian; Hirsch, Alan; Naidoo, Vinothan; Nxele, Musa (18 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2021/03/south-africa-when-strong-institutions-and-massive-inequalities-collide?lang=en">"South Africa: When Strong Institutions and Massive Inequalities Collide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240627010253/https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2021/03/south-africa-when-strong-institutions-and-massive-inequalities-collide?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.atitle=South+Africa%3A+When+Strong+Institutions+and+Massive+Inequalities+Collide&rft.date=2021-03-18&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Hirsch%2C+Alan&rft.au=Naidoo%2C+Vinothan&rft.au=Nxele%2C+Musa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Fresearch%2F2021%2F03%2Fsouth-africa-when-strong-institutions-and-massive-inequalities-collide%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoplak2021" class="citation web cs1">Poplak, Richard (13 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-07-14-this-is-what-a-failed-state-looks-like/">"This is what a failed state looks like"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Maverick" title="Daily Maverick">Daily Maverick</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240604133951/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-07-14-this-is-what-a-failed-state-looks-like/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Maverick&rft.atitle=This+is+what+a+failed+state+looks+like&rft.date=2021-07-13&rft.aulast=Poplak&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymaverick.co.za%2Farticle%2F2021-07-14-this-is-what-a-failed-state-looks-like%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHead2022" class="citation web cs1">Head, Tom (6 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/breaking-south-africa-failed-state-treasury-warning/">"SA heading towards 'failed state' territory - according to our own Treasury"</a>. The South African. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204055523/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/breaking-south-africa-failed-state-treasury-warning/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+South+African&rft.atitle=SA+heading+towards+%27failed+state%27+territory+-+according+to+our+own+Treasury&rft.date=2022-03-06&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesouthafrican.com%2Fnews%2Fbreaking-south-africa-failed-state-treasury-warning%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPawle2020" class="citation news cs1">Pawle, Lucy (9 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54480257">"Ferraris and frustration: Two faces of South Africa's corruption battle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240604133941/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54480257">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ferraris+and+frustration%3A+Two+faces+of+South+Africa%27s+corruption+battle&rft.date=2020-10-09&rft.aulast=Pawle&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-54480257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomoniat2023" class="citation web cs1">Momoniat, Ismail (10 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog-pfm.imf.org/en/pfmblog/2023/04/how-and-why-did-state-capture-and-massive-corruption-occur-in-south-africa">"How and Why Did State Capture and Massive Corruption Occur in South Africa ?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240604133951/https://blog-pfm.imf.org/en/pfmblog/2023/04/how-and-why-did-state-capture-and-massive-corruption-occur-in-south-africa">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.atitle=How+and+Why+Did+State+Capture+and+Massive+Corruption+Occur+in+South+Africa+%3F&rft.date=2023-04-10&rft.aulast=Momoniat&rft.aufirst=Ismail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog-pfm.imf.org%2Fen%2Fpfmblog%2F2023%2F04%2Fhow-and-why-did-state-capture-and-massive-corruption-occur-in-south-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaseko2022" class="citation news cs1">Maseko, Nomsa (23 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-61912737">"South Africa's Zondo commission: Damning report exposes rampant corruption"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240604133951/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-61912737">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=South+Africa%27s+Zondo+commission%3A+Damning+report+exposes+rampant+corruption&rft.date=2022-06-23&rft.aulast=Maseko&rft.aufirst=Nomsa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-61912737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PARI-Zondo-2022-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PARI-Zondo-2022_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PARI-Zondo-2022_110-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pari.org.za/summary-the-state-capture-commission/">"The Zondo Commission: A bite-sized summary"</a>. Public Affairs Research Institute, <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand" title="University of the Witwatersrand">University of the Witwatersrand</a>. 5 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240604133952/https://pari.org.za/summary-the-state-capture-commission/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+Affairs+Research+Institute%2C+University+of+the+Witwatersrand&rft.atitle=The+Zondo+Commission%3A+A+bite-sized+summary&rft.date=2022-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpari.org.za%2Fsummary-the-state-capture-commission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImray2023" class="citation web cs1">Imray, Gerald (5 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/hamas-mandela-south-africa-b2c0a01aea33469e05e9910d535a48c7">"Hamas officials join Nelson Mandela's family at ceremony marking 10th anniversary of his death"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AP_News" class="mw-redirect" title="AP News">AP News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240604133951/https://apnews.com/article/hamas-mandela-south-africa-b2c0a01aea33469e05e9910d535a48c7">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Hamas+officials+join+Nelson+Mandela%27s+family+at+ceremony+marking+10th+anniversary+of+his+death&rft.date=2023-12-05&rft.aulast=Imray&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fhamas-mandela-south-africa-b2c0a01aea33469e05e9910d535a48c7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhren2015" class="citation news cs1">Ahren, Raphael (19 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/jerusalem-fumes-as-south-africa-hosts-hamas-chiefs/">"Jerusalem fumes as South Africa hosts Hamas chiefs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240524160527/https://www.timesofisrael.com/jerusalem-fumes-as-south-africa-hosts-hamas-chiefs/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Jerusalem+fumes+as+South+Africa+hosts+Hamas+chiefs&rft.date=2015-10-19&rft.aulast=Ahren&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fjerusalem-fumes-as-south-africa-hosts-hamas-chiefs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChothiaByaruhanga2024" class="citation web cs1">Chothia, Farouk; Byaruhanga, Catherine (31 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cyeek2xlgzzo">"South Africa election result: Will ANC share power with MK party or DA?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240601124426/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cyeek2xlgzzo">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=South+Africa+election+result%3A+Will+ANC+share+power+with+MK+party+or+DA%3F&rft.date=2024-05-31&rft.aulast=Chothia&rft.aufirst=Farouk&rft.au=Byaruhanga%2C+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcyeek2xlgzzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240614-south-africa-s-anc-reaches-last-minute-deal-for-coalition-government">"South Africa's ANC moves closer to forming coalition government"</a>. France 24. 14 June 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240615221341/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240614-south-africa-s-anc-reaches-last-minute-deal-for-coalition-government">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=South+Africa%27s+ANC+moves+closer+to+forming+coalition+government&rft.date=2024-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Fafrica%2F20240614-south-africa-s-anc-reaches-last-minute-deal-for-coalition-government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/14/south-africas-parliament-choosing-president-amidst-uncertainty">"Ramaphosa is re-elected for second term as South African president, heading broad coalition"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240615064237/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/14/south-africas-parliament-choosing-president-amidst-uncertainty">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Ramaphosa+is+re-elected+for+second+term+as+South+African+president%2C+heading+broad+coalition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2024%2F6%2F14%2Fsouth-africas-parliament-choosing-president-amidst-uncertainty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501164719/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html?countryName=South%20Africa&countryCode=sf&regionCode=af&rank=32#sf">"Country Comparison"</a>. World Factbook. CIA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html?countryName=South%20Africa&countryCode=sf&regionCode=af&rank=32#sf">the original</a> on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Country+Comparison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2147rank.html%3FcountryName%3DSouth%2520Africa%26countryCode%3Dsf%26regionCode%3Daf%26rank%3D32%23sf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2015.htm">"Demographic Yearbook – 2015"</a>. United Nations Statistics Division. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180708191849/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2015.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Statistics+Division&rft.atitle=Demographic+Yearbook+%E2%80%93+2015&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fdemographic%2Fproducts%2Fdyb%2Fdyb2015.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> McCarthy, T. & Rubidge, B. (2005). The story of earth and life. p. 263, 267–268. Struik Publishers, Cape Town. </li> <li id="cite_note-Altas-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Altas_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Altas_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Altas_119-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Altas_119-3">d</a> Atlas of Southern Africa. (1984). p. 13. Reader's Digest Association, Cape Town </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Encyclopædia Britannica (1975); Micropaedia Vol. III, p. 655. Helen Hemingway Benton Publishers, Chicago. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Atlas of Southern Africa. (1984). p. 151. Reader's Digest Association, Cape Town </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Atlas of Southern Africa. (1984). p. 186. Reader's Digest Association, Cape Town </li> <li id="cite_note-Kruger_National_Park-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Kruger_National_Park_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218164142/http://www.africa.com/south-africa/travel/what-to-do/">"Kruger National Park"</a>. Africa.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africa.com/south-africa/travel/what-to-do/">the original</a> on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kruger+National+Park&rft.pub=Africa.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africa.com%2Fsouth-africa%2Ftravel%2Fwhat-to-do%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> McCarthy, T. & Rubidge, B. (2005). The story of earth and life. p. 194. Struik Publishers, Cape Town. </li> <li id="cite_note-geological_map-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-geological_map_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-geological_map_125-1">b</a> Geological map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland (1970). Council for Geoscience, Geological Survey of South Africa. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Encyclopædia Britannica (1975); Micropaedia Vol. VI, p. 750. Helen Hemingway Benton Publishers, Chicago. </li> <li id="cite_note-Altas1-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Altas1_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Altas1_127-1">b</a> Atlas of Southern Africa. (1984). p. 19. Reader's Digest Association, Cape Town </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Atlas of Southern Africa. (1984). p. 113. Reader's Digest Association, Cape Town </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2023" class="citation news cs1">Sullivan, Helen (11 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/11/pure-magic-snow-falls-on-johannesburg-for-first-time-in-11-years#:~:text=%E2%80%9CIt%20happens%20once%20every%2010,little%20rain%20in%20winter%20months">"'Pure magic': snow falls on Johannesburg for first time in 11 years"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628011337/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/11/pure-magic-snow-falls-on-johannesburg-for-first-time-in-11-years#:~:text=%E2%80%9CIt%20happens%20once%20every%2010,little%20rain%20in%20winter%20months">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 29 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Pure+magic%27%3A+snow+falls+on+Johannesburg+for+first+time+in+11+years&rft.date=2023-07-11&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fjul%2F11%2Fpure-magic-snow-falls-on-johannesburg-for-first-time-in-11-years%23%3A~%3Atext%3D%25E2%2580%259CIt%2520happens%2520once%2520every%252010%2Clittle%2520rain%2520in%2520winter%2520months&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/lowest-temperature-recorded-south-africa/">"These are the lowest ever temperatures recorded in South Africa"</a>. The South African. 1 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200911142956/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/lowest-temperature-recorded-south-africa/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+South+African&rft.atitle=These+are+the+lowest+ever+temperatures+recorded+in+South+Africa&rft.date=2018-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesouthafrican.com%2Flifestyle%2Flowest-temperature-recorded-south-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100608121736/http://www.safrica.info/about/geography/geography.htm">"South Africa's geography"</a>. Safrica.info. Archived from the original on 8 June 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africa%27s+geography&rft.pub=Safrica.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.safrica.info%2Fabout%2Fgeography%2Fgeography.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SMdzAAAAMAAJ">South Africa yearbook</a>. South African Communication Service. 1997. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780797035447" title="Special:BookSources/9780797035447"><bdi>9780797035447</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160124000311/https://books.google.com/books?id=SMdzAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Africa+yearbook&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=South+African+Communication+Service&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780797035447&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSMdzAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Republic of South Africa, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/docs/nationalclimatechange_adaptationstrategy_ue10november2019.pdf">National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (NCCAS)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210612014043/https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/docs/nationalclimatechange_adaptationstrategy_ue10november2019.pdf">Archived</a> 12 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Version UE10, 13 November 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph">"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"</a>. www.mdpi.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610212414/https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mdpi.com&rft.atitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Research+and+Public+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2Fjournal%2Fijerph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SANBI-135"><a href="#cite_ref-SANBI_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanbi.org/">"South African National Biodiversity Institute"</a>. Sanbi.org. 30 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110901083818/http://www.sanbi.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+African+National+Biodiversity+Institute&rft.pub=Sanbi.org&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanbi.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.environment.gov.za/otherdocuments/reports/southafricas_secondnational_climatechange">"South Africa's Second National Climate Change Report"</a>. November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614170504/https://www.environment.gov.za/otherdocuments/reports/southafricas_secondnational_climatechange">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africa%27s+Second+National+Climate+Change+Report&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.gov.za%2Fotherdocuments%2Freports%2Fsouthafricas_secondnational_climatechange&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carbon_Brief-2018-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carbon_Brief-2018_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carbon_Brief-2018_137-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carbon_Brief-2018_137-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-south-africa">"The Carbon Brief Profile: South Africa"</a>. Carbon Brief. 15 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509123731/https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-south-africa">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carbon+Brief&rft.atitle=The+Carbon+Brief+Profile%3A+South+Africa&rft.date=2018-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carbonbrief.org%2Fthe-carbon-brief-profile-south-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbd.int/convention/parties/list/">"List of Parties"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110124005746/http://www.cbd.int/convention/parties/list/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Parties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbd.int%2Fconvention%2Fparties%2Flist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbd.int-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cbd.int_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbd.int_139-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/cm/cm-nbsap-01-p1-en.pdf">"South Africa's National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502141819/http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/cm/cm-nbsap-01-p1-en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africa%27s+National+Biodiversity+Strategy+and+Action+Plan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbd.int%2Fdoc%2Fworld%2Fcm%2Fcm-nbsap-01-p1-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101101120514/http://institutoaqualung.com.br/info_biodiversidade23.html">"Biodiversity of the world by countries"</a>. Institutoaqualung.com.br. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://institutoaqualung.com.br/info_biodiversidade23.html">the original</a> on 1 November 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biodiversity+of+the+world+by+countries&rft.pub=Institutoaqualung.com.br&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finstitutoaqualung.com.br%2Finfo_biodiversidade23.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRongBaxter2006" class="citation journal cs1">Rong, I. H.; Baxter, A. P. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2104721">"The South African National Collection of Fungi: Celebrating a centenary 1905–2005"</a>. Studies in Mycology. 55: 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3114%2Fsim.55.1.1">10.3114/sim.55.1.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2104721">2104721</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18490968">18490968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Mycology&rft.atitle=The+South+African+National+Collection+of+Fungi%3A+Celebrating+a+centenary+1905%E2%80%932005&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2104721%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18490968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3114%2Fsim.55.1.1&rft.aulast=Rong&rft.aufirst=I.+H.&rft.au=Baxter%2C+A.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2104721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrousRongWoodLee2006" class="citation journal cs1">Crous, P. W.; Rong, I. H.; Wood, A.; Lee, S.; Glen, H.; Botha, W. l; Slippers, B.; De Beer, W. Z.; Wingfield, M. J.; Hawksworth, D. L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2104731">"How many species of fungi are there at the tip of Africa?"</a>. Studies in Mycology. 55: 13–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3114%2Fsim.55.1.13">10.3114/sim.55.1.13</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2104731">2104731</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18490969">18490969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Mycology&rft.atitle=How+many+species+of+fungi+are+there+at+the+tip+of+Africa%3F&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=13-33&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2104731%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18490969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3114%2Fsim.55.1.13&rft.aulast=Crous&rft.aufirst=P.+W.&rft.au=Rong%2C+I.+H.&rft.au=Wood%2C+A.&rft.au=Lee%2C+S.&rft.au=Glen%2C+H.&rft.au=Botha%2C+W.+l&rft.au=Slippers%2C+B.&rft.au=De+Beer%2C+W.+Z.&rft.au=Wingfield%2C+M.+J.&rft.au=Hawksworth%2C+D.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2104731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarincowitzCrousGroenewaldWingfield2008" class="citation web cs1">Marincowitz, S.; Crous, P.W.; Groenewald, J.Z. & Wingfield, M.J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729211209/http://fabiserv.up.ac.za/webresources/pdf/02cccd42960c651fba2eee15dd3c180b.pdf">"Microfungi occurring on Proteaceae in the fynbos. CBS Biodiversity Series 7"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fabiserv.up.ac.za/webresources/pdf/02cccd42960c651fba2eee15dd3c180b.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Microfungi+occurring+on+Proteaceae+in+the+fynbos.+CBS+Biodiversity+Series+7&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Marincowitz&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Crous%2C+P.W.&rft.au=Groenewald%2C+J.Z.&rft.au=Wingfield%2C+M.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffabiserv.up.ac.za%2Fwebresources%2Fpdf%2F02cccd42960c651fba2eee15dd3c180b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambertini2000" class="citation book cs1">Lambertini, Marco (15 May 2000). "The Flora / The Richest Botany in the World". A Anturalist's Guide to the Tropics (Revised edition (15 May 2000) ed.). University Of Chicago Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46828-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46828-0"><bdi>978-0-226-46828-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Flora+%2F+The+Richest+Botany+in+the+World&rft.btitle=A+Anturalist%27s+Guide+to+the+Tropics&rft.pages=46&rft.edition=Revised+edition+%2815+May+2000%29&rft.pub=University+Of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2000-05-15&rft.isbn=978-0-226-46828-0&rft.aulast=Lambertini&rft.aufirst=Marco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trenchard-2021-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trenchard-2021_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trenchard-2021_145-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrenchard2021" class="citation news cs1">Trenchard, Tommy (31 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/31/world/africa/south-africa-poachers-tiny-succulent-plants.html">"In South Africa, Poachers Now Traffic in Tiny Succulent Plants"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220510122122/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/31/world/africa/south-africa-poachers-tiny-succulent-plants.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+South+Africa%2C+Poachers+Now+Traffic+in+Tiny+Succulent+Plants&rft.date=2021-07-31&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Trenchard&rft.aufirst=Tommy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F07%2F31%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fsouth-africa-poachers-tiny-succulent-plants.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southafrica-travel.net/pages/e_plants.htm">"Plants and Vegetation in South Africa"</a>. Southafrica-travel.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111028175454/http://www.southafrica-travel.net/pages/e_plants.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plants+and+Vegetation+in+South+Africa&rft.pub=Southafrica-travel.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southafrica-travel.net%2Fpages%2Fe_plants.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewton" class="citation web cs1">Lewton, Robin Cherry & Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20190304-south-africas-flammable-floral-kingdom">"South Africa's flammable floral kingdom"</a>. www.bbc.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220716121830/https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20190304-south-africas-flammable-floral-kingdom">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.com&rft.atitle=South+Africa%27s+flammable+floral+kingdom&rft.aulast=Lewton&rft.aufirst=Robin+Cherry+%26+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2F20190304-south-africas-flammable-floral-kingdom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FLII-Supplementary_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranthamDuncanEvansJones2020" class="citation journal cs1">Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057">"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material"</a>. Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.5978G">2020NatCo..11.5978G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19493-3">10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057">7723057</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33293507">33293507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Anthropogenic+modification+of+forests+means+only+40%25+of+remaining+forests+have+high+ecosystem+integrity+%E2%80%93+Supplementary+Material&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5978&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7723057%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatCo..11.5978G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33293507&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19493-3&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Grantham&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rft.au=Duncan%2C+A.&rft.au=Evans%2C+T.+D.&rft.au=Jones%2C+K.+R.&rft.au=Beyer%2C+H.+L.&rft.au=Schuster%2C+R.&rft.au=Walston%2C+J.&rft.au=Ray%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+J.+G.&rft.au=Callow%2C+M.&rft.au=Clements%2C+T.&rft.au=Costa%2C+H.+M.&rft.au=DeGemmis%2C+A.&rft.au=Elsen%2C+P.+R.&rft.au=Ervin%2C+J.&rft.au=Franco%2C+P.&rft.au=Goldman%2C+E.&rft.au=Goetz%2C+S.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+A.&rft.au=Hofsvang%2C+E.&rft.au=Jantz%2C+P.&rft.au=Jupiter%2C+S.&rft.au=Kang%2C+A.&rft.au=Langhammer%2C+P.&rft.au=Laurance%2C+W.+F.&rft.au=Lieberman%2C+S.&rft.au=Linkie%2C+M.&rft.au=Malhi%2C+Y.&rft.au=Maxwell%2C+S.&rft.au=Mendez%2C+M.&rft.au=Mittermeier%2C+R.&rft.au=Murray%2C+N.+J.&rft.au=Possingham%2C+H.&rft.au=Radachowsky%2C+J.&rft.au=Saatchi%2C+S.&rft.au=Samper%2C+C.&rft.au=Silverman%2C+J.&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+A.&rft.au=Strassburg%2C+B.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+T.&rft.au=Stokes%2C+E.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+R.&rft.au=Tear%2C+T.&rft.au=Tizard%2C+R.&rft.au=Venter%2C+O.&rft.au=Visconti%2C+P.&rft.au=Wang%2C+S.&rft.au=Watson%2C+J.+E.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7723057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dffe.gov.za/sites/default/files/reports/indigenousbushencroachment.pdf">Towards a policy on indigenous bush encroachment in South Africa (2019)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240419024357/https://www.dffe.gov.za/sites/default/files/reports/indigenousbushencroachment.pdf">Archived</a> 19 April 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Department of Environmental Affairs, Pretoria, South Africa </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150123231507/https://www.environment.gov.za/mediarelease/molewa_waragainstpoaching2015">"Progress in the war against poaching"</a>. Environmental Affairs. South Africa. 22 January 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.environment.gov.za/mediarelease/molewa_waragainstpoaching2015">the original</a> on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Affairs&rft.atitle=Progress+in+the+war+against+poaching&rft.date=2015-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.gov.za%2Fmediarelease%2Fmolewa_waragainstpoaching2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_151-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231015192129/https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/P03014_Census_2022_Statistical_Release.pdf">"2022 Census Statistical Release"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Statistics_South_Africa" title="Statistics South Africa">Statistics South Africa</a>. 15 October 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/P03014_Census_2022_Statistical_Release.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+South+Africa&rft.atitle=2022+Census+Statistical+Release&rft.date=2023-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.za%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FP03014_Census_2022_Statistical_Release.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200617000901/https://population.un.org/wpp/">"World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations"</a>. population.un.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/">the original</a> on 17 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=population.un.org&rft.atitle=World+Population+Prospects+%E2%80%93+Population+Division+%E2%80%93+United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090221002431/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/23/africa/23saf.php">"Anti-immigrant violence spreads in South Africa, with attacks reported in Cape Town – The New York Times"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune" title="International Herald Tribune">International Herald Tribune</a>. 23 May 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/23/africa/23saf.php">the original</a> on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Anti-immigrant+violence+spreads+in+South+Africa%2C+with+attacks+reported+in+Cape+Town+%E2%80%93+The+New+York+Times&rft.date=2008-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2F2008%2F05%2F23%2Fafrica%2F23saf.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160124000311/http://news.sky.com/story/573086/escape-from-mugabe-zimbabwes-exodus">"Escape From Mugabe: Zimbabwe's Exodus"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sky.com/story/573086/escape-from-mugabe-zimbabwes-exodus">the original</a> on 24 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Escape+From+Mugabe%3A+Zimbabwe%27s+Exodus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2F573086%2Fescape-from-mugabe-zimbabwes-exodus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090214052122/http://www.fin24.com/articles/default/display_article.aspx?ArticleId=1518-25_2035097">"More illegals set to flood SA"</a>. Fin24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fin24.com/articles/default/display_article.aspx?ArticleId=1518-25_2035097">the original</a> on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+illegals+set+to+flood+SA&rft.pub=Fin24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fin24.com%2Farticles%2Fdefault%2Fdisplay_article.aspx%3FArticleId%3D1518-25_2035097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-156"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7396868.stm">"South African mob kills migrants"</a>. BBC. 12 May 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313001302/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7396868.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=South+African+mob+kills+migrants&rft.date=2008-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F7396868.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBearak2008" class="citation news cs1">Bearak, Barry (23 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/23/world/africa/23safrica.html?_r=1&ref=africa&oref=slogin">"Immigrants Fleeing Fury of South African Mobs"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501055725/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/23/world/africa/23safrica.html?_r=1&ref=africa&oref=slogin">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Immigrants+Fleeing+Fury+of+South+African+Mobs&rft.date=2008-05-23&rft.aulast=Bearak&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F05%2F23%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F23safrica.html%3F_r%3D1%26ref%3Dafrica%26oref%3Dslogin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehohla2005" class="citation news cs1">Lehohla, Pali (5 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070814143522/http://www.statssa.gov.za/news_archive/05may2005_1.asp">"Debate over race and censuses not peculiar to SA"</a>. Business Report. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statssa.gov.za/news_archive/05may2005_1.asp">the original</a> on 14 August 2007. Retrieved 25 August 2013. <q>Others pointed out that the repeal of the Population Registration Act in 1991 removed any legal basis for specifying 'race'. The Identification Act of 1997 makes no mention of race. On the other hand, the Employment Equity Act speaks of 'designated groups' being 'black people, women and people with disabilities'. The Act defines 'black' as referring to 'Africans, coloureds and Indians'. Apartheid and the racial identification which underpinned it explicitly linked race with differential access to resources and power. If the post-apartheid order was committed to remedying this, race would have to be included in surveys and censuses, so that progress in eradicating the consequences of apartheid could be measured and monitored. This was the reasoning that led to a 'self-identifying' question about 'race' or 'population group' in both the 1996 and 2001 population censuses, and in Statistics SA's household survey programme.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Report&rft.atitle=Debate+over+race+and+censuses+not+peculiar+to+SA&rft.date=2005-05-05&rft.aulast=Lehohla&rft.aufirst=Pali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statssa.gov.za%2Fnews_archive%2F05may2005_1.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStudy_Commission_on_U.S._Policy_toward_Southern_Africa_(U.S.)1981" class="citation book cs1">Study Commission on U.S. Policy toward Southern Africa (U.S.) (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sq43lnbklEUC&pg=PA42">South Africa: time running out: the report of the Study Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Southern Africa</a>. University of California Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04547-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04547-7"><bdi>978-0-520-04547-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160124000311/https://books.google.com/books?id=sq43lnbklEUC&pg=PA42">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Africa%3A+time+running+out%3A+the+report+of+the+Study+Commission+on+U.S.+Policy+Toward+Southern+Africa&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04547-7&rft.au=Study+Commission+on+U.S.+Policy+toward+Southern+Africa+%28U.S.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsq43lnbklEUC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Refugee_Survey_2008-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-World_Refugee_Survey_2008_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Refugee_Survey_2008_160-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Refugee_Survey_2008_160-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141019224639/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2008-world-refugee-survey.html">"World Refugee Survey 2008"</a>. U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. 19 June 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2008-world-refugee-survey.html">the original</a> on 19 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World+Refugee+Survey+2008&rft.date=2008-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refugees.org%2Fresources%2Frefugee-warehousing%2Farchived-world-refugee-surveys%2F2008-world-refugee-survey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions#5">"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 1: Founding Provisions | South African Government"</a>. www.gov.za. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518042037/https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions#5">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.za&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+South+Africa%2C+1996+%E2%80%93+Chapter+1%3A+Founding+Provisions+%7C+South+African+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.za%2Fdocuments%2Fconstitution%2Fchapter-1-founding-provisions%235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/south-africa-fast-facts/geography-facts/languages">"South Africa's languages"</a>. 6 November 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190626173847/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/south-africa-fast-facts/geography-facts/languages">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africa%27s+languages&rft.date=2007-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brandsouthafrica.com%2Fsouth-africa-fast-facts%2Fgeography-facts%2Flanguages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_Writer" class="citation web cs1">Staff Writer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businesstech.co.za/news/business/319760/these-are-the-most-spoken-languages-in-south-africa-in-2019/">"These are the most-spoken languages in South Africa in 2019"</a>. businesstech.co.za. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200221184630/https://businesstech.co.za/news/business/319760/these-are-the-most-spoken-languages-in-south-africa-in-2019/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=businesstech.co.za&rft.atitle=These+are+the+most-spoken+languages+in+South+Africa+in+2019&rft.au=Staff+Writer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusinesstech.co.za%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2F319760%2Fthese-are-the-most-spoken-languages-in-south-africa-in-2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110304001836/http://www.southafrica.info/about/people/language.htm">"The languages of South Africa"</a>. SouthAfrica.info. 4 February 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southafrica.info/about/people/language.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+languages+of+South+Africa&rft.pub=SouthAfrica.info&rft.date=1997-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southafrica.info%2Fabout%2Fpeople%2Flanguage.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/south-africa#/?affiliations_religion_id=11&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2015">"Religions in South Africa – PEW-GRF"</a>. www.globalreligiousfutures.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102511/http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/south-africa#/?affiliations_religion_id=11&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2015">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.globalreligiousfutures.org&rft.atitle=Religions+in+South+Africa+%E2%80%93+PEW-GRF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalreligiousfutures.org%2Fcountries%2Fsouth-africa%23%2F%3Faffiliations_religion_id%3D11%26affiliations_year%3D2010%26region_name%3DAll%2BCountries%26restrictions_year%3D2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-state.gov-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-state.gov_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-state.gov_166-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51496.htm">"South Africa – Section I. Religious Demography"</a>. U.S. Department of State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614133513/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51496.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africa+%E2%80%93+Section+I.+Religious+Demography&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2005%2F51496.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-factbook-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_167-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa/">"South Africa"</a>. The World Factbook. CIA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110042951/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=South+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fsouth-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/south-africa/">"South Africa"</a>. United States Department of State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180945/https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/south-africa/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=South+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Fsouth-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentleyDion_Angus_Forster2008" class="citation book cs1">Bentley, Wessel; Dion Angus Forster (2008). "God's mission in our context, healing and transforming responses". Methodism in Southern Africa: A Celebration of Wesleyan Mission. AcadSA. pp. 97–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-920212-29-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-920212-29-2"><bdi>978-1-920212-29-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=God%27s+mission+in+our+context%2C+healing+and+transforming+responses&rft.btitle=Methodism+in+Southern+Africa%3A+A+Celebration+of+Wesleyan+Mission&rft.pages=97-98&rft.pub=AcadSA&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-920212-29-2&rft.aulast=Bentley&rft.aufirst=Wessel&rft.au=Dion+Angus+Forster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Wyk,_Ben-Erikvan_Oudtshoorn,_Gericke_N1999" class="citation book cs1">van Wyk, Ben-Erik; van Oudtshoorn, Gericke N (1999). Medicinal Plants of South Africa. Pretoria: Briza Publications. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-875093-37-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-875093-37-3"><bdi>978-1-875093-37-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medicinal+Plants+of+South+Africa&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Briza+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-875093-37-3&rft.au=van+Wyk%2C+Ben-Erik&rft.au=van+Oudtshoorn%2C+Gericke+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DoS-171"><a href="#cite_ref-DoS_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71325.htm">"South Africa"</a>. State.gov. 15 September 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614154706/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71325.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africa&rft.pub=State.gov&rft.date=2006-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2006%2F71325.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-csmonitor-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-csmonitor_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-csmonitor_172-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0110/p13s1-woaf.html">"In South Africa, many blacks convert to Islam / The Christian Science Monitor"</a>. The Christian Science Monitor. 10 January 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730173053/http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0110/p13s1-woaf.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=In+South+Africa%2C+many+blacks+convert+to+Islam+%2F+The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.date=2002-01-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2002%2F0110%2Fp13s1-woaf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religionnewsblog.com/9398/muslims-say-their-faith-growing-fast-in-africa">"Muslims say their faith growing fast in Africa"</a>. Religionnewsblog.com. 15 November 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101001060330/http://www.religionnewsblog.com/9398/muslims-say-their-faith-growing-fast-in-africa">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslims+say+their+faith+growing+fast+in+Africa&rft.pub=Religionnewsblog.com&rft.date=2004-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religionnewsblog.com%2F9398%2Fmuslims-say-their-faith-growing-fast-in-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sajbd.org/index.php?p=pages/sa-jewish-history">SA Jewish history</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231218014839/https://www.sajbd.org/index.php?p=pages/sa-jewish-history">Archived</a> 18 December 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> South African Jewish Board of Deputies </li> <li id="cite_note-unescolit-175"><a href="#cite_ref-unescolit_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183908/http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=210">"National adult literacy rates (15+), youth literacy rates (15–24) and elderly literacy rates (65+)"</a>. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=210">the original</a> on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+adult+literacy+rates+%2815%2B%29%2C+youth+literacy+rates+%2815%E2%80%9324%29+and+elderly+literacy+rates+%2865%2B%29&rft.pub=UNESCO+Institute+for+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstats.uis.unesco.org%2Funesco%2FTableViewer%2FtableView.aspx%3FReportId%3D210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-edufacts0831-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edufacts0831_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-edufacts0831_176-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100722160229/http://www.southafrica.info/services/education/edufacts.htm">"A parent's guide to schooling"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southafrica.info/services/education/edufacts.htm">the original</a> on 22 July 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+parent%27s+guide+to+schooling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southafrica.info%2Fservices%2Feducation%2Fedufacts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100617125606/http://www.southafrica.info/about/education/education.htm">"Education in South Africa"</a>. SouthAfrica.info. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southafrica.info/about/education/education.htm">the original</a> on 17 June 2010. Retrieved 20 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Education+in+South+Africa&rft.pub=SouthAfrica.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southafrica.info%2Fabout%2Feducation%2Feducation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/sidebar.php?id=3">"Bantu Education"</a>. Overcoming Apartheid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200815013451/https://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/sidebar.php?id=3">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bantu+Education&rft.pub=Overcoming+Apartheid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fovercomingapartheid.msu.edu%2Fsidebar.php%3Fid%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cele-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Cele_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeleMasondo2015" class="citation news cs1">Cele, S'thembile; Masondo, Sipho (18 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fin24.com/Economy/Shocking-cost-of-SAs-universities-20150118">"Shocking cost of SA's universities"</a>. fin24.com. City Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150119205443/http://www.fin24.com/Economy/Shocking-cost-of-SAs-universities-20150118">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Shocking+cost+of+SA%27s+universities&rft.date=2015-01-18&rft.aulast=Cele&rft.aufirst=S%27thembile&rft.au=Masondo%2C+Sipho&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fin24.com%2FEconomy%2FShocking-cost-of-SAs-universities-20150118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120516165837/http://www.hsrc.ac.za/News-document-1426.phtml">"Peoples Budget Coalition Comments on the 2011/12 Budget"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hsrc.ac.za/News-document-1426.phtml">the original</a> on 16 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peoples+Budget+Coalition+Comments+on+the+2011%2F12+Budget&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsrc.ac.za%2FNews-document-1426.phtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-smartpl-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smartpl_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-smartpl_181-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730011508/http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/global-observer/-8216clinic-in-a-box-seeks-to-improve-south-african-healthcare/12844">"'Clinic-in-a-Box' seeks to improve South African healthcare"</a>. SmartPlanet. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/global-observer/-8216clinic-in-a-box-seeks-to-improve-south-african-healthcare/12844">the original</a> on 30 July 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Clinic-in-a-Box%27+seeks+to+improve+South+African+healthcare&rft.pub=SmartPlanet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smartplanet.com%2Fblog%2Fglobal-observer%2F-8216clinic-in-a-box-seeks-to-improve-south-african-healthcare%2F12844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-icap-182"><a href="#cite_ref-icap_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icap.columbia.edu/where-we-work/south-africa">"South Africa"</a>. ICAP at Columbia University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130713041358/http://icap.columbia.edu/where-we-work/south-africa">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africa&rft.pub=ICAP+at+Columbia+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficap.columbia.edu%2Fwhere-we-work%2Fsouth-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fmhealth-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fmhealth_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fmhealth_183-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fmhealth_183-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fm.co.za/fm/CoverStory/2013/07/04/motsoaledi-to-reform-private-health-care">"Motsoaledi to reform private health care"</a>. Financial Mail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130707152200/http://www.fm.co.za/fm/CoverStory/2013/07/04/motsoaledi-to-reform-private-health-care">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Motsoaledi+to+reform+private+health+care&rft.pub=Financial+Mail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fm.co.za%2Ffm%2FCoverStory%2F2013%2F07%2F04%2Fmotsoaledi-to-reform-private-health-care&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-medicl-184"><a href="#cite_ref-medicl_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002145453/http://www.mediclinic.co.za/about/Documents/ECONEX%20NHInote%203.pdf">"What does the demand for healthcare look like in SA?"</a> (PDF). Mediclinic Southern Africa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediclinic.co.za/about/Documents/ECONEX%20NHInote%203.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+does+the+demand+for+healthcare+look+like+in+SA%3F&rft.pub=Mediclinic+Southern+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediclinic.co.za%2Fabout%2FDocuments%2FECONEX%2520NHInote%25203.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/southafrica">"HIV and AIDS estimates (2015)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150212190759/http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/southafrica">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HIV+and+AIDS+estimates+%282015%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unaids.org%2Fen%2Fregionscountries%2Fcountries%2Fsouthafrica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/southafrica">"South Africa"</a>. www.unaids.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190828020358/https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/southafrica">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unaids.org&rft.atitle=South+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unaids.org%2Fen%2Fregionscountries%2Fcountries%2Fsouthafrica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ten-187"><a href="#cite_ref-ten_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avert.org/south-africa-hiv-aids-statistics.htm">"South Africa HIV & AIDS Statistics"</a>. AVERT.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016190720/http://www.avert.org/south-africa-hiv-aids-statistics.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africa+HIV+%26+AIDS+Statistics&rft.pub=AVERT.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avert.org%2Fsouth-africa-hiv-aids-statistics.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-avertaids-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-avertaids_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-avertaids_188-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avert.org/aidsorphans.htm">"AIDS orphans"</a>. Avert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707054438/http://www.avert.org/aidsorphans.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2010. Retrieved 8 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AIDS+orphans&rft.pub=Avert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avert.org%2Faidsorphans.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afrol.com/articles/21094">"Sack SA Health Minister – world's AIDS experts"</a>. afrol News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061018120544/http://www.afrol.com/articles/21094">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2006. Retrieved 8 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sack+SA+Health+Minister+%E2%80%93+world%27s+AIDS+experts&rft.pub=afrol+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afrol.com%2Farticles%2F21094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.info.gov.za-190"><a href="#cite_ref-www.info.gov.za_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530221742/http://www.info.gov.za/otherdocs/2007/aidsplan2007/situation_analysis.pdf">"Situation Analysis. HIV & AIDS and STI Strategic Plan 2007–2011"</a> (PDF). info.gov.za. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.info.gov.za/otherdocs/2007/aidsplan2007/situation_analysis.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Situation+Analysis.+HIV+%26+AIDS+and+STI+Strategic+Plan+2007%E2%80%932011&rft.pub=info.gov.za&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.gov.za%2Fotherdocs%2F2007%2Faidsplan2007%2Fsituation_analysis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151227121601/http://www.unpan.org/Regions/Africa/PublicAdministrationNews/tabid/113/mctl/ArticleView/ModuleId/1460/articleId/21146/Zuma-Announces-NHI-AIDS-Reforms.aspx">"Zuma announces AIDS reforms"</a>. UNPAN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unpan.org/Regions/Africa/PublicAdministrationNews/tabid/113/mctl/ArticleView/ModuleId/1460/articleId/21146/Zuma-Announces-NHI-AIDS-Reforms.aspx">the original</a> on 27 December 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zuma+announces+AIDS+reforms&rft.pub=UNPAN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unpan.org%2FRegions%2FAfrica%2FPublicAdministrationNews%2Ftabid%2F113%2Fmctl%2FArticleView%2FModuleId%2F1460%2FarticleId%2F21146%2FZuma-Announces-NHI-AIDS-Reforms.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-conversationHIVExcelled-192"><a href="#cite_ref-conversationHIVExcelled_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullick2015" class="citation web cs1">Mullick, Saiqa (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/south-africa-has-excelled-in-treating-hiv-prevention-remains-a-disaster-51501">"South Africa has excelled in treating HIV – prevention remains a disaster"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712052403/https://theconversation.com/south-africa-has-excelled-in-treating-hiv-prevention-remains-a-disaster-51501">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africa+has+excelled+in+treating+HIV+%E2%80%93+prevention+remains+a+disaster&rft.date=2015-12&rft.aulast=Mullick&rft.aufirst=Saiqa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fsouth-africa-has-excelled-in-treating-hiv-prevention-remains-a-disaster-51501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dirkstrauss.com/south-african-cities/">"South African Cities And Provinces – A Complete List"</a>. dirkstrauss.com. 27 December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507050602/https://dirkstrauss.com/south-african-cities/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dirkstrauss.com&rft.atitle=South+African+Cities+And+Provinces+%E2%80%93+A+Complete+List&rft.date=2018-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdirkstrauss.com%2Fsouth-african-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2016Survey-194"><a href="#cite_ref-2016Survey_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cs2016.statssa.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/CS-2016-Provinces-at-a-glance.pdf">"Community Survey 2016: Provinces at a Glance"</a> (PDF). Statistics South Africa. Retrieved 29 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Community+Survey+2016%3A+Provinces+at+a+Glance&rft.pub=Statistics+South+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcs2016.statssa.gov.za%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F06%2FCS-2016-Provinces-at-a-glance.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2018Revision-195"><a href="#cite_ref-2018Revision_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations,_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs,_Population_Division2018" class="citation web cs1">United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wup/Download/Files/WUP2018-F12-Cities_Over_300K.xls">"World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision, Online Edition"</a>. Retrieved 28 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Urbanization+Prospects%3A+The+2018+Revision%2C+Online+Edition&rft.date=2018&rft.au=United+Nations%2C+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwup%2FDownload%2FFiles%2FWUP2018-F12-Cities_Over_300K.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/node/6772433">"Term Limits in Africa"</a>. The Economist. 6 April 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019194644/http://www.economist.com/node/6772433">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Term+Limits+in+Africa&rft.date=2006-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F6772433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkinwotu2024" class="citation news cs1">Akinwotu, Emmanuel (1 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2024/06/01/nx-s1-4987616/south-africa-election-results">"In a historic election, South Africa's ANC loses majority for the first time"</a>. NPR. Retrieved 26 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=In+a+historic+election%2C+South+Africa%27s+ANC+loses+majority+for+the+first+time&rft.date=2024-06-01&rft.aulast=Akinwotu&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2024%2F06%2F01%2Fnx-s1-4987616%2Fsouth-africa-election-results&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUsher2024" class="citation news cs1">Usher, Barbara Plett (14 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cw55w4z3gqeo">"A landmark moment in South Africa for a humbled ANC"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 26 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=A+landmark+moment+in+South+Africa+for+a+humbled+ANC&rft.date=2024-06-14&rft.aulast=Usher&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Plett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcw55w4z3gqeo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530232314/http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/96cons4.htm">"Chapter 4 – Parliament"</a>. 19 August 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/96cons4.htm#42">the original</a> on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chapter+4+%E2%80%93+Parliament&rft.date=2009-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.gov.za%2Fdocuments%2Fconstitution%2F1996%2F96cons4.htm%2342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2012" class="citation news cs1">Alexander, Peter (27 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amandla.org.za/protests-and-police-statistics-some-commentary-by-prof-peter-alexander/">"Protests and Police Statistics: Some Commentary"</a>. Amandla. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128234908/https://www.amandla.org.za/protests-and-police-statistics-some-commentary-by-prof-peter-alexander/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amandla&rft.atitle=Protests+and+Police+Statistics%3A+Some+Commentary&rft.date=2012-03-27&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amandla.org.za%2Fprotests-and-police-statistics-some-commentary-by-prof-peter-alexander%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuccus2007" class="citation web cs1">Buccus, Imraan (27 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abahlali.org/node/1898">"Mercury: Rethinking the crisis of local democracy"</a>. Abahlali.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111019160241/http://abahlali.org/node/1898">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mercury%3A+Rethinking+the+crisis+of+local+democracy&rft.pub=Abahlali.org&rft.date=2007-08-27&rft.aulast=Buccus&rft.aufirst=Imraan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabahlali.org%2Fnode%2F1898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Duncan2010" class="citation web cs1">J. Duncan (31 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130630181604/http://www.sacsis.org.za/site/article/489.1">"The Return of State Repression"</a>. South African Civil Society Information Services. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacsis.org.za/site/article/489.1">the original</a> on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Return+of+State+Repression&rft.pub=South+African+Civil+Society+Information+Services&rft.date=2010-05-31&rft.au=J.+Duncan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacsis.org.za%2Fsite%2Farticle%2F489.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120181236/http://www.fxi.org.za/content/view/47/51/">"Increasing police repression highlighted by recent case"</a>. Freedom of Expression Institute. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fxi.org.za/content/view/47/51/">the original</a> on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Increasing+police+repression+highlighted+by+recent+case&rft.pub=Freedom+of+Expression+Institute&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fxi.org.za%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F47%2F51%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130218132708/http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/south-africa/">"South Africa's recent performance in the Ibrahim Index of African Governance"</a>. Mo Ibrahim Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/south-africa/">the original</a> on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africa%27s+recent+performance+in+the+Ibrahim+Index+of+African+Governance&rft.pub=Mo+Ibrahim+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moibrahimfoundation.org%2Fsouth-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6159991.stm">"SA marriage law signed"</a>. BBC News. 30 November 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120235651/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6159991.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=SA+marriage+law+signed&rft.date=2006-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2F6159991.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes-206"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWines2005" class="citation news cs1">Wines, Michael (2 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/02/world/africa/samesex-unions-to-become-legal-in-south-africa.html">"Same-Sex Unions to Become Legal in South Africa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181010183929/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/02/world/africa/samesex-unions-to-become-legal-in-south-africa.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Same-Sex+Unions+to+Become+Legal+in+South+Africa&rft.date=2005-12-02&rft.aulast=Wines&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F12%2F02%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fsamesex-unions-to-become-legal-in-south-africa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnymanBarratt2002" class="citation web cs1">Snyman, Pamela & Barratt, Amanda (2 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617154356/http://www.llrx.com/features/southafrica.htm">"Researching South African Law"</a>. w/ Library Resource Xchange. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.llrx.com/features/southafrica.htm">the original</a> on 17 June 2008. Retrieved 23 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Researching+South+African+Law&rft.pub=w%2F+Library+Resource+Xchange&rft.date=2002-10-02&rft.aulast=Snyman&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft.au=Barratt%2C+Amanda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.llrx.com%2Ffeatures%2Fsouthafrica.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gildersleeve-208"><a href="#cite_ref-gildersleeve_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Rosenberg, Rosalind (Summer 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/Summer2001/Gildersleeve.html">"Virginia Gildersleeve: Opening the Gates (Living Legacies)"</a>. Columbia Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040102153832/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/Summer2001/Gildersleeve.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2004. Retrieved 14 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Magazine&rft.atitle=Virginia+Gildersleeve%3A+Opening+the+Gates+%28Living+Legacies%29&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Rosalind&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Falumni%2FMagazine%2FSummer2001%2FGildersleeve.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schlesinger-209"><a href="#cite_ref-Schlesinger_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger,_Stephen_E.2004" class="citation book cs1">Schlesinger, Stephen E. (2004). Act of Creation: The Founding of the United Nations: A Story of Superpowers, Secret Agents, Wartime Allies and Enemies, and Their Quest for a Peaceful World. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Westview, Perseus Books Group. pp. 236–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3275-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3275-8"><bdi>978-0-8133-3275-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Act+of+Creation%3A+The+Founding+of+the+United+Nations%3A+A+Story+of+Superpowers%2C+Secret+Agents%2C+Wartime+Allies+and+Enemies%2C+and+Their+Quest+for+a+Peaceful+World&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=236-7&rft.pub=Westview%2C+Perseus+Books+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3275-8&rft.au=Schlesinger%2C+Stephen+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://capetown.china-consulate.org/eng/gdxw/t726883.htm">"China, South Africa upgrade relations to "comprehensive strategic partnership""</a>. Capetown.china-consulate.org. 25 August 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130731050004/http://capetown.china-consulate.org/eng/gdxw/t726883.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%2C+South+Africa+upgrade+relations+to+%22comprehensive+strategic+partnership%22&rft.pub=Capetown.china-consulate.org&rft.date=2010-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcapetown.china-consulate.org%2Feng%2Fgdxw%2Ft726883.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110418004139/http://www.southafrica.info/global/brics/brics-080411.htm">"New era as South Africa joins BRICS"</a>. Southafrica.info. 11 April 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southafrica.info/global/brics/brics-080411.htm">the original</a> on 18 April 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+era+as+South+Africa+joins+BRICS&rft.pub=Southafrica.info&rft.date=2011-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southafrica.info%2Fglobal%2Fbrics%2Fbrics-080411.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709031314/http://www.southafrica.info/global/brics/brics-140411.htm">"SA brings 'unique attributes' to BRICS"</a>. Southafrica.info. 14 April 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southafrica.info/global/brics/brics-140411.htm">the original</a> on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SA+brings+%27unique+attributes%27+to+BRICS&rft.pub=Southafrica.info&rft.date=2011-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southafrica.info%2Fglobal%2Fbrics%2Fbrics-140411.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-constitution-1993-224-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-constitution-1993-224_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-constitution-1993-224_213-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080612100516/http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/93cons.htm">"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 200 of 1993 (Section 224)"</a>. South African Government. 1993. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/93cons.htm#SECTION224">the original</a> on 12 June 2008. Retrieved 23 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+South+Africa+Act+200+of+1993+%28Section+224%29&rft.pub=South+African+Government&rft.date=1993&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.gov.za%2Fdocuments%2Fconstitution%2F93cons.htm%23SECTION224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._B._van_Stade1997" class="citation web cs1">L. B. van Stade (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160316204323/https://issafrica.org/pubs/asr/6no2/vanstade.html">"Rationalisation in the SANDF: The Next Challenge"</a>. Institute for Security Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.issafrica.org/Pubs/ASR/6No2/VanStade.html">the original</a> on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rationalisation+in+the+SANDF%3A+The+Next+Challenge&rft.pub=Institute+for+Security+Studies&rft.date=1997&rft.au=L.+B.+van+Stade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.issafrica.org%2FPubs%2FASR%2F6No2%2FVanStade.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-act-42-2002-215"><a href="#cite_ref-act-42-2002_215-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080624211758/http://www.info.gov.za/gazette/acts/2002/a42-02.pdf">"Defence Act 42 of 2002"</a> (PDF). South African Government. 12 February 2003. p. 18. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.info.gov.za/gazette/acts/2002/a42-02.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 June 2008. Retrieved 23 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Defence+Act+42+of+2002&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=South+African+Government&rft.date=2003-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.gov.za%2Fgazette%2Facts%2F2002%2Fa42-02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bmdnet.co.za/S/S_%20A_%20National%20Defence%20Force.htm">"Career Descriptions – S. A. National Defence Force"</a>. www.bmdnet.co.za. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414225121/https://www.bmdnet.co.za/S/S_%20A_%20National%20Defence%20Force.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bmdnet.co.za&rft.atitle=Career+Descriptions+%E2%80%93+S.+A.+National+Defence+Force&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmdnet.co.za%2FS%2FS_%2520A_%2520National%2520Defence%2520Force.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dod-sep2005-217">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dod-sep2005_217-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dod-sep2005_217-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dod-sep2005_217-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLekota2005" class="citation web cs1">Lekota, Mosiuoa (5 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071214012305/http://www.dod.mil.za/media/media2005/sep/media_statements5sep2005.htm">"Address by the Minister of Defence at a media breakfast at Defence Headquarters, Pretoria"</a>. Department of Defence. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dod.mil.za/media/media2005/sep/media_statements5sep2005.htm">the original</a> on 14 December 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Address+by+the+Minister+of+Defence+at+a+media+breakfast+at+Defence+Headquarters%2C+Pretoria&rft.pub=Department+of+Defence&rft.date=2005-09-05&rft.aulast=Lekota&rft.aufirst=Mosiuoa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dod.mil.za%2Fmedia%2Fmedia2005%2Fsep%2Fmedia_statements5sep2005.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2021" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Guy (5 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defenceweb.co.za/featured/sa-defence-budget-falling-to-only-86-of-gdp/">"SA defence budget falling to only .86% of GDP"</a>. defenceWeb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230228091204/https://www.defenceweb.co.za/featured/sa-defence-budget-falling-to-only-86-of-gdp/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=defenceWeb&rft.atitle=SA+defence+budget+falling+to+only+.86%25+of+GDP&rft.date=2021-05-05&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenceweb.co.za%2Ffeatured%2Fsa-defence-budget-falling-to-only-86-of-gdp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/33303/">"SANDF deployment to prevent & combat crime; Update on security situation in the country; with Minister | PMG"</a>. pmg.org.za. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414225113/https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/33303/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pmg.org.za&rft.atitle=SANDF+deployment+to+prevent+%26+combat+crime%3B+Update+on+security+situation+in+the+country%3B+with+Minister+%7C+PMG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpmg.org.za%2Fcommittee-meeting%2F33303%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/africa-south-africa-59f7817632563dcf19d7e212de8046c9">"25,000 troops deployed to quell South Africa riots, 117 dead"</a>. AP NEWS. 15 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208135834/https://apnews.com/article/africa-south-africa-59f7817632563dcf19d7e212de8046c9">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=25%2C000+troops+deployed+to+quell+South+Africa+riots%2C+117+dead&rft.date=2021-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fafrica-south-africa-59f7817632563dcf19d7e212de8046c9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusseini2019" class="citation web cs1">Husseini, Talal (13 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airforce-technology.com/features/air-force-bases-in-south-africa/">"Air force bases in South Africa: past and present operations"</a>. Airforce Technology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414230612/https://www.airforce-technology.com/features/air-force-bases-in-south-africa/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Airforce+Technology&rft.atitle=Air+force+bases+in+South+Africa%3A+past+and+present+operations&rft.date=2019-06-13&rft.aulast=Husseini&rft.aufirst=Talal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airforce-technology.com%2Ffeatures%2Fair-force-bases-in-south-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-southafricanmadeweapons-222">^ <a href="#cite_ref-southafricanmadeweapons_222-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-southafricanmadeweapons_222-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLionel2017" class="citation web cs1">Lionel, Ekene (28 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.military.africa/2017/11/here-are-some-of-south-african-made-weapons/">"Here are some of South African Made weapons"</a>. Military Africa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230108090640/https://www.military.africa/2017/11/here-are-some-of-south-african-made-weapons/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Military+Africa&rft.atitle=Here+are+some+of+South+African+Made+weapons&rft.date=2017-11-28&rft.aulast=Lionel&rft.aufirst=Ekene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.military.africa%2F2017%2F11%2Fhere-are-some-of-south-african-made-weapons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/sa/sa_july01ber01.html">"South Africa: An Overview of the Defence Industry"</a>. ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406194422/https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/sa/sa_july01ber01.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu&rft.atitle=South+Africa%3A+An+Overview+of+the+Defence+Industry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciaotest.cc.columbia.edu%2Folj%2Fsa%2Fsa_july01ber01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/rankings/arms_exports/">"Arms exports by country, around the world"</a>. TheGlobalEconomy.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419004055/https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/rankings/arms_exports/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGlobalEconomy.com&rft.atitle=Arms+exports+by+country%2C+around+the+world&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobaleconomy.com%2Frankings%2Farms_exports%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2020" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Guy (6 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defenceweb.co.za/featured/hoefyster-the-biggest-threat-to-denel-hlahla/">"Hoefyster the biggest threat to Denel – Hlahla"</a>. defenceWeb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414225108/https://www.defenceweb.co.za/featured/hoefyster-the-biggest-threat-to-denel-hlahla/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=defenceWeb&rft.atitle=Hoefyster+the+biggest+threat+to+Denel+%E2%80%93+Hlahla&rft.date=2020-11-06&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenceweb.co.za%2Ffeatured%2Fhoefyster-the-biggest-threat-to-denel-hlahla%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fas-ocp27-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fas-ocp27_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fas-ocp27_226-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy_E._Horton_III1999" class="citation web cs1">Roy E. Horton III (October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/nuke/guide/rsa/nuke/ocp27.htm">"Out of (South) Africa: Pretoria's Nuclear Weapons Experience"</a>. USAF Institute for National Security Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080506144626/http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/rsa/nuke/ocp27.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2008. Retrieved 23 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Out+of+%28South%29+Africa%3A+Pretoria%27s+Nuclear+Weapons+Experience&rft.pub=USAF+Institute+for+National+Security+Studies&rft.date=1999-10&rft.au=Roy+E.+Horton+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fnuke%2Fguide%2Frsa%2Fnuke%2Focp27.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodson1979" class="citation web cs1">Dodson, Christine (22 October 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB190/01.pdf">"South Atlantic Nuclear Event (National Security Council, Memorandum)"</a> (PDF). George Washington University under Freedom of Information Act Request. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629172818/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB190/01.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Atlantic+Nuclear+Event+%28National+Security+Council%2C+Memorandum%29&rft.pub=George+Washington+University+under+Freedom+of+Information+Act+Request&rft.date=1979-10-22&rft.aulast=Dodson&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB190%2F01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-South_Africa_comes_clean-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-South_Africa_comes_clean_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-South_Africa_comes_clean_228-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEducational_Foundation_for_Nuclear_Science,_Inc.1993" class="citation book cs1">Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc. (May 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qQwAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3">"South Africa comes clean"</a>. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Science and Public Affairs. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0096-3402">0096-3402</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131011173919/http://books.google.com/books?id=qQwAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=South+Africa+comes+clean&rft.btitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.series=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists%3A+Science+and+Public+Affairs&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Educational+Foundation+for+Nuclear+Science%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1993-05&rft.issn=0096-3402&rft.au=Educational+Foundation+for+Nuclear+Science%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqQwAAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en">"Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons"</a>. United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813020027/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+XXVI%3A+Disarmament+%E2%80%93+No.+9+Treaty+on+the+Prohibition+of+Nuclear+Weapons&rft.pub=United+Nations+Treaty+Collection&rft.date=2017-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2FPages%2FViewDetails.aspx%3Fsrc%3DTREATY%26mtdsg_no%3DXXVI-9%26chapter%3D26%26clang%3D_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gcis.gov.za/content/resourcecentre/sa-info/south-africa-yearbook-201920">"South Africa Yearbook 2019/20 | Government Communication and Information System (GCIS)"</a>. www.gcis.gov.za. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230302215528/https://www.gcis.gov.za/content/resourcecentre/sa-info/south-africa-yearbook-201920">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gcis.gov.za&rft.atitle=South+Africa+Yearbook+2019%2F20+%7C+Government+Communication+and+Information+System+%28GCIS%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gcis.gov.za%2Fcontent%2Fresourcecentre%2Fsa-info%2Fsouth-africa-yearbook-201920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchley" class="citation web cs1">Mitchley, Alex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/best-in-africa-saps-special-task-force-unit-places-ninth-at-international-swat-competition-20230226">"Best in Africa: SAPS' Special Task Force Unit places ninth at international SWAT competition"</a>. News24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230302215527/https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/best-in-africa-saps-special-task-force-unit-places-ninth-at-international-swat-competition-20230226">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News24&rft.atitle=Best+in+Africa%3A+SAPS%27+Special+Task+Force+Unit+places+ninth+at+international+SWAT+competition&rft.aulast=Mitchley&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2Fnews24%2Fsouthafrica%2Fnews%2Fbest-in-africa-saps-special-task-force-unit-places-ninth-at-international-swat-competition-20230226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2012" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Guy (30 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defenceweb.co.za/industry/industry-industry/south-africa-has-worlds-largest-private-security-industry-needs-regulation-mthethwa/">"South Africa has world's largest private security industry; needs regulation – Mthethwa"</a>. defenceWeb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409230533/https://www.defenceweb.co.za/industry/industry-industry/south-africa-has-worlds-largest-private-security-industry-needs-regulation-mthethwa/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=defenceWeb&rft.atitle=South+Africa+has+world%27s+largest+private+security+industry%3B+needs+regulation+%E2%80%93+Mthethwa&rft.date=2012-10-30&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenceweb.co.za%2Findustry%2Findustry-industry%2Fsouth-africa-has-worlds-largest-private-security-industry-needs-regulation-mthethwa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businesstech.co.za/news/business/489295/security-guards-vs-police-officers-in-south-africa/">"Security guards vs police officers in South Africa"</a>. BusinessTech. 13 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409232039/https://businesstech.co.za/news/business/489295/security-guards-vs-police-officers-in-south-africa/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BusinessTech&rft.atitle=Security+guards+vs+police+officers+in+South+Africa&rft.date=2021-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusinesstech.co.za%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2F489295%2Fsecurity-guards-vs-police-officers-in-south-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEastwood2013" class="citation web cs1">Eastwood, Victoria (8 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2013/02/08/business/south-africa-private-security/index.html">"Bigger than the army: South Africa's private security forces | CNN Business"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409230533/https://www.cnn.com/2013/02/08/business/south-africa-private-security/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Bigger+than+the+army%3A+South+Africa%27s+private+security+forces+%7C+CNN+Business&rft.date=2013-02-08&rft.aulast=Eastwood&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F02%2F08%2Fbusiness%2Fsouth-africa-private-security%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buildingsecurity.com/blog/recent-private-security-growth/">"Recent Growth In The Private Security Industry"</a>. Building Security Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628011407/https://www.buildingsecurity.com/blog/recent-private-security-growth/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Building+Security+Services&rft.atitle=Recent+Growth+In+The+Private+Security+Industry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buildingsecurity.com%2Fblog%2Frecent-private-security-growth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/661833/the-safest-and-most-dangerous-countries-in-the-world-and-where-south-africa-ranks/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20platform's%20ranking,by%20gunshot%20per%20100%2C000%20people.">"The safest and most dangerous countries in the world – and where South Africa ranks"</a>. BusinessTech. 3 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409232040/https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/661833/the-safest-and-most-dangerous-countries-in-the-world-and-where-south-africa-ranks/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20platform's%20ranking,by%20gunshot%20per%20100%2C000%20people.">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BusinessTech&rft.atitle=The+safest+and+most+dangerous+countries+in+the+world+%E2%80%93+and+where+South+Africa+ranks&rft.date=2023-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusinesstech.co.za%2Fnews%2Flifestyle%2F661833%2Fthe-safest-and-most-dangerous-countries-in-the-world-and-where-south-africa-ranks%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAccording%2520to%2520the%2520platform%27s%2520ranking%2Cby%2520gunshot%2520per%2520100%252C000%2520people.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_Writer" class="citation web cs1">Staff Writer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/271997/heres-how-south-africas-crime-rate-compares-to-actual-warzones/">"Here's how South Africa's crime rate compares to actual warzones"</a>. businesstech.co.za. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190719182304/https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/271997/heres-how-south-africas-crime-rate-compares-to-actual-warzones/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=businesstech.co.za&rft.atitle=Here%27s+how+South+Africa%27s+crime+rate+compares+to+actual+warzones&rft.au=Staff+Writer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusinesstech.co.za%2Fnews%2Flifestyle%2F271997%2Fheres-how-south-africas-crime-rate-compares-to-actual-warzones%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190715203654/https://dataunodc.un.org/GSH_app">"Global Study on Homicide – Statistics and Data"</a>. dataunodc.un.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dataunodc.un.org/GSH_app">the original</a> on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dataunodc.un.org&rft.atitle=Global+Study+on+Homicide+%E2%80%93+Statistics+and+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdataunodc.un.org%2FGSH_app&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2020" class="citation news cs1">Gibson, Douglas (3 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iol.co.za/news/opinion/sas-murder-rate-is-worse-than-the-coronavirus-mortality-rate-43987823">"SA's murder rate is worse than the coronavirus mortality rate"</a>. iol.co.za. IOL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210804174704/https://www.iol.co.za/news/opinion/sas-murder-rate-is-worse-than-the-coronavirus-mortality-rate-43987823">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=SA%27s+murder+rate+is+worse+than+the+coronavirus+mortality+rate&rft.date=2020-03-03&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iol.co.za%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Fsas-murder-rate-is-worse-than-the-coronavirus-mortality-rate-43987823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-africaCheckRapeStats-240"><a href="#cite_ref-africaCheckRapeStats_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africacheck.org/factsheets/guide-rape-statistics-in-south-africa/">"GUIDE: Rape statistics in South Africa – Africa Check"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190325164521/https://africacheck.org/factsheets/guide-rape-statistics-in-south-africa/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GUIDE%3A+Rape+statistics+in+South+Africa+%E2%80%93+Africa+Check&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafricacheck.org%2Ffactsheets%2Fguide-rape-statistics-in-south-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8107039.stm">"South African rape survey shock"</a>. BBC News. 18 June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170817141650/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8107039.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=South+African+rape+survey+shock&rft.date=2009-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F8107039.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc1-242"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc1_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/258446.stm">"South Africa's rape shock"</a>. BBC News. 19 January 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402230527/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/258446.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=South+Africa%27s+rape+shock&rft.date=1999-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F258446.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrahams-243"><a href="#cite_ref-Abrahams_243-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arsrc.org/downloads/sia/sep04/sep04.pdf">"Sexual Violence Against Women in South Africa"</a> (PDF). Sexuality in Africa 1.3. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111018202051/http://www.arsrc.org/downloads/sia/sep04/sep04.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 October 2011. Retrieved 29 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sexual+Violence+Against+Women+in+South+Africa.&rft.pub=Sexuality+in+Africa+1.3&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arsrc.org%2Fdownloads%2Fsia%2Fsep04%2Fsep04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-medscape-244">^ <a href="#cite_ref-medscape_244-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-medscape_244-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/444213">"Child rape in South Africa"</a>. Medscape. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101229174131/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/444213">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Child+rape+in+South+Africa&rft.pub=Medscape&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medscape.com%2Fviewarticle%2F444213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-time-245"><a href="#cite_ref-time_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Perry, Alex (5 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090818063455/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1680715,00.html?xid=feed-yahoo-full-world">"Oprah scandal rocks South Africa"</a>. Time. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1680715,00.html?xid=feed-yahoo-full-world">the original</a> on 18 August 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Oprah+scandal+rocks+South+Africa&rft.date=2007-11-05&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1680715%2C00.html%3Fxid%3Dfeed-yahoo-full-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/africa/after-week-xenophobic-attacks-south-africa-grapples-answers">"After a Week of Xenophobic Attacks, South Africa Grapples for Answers"</a>. VOA News. 6 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190922075016/https://www.voanews.com/africa/after-week-xenophobic-attacks-south-africa-grapples-answers">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VOA+News&rft.atitle=After+a+Week+of+Xenophobic+Attacks%2C+South+Africa+Grapples+for+Answers&rft.date=2019-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fafrica%2Fafter-week-xenophobic-attacks-south-africa-grapples-answers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190915032441/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/gauteng-xenophobia-attacks-akin-to-2008-crisis-institute-of-race-relations-20190905">"Gauteng xenophobia attacks akin to 2008 crisis – Institute of Race Relations"</a>. News24. 5 September 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/gauteng-xenophobia-attacks-akin-to-2008-crisis-institute-of-race-relations-20190905">the original</a> on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News24&rft.atitle=Gauteng+xenophobia+attacks+akin+to+2008+crisis+%E2%80%93+Institute+of+Race+Relations&rft.date=2019-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2FSouthAfrica%2FNews%2Fgauteng-xenophobia-attacks-akin-to-2008-crisis-institute-of-race-relations-20190905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/StatsInBrief/StatsInBrief2010.pdf">Stats in Brief, 2010</a> (PDF). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2010. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-621-39563-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-621-39563-1"><bdi>978-0-621-39563-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180820132652/http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/StatsInBrief/StatsInBrief2010.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stats+in+Brief%2C+2010&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Statistics+South+Africa&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-621-39563-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statssa.gov.za%2Fpublications%2FStatsInBrief%2FStatsInBrief2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tradinghours.com/markets/jse">"JSE Trading Hours & Market Holidays [2023]"</a>. www.tradinghours.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195115/https://www.tradinghours.com/markets/jse">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tradinghours.com&rft.atitle=JSE+Trading+Hours+%26+Market+Holidays+%5B2023%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tradinghours.com%2Fmarkets%2Fjse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234423/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/161.html">"Inequality in income or expenditure / Gini index, Human Development Report 2007/08"</a>. Hdrstats.undp.org. 4 November 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/161.html">the original</a> on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inequality+in+income+or+expenditure+%2F+Gini+index%2C+Human+Development+Report+2007%2F08&rft.pub=Hdrstats.undp.org&rft.date=2010-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdrstats.undp.org%2Fen%2Findicators%2F161.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html">"Distribution of family income – Gini index"</a>. Cia.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html">the original</a> on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Distribution+of+family+income+%E2%80%93+Gini+index&rft.pub=Cia.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2172.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111023162404/http://www.iol.co.za/business/business-news/south-africa-has-widest-gap-between-rich-and-poor-1.707558">"South Africa has highest gap between rich and poor"</a>. Business Report. 28 September 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iol.co.za/business/business-news/south-africa-has-widest-gap-between-rich-and-poor-1.707558">the original</a> on 23 October 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africa+has+highest+gap+between+rich+and+poor&rft.pub=Business+Report&rft.date=2009-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iol.co.za%2Fbusiness%2Fbusiness-news%2Fsouth-africa-has-widest-gap-between-rich-and-poor-1.707558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/three-countries-account-for-56-of-africa-s-wealth-1849538625">"South Africa, Egypt, and Nigeria account for 56% of Africa's wealth"</a>. Quartz. 15 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204150042/https://qz.com/three-countries-account-for-56-of-africa-s-wealth-1849538625">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 4 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=South+Africa%2C+Egypt%2C+and+Nigeria+account+for+56%25+of+Africa%27s+wealth&rft.date=2022-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2Fthree-countries-account-for-56-of-africa-s-wealth-1849538625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/southafrica/overview">"The World Bank In South Africa"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200528020105/https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/southafrica/overview">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Bank+In+South+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fsouthafrica%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-economist1-255"><a href="#cite_ref-economist1_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/node/16647365">"South Africa's economy: How it could do even better"</a>. The Economist. 22 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120312021959/http://www.economist.com/node/16647365">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=South+Africa%27s+economy%3A+How+it+could+do+even+better.&rft.date=2010-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F16647365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/depweb/english/beyond/global/chapter15.html">"DEPWeb: Beyond Economic Growth"</a>. The World Bank Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111106020301/http://www.worldbank.org/depweb/english/beyond/global/chapter15.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DEPWeb%3A+Beyond+Economic+Growth&rft.pub=The+World+Bank+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fdepweb%2Fenglish%2Fbeyond%2Fglobal%2Fchapter15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOluwole2022" class="citation web cs1">Oluwole, Victor (14 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/lifestyle/top-10-wealthiest-cities-in-africa/2l5l5t4">"Top 10 wealthiest cities in Africa"</a>. Business Insider Africa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528061646/https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/lifestyle/top-10-wealthiest-cities-in-africa/2l5l5t4">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider+Africa&rft.atitle=Top+10+wealthiest+cities+in+Africa&rft.date=2022-04-14&rft.aulast=Oluwole&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafrica.businessinsider.com%2Flocal%2Flifestyle%2Ftop-10-wealthiest-cities-in-africa%2F2l5l5t4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-assessment2008-2-258">^ <a href="#cite_ref-assessment2008-2_258-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-assessment2008-2_258-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090809083550/http://www.oecd.org//document//63//0%2C3343%2Cen_2649_34577_40981951_1_1_1_1%2C00.html">"Economic Assessment of South Africa 2008: Achieving Accelerated and Shared Growth for South Africa"</a>. OECD. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/document/63/0,3343,en_2649_34577_40981951_1_1_1_1,00.html">the original</a> on 9 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economic+Assessment+of+South+Africa+2008%3A+Achieving+Accelerated+and+Shared+Growth+for+South+Africa&rft.pub=OECD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fdocument%2F63%2F0%2C3343%2Cen_2649_34577_40981951_1_1_1_1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> "Commanding Plights." The Economist 29 August 2015: 37–38. Print. </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fsi.taxjustice.net/PDF/SouthAfrica.pdf">"Financial Secrecy Index 2020: Narrative Report on South Africa"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Financial_Secrecy_Index" title="Financial Secrecy Index">Financial Secrecy Index</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417064406/https://fsi.taxjustice.net/PDF/SouthAfrica.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Secrecy+Index&rft.atitle=Financial+Secrecy+Index+2020%3A+Narrative+Report+on+South+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffsi.taxjustice.net%2FPDF%2FSouthAfrica.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW-261"><a href="#cite_ref-HRW_261-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/safrica2/">Unequal protection the state response to violent crime on South African farms</a>. Human Rights Watch. 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56432-263-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170201151617/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/safrica2/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unequal+protection+the+state+response+to+violent+crime+on+South+African+farms&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56432-263-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F2001%2Fsafrica2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamed2000" class="citation book cs1">Mohamed, Najma (2000). "Greening Land and Agrarian Reform: A Case for Sustainable Agriculture". In Ben Cousins (ed.). At the Crossroads: Land and Agrarian Reform in South Africa Into the 21st Century. Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86808-467-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86808-467-8"><bdi>978-1-86808-467-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greening+Land+and+Agrarian+Reform%3A+A+Case+for+Sustainable+Agriculture&rft.btitle=At+the+Crossroads%3A+Land+and+Agrarian+Reform+in+South+Africa+Into+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=Programme+for+Land+and+Agrarian+Studies+%28PLAAS%29&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-86808-467-8&rft.aulast=Mohamed&rft.aufirst=Najma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Middle-East-Africa/African-Countries-of-the-Future-2013-14">"African Countries of the Future 2013/14"</a>. fDiIntelligence.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211072835/http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Middle-East-Africa/African-Countries-of-the-Future-2013-14">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=African+Countries+of+the+Future+2013%2F14&rft.pub=fDiIntelligence.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fdiintelligence.com%2FLocations%2FMiddle-East-Africa%2FAfrican-Countries-of-the-Future-2013-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-mj.com/features/the-decline-of-south-african-gold-mining/">"The Decline of South African Gold Mining | E & MJ"</a>. www.e-mj.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230311085751/https://www.e-mj.com/features/the-decline-of-south-african-gold-mining/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.e-mj.com&rft.atitle=The+Decline+of+South+African+Gold+Mining+%7C+E+%26+MJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-mj.com%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-decline-of-south-african-gold-mining%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gold.org/goldhub/gold-focus/2019/06/south-african-production-important-no-longer-globally-significant">"South African production: important but no longer globally significant"</a>. World Gold Council. 18 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328151941/https://www.gold.org/goldhub/gold-focus/2019/06/south-african-production-important-no-longer-globally-significant">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Gold+Council&rft.atitle=South+African+production%3A+important+but+no+longer+globally+significant&rft.date=2019-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gold.org%2Fgoldhub%2Fgold-focus%2F2019%2F06%2Fsouth-african-production-important-no-longer-globally-significant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/gold-statistics-and-information">"Gold Statistics and Information | U.S. Geological Survey"</a>. www.usgs.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314173105/https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/gold-statistics-and-information">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.usgs.gov&rft.atitle=Gold+Statistics+and+Information+%7C+U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgs.gov%2Fcenters%2Fnational-minerals-information-center%2Fgold-statistics-and-information&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harmony.co.za/operations/south-africa/underground/mponeng/">"Mponeng mine"</a>. www.harmony.co.za. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240312223745/https://www.harmony.co.za/operations/south-africa/underground/mponeng/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.harmony.co.za&rft.atitle=Mponeng+mine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harmony.co.za%2Foperations%2Fsouth-africa%2Funderground%2Fmponeng%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-minerals.USGS.gov-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-minerals.USGS.gov_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-minerals.USGS.gov_268-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/">"USGS Minerals Information: Mineral Commodity Summaries"</a>. minerals.USGS.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171207190225/https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=minerals.USGS.gov&rft.atitle=USGS+Minerals+Information%3A+Mineral+Commodity+Summaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fmcs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-platts.com-269"><a href="#cite_ref-platts.com_269-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.platts.com/Coal/highlights/2006/coalp_ee_091106.xml">"South Africa's coal future looks bright"</a>. Platts.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130329012315/http://www.platts.com/Coal/highlights/2006/coalp_ee_091106.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Platts.com&rft.atitle=South+Africa%27s+coal+future+looks+bright&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.platts.com%2FCoal%2Fhighlights%2F2006%2Fcoalp_ee_091106.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mwsa-270"><a href="#cite_ref-mwsa_270-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miningweekly.com/article/sa-replaces-india-as-chinas-no-3-iron-ore-supplier-2013-01-21">SA replaces India as China's No 3 iron-ore supplier</a>, International: <a href="/wiki/Mining_Weekly" title="Mining Weekly">Mining Weekly</a>, 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201213113139/https://www.miningweekly.com/article/sa-replaces-india-as-chinas-no-3-iron-ore-supplier-2013-01-21">archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2020, retrieved 31 May 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SA+replaces+India+as+China%27s+No+3+iron-ore+supplier&rft.place=International&rft.pub=Mining+Weekly&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miningweekly.com%2Farticle%2Fsa-replaces-india-as-chinas-no-3-iron-ore-supplier-2013-01-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tourism_in_South_Africa_:3-271">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tourism_in_South_Africa_:3_271-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tourism_in_South_Africa_:3_271-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maxinomics.com/south-africa/international-tourism-revenue-percent-of-gdp">"South Africa - International Tourism Revenue (% of GDP) 1995 - Present"</a>. Maxinomics. Retrieved 18 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maxinomics&rft.atitle=South+Africa+-+International+Tourism+Revenue+%28%25+of+GDP%29+1995+-+Present&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maxinomics.com%2Fsouth-africa%2Finternational-tourism-revenue-percent-of-gdp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140309024152/http://www.wttc.org/site_media/uploads/downloads/south_africa2013_2.pdf">"Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2013 South Africa"</a> (PDF). WTTC. March 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wttc.org/site_media/uploads/downloads/south_africa2013_2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 March 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Travel+%26+Tourism+Economic+Impact+2013+South+Africa&rft.pub=WTTC&rft.date=2013-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwttc.org%2Fsite_media%2Fuploads%2Fdownloads%2Fsouth_africa2013_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tourismupdate.co.za/article/180459/Cabinet-appoints-new-SA-Tourism-Board">"Cabinet appoints new SA Tourism Board"</a>. Daily Southern & East African Tourism Update. Retrieved 10 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Southern+%26+East+African+Tourism+Update&rft.atitle=Cabinet+appoints+new+SA+Tourism+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tourismupdate.co.za%2Farticle%2F180459%2FCabinet-appoints-new-SA-Tourism-Board&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=1854&PPN=P0351&SCH=7081">"Tourism and Migration, August 2017"</a>. Statistics South Africa. 25 October 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+South+Africa&rft.atitle=Tourism+and+Migration%2C+August+2017&rft.date=2017-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statssa.gov.za%2F%3Fpage_id%3D1854%26PPN%3DP0351%26SCH%3D7081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statssa.gov.za/?p=10637">"3,5 million travellers to South Africa"</a>. Statistics South Africa. 25 October 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+South+Africa&rft.atitle=3%2C5+million+travellers+to+South+Africa&rft.date=2017-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statssa.gov.za%2F%3Fp%3D10637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treasury.gov.za/default.aspx">"National Treasury"</a>. www.treasury.gov.za. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407070341/https://www.treasury.gov.za/default.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.treasury.gov.za&rft.atitle=National+Treasury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treasury.gov.za%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/south-africa-transnet-freight-rail">"South Africa Transnet Freight Rail"</a>. www.trade.gov. 5 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307183325/https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/south-africa-transnet-freight-rail">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.trade.gov&rft.atitle=South+Africa+Transnet+Freight+Rail&rft.date=2022-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trade.gov%2Fmarket-intelligence%2Fsouth-africa-transnet-freight-rail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgeMokoenaRust2024" class="citation web cs1">George, T. B.; Mokoena, R.; Rust, Frederik Christoffel (2 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/69554">"A review on the current condition of rail infrastructure in South Africa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2263%2F69554">2263/69554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+review+on+the+current+condition+of+rail+infrastructure+in+South+Africa&rft.date=2024-06-02&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2263%2F69554&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=T.+B.&rft.au=Mokoena%2C+R.&rft.au=Rust%2C+Frederik+Christoffel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.up.ac.za%2Fhandle%2F2263%2F69554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/south-africa-rail-infrastructure">"South Africa – Rail Infrastructure"</a>. www.trade.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307183325/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/south-africa-rail-infrastructure">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.trade.gov&rft.atitle=South+Africa+%E2%80%93+Rail+Infrastructure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trade.gov%2Fcountry-commercial-guides%2Fsouth-africa-rail-infrastructure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel" class="citation web cs1">Daniel, Compiled by Luke. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news24.com/news24/bi-archive/more-trucks-on-south-african-roads-because-of-rail-collapse-2022-7">"SA's railways have lost a quarter of its freight in five years – making already bad roads worse"</a>. News24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307183330/https://www.news24.com/news24/bi-archive/more-trucks-on-south-african-roads-because-of-rail-collapse-2022-7">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News24&rft.atitle=SA%27s+railways+have+lost+a+quarter+of+its+freight+in+five+years+%E2%80%93+making+already+bad+roads+worse&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=Compiled+by+Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2Fnews24%2Fbi-archive%2Fmore-trucks-on-south-african-roads-because-of-rail-collapse-2022-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKriel2022" class="citation thesis cs1">Kriel, Rudi (April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.sun.ac.za/items/ed789b7c-c3f6-49c2-88e1-ac433f3fe894">Revitalising rail : The case of public-private partnerships</a> (Thesis). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240520062358/https://scholar.sun.ac.za/items/ed789b7c-c3f6-49c2-88e1-ac433f3fe894">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Revitalising+rail+%3A+The+case+of+public-private+partnerships&rft.date=2022-04&rft.aulast=Kriel&rft.aufirst=Rudi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.sun.ac.za%2Fitems%2Fed789b7c-c3f6-49c2-88e1-ac433f3fe894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadav2021" class="citation web cs1">Yadav, Lalit (2 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://traveltriangle.com/blog/airports-in-south-africa/">"These 7 Awesome Airports In South Africa Are Making Travel Easy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402230218/https://traveltriangle.com/blog/airports-in-south-africa/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=These+7+Awesome+Airports+In+South+Africa+Are+Making+Travel+Easy&rft.date=2021-12-02&rft.aulast=Yadav&rft.aufirst=Lalit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftraveltriangle.com%2Fblog%2Fairports-in-south-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/airports/country-comparison">"Airports – The World Factbook"</a>. www.cia.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220403171702/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/airports/country-comparison/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cia.gov&rft.atitle=Airports+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffield%2Fairports%2Fcountry-comparison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theafricalogistics.com/2019/07/08/top-10-largest-airports-in-africa/">"Top 10 largest airports in Africa"</a>. The Africa Logistics. 8 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402230217/https://theafricalogistics.com/2019/07/08/top-10-largest-airports-in-africa/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Africa+Logistics&rft.atitle=Top+10+largest+airports+in+Africa&rft.date=2019-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheafricalogistics.com%2F2019%2F07%2F08%2Ftop-10-largest-airports-in-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel" class="citation web cs1">Daniel, Luke. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news24.com/news24/bi-archive/cape-town-airport-still-best-in-africa-but-drops-globally-2022-6">"Cape Town voted best airport in Africa – for 7th year in a row – but its global rank slides"</a>. News24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402230217/https://www.news24.com/news24/bi-archive/cape-town-airport-still-best-in-africa-but-drops-globally-2022-6">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News24&rft.atitle=Cape+Town+voted+best+airport+in+Africa+%E2%80%93+for+7th+year+in+a+row+%E2%80%93+but+its+global+rank+slides&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2Fnews24%2Fbi-archive%2Fcape-town-airport-still-best-in-africa-but-drops-globally-2022-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/koeberg-nuclear-power-station-refurbishment/">"Koeberg Nuclear Power Station Refurbishment – NS Energy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220805165100/https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/koeberg-nuclear-power-station-refurbishment/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Koeberg+Nuclear+Power+Station+Refurbishment+%E2%80%93+NS+Energy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsenergybusiness.com%2Fprojects%2Fkoeberg-nuclear-power-station-refurbishment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indexmundi.com/g/r.aspx?v=79&t=100">"Electricity – production – Country Comparison – TOP 100"</a>. www.indexmundi.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220727094747/https://www.indexmundi.com/g/r.aspx?v=79&t=100">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.indexmundi.com&rft.atitle=Electricity+%E2%80%93+production+%E2%80%93+Country+Comparison+%E2%80%93+TOP+100&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indexmundi.com%2Fg%2Fr.aspx%3Fv%3D79%26t%3D100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrater2018" class="citation web cs1">Prater, Tom (15 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-south-africa/">"The Carbon Brief Profile: South Africa"</a>. Carbon Brief. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230214140210/https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-south-africa/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carbon+Brief&rft.atitle=The+Carbon+Brief+Profile%3A+South+Africa&rft.date=2018-10-15&rft.aulast=Prater&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carbonbrief.org%2Fthe-carbon-brief-profile-south-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-as-289">^ <a href="#cite_ref-as_289-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-as_289-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSguazzinNaidooBurkhardt" class="citation web cs1">Sguazzin, Antony; Naidoo, Prinesha; Burkhardt, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news24.com/fin24/economy/eskom-turns-100-next-year-heres-how-it-went-from-world-best-to-sas-biggest-economic-risk-20220927">"Eskom turns 100 next year – here's how it went from world best to SA's biggest economic risk"</a>. Business. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423120444/https://www.news24.com/fin24/economy/eskom-turns-100-next-year-heres-how-it-went-from-world-best-to-sas-biggest-economic-risk-20220927">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business&rft.atitle=Eskom+turns+100+next+year+%E2%80%93+here%27s+how+it+went+from+world+best+to+SA%27s+biggest+economic+risk&rft.aulast=Sguazzin&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft.au=Naidoo%2C+Prinesha&rft.au=Burkhardt%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2Ffin24%2Feconomy%2Feskom-turns-100-next-year-heres-how-it-went-from-world-best-to-sas-biggest-economic-risk-20220927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eskom.co.za/heritage/">"100 Years – Eskom Heritage"</a>. www.eskom.co.za. 11 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423120446/https://www.eskom.co.za/heritage/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eskom.co.za&rft.atitle=100+Years+%E2%80%93+Eskom+Heritage&rft.date=2022-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eskom.co.za%2Fheritage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eskom.co.za/eskom-divisions/gx/coal-fired-power-stations/">"Coal fired power stations – Eskom"</a>. www.eskom.co.za. 16 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230127183424/https://www.eskom.co.za/eskom-divisions/gx/coal-fired-power-stations/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eskom.co.za&rft.atitle=Coal+fired+power+stations+%E2%80%93+Eskom&rft.date=2021-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eskom.co.za%2Feskom-divisions%2Fgx%2Fcoal-fired-power-stations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/print-version/kusilepower-plant-project-south-africa-update-2023-02-24#:~:text=The%20Kusile%20power%20station%20project,power%20station%20in%20the%20world.">"Engineering News – Kusile power plant project, South Africa – update"</a>. Engineering News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230302215527/https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/print-version/kusilepower-plant-project-south-africa-update-2023-02-24#:~:text=The%20Kusile%20power%20station%20project,power%20station%20in%20the%20world.">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engineering+News&rft.atitle=Engineering+News+%E2%80%93+Kusile+power+plant+project%2C+South+Africa+%E2%80%93+update&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineeringnews.co.za%2Fprint-version%2Fkusilepower-plant-project-south-africa-update-2023-02-24%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520Kusile%2520power%2520station%2520project%2Cpower%2520station%2520in%2520the%2520world.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caes.ukzn.ac.za/news/problems-at-eskom-identified-as-a-main-cause-of-sas-energy-crisis/">"Problems at Eskom Identified as a Main Cause of SA's Energy Crisis"</a>. College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407151643/https://caes.ukzn.ac.za/news/problems-at-eskom-identified-as-a-main-cause-of-sas-energy-crisis/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=College+of+Agriculture%2C+Engineering+and+Science&rft.atitle=Problems+at+Eskom+Identified+as+a+Main+Cause+of+SA%27s+Energy+Crisis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaes.ukzn.ac.za%2Fnews%2Fproblems-at-eskom-identified-as-a-main-cause-of-sas-energy-crisis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greenpeace.org/africa/en/blogs/53187/how-the-government-eskom-can-put-an-end-to-load-shedding/">"How Eskom & The Government Can Put An End To Loadshedding in South Africa"</a>. Greenpeace Africa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331095328/https://www.greenpeace.org/africa/en/blogs/53187/how-the-government-eskom-can-put-an-end-to-load-shedding/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greenpeace+Africa&rft.atitle=How+Eskom+%26+The+Government+Can+Put+An+End+To+Loadshedding+in+South+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenpeace.org%2Fafrica%2Fen%2Fblogs%2F53187%2Fhow-the-government-eskom-can-put-an-end-to-load-shedding%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiemen2023" class="citation web cs1">Diemen, Ethan van (4 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2023-03-04-eskom-sabotage-cartels-power-cuts/">"Eskom sabotage: how cartels plunge South Africa into darkness"</a>. Daily Maverick. Retrieved 6 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Maverick&rft.atitle=Eskom+sabotage%3A+how+cartels+plunge+South+Africa+into+darkness&rft.date=2023-03-04&rft.aulast=Diemen&rft.aufirst=Ethan+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymaverick.co.za%2Farticle%2F2023-03-04-eskom-sabotage-cartels-power-cuts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4ng1ygxzddo">"South Africa load-shedding: How Eskom has kept the lights on"</a>. www.bbc.com. Retrieved 6 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.com&rft.atitle=South+Africa+load-shedding%3A+How+Eskom+has+kept+the+lights+on&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fc4ng1ygxzddo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/">Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship</a>. World Intellectual Property Organization. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2024%3A+Unlocking+the+Promise+of+Social+Entrepreneurship&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.50062&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3681-2&rft.au=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2024%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thawte.com/about/">"About Thawte - SSL and Code Signing Certificates from Thawte, Inc"</a>. www.thawte.com. Retrieved 11 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thawte.com&rft.atitle=About+Thawte+-+SSL+and+Code+Signing+Certificates+from+Thawte%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thawte.com%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skatelescope.org/news/2nd-april-news/">"SKA announces Founding Board and selects Jodrell Bank Observatory to host Project Office"</a>. SKA 2011. 2 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029041532/http://www.skatelescope.org/news/2nd-april-news/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SKA+announces+Founding+Board+and+selects+Jodrell+Bank+Observatory+to+host+Project+Office&rft.pub=SKA+2011&rft.date=2011-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skatelescope.org%2Fnews%2F2nd-april-news%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JMP-300">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JMP_300-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JMP_300-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a>/<a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>:<a href="/wiki/Joint_Monitoring_Programme_for_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation" title="Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation">Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/">Data table South Africa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/">Archived</a> 9 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/688965/?sc=c59">"Professor Says Cape Town Crisis Should Serve as a 'Wakeup Call to All Major U.S. Cities'"</a>. www.newswise.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614121654/http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/688965/?sc=c59">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newswise.com&rft.atitle=Professor+Says+Cape+Town+Crisis+Should+Serve+as+a+%27Wakeup+Call+to+All+Major+U.S.+Cities%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newswise.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2F688965%2F%3Fsc%3Dc59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-whyCapeTownDroughtConversation-302">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whyCapeTownDroughtConversation_302-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-whyCapeTownDroughtConversation_302-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitson2017" class="citation web cs1">Hewitson, Bruce (19 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/why-cape-towns-drought-was-so-hard-to-forecast-84735">"Why Cape Town's drought was so hard to forecast"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180711112014/https://theconversation.com/why-cape-towns-drought-was-so-hard-to-forecast-84735">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Cape+Town%27s+drought+was+so+hard+to+forecast&rft.date=2017-10-19&rft.aulast=Hewitson&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fwhy-cape-towns-drought-was-so-hard-to-forecast-84735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-42982959">"The 11 cities most likely to run out of drinking water – like Cape Town"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180213225140/https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-42982959">Archived</a> 13 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 11 February 2018. BBC News. </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saundersonmeyer-drought-commentary/commentary-in-drought-hit-south-africa-the-politics-of-water-idUSKBN1FP226">In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181122202625/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saundersonmeyer-drought-commentary/commentary-in-drought-hit-south-africa-the-politics-of-water-idUSKBN1FP226">Archived</a> 22 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Reuters, 25 January 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/cape-town-may-dry-up-because-of-an-aversion-to-israel-1519254816">Cape Town May Dry Up Because of an Aversion to Israel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214053920/https://www.wsj.com/articles/cape-town-may-dry-up-because-of-an-aversion-to-israel-1519254816">Archived</a> 14 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Wall St. Journal, 21 February 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aish.com/jw/me/The-Cape-Town-Water-Crisis-and-Hating-Israel.html">The Cape Town Water Crisis and Hating Israel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214053921/https://www.aish.com/jw/me/The-Cape-Town-Water-Crisis-and-Hating-Israel.html">Archived</a> 14 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, aish, 11 February 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/South-African-stupidity-540605">South African stupidity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214053918/https://www.jpost.com/opinion/south-african-stupidity-540605">Archived</a> 14 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Jerusalem Post, 3 February 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070822120841/http://www.fin24.co.za/articles/default/display_article.aspx?Nav=ns&ArticleID=1518-25_2117122">"Black middle class explodes"</a>. FIN24. 22 May 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fin24.co.za/articles/default/display_article.aspx?Nav=ns&ArticleID=1518-25_2117122">the original</a> on 22 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Black+middle+class+explodes&rft.date=2007-05-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fin24.co.za%2Farticles%2Fdefault%2Fdisplay_article.aspx%3FNav%3Dns%26ArticleID%3D1518-25_2117122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/news/south-africa-black-middle-class-131300018.html">"South Africa Black Middle-Class Demographic Study 2023"</a>. Yahoo Finance. 4 May 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+Finance&rft.atitle=South+Africa+Black+Middle-Class+Demographic+Study+2023&rft.date=2023-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinance.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fsouth-africa-black-middle-class-131300018.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadford2004" class="citation news cs1">Radford, Tim (16 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/apr/16/artsandhumanities.arts">"World's Oldest Jewellery Found in Cave"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210212095737/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/apr/16/artsandhumanities.arts">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=World%27s+Oldest+Jewellery+Found+in+Cave&rft.date=2004-04-16&rft.aulast=Radford&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2004%2Fapr%2F16%2Fartsandhumanities.arts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130613074154/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2822/is_3_28/ai_n15648564/pg_5">"South African music after Apartheid: kwaito, the "party politic," and the appropriation of gold as a sign of success"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2822/is_3_28/ai_n15648564/pg_5">the original</a> on 13 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=South+African+music+after+Apartheid%3A+kwaito%2C+the+%22party+politic%2C%22+and+the+appropriation+of+gold+as+a+sign+of+success&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m2822%2Fis_3_28%2Fai_n15648564%2Fpg_5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swedish_Academy-312"><a href="#cite_ref-Swedish_Academy_312-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2003/press.html">"The Nobel Prize in Literature: John Maxwell Coetzee"</a>. Swedish Academy. 2 October 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090307025506/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2003/press.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2009. Retrieved 2 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature%3A+John+Maxwell+Coetzee&rft.date=2003-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fliterature%2Flaureates%2F2003%2Fpress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndré_Brink1985" class="citation book cs1">André Brink (1985). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seasoninparadise0000brey">A Season in Paradise</a>. London: Faber and Faber. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-13491-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-13491-2"><bdi>0-571-13491-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=A+Season+in+Paradise&rft.place=London&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-571-13491-2&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9+Brink&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseasoninparadise0000brey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin" class="citation news cs1">Goodwin, June. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/1980/0310/031052.html">"Novel for foreigners who want to understand the Afrikaner; A Dry White Season, by Andre Brink. New York: William Morrow & Co. $10.95"</a>. Christian Science Monitor. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0882-7729">0882-7729</a>. Retrieved 27 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Novel+for+foreigners+who+want+to+understand+the+Afrikaner%3B+A+Dry+White+Season%2C+by+Andre+Brink.+New+York%3A+William+Morrow+%26+Co.+%2410.95.&rft.issn=0882-7729&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=June&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F1980%2F0310%2F031052.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thewinedoctor.com/regionalguides/southafrica.shtml">"South African Wine Guide: Stellenbosch, Constantia, Walker Bay and more"</a>. Thewinedoctor.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130118223726/http://www.thewinedoctor.com/regionalguides/southafrica.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+African+Wine+Guide%3A+Stellenbosch%2C+Constantia%2C+Walker+Bay+and+more&rft.pub=Thewinedoctor.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thewinedoctor.com%2Fregionalguides%2Fsouthafrica.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100629152527/http://www.southafrica.info/about/sport/sportsa.htm">"Sport in South Africa"</a>. SouthAfrica.info. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southafrica.info/about/sport/sportsa.htm">the original</a> on 29 June 2010. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sport+in+South+Africa&rft.pub=SouthAfrica.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southafrica.info%2Fabout%2Fsport%2Fsportsa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topendsports.com/world/countries/south-africa.htm">Sport in South Africa</a> topendsports.com, accessed 3 December 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/103113/blacks-like-soccer-whites-like-rugby-in-sa/">"Blacks like soccer, whites like rugby in SA"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210525104157/https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/103113/blacks-like-soccer-whites-like-rugby-in-sa/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blacks+like+soccer%2C+whites+like+rugby+in+SA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusinesstech.co.za%2Fnews%2Flifestyle%2F103113%2Fblacks-like-soccer-whites-like-rugby-in-sa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enca.com/south-africa/sa-sport-not-unifier-it-once-was-survey">"SA sport not the unifier it once was: survey"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210525101120/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/sa-sport-not-unifier-it-once-was-survey">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SA+sport+not+the+unifier+it+once+was%3A+survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enca.com%2Fsouth-africa%2Fsa-sport-not-unifier-it-once-was-survey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://punditarena.com/football/thepateam/cant-south-africa-produce-better-football-team/">"Analysis: Bafana Bafana Struggling To Make Needed Improvements"</a>. 11 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210525101142/https://punditarena.com/football/thepateam/cant-south-africa-produce-better-football-team/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Analysis%3A+Bafana+Bafana+Struggling+To+Make+Needed+Improvements&rft.date=2016-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpunditarena.com%2Ffootball%2Fthepateam%2Fcant-south-africa-produce-better-football-team%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2010" class="citation web cs1">Cooper, Billy (12 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100715063001/http://www.mg.co.za/article/2010-07-12-sa-gest-910-for-world-cup">"South Africa gets 9/10 for World Cup"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mail_%26_Guardian" title="Mail & Guardian">Mail & Guardian</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mg.co.za/article/2010-07-12-sa-gest-910-for-world-cup">the original</a> on 15 July 2010. Retrieved 9 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mail+%26+Guardian&rft.atitle=South+Africa+gets+9%2F10+for+World+Cup&rft.date=2010-07-12&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Billy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mg.co.za%2Farticle%2F2010-07-12-sa-gest-910-for-world-cup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2022" class="citation news cs1">Marshall, Adam (30 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/benni-mccarthy-joins-manchester-united-as-coach">"Benni McCarthy appointed as first-team coach"</a>. ManUtd.com. Manchester United. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ManUtd.com&rft.atitle=Benni+McCarthy+appointed+as+first-team+coach&rft.date=2022-07-30&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manutd.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fdetail%2Fbenni-mccarthy-joins-manchester-united-as-coach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/67252413">"New Zealand 11-12 South Africa: Springboks win record fourth Rugby World Cup in dramatic final"</a>. BBC Sport. 28 October 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Sport&rft.atitle=New+Zealand+11-12+South+Africa%3A+Springboks+win+record+fourth+Rugby+World+Cup+in+dramatic+final&rft.date=2023-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fsport%2Frugby-union%2F67252413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blindcricketsa.co.za/">"Blind Cricket South Africa"</a>. www.blindcricketsa.co.za.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.blindcricketsa.co.za&rft.atitle=Blind+Cricket+South+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blindcricketsa.co.za%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Hall2022" class="citation web cs1">Mike Hall (18 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.golfmonthly.com/features/players-won-golf-grand-slam-154520">"Which Players Have Won A Golf Grand Slam?"</a>. Golf Monthly Magazine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Golf+Monthly+Magazine&rft.atitle=Which+Players+Have+Won+A+Golf+Grand+Slam%3F&rft.date=2022-05-18&rft.au=Mike+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.golfmonthly.com%2Ffeatures%2Fplayers-won-golf-grand-slam-154520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>A History of South Africa, Third Edition. Leonard Thompson. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. 2001. 384 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08776-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08776-4">0-300-08776-4</a>.</li> <li>Economic Analysis and Policy Formulation for Post-Apartheid South Africa: Mission Report, Aug. 1991. International Development Research Centre. IDRC Canada, 1991. vi, 46 p. Without ISBN.</li> <li>Emerging Johannesburg: Perspectives on the Postapartheid City. Richard Tomlinson, et al. 2003. 336 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93559-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-93559-8">0-415-93559-8</a></li> <li>Making of Modern South Africa: Conquest, Segregation and Apartheid. Nigel Worden. 2000. 194 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-21661-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-21661-8">0-631-21661-8</a>.</li> <li>South Africa: A Narrative History. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Welsh_(writer)" title="Frank Welsh (writer)">Frank Welsh</a>. Kodansha America. 1999. 606 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56836-258-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56836-258-7">1-56836-258-7</a></li> <li>South Africa in Contemporary Times. <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Mwakikagile" title="Godfrey Mwakikagile">Godfrey Mwakikagile</a>. New Africa Press. 2008. 260 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9802587-3-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9802587-3-8">978-0-9802587-3-8</a>.</li> <li>The Atlas of Changing South Africa. A. J. Christopher. 2000. 216 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21178-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21178-6">0-415-21178-6</a>.</li> <li>The Politics of the New South Africa. Heather Deegan. 2000. 256 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-38227-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-38227-0">0-582-38227-0</a>.</li> <li>Twentieth-Century South Africa. William Beinart <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> 2001, 414 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-289318-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-289318-1">0-19-289318-1</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> South Africa at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/South_Africa" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/South Africa">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_(RSA)" class="extiw" title="c:South Africa (RSA)">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:South_Africa" class="extiw" title="n:Category:South Africa">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/South_Africa" class="extiw" title="q:South Africa">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/South_Africa" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/South Africa">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/South_Africa" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/South Africa">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/South_Africa" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/South Africa">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_Africa" class="extiw" title="voy:South Africa">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/23px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/35px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/46px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" class="extiw" title="species:South Africa">Taxa</a> from Wikispecies</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258" class="extiw" title="d:Q258">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a country profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/country/Q258" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/country/Q258">South Africa</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.za/">Government of South Africa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa/">South Africa</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081026035604/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/southafrica.htm">South Africa</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094760">South Africa</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_South_Africa" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of South Africa">Wikimedia Atlas of South Africa</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/87565">South Africa</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_Africa_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Africa_topics" title="Template:South Africa topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_Africa_topics" title="Template talk:South Africa topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Africa_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Africa topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_Africa_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Africa</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Africa" title="Outline of South Africa">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa" title="History of South Africa">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_South_Africa" title="Timeline of South Africa">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_South_Africa" title="List of years in South Africa">Years</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_South_Africa" title="Early history of South Africa">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mutapa" title="Kingdom of Mutapa">Kingdom of Mutapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaditshwene" title="Kaditshwene">Kaditshwene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mthethwa_Paramountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mthethwa Paramountcy">Mthethwa Paramountcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndwandwe" title="Ndwandwe">Ndwandwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Republic">Transvaal Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_South_Africa" title="Great Depression in South Africa">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1994%E2%80%93present)" title="History of South Africa (1994–present)">Democratic South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_South_Africa" title="Economic history of South Africa">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa" title="Military history of South Africa">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Africa" title="Geography of South Africa">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_South_Africa" title="Biodiversity of South Africa">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_South_Africa" title="Climate of South Africa">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Africa" title="Climate change in South Africa">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_South_Africa" title="Districts of South Africa">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_South_Africa" title="List of earthquakes in South Africa">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estuaries_of_South_Africa" title="List of estuaries of South Africa">Estuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_of_South_Africa" title="List of forests of South Africa">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_Africa" title="List of islands of South Africa">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_South_Africa" title="List of lakes of South Africa">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges_of_South_Africa" title="List of mountain ranges of South Africa">Mountain ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_municipalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of South African municipalities">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of South Africa">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_South_Africa" title="List of populated places in South Africa">Populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Africa" title="Provinces of South Africa">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_South_Africa" title="List of rivers of South Africa">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_South_Africa" title="Wildlife of South Africa">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Africa" title="Politics of South Africa">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_South_Africa" title="Courts of South Africa">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Africa" title="Corruption in South Africa">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Africa" title="Elections in South Africa">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa" title="Foreign relations of South Africa">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Africa" title="Government of South Africa">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Africa" title="Human rights in South Africa">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_South_Africa" title="Law of South Africa">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_South_Africa" title="Law enforcement in South Africa">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_South_Africa" title="List of political parties in South Africa">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lifespan_timeline_of_presidents_of_South_Africa" title="Lifespan timeline of presidents of South Africa">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Security_Agency_(South_Africa)" title="State Security Agency (South Africa)">State security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa" title="Economy of South Africa">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_South_Africa" title="Agriculture in South Africa">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_South_Africa" title="Banking in South Africa">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_South_Africa" title="List of companies of South Africa">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Africa" title="Telecommunications in South Africa">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_South_Africa" title="Economic history of South Africa">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_South_Africa" title="Energy in South Africa">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_South_Africa" title="Foreign trade of South Africa">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality in South Africa">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_South_Africa" title="Mining industry of South Africa">Mining industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_rand" title="South African rand">Rand (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_South_Africa" title="State-owned enterprises of South Africa">State-owned enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSE_Limited" title="JSE Limited">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_South_Africa" title="Taxation in South Africa">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_South_Africa" title="Tourism in South Africa">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_South_Africa" title="Trade unions in South Africa">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_South_Africa" title="Transport in South Africa">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_South_Africa" title="Water supply and sanitation in South Africa">Water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_South_Africa" title="Wealth inequality in South Africa">Wealth inequality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_South_Africa" title="Category:Society of South Africa">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_South_Africa" title="Cannabis in South Africa">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_South_Africa" title="Crime in South Africa">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_South_Africa" title="Disability in South Africa">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Africa" title="Education in South Africa">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_South_Africa" title="Health in South Africa">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_South_Africa" title="Healthcare in South Africa">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_South_Africa" title="Immigration to South Africa">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_South_Africa" title="Intersex rights in South Africa">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_invasion_in_South_Africa" title="Land invasion in South Africa">Land invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_South_Africa" title="LGBT rights in South Africa">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of South African provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in South Africa">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_South_Africa" title="Sexual violence in South Africa">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slum_clearance_in_South_Africa" title="Slum clearance in South Africa">Slum clearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_South_Africa" title="Smoking in South Africa">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues in South Africa">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_movements_in_South_Africa" title="List of social movements in South Africa">Social movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Africa" title="Women in South Africa">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Africa" title="Culture of South Africa">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of South Africa">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_art" title="South African art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Africa" title="Cinema of South Africa">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_cuisine" title="South African cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in South Africa">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_South_Africa" title="Homelessness in South Africa">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_literature" title="South African literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in South Africa">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa" title="Music of South Africa">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_South_Africa" title="National symbols of South Africa">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_South_Africa" title="Public holidays in South Africa">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Africa" title="Sport in South Africa">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_South_Africa" title="List of World Heritage Sites in South Africa">World Heritage Sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_in_South_Africa" title="List of heritage sites in South Africa">heritage sites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Africa" title="Demographics of South Africa">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu peoples in South Africa">South African Bantu-speaking peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Ndebele_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ndebele people">Ndebele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedi_people" title="Pedi people">Pedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_people" title="Sotho people">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swazi_people" title="Swazi people">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsonga_people" title="Tsonga people">Tsonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venda_people" title="Venda people">Venda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe" title="Khoekhoe">Khoekhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="White South African">Whites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_diaspora_in_Africa" title="British diaspora in Africa">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Malays" title="Cape Malays">Cape Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqua_people" title="Griqua people">Griquas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese South African">Chinese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Africa" title="Outline of South Africa">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Africa" title="Outline of South Africa">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Africa" title="Category:South Africa">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Africa" title="Portal:South Africa">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (partly in Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">unclear sovereignty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African territories fully part of non-African states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Group_of_Eight_(G8)_and_Group_of_Eight_+_Five_(G8+5)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G8_nations" title="Template:G8 nations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G8_nations" title="Template talk:G8 nations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G8_nations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:G8 nations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Group_of_Eight_(G8)_and_Group_of_Eight_+_Five_(G8+5)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">Group of Eight (G8)</a> and <a href="/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">Group of Eight + Five (G8+5)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G8 members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (suspended)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Representative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">G8+5</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">G7+1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Four_(Western_Europe)" title="Big Four (Western Europe)">G4 (Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G4_nations" title="G4 nations">G4 (UN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="G20_major_economies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G20" title="Template:G20"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G20" title="Template talk:G20"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G20" title="Special:EditPage/Template:G20"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="G20_major_economies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20 major economies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="BRICS" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BRICS" title="Template:BRICS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:BRICS" title="Template talk:BRICS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BRICS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:BRICS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="BRICS" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_BRICS" title="Member states of BRICS">Membership</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Africa</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/1st_BRIC_summit" title="1st BRIC summit">Yekaterinburg 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_BRIC_summit" title="2nd BRIC summit">Brasília 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_BRICS_summit" title="3rd BRICS summit">Sanya 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_BRICS_summit" title="4th BRICS summit">New Delhi 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_BRICS_summit" title="5th BRICS summit">Durban 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_BRICS_summit" title="6th BRICS summit">Fortaleza 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_BRICS_summit" title="7th BRICS summit">Ufa 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_BRICS_summit" title="8th BRICS summit">Goa 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_BRICS_summit" title="9th BRICS summit">Xiamen 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_BRICS_summit" title="10th BRICS summit">Johannesburg 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_BRICS_summit" title="11th BRICS summit">Brasília 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_BRICS_summit" title="12th BRICS summit">Saint Petersburg 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_BRICS_summit" title="13th BRICS summit">New Delhi 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_BRICS_summit" title="14th BRICS summit">Beijing 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_BRICS_summit" title="15th BRICS summit">Johannesburg 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_BRICS_summit" title="16th BRICS summit">Kazan 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_BRICS_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="17th BRICS summit">TBD 2025</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bilateral relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Brazil–China relations">Brazil–China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Brazil–India relations">Brazil–India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Brazil–Russia relations">Brazil–Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Brazil–South Africa relations">Brazil–South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations" title="China–India relations">China–India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">China–Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="China–South Africa relations">China–South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="India–Russia relations">India–Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="India–South Africa relations">India–South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Russia–South Africa relations">Russia–South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_BRICS_leaders" class="mw-redirect" title="List of BRICS leaders">Leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Ramaphosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Sisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Masoud_Pezeshkian" title="Masoud Pezeshkian">Pezeshkian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan" title="Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan">Al Nahyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup" title="BRICS U-17 Football Cup">BRICS U-17 Football Cup</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup" title="2016 BRICS U-17 Football Cup">2016 Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup" title="2018 BRICS U-17 Football Cup">2018 Johannesburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Games" title="BRICS Games">BRICS Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_BRICS_Games" title="2024 BRICS Games">2024 Kazan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games" title="Athletics at the 2024 BRICS Games">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games" title="Badminton at the 2024 BRICS Games">Badminton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games" title="Gymnastics at the 2024 BRICS Games">Gymnastics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Contingent_Reserve_Arrangement" title="BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement">BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Cable" title="BRICS Cable">BRICS Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Universities_League" title="BRICS Universities League">BRICS Universities League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Development_Bank" title="New Development Bank">New Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_PAY" title="BRICS PAY">BRICS PAY</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Trade_Organization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Trade_Organization" title="Template:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Trade_Organization" title="Template talk:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Trade_Organization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Trade_Organization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">System</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Member states of the World Trade Organization">Accession and membership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appellate_Body" title="Appellate Body">Appellate Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispute_Settlement_Body" title="Dispute Settlement Body">Dispute Settlement Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">International Trade Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Timeline of the World Trade Organization">Chronology of key events</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Criticism of the World Trade Organization">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha_Development_Round" title="Doha Development Round">Doha Development Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_issues" title="Singapore issues">Singapore issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quota_Elimination" title="Quota Elimination">Quota Elimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Clause" title="Peace Clause">Peace Clause</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Agriculture" title="Agreement on Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Application_of_Sanitary_and_Phytosanitary_Measures" title="Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures">Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Technical_Barriers_to_Trade" title="Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade">Technical Barriers to Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Investment_Measures" title="Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures">Trade-Related Investment Measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services" title="General Agreement on Trade in Services">Trade in Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Government_Procurement" title="Agreement on Government Procurement">Government Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Technology_Agreement" title="Information Technology Agreement">Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrakesh_Agreement" title="Marrakesh Agreement">Marrakesh Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha_Declaration_on_the_TRIPS_agreement_and_public_health" title="Doha Declaration on the TRIPS agreement and public health">Doha Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Package" title="Bali Package">Bali Package</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministerial_Conference" title="Ministerial Conference">Ministerial Conferences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1996" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1996">1st (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1998" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1998">2nd (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999">3rd (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2001" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2001">4th (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2003" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2003">5th (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2005" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005">6th (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2009" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2009">7th (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2011" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2011">8th (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2013" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2013">9th (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2015" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2015">10th (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2017" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2017">11th (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2022" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2022">12th (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala" title="Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala">Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala</a> (<a href="/wiki/Director-General_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Director-General of the World Trade Organization">Director-General</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Azev%C3%AAdo" title="Roberto Azevêdo">Roberto Azevêdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Lamy" title="Pascal Lamy">Pascal Lamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supachai_Panitchpakdi" title="Supachai Panitchpakdi">Supachai Panitchpakdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Jara" title="Alejandro Jara">Alejandro Jara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Yerxa" title="Rufus Yerxa">Rufus Yerxa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Afghanistan" title="Economy of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Algeria" title="Economy of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Angola" title="Economy of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Economy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Argentina" title="Economy of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia" title="Economy of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bahrain" title="Economy of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh" title="Economy of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Barbados" title="Economy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belize" title="Economy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Benin" title="Economy of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bolivia" title="Economy of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Botswana" title="Economy of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brunei" title="Economy of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Economy of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Myanmar" title="Economy of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burundi" title="Economy of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia" title="Economy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cameroon" title="Economy of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cape_Verde" title="Economy of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Economy of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chad" title="Economy of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chile" title="Economy of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Colombia" title="Economy of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Costa_Rica" title="Economy of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Economy of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cuba" title="Economy of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Djibouti" title="Economy of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Dominica" title="Economy of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Economy of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ecuador" title="Economy of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" title="Economy of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_El_Salvador" title="Economy of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Eswatini" title="Economy of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Fiji" title="Economy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gabon" title="Economy of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Gambia" title="Economy of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ghana" title="Economy of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Grenada" title="Economy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guatemala" title="Economy of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea" title="Economy of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Economy of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guyana" title="Economy of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haiti" title="Economy of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Honduras" title="Economy of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iceland" title="Economy of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Israel" title="Economy of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jamaica" title="Economy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jordan" title="Economy of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kazakhstan" title="Economy of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kenya" title="Economy of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Economy of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kuwait" title="Economy of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Economy of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Laos" title="Economy of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lesotho" title="Economy of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liberia" title="Economy of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Economy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Macau" title="Economy of Macau">Macau</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madagascar" title="Economy of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malawi" title="Economy of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malaysia" title="Economy of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Maldives" title="Economy of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mali" title="Economy of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritania" title="Economy of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritius" title="Economy of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico" title="Economy of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Moldova" title="Economy of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mongolia" title="Economy of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Montenegro" title="Economy of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Morocco" title="Economy of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mozambique" title="Economy of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Namibia" title="Economy of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nepal" title="Economy of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nicaragua" title="Economy of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Niger" title="Economy of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Macedonia" title="Economy of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Norway" title="Economy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Oman" title="Economy of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Panama" title="Economy of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Economy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Paraguay" title="Economy of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Peru" title="Economy of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Qatar" title="Economy of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rwanda" title="Economy of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Economy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Economy of Saint Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Economy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Samoa" title="Economy of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Senegal" title="Economy of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Seychelles" title="Economy of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Economy of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore" title="Economy of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Economy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa" title="Economy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Economy of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Suriname" title="Economy of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tajikistan" title="Economy of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of Taiwan">Taiwan</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tanzania" title="Economy of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand" title="Economy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Togo" title="Economy of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tonga" title="Economy of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Economy of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tunisia" title="Economy of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uganda" title="Economy of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Economy of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uruguay" title="Economy of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela" title="Economy of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vietnam" title="Economy of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Yemen" title="Economy of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zambia" title="Economy of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zimbabwe" title="Economy of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="European_Union" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Austria" title="Economy of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belgium" title="Economy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bulgaria" title="Economy of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Croatia" title="Economy of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cyprus" title="Economy of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Economy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Denmark" title="Economy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Estonia" title="Economy of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Finland" title="Economy of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greece" title="Economy of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary" title="Economy of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Latvia" title="Economy of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lithuania" title="Economy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Luxembourg" title="Economy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malta" title="Economy of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Economy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Poland" title="Economy of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal" title="Economy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Romania" title="Economy of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovakia" title="Economy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovenia" title="Economy of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sweden" title="Economy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China</a>, participating as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao, China".</li> <li>Officially the Republic of China, participates as "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei">Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu</a>", and "Chinese Taipei" in short.</li></ol> <a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Southern_African_Development_Community_(SADC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Template:Southern African Development Community"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Template talk:Southern African Development Community"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southern African Development Community"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Southern_African_Development_Community_(SADC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a> (SADC)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Chairpersons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levy_Mwanawasa" title="Levy Mwanawasa">Levy Mwanawasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Kgalema Motlanthe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Secretaries-General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaire_Mbuende" title="Kaire Mbuende">Kaire Mbuende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prega_Ramsamy" title="Prega Ramsamy">Prega Ramsamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomaz_Salom%C3%A3o" title="Tomaz Salomão">Tomaz Salomão</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Coordination_Conference" title="Southern African Development Coordination Conference">Southern African Development Coordination Conference (forerunner)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Customs_Union" title="Southern African Customs Union">Southern African Customs Union (SACU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Monetary_Area" title="Common Monetary Area">Common Monetary Area (CMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa">Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Union" title="Template:African Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union" title="Template talk:African Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_Union" title="History of the African Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Group" title="Casablanca Group">Casablanca Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monrovia_Group" title="Monrovia Group">Monrovia Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_and_Malagasy_Union" title="African and Malagasy Union">African and Malagasy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Abuja Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte_Declaration" title="Sirte Declaration">Sirte Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Lome Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity">Secretary General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_African_Union" title="Geography of the African Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countries_bordering_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries bordering the African Union">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of the African Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Member states of the African Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union" title="Regions of the African Union">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organs_of_the_African_Union" title="Organs of the African Union">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union" title="Executive Council of the African Union">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representatives%27_Committee_of_the_African_Union" title="Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union">Permanent Representatives' Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialised_Technical_Committees_of_the_African_Union" title="Specialised Technical Committees of the African Union">Specialized Technical Committees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_African_Union" title="Assembly of the African Union">Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Deputy Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Conference_Center_and_Office_Complex" title="African Union Conference Center and Office Complex">AUCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_African_Union_Commission_Chairperson_election" title="2025 African Union Commission Chairperson election">2025 election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallagher_Convention_Centre" title="Gallagher Convention Centre">Gallagher Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">African Court of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council">ECOSOCC Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Committee" title="Peace and Security Committee">Peace and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Political Affairs Committee (African Union)">Political Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_and_Energy_Committee" title="Infrastructure and Energy Committee">Infrastructure and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Affairs_and_Health_Committee" title="Social Affairs and Health Committee">Social Affairs and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology_Committee" title="Human Resources, Science, and Technology Committee">HR, Sciences and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_Industry_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Trade and Industry Committee (African Union)">Trade and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Economy_and_Agriculture_Committee" title="Rural Economy and Agriculture Committee">Rural Economy and Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Economic Affairs Committee (African Union)">Economic Affairs</a></li> <li>Women and Gender</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Cutting_Programs_Committee" title="Cross-Cutting Programs Committee">Cross-Cutting Programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Central_Bank" title="African Central Bank">African Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Fund" title="African Monetary Fund">African Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Investment_Bank" title="African Investment Bank">African Investment Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council" title="Peace and Security Council">Peace and Security Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Capacity_for_Immediate_Response_to_Crises" title="African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises">ACIRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Standby_Force" title="African Standby Force">African Standby Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_of_the_Wise" title="Panel of the Wise">Panel of the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations%E2%80%93African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur" title="United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur">UNAMID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Burundi" title="African Union Mission in Burundi">AMIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan" title="African Union Mission in Sudan">AMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MISCA" title="MISCA">MISCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialised agencies and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the African Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">APRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union" title="Foreign relations of the African Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union" title="Enlargement of the African Union">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">United States Africa Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_ambassadors_to_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States ambassadors to the African Union">United States ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="African Union–Ethiopia relations">African Union–Ethiopia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the African Union">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_All_Unite_and_Celebrate_Together" title="Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_African_Union" title="Emblem of the African Union">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union" title="Flag of the African Union">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Passport" title="African Union Passport">Passport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_African_Union" title="Economy of the African Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Currencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gold_standard#Advocates" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">NEPAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area" title="African Continental Free Trade Area">African Continental Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_African_Air_Transport_Market" title="Single African Air Transport Market">Single African Air Transport Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Day" title="Africa Day">Africa Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Border_Day" title="African Border Day">African Border Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Afro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_Union" title="Category:African Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Template:Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Template talk:Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territories bordering the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Indianocean.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Indian Ocean"><img alt="Map of the Indian Ocean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Indianocean.PNG/100px-Indianocean.PNG" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Indianocean.PNG/150px-Indianocean.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Indianocean.PNG/200px-Indianocean.PNG 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="330" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Peri-Antarctic_countries_and_overseas_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Peri-Antarctic_countries_and_overseas_territories" title="Template:Peri-Antarctic countries and overseas territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Peri-Antarctic_countries_and_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:Peri-Antarctic countries and overseas territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peri-Antarctic_countries_and_overseas_territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Peri-Antarctic countries and overseas territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peri-Antarctic_countries_and_overseas_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Subantarctic" title="Subantarctic">Peri-Antarctic</a> countries and overseas territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Island" title="Macquarie Island">Macquarie Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern Territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Amsterdam" title="Île Amsterdam">Amsterdam Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Paul" title="Île Saint-Paul">Saint Paul Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Subantarctic_Islands" title="New Zealand Subantarctic Islands">NZ Subantarctic Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands" title="Prince Edward Islands">Prince Edward Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>"Peri-Antarctic" (meaning "close to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a>") does not include <a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">territorial claims in Antarctica</a> itself.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Commonwealth" title="Template talk:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a> (members)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries">Commonwealth Secretariat – Member Countries</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English-speaking_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template talk:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English-speaking_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/English_language#Geographical_distribution" title="English language">English-speaking world</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="English speaking countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/600px-Anglophone_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/900px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/1200px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="974" resource="/wiki/File:Anglophone_World.svg" /><figcaption>English speaking countries</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_links" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further links</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the English language">History of the English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">English in the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;color:darkblue;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">List of countries by English-speaking population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_English_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where English is an official language">List of countries where English is an official language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:blue;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_the_national_language_or_the_native_language_of_the_majority"> <ul><li>Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightblue;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language,_but_not_the_majority_first_language"> <ul><li>Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> shown in italics.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121673042">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121948229">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/159069376">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204616/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcWtkkqd3cMmFw9GBdYT3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4078012-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79023005">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11993638s">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11993638s">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567657">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35513495">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128494&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4575389">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/568216">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90083932">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000140368">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000032981">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB202014356">Korea</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/33877">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560981705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/50cc7852-862e-30ae-aa82-385fe7135b7f">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA1607145X?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/c2d02a67-a2cc-4503-93b6-abf6c3f8a4cd">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/980428">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/gKA4z6oq">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028016009">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003467">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035829">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_Africa&params=30_S_25_E_type:country">30°S 25°E / 30°S 25°E / -30; 25</a> </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Africa&oldid=1259139544">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Africa&oldid=1259139544</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Africa" title="Category:South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:BRICS_nations" title="Category:BRICS nations">BRICS nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Africa" title="Category:Countries in Africa">Countries in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language" title="Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language">Countries and territories where English is an official language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:G20_members" title="Category:G20 members">G20 members</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Category:Member states of the African Union">Member states of the African Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Category:Member states of the United Nations">Member states of the United Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Newly_industrializing_countries" title="Category:Newly industrializing countries">Newly industrializing countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republics_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations">Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Southern_African_countries" title="Category:Southern African countries">Southern African countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1910" title="Category:States and territories established in 1910">States and territories established in 1910</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Tswana-language_sources_(tn)" title="Category:CS1 Tswana-language sources (tn)">CS1 Tswana-language sources (tn)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_May_2019" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2019">Articles with dead external links from May 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-protected_against_vandalism" title="Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism">Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_South_African_English_from_April_2021" title="Category:Use South African English from April 2021">Use South African English from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_South_African_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in South African English">All Wikipedia articles written in South African English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2024">Use dmy dates from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Afrikaans-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Afrikaans-language text">Articles containing Afrikaans-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Zulu-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Zulu-language text">Articles containing Zulu-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Swazi-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Swazi-language text">Articles containing Swazi-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Northern_Sotho-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Northern Sotho-language text">Articles containing Northern Sotho-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sotho-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sotho-language text">Articles containing Sotho-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tswana-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Tswana-language text">Articles containing Tswana-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tsonga-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Tsonga-language text">Articles containing Tsonga-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Swahili_(macrolanguage)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Swahili (macrolanguage)-language text">Articles containing Swahili (macrolanguage)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Venda-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Venda-language text">Articles containing Venda-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Southern_Ndebele-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Southern Ndebele-language text">Articles containing Southern Ndebele-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_%C7%80Xam-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing ǀXam-language text">Articles containing ǀXam-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters" title="Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters">Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Dutch-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Dutch-language text">Articles containing Dutch-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Xhosa-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Xhosa-language text">Articles containing Xhosa-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Portuguese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Portuguese-language text">Articles containing Portuguese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_text_in_Bantu_languages" title="Category:Articles with text in Bantu languages">Articles with text in Bantu languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Flaaitaal-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Flaaitaal-language text">Articles containing Flaaitaal-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 16:01 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">This version of the page has been <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">revised</a>. Besides normal editing, the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies, vandalism, or material not compatible with the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Africa&curid=17416221&diff=1259139544&oldid=1259131046&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-djsn5","wgBackendResponseTime":4470,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.475","walltime":"4.140","ppvisitednodes":{"value":29386,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1117260,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":166708,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":101,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1256840,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3361.172 1 -total"," 48.59% 1633.157 1 Template:Reflist"," 23.06% 775.219 194 Template:Cite_web"," 10.11% 339.947 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 5.89% 197.912 43 Template:Cite_book"," 5.52% 185.562 1 Template:Navboxes"," 4.26% 143.047 3 Template:Collapsible_list"," 4.14% 139.234 1 Template:Sister_project_links"," 3.91% 131.570 3 Template:Infobox"," 3.68% 123.671 30 Template:Lang"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.003","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23241475,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","480","21.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","320","14.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","220","9.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","8.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","100","4.5"],["type","80","3.6"],["gsub","60","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","60","2.7"],["[others]","540","24.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-djsn5","timestamp":"20241127174036","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"South Africa","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Africa","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q258","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q258","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-29T17:01:54Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T16:01:19Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/af\/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg","headline":"country in southern Africa"}</script> </body> </html>