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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Operatic career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operatic_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operatic career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operatic_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Post-World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gobbi's_career_in_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gobbi's_career_in_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Gobbi's career in films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gobbi's_career_in_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gobbi_as_stage_director" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gobbi_as_stage_director"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Gobbi as stage director</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gobbi_as_stage_director-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Famous roles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famous_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abridged_discography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abridged_discography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Abridged discography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abridged_discography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_filmography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_filmography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Selected filmography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_filmography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="تيتو غوبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تيتو غوبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Qobbi" title="Tito Qobbi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tito Qobbi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96" title="Ціта Гобі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ціта Гобі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Gobbi" title="Tito Gobbi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tito Gobbi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Gobbi" title="Tito Gobbi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tito Gobbi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Gobbi" title="Tito Gobbi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tito Gobbi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9" title="Τίτο Γκόμπι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τίτο Γκόμπι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Gobbi" title="Tito Gobbi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tito Gobbi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Gobbi" title="Tito Gobbi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tito Gobbi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="تیتو گابی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تیتو گابی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Gobbi" title="Tito Gobbi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tito Gobbi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Gobbi" title="Tito Gobbi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tito Gobbi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8B%B0%ED%86%A0_%EA%B3%A0%EB%B9%84" title="티토 고비 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="티토 고비" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8_%D4%B3%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%AB" title="Տիտո Գոբի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիտո Գոբի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Gobbi" title="Tito Gobbi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tito Gobbi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99" title="טיטו גובי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טיטו גובי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ტიტო გობი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტიტო გობი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Gobbi" title="Titus Gobbi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Titus Gobbi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Gobbi" title="Tito Gobbi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tito Gobbi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Тито Гоби – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тито Гоби" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%89" title="تيتو جوبى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تيتو جوبى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Gobbi" title="Tito Gobbi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tito Gobbi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B4%E3%83%83%E3%83%93" title="ティート・ゴッビ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ティート・ゴッビ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Gobbi" title="Tito Gobbi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tito Gobbi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Gobbi" title="Tito Gobbi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tito Gobbi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Gobbi" title="Tito Gobbi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tito Gobbi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Gobbi" title="Tito Gobbi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tito Gobbi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B8,_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Гобби, Тито – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гобби, Тито" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Gobbi" title="Tito Gobbi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tito Gobbi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Gobbi" title="Tito Gobbi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tito Gobbi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Gobbi" title="Tito Gobbi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tito Gobbi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B1%D1%96" title="Тіто Гоббі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тіто Гоббі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q363254#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tito_Gobbi_Allan_Warren.jpg/330px-Tito_Gobbi_Allan_Warren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tito_Gobbi_Allan_Warren.jpg/440px-Tito_Gobbi_Allan_Warren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4870" data-file-height="5108" /></a><figcaption>Gobbi in 1973 (photo by <a href="/wiki/Allan_Warren" title="Allan Warren">Allan Warren</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Tito Gobbi</b> (24 October 1913 – 5 March 1984) was an Italian operatic <a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a> with an international reputation. </p><p>He made his operatic debut in <a href="/wiki/Gubbio" title="Gubbio">Gubbio</a> in 1935 as Count Rodolfo in <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/La_sonnambula" title="La sonnambula">La sonnambula</a></i> and quickly appeared in Italy's major opera houses. By the time he retired in 1979 he had acquired a repertoire of almost 100 operatic roles. They ranged from <a href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a>'s mid-range baritone roles through <a href="/wiki/Rossini" class="mw-redirect" title="Rossini">Rossini</a>'s Barber through Donizetti and the standard <a href="/wiki/Verdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Verdi">Verdi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puccini" class="mw-redirect" title="Puccini">Puccini</a> baritone roles to Alban Berg's <i><a href="/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck">Wozzeck</a></i>. He had a worldwide career as operatic baritone, appearing in (or recording the singing role) for over 25 films and, from the mid-1960s onward, was the stage director for about ten different operas which were given close to 35 productions throughout Europe and North America, including a significant number in Chicago for the <a href="/wiki/Lyric_Opera_of_Chicago" title="Lyric Opera of Chicago">Lyric Opera of Chicago</a>. </p><p>Gobbi and his wife, Tilde De Rensis, had a daughter, Cecilia, who now runs the "Associazione Musicale Tito Gobbi", an organization devoted to preserving and celebrating the record of her father's contribution to opera. He was also the brother-in-law of one of his famous colleagues at Covent Garden, the Bulgarian-born <a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Christoff" title="Boris Christoff">Boris Christoff</a>. Gobbi retired in 1979 and died in Rome in 1984, aged 70. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tito_Gobbi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tito Gobbi was born in <a href="/wiki/Bassano_del_Grappa" title="Bassano del Grappa">Bassano del Grappa</a>. He began his studies in law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Padua" title="University of Padua">University of Padua</a> and, during that time, his talent was discovered by a family friend, Baron Agostino Zanchetta, who suggested that he study singing. To do so, Gobbi moved to Rome in 1932 to study under <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Crimi" title="Giulio Crimi">Giulio Crimi</a>, a well-known Italian <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> of a previous generation, who had sung in the first performances of <a href="/wiki/Puccini" class="mw-redirect" title="Puccini">Puccini</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Il_trittico" title="Il trittico">Il trittico</a></i> as well as in <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Zandonai" title="Riccardo Zandonai">Zandonai</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Francesca_da_Rimini_(Zandonai)" title="Francesca da Rimini (Zandonai)">Francesca da Rimini</a></i>. Accompanying Gobbi on the piano at his first audition was Tilde De Rensis, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Musicologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Musicologist">musicologist</a> Raphael De Rensis. In 1937, she became his wife. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operatic_career">Operatic career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tito_Gobbi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Operatic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tito_Gobbi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After his 1935 debut in Gubbio singing the role of Count Rodolfo in <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Vincenzo Bellini</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/La_sonnambula" title="La sonnambula">La sonnambula</a></i>, in 1937 he sang Germont in <i><a href="/wiki/La_traviata" title="La traviata">La traviata</a></i> for the first time in Rome at <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Adriano" title="Teatro Adriano">Teatro Adriano</a>. But working at <a href="/wiki/La_Scala" title="La Scala">La Scala</a> in Milan for the 1935–1936 season as an understudy, gave him a breadth of experience and his first appearance there on stage was as the Herald in <a href="/wiki/Ildebrando_Pizzetti" title="Ildebrando Pizzetti">Ildebrando Pizzetti</a>'s <i>Orsèolo</i>. In 1942, he debuted at the house in the role of Belcore in <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/L%27elisir_d%27amore" title="L'elisir d'amore">L'elisir d'amore</a></i> conducted by <a href="/wiki/Tullio_Serafin" title="Tullio Serafin">Tullio Serafin</a>. It was under Serafin's guidance and direction that the young Gobbi prepared many roles, including some that would become crucial to his later career; these included Scarpia, Rigoletto, Simon Boccanegra. He also appeared at the <a href="/wiki/Rome_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome Opera">Rome Opera</a> from 1938 onward in stage productions such as singing the role of Sharpless in <i><a href="/wiki/Madama_Butterfly" title="Madama Butterfly">Madama Butterfly</a></i> under conductor <a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Sabata" title="Victor de Sabata">Victor de Sabata</a>. </p><p>Other significant Italian venues in these pre-war years included <a href="/wiki/La_Fenice" title="La Fenice">La Fenice</a> in Venice where, in 1941 he appeared as Marcello in <i><a href="/wiki/La_boh%C3%A8me" title="La bohème">La bohème</a></i> and in 1942 as Sharpless. At the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Comunale_Florence" class="mw-redirect" title="Teatro Comunale Florence">Teatro Communale</a> in Florence in 1941 he sang the role of Hidraot in <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_Gluck" title="Christoph Willibald Gluck">Gluck</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Armide_(Gluck)" title="Armide (Gluck)">Armide</a></i>, while at the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Lirico_Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Teatro Lirico Giuseppe Verdi">Teatro Verdi</a> in Trieste in 1942 and 1943 there were other performances, including those as the title character in <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Orfeo" title="L'Orfeo">L'Orfeo</a></i>. </p><p>In Rome in 1942 he performed his first <i><a href="/wiki/Falstaff_(opera)" title="Falstaff (opera)">Falstaff</a></i> at La Scala under de Sabata and, in direct contrast, was the protagonist in <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck">Wozzeck</a></i> sung in November. These performances made him famous in the first Italian performances of Berg's opera.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffie1982_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffie1982-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sang the role again later in Italy and in Vienna under <a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%B6hm" title="Karl Böhm">Karl Böhm</a>. </p><p>During these years, Gobbi also kept busy working in films, some of which were filmed operas such as <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cilea" title="Francesco Cilea">Cilea</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/L%27arlesiana" title="L'arlesiana">L'arlesiana</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Licia_Albanese" title="Licia Albanese">Licia Albanese</a> in 1938. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-World_War_II">Post-World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tito_Gobbi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gobbi's international career blossomed after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, with appearances in 1948 at the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Opera" title="San Francisco Opera">San Francisco Opera</a>. He performed for the first time at London's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Royal Opera House</a>, Covent Garden, in 1950 and sang with the <a href="/wiki/Lyric_Opera_of_Chicago" title="Lyric Opera of Chicago">Lyric Opera of Chicago</a> from 1954 until 1974. He made his <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> debut in 1956 as Scarpia in <a href="/wiki/Tosca" title="Tosca">Tosca</a>. The year 1974 also saw the last of Gobbi's numerous appearances at Covent Garden, where he had been much admired by the public and critics alike for his sensitive musicianship as well as for his acting talent and interpretive insights. </p><p>There was, however, one incident in his relationship with <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Opera" title="The Royal Opera">Covent Garden</a> which caused a stir. In 1955 he had been engaged as Iago in a major new production of <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Otello" title="Otello">Otello</a></i> but was delayed in reaching the theatre for rehearsal. The new music director, <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Kubel%C3%ADk" title="Rafael Kubelík">Rafael Kubelík</a>, determined to impose discipline on singers, sacked him. The company baritone <a href="/wiki/Otakar_Kraus" title="Otakar Kraus">Otakar Kraus</a>, already scheduled to sing some performances, took on all of them. However, a few weeks later Gobbi and Kubelik met at a party and Kubelik made an unqualified apology. The general feeling was that Kubelik was right in principle as some star singers were often reluctant to rehearse, but chose the wrong singer and circumstances, as few were more professional than Gobbi. He was back at Covent Garden as <a href="/wiki/Rigoletto" title="Rigoletto">Rigoletto</a> the following summer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gobbi's_career_in_films"><span id="Gobbi.27s_career_in_films"></span>Gobbi's career in films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tito_Gobbi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gobbi's career in films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early in his career he appeared in a number of motion pictures between 1937 and 1959,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including some filmed operas such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Barber_of_Seville" title="The Barber of Seville">The Barber of Seville</a></i> (in 1946 starring <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Tagliavini" title="Ferruccio Tagliavini">Ferruccio Tagliavini</a>) as well a contemporary drama in 1946, <i><a href="/wiki/Before_Him_All_Rome_Trembled" title="Before Him All Rome Trembled">Before Him All Rome Trembled</a></i>. There was also the popular 1949 British drama set in wartime Italy, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_Mountain_(1949_film)" title="The Glass Mountain (1949 film)">The Glass Mountain</a></i>, which made him known to a wide public. Also, in 1950, he played himself, in the British film <i><a href="/wiki/Soho_Conspiracy" title="Soho Conspiracy">Soho Conspiracy</a></i>. By the time of his death, Gobbi had appeared in some 25 films, in both singing and speaking parts. Beginning in the 1940s, Gobbi provided the singing voice for <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Quinn" title="Anthony Quinn">Anthony Quinn</a> as Alfio in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Cavalleria_rusticana_(1953_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavalleria rusticana (1953 film)">Cavalleria rusticana</a></i> (1953), as well as the voice of the title character in the 1957 film <i>Rigoletto e la sua tragedia</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gobbi_as_stage_director">Gobbi as stage director</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tito_Gobbi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gobbi as stage director"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1960s, Gobbi diversified into stage directing, a notable example being the December 1965 production of Verdi's <i><a href="/wiki/Simon_Boccanegra" title="Simon Boccanegra">Simon Boccanegra</a></i> at Covent Garden, which was intended to be his first, but which he staged for Chicago a short while before.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolansky20131276_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolansky20131276-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, he sang the title role in each of three productions he directed, the last being in Rome in 1975. It has been observed that Gobbi's evident love of the opera "both on stage and on disc...was one of his most towering achievements".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolansky20131276_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolansky20131276-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall, between 1965 and 1982, he directed productions of about ten different operas, the largest number of which were of <i>Tosca</i>. Others included <i><a href="/wiki/The_Barber_of_Seville" title="The Barber of Seville">The Barber of Seville</a></i> (presented three times in Chicago between 1969 and 1977); <i><a href="/wiki/Otello" title="Otello">Otello</a></i> (with three productions in Pasadena, California (1966), Chicago (1966), and Thessalonika, Greece in 1978); and <i><a href="/wiki/Gianni_Schicchi" title="Gianni Schicchi">Gianni Schicchi</a></i> (given in Florence and at the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Festival">Edinburgh Festival</a> in 1969; at the Chicago Lyric in 1970; and in Zurich (1974) and Monaco in 1982). The ten operas were staged for a total of nearly forty times by opera companies in Europe and North America, most notably in America for the Lyric Opera of Chicago for which he directed nine of the ten.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Famous_roles">Famous roles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tito_Gobbi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Famous roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TitoGobbiScarpia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/TitoGobbiScarpia.jpg/170px-TitoGobbiScarpia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/TitoGobbiScarpia.jpg/255px-TitoGobbiScarpia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/58/TitoGobbiScarpia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>Tito Gobbi as Scarpia in Puccini's <i><a href="/wiki/Tosca" title="Tosca">Tosca</a></i>, 1954</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Gobbi, he sang the part of Scarpia in Puccini's <i><a href="/wiki/Tosca" title="Tosca">Tosca</a></i> "nearly a thousand times".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGobbi1984196_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGobbi1984196-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One significant production was the "event of worldwide interest" (as Gobbi himself describes it),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGobbi1984211_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGobbi1984211-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli" title="Franco Zeffirelli">Franco Zeffirelli</a>'s production of <i>Tosca</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Royal Opera House</a>, Covent Garden in London in February 1964. In a return to that house, <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">Soprano</a> <a href="/wiki/Maria_Callas" title="Maria Callas">Maria Callas</a> sang the title role, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Felice_Cillario" title="Carlo Felice Cillario">Carlo Felice Cillario</a>. Act 2 of the production was broadcast live on British television on 9 February 1964<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in what must be one of the most acclaimed dramatic interpretations of all recorded operatic repertoire. It is now preserved on DVD. </p><p>Gobbi and Callas had previously sung <i>Tosca</i> together in a classic 1953 <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a> recording of the opera made in Milan, with <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Di_Stefano" title="Giuseppe Di Stefano">Giuseppe Di Stefano</a> as Cavaradossi and <a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Sabata" title="Victor de Sabata">Victor de Sabata</a> conducting. That <a href="/wiki/Tosca_(Sabata_recording)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tosca (Sabata recording)">1953 album</a> was re-issued on long-playing gramophone record and, later, on CD. It is considered by many to be the finest recording of a complete opera ever made. It went out of print only once, after Callas recorded the role again in stereo in 1964; but the 1953 mono version was soon re-released and is the one that remains readily available to this day. Gobbi was a close friend, collaborator, and admirer of Callas, and he was interviewed several times about their various stage collaborations, noting in his book that "with Maria it was not performing but living".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGobbi1984211_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGobbi1984211-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was also famous for his many performances in the roles of <a href="/wiki/Otello" title="Otello">Iago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falstaff_(opera)" title="Falstaff (opera)">Falstaff</a>, several of which are available on CD. Less well-known but equally impressive are his performances of Mozart roles, in particular the title role in <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni" title="Don Giovanni">Don Giovanni</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the role of the Count in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro" title="The Marriage of Figaro">The Marriage of Figaro</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968 he participated in the first opera telecast in Australia (<i>Tosca</i>, with <a href="/wiki/Marie_Collier" title="Marie Collier">Marie Collier</a> in the title role and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Smith_(tenor)" title="Donald Smith (tenor)">Donald Smith</a> as Cavaradossi).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tito_Gobbi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In retirement, Gobbi turned to writing and produced two books, the first of which, <i>Tito Gobbi: My Life</i>, was his autobiography. With this he was helped by the ghost-writer <a href="/wiki/Ida_Cook" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida Cook">Ida Cook</a>; it appeared in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five years later, he wrote <i>Tito Gobbi and His World of Italian Opera</i> in which he examined many of the operas in which he either performed or which he directed (or both) and provided background information on them and their composers as well as discussing the productions themselves. </p><p>In the case of <i>Tosca</i>, he devotes a chapter in <i>Tito Gobbi and His World of Italian Opera</i> to an analytical examination of each character in the opera (even the minor ones) and, for Scarpia, whom he states "I can fairly claim to know pretty well.."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGobbi1984202_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGobbi1984202-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he devotes three pages to a detailed examination of the character as Gobbi has observed and played him over many years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGobbi1984202–206_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGobbi1984202–206-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abridged_discography">Abridged discography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tito_Gobbi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Abridged discography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck">Wozzeck</a> </i>(Dow, Munteanu, Tajo, Picchi; Sanzogno, 1954) Myto</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/L%27elisir_d%27amore" title="L'elisir d'amore">L'elisir d'amore</a> </i>(Carosio, Monti; Santini, 1952) <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a></li> <li>Donizetti: <i><a href="/wiki/Lucia_di_Lammermoor" title="Lucia di Lammermoor">Lucia di Lammermoor</a> </i>(Callas, Di Stefano; Serafin, 1953) EMI</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Giordano" title="Umberto Giordano">Giordano</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Fedora_(opera)" title="Fedora (opera)">Fedora</a> </i>(Olivero, Del Monaco; Gardelli, 1969) <a href="/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Leoncavallo" title="Ruggero Leoncavallo">Leoncavallo</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Pagliacci" title="Pagliacci">Pagliacci</a> </i>(Callas, Di Stefano; Serafin, 1954) EMI</li> <li>Leoncavallo: <i>Pagliacci</i> (Amara, Corelli; Matačić, 1960) EMI</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Leoni" title="Franco Leoni">Franco Leoni</a>: <i>L'oracolo </i>(Sutherland, Tourangeau; Bonynge, 1975) Decca Records</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Mascagni" title="Pietro Mascagni">Mascagni</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Cavalleria_rusticana" title="Cavalleria rusticana">Cavalleria rusticana</a> </i>(Souliotis, Del Monaco; Varviso, 1966) Decca Records</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni" title="Don Giovanni">Don Giovanni</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ljuba_Welitsch" title="Ljuba Welitsch">Welitsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Schwarzkopf" title="Elisabeth Schwarzkopf">Schwarzkopf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Kunz" title="Erich Kunz">Kunz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irmgard_Seefried" title="Irmgard Seefried">Seefried</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Greindl" title="Josef Greindl">Greindl</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler" title="Wilhelm Furtwängler">Furtwängler</a>, 1950) Archipel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro" title="The Marriage of Figaro">The Marriage of Figaro</a></i> A live performance from Covent Garden, 1963, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti" title="Georg Solti">Georg Solti</a>. Gobbi plays the Count. Published by operadepot.com.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Puccini</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/La_boh%C3%A8me" title="La bohème">La bohème</a> </i>(Scotto, Poggi; Votto, 1961) <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon" title="Deutsche Grammophon">Deutsche Grammophon</a></li> <li>Puccini: <i><a href="/wiki/Gianni_Schicchi" title="Gianni Schicchi">Gianni Schicchi</a></i> (de los Ángeles, del Monte; Santini, 1958) EMI</li> <li>Puccini: <i>Gianni Schicchi</i> (Cotrubas, Domingo; Maazel, 1976) <a href="/wiki/CBS/Sony" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS/Sony">CBS/Sony</a></li> <li>Puccini: <i><a href="/wiki/Madama_Butterfly" title="Madama Butterfly">Madama Butterfly</a></i> (de los Ángeles, Di Stefano; Gavazzeni, 1954) EMI</li> <li>Puccini: <i><a href="/wiki/La_fanciulla_del_West" title="La fanciulla del West">La fanciulla del West</a></i> (Corelli, Frazzoni, Ricciardi; Votto 1956) IMD</li> <li>Puccini: <i><a href="/wiki/Il_tabarro" title="Il tabarro">Il tabarro</a></i> (Mas, Prandelli; Bellezza, 1955) EMI</li> <li>Puccini: <i><a href="/wiki/Tosca_(Sabata_recording)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tosca (Sabata recording)">Tosca</a></i> (Callas, Di Stefano; de Sabata, 1953) EMI</li> <li>Puccini: <i>Tosca</i>, Act 2. Live video recording at the Royal Opera House, London, 1964</li> <li>Puccini: <i>Tosca</i> (Callas, Bergonzi; Prêtre, 1964) EMI</li> <li>Puccini: <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Villi" title="Le Villi">Le Villi</a> </i>(Scotto, Domingo, Nucci; Maazel, 1979) CBS/Sony</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Barber_of_Seville" title="The Barber of Seville">Il barbiere di Siviglia</a> </i>(Callas, Alva; Galliera, 1957) EMI</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a></i> (Fiorenzo Tasso, Maria Benedetti, Lily Djanel; Alfredo Simonetto, 1952) MYTO</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Aida" title="Aida">Aida</a> </i>(Callas, Barbieri, Tucker; Serafin, 1955) EMI</li> <li>Verdi:<i> <a href="/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera" title="Un ballo in maschera">Un ballo in maschera</a> </i>(Callas, Ratti, Barbieri, Di Stefano; Votto, 1956) EMI</li> <li>Verdi: <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos" title="Don Carlos">Don Carlos</a></i> (Stella, Nicolai, Filippeschi, Christoff; Santini, 1954) EMI</li> <li>Verdi: <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos" title="Don Carlos">Don Carlos</a></i> (Brouwenstijn, Vickers, Christoff, Barbieri; Giulini 1958) MYTO</li> <li>Verdi: <i><a href="/wiki/Falstaff_(opera)" title="Falstaff (opera)">Falstaff</a></i> (Schwarzkopf; <a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Karajan</a>, 1956) EMI</li> <li>Verdi: <i><a href="/wiki/Nabucco" title="Nabucco">Nabucco</a> </i>(Souliotis, Prevedi; Gardelli, 1965) Decca Records</li> <li>Verdi: <i><a href="/wiki/Otello" title="Otello">Otello</a> </i>(Rysanek, Pirazzini, Vickers; Serafin, 1960) <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a></li> <li>Verdi: <i><a href="/wiki/Rigoletto" title="Rigoletto">Rigoletto</a> </i>(Callas, Di Stefano; Serafin, 1955) EMI</li> <li>Verdi: <i><a href="/wiki/Simon_Boccanegra" title="Simon Boccanegra">Simon Boccanegra</a> </i>(de los Ángeles, Campora, Christoff; Santini, 1957) EMI</li> <li>Verdi: <i><a href="/wiki/La_traviata" title="La traviata">La traviata</a> </i>(Stella, Di Stefano; Serafin, 1955) EMI</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_filmography">Selected filmography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tito_Gobbi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Selected filmography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_Music" title="Forbidden Music">Forbidden Music</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Before_Him_All_Rome_Trembled" title="Before Him All Rome Trembled">Before Him All Rome Trembled</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O_sole_mio_(film)" title="O sole mio (film)">O sole mio</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Barber_of_Seville_(1947_film)" title="The Barber of Seville (1947 film)">The Barber of Seville</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mad_About_Opera" title="Mad About Opera">Mad About Opera</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_of_the_Camellias_(1947_film)" title="The Lady of the Camellias (1947 film)">The Lady of the Camellias</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_Mountain_(1949_film)" title="The Glass Mountain (1949 film)">The Glass Mountain</a> </i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Force_of_Destiny_(film)" title="The Force of Destiny (film)">The Force of Destiny</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soho_Conspiracy" title="Soho Conspiracy">Soho Conspiracy</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird_(1952_film)" title="The Firebird (1952 film)">The Firebird</a></i> (1952)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tito_Gobbi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffie1982-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffie1982_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuffie1982">Duffie 1982</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.associazionetitogobbi.com/en/filmography">Gobbi's filmography, 1937 to 1955</a> on the Tito Gobbi Association's website.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETolansky20131276-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolansky20131276_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolansky20131276_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolansky2013">Tolansky 2013</a>, p. 1276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.associazionetitogobbi.com/en/stage-directions">"Stage Directions": list of operas, opera companies, and performers</a> on the Tito Gobbi Association website.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGobbi1984196-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGobbi1984196_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGobbi1984">Gobbi 1984</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGobbi1984211-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGobbi1984211_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGobbi1984211_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGobbi1984">Gobbi 1984</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tony Locantro, "Maria Callas at Covent Garden, 1962 and 1964", Notes accompanying the 2002 <a href="/wiki/EMI_Classics" title="EMI Classics">EMI Classics</a> DVD release</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Don Giovanni</i>, live recording from 7/27/1950, published by Archipel, Catalog number ARPCD 0013-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">operadepot.com: <i>The Marriage of Figaro</i> 1963 Covent Garden, conducted by Georg Solti.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Hall, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/opera-conductor-a-humble-wizard-in-oz/story-e6frg8n6-1111115154965">"Opera conductor a humble wizard in Oz"</a>: an obituary of conductor Carlo Cillario who conducted this performance, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a></i> (Sydney), 20 December 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHoward_Gotlieb_Archival_Research_Center" class="citation web cs1">Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hgar-srv3.bu.edu/collections/collection?id=122047">"Entry for Gobbi, Tito (1915–1984)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Entry+for+Gobbi%2C+Tito+%281915%E2%80%931984%29&rft.au=Howard+Gotlieb+Archival+Research+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhgar-srv3.bu.edu%2Fcollections%2Fcollection%3Fid%3D122047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATito+Gobbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGobbi1984202-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGobbi1984202_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGobbi1984">Gobbi 1984</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGobbi1984202–206-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGobbi1984202–206_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGobbi1984">Gobbi 1984</a>, pp. 202–206.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFDuffie1982">Duffie, Bruce (7 October 1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bruceduffie.com/gobbi.html">"A Conversation" with Tito Gobbi</a>, Chicago.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGobbi1984" class="citation book cs1">Gobbi, Tito (1984). <i>Tito Gobbi and His World of Italian Opera</i>. London: Hamish Hamilton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-241-11257-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-241-11257-5"><bdi>0-241-11257-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tito+Gobbi+and+His+World+of+Italian+Opera&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-241-11257-5&rft.aulast=Gobbi&rft.aufirst=Tito&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATito+Gobbi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolansky2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Tolansky, John (October 2013). "A Masterclass in Life". <i><a href="/wiki/Opera_(British_magazine)" title="Opera (British magazine)">Opera</a></i>. Vol. 64, no. 10. London. pp. 1274–1278.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Opera&rft.atitle=A+Masterclass+in+Life&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1274-1278&rft.date=2013-10&rft.aulast=Tolansky&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATito+Gobbi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tito_Gobbi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gobbi, Tito (1979), <i>My Life</i>. London: Macdonald and Jane's. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-354-04368-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-354-04368-4">0-354-04368-4</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bu.edu/phpbin/search/?t=gotlieb&col=gotlieb&dir=0&maps=0&q=Tito+Gobbi&Search=Search">Gobbi Archive</a>, on the Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center, Boston University's website.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Holland" title="Bernard Holland">Holland, Bernard</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/03/06/obituaries/tito-gobbi-68-italian-operatic-baritone-and-director-dies.html">"Tito Gobbi, 68, Italian operatic baritone and director, dies"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 6 March 1984. Retrieved 4 April 2014.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140306015832/http://hgar-pub1.bu.edu/exhibitions/tito-gobbi">"Presenting a Celebration of Tito Gobbi's Centenary: An Online Exhibition from his Archive"</a>. Photographs, documents, and operatic excerpts online at the Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center, Boston University's website.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tito_Gobbi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tito_Gobbi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tito Gobbi">Tito Gobbi</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.associazionetitogobbi.com/">Associazione Tito Gobbi (Tito Gobbi Association)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0323583/">Tito Gobbi</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F9ZU0CloETU&t=450s"><span class="plainlinks">As Falstaff</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1SWYKIN41WQ"><span class="plainlinks">As Iago</span></a> on YouTube</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3bQVO1186ok"><span class="plainlinks">As Don Giovanni</span></a> on YouTube</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6__wWjm5go"><span class="plainlinks">As Count in <i>The Marriage of Figaro</i></span></a> on YouTube</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p009mx9t">30 June 1979: Tito Gobbi</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Desert_Island_Discs" title="Desert Island Discs">Desert Island Discs</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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title="Adrian Boult">Adrian Boult</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Boult_discography" title="Adrian Boult discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergiu_Celibidache" title="Sergiu Celibidache">Sergiu Celibidache</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Chailly" title="Riccardo Chailly">Riccardo Chailly</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Davis" title="Colin Davis">Colin Davis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Dudamel" title="Gustavo Dudamel">Gustavo Dudamel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler" title="Wilhelm Furtwängler">Wilhelm Furtwängler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Eliot_Gardiner" title="John Eliot Gardiner">John Eliot Gardiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Giulini" title="Carlo Maria Giulini">Carlo Maria Giulini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Haitink" title="Bernard Haitink">Bernard Haitink</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Haitink_discography" title="Bernard Haitink discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Harnoncourt" title="Nikolaus Harnoncourt">Nikolaus Harnoncourt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hogwood" title="Christopher Hogwood">Christopher Hogwood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mariss_Jansons" title="Mariss Jansons">Mariss Jansons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Kleiber" title="Carlos Kleiber">Carlos Kleiber</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Kleiber_discography" title="Carlos Kleiber discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Klemperer" title="Otto Klemperer">Otto Klemperer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Kubel%C3%ADk" title="Rafael Kubelík">Rafael Kubelík</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Levine" title="James Levine">James Levine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mackerras" title="Charles Mackerras">Charles Mackerras</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neville_Marriner" title="Neville Marriner">Neville Marriner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zubin_Mehta" title="Zubin Mehta">Zubin Mehta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Mravinsky" title="Yevgeny Mravinsky">Yevgeny Mravinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Muti" title="Riccardo Muti">Riccardo Muti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Ormandy" title="Eugene Ormandy">Eugene Ormandy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pappano" title="Antonio Pappano">Antonio Pappano</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Pinnock" title="Trevor Pinnock">Trevor Pinnock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Rattle" title="Simon Rattle">Simon Rattle</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Rattle_discography" title="Simon Rattle discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Reiner" title="Fritz Reiner">Fritz Reiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti" title="Georg Solti">Georg Solti</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti_discography" title="Georg Solti discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Szell" title="George Szell">George Szell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tilson_Thomas" title="Michael Tilson Thomas">Michael Tilson Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini" title="Arturo Toscanini">Arturo Toscanini</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini_discography" title="Arturo Toscanini discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Walter" title="Bruno Walter">Bruno Walter</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Singers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Allen_(baritone)" title="Thomas Allen (baritone)">Thomas Allen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_de_los_%C3%81ngeles" title="Victoria de los Ángeles">Victoria de los Ángeles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Baker" title="Janet Baker">Janet Baker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Bartoli" title="Cecilia Bartoli">Cecilia Bartoli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Bj%C3%B6rling" title="Jussi Björling">Jussi Björling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Montserrat_Caball%C3%A9" title="Montserrat Caballé">Montserrat Caballé</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Callas" title="Maria Callas">Maria Callas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carreras" title="José Carreras">José Carreras</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Chaliapin" title="Feodor Chaliapin">Feodor Chaliapin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joyce_DiDonato" title="Joyce DiDonato">Joyce DiDonato</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo" title="Plácido Domingo">Plácido Domingo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Ferrier" title="Kathleen Ferrier">Kathleen Ferrier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Fischer-Dieskau" title="Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau">Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Flagstad" title="Kirsten Flagstad">Kirsten Flagstad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Fleming" title="Renée Fleming">Renée Fleming</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Gheorghiu" title="Angela Gheorghiu">Angela Gheorghiu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicolai_Ghiaurov" title="Nicolai Ghiaurov">Nicolai Ghiaurov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tito Gobbi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hampson" title="Thomas Hampson">Thomas Hampson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Horne" title="Marilyn Horne">Marilyn Horne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hotter" title="Hans Hotter">Hans Hotter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Hvorostovsky" title="Dmitri Hvorostovsky">Dmitri Hvorostovsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gundula_Janowitz" title="Gundula Janowitz">Gundula Janowitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Kaufmann" title="Jonas Kaufmann">Jonas Kaufmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Keenlyside" title="Simon Keenlyside">Simon Keenlyside</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Kirkby" title="Emma Kirkby">Emma Kirkby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Netrebko" title="Anna Netrebko">Anna Netrebko</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Birgit_Nilsson" title="Birgit Nilsson">Birgit Nilsson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Sofie_von_Otter" title="Anne Sofie von Otter">Anne Sofie von Otter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti" title="Luciano Pavarotti">Luciano Pavarotti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Schwarzkopf" title="Elisabeth Schwarzkopf">Elisabeth Schwarzkopf</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Sutherland" title="Joan Sutherland">Joan Sutherland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Renata_Tebaldi" title="Renata Tebaldi">Renata Tebaldi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kiri_Te_Kanawa" title="Kiri Te Kanawa">Kiri Te Kanawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bryn_Terfel" title="Bryn Terfel">Bryn Terfel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Wunderlich" title="Fritz Wunderlich">Fritz Wunderlich</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboardists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leif_Ove_Andsnes" title="Leif Ove Andsnes">Leif Ove Andsnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Argerich" title="Martha Argerich">Martha Argerich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Arrau" title="Claudio Arrau">Claudio Arrau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ashkenazy" title="Vladimir Ashkenazy">Vladimir Ashkenazy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Brendel" title="Alfred Brendel">Alfred Brendel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Gilels" title="Emil Gilels">Emil Gilels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Gould" title="Glenn Gould">Glenn Gould</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gulda" title="Friedrich Gulda">Friedrich Gulda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marc-Andr%C3%A9_Hamelin" title="Marc-André Hamelin">Marc-André Hamelin</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Marc-Andr%C3%A9_Hamelin_discography" title="Marc-André Hamelin discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Hewitt" title="Angela Hewitt">Angela Hewitt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz" title="Vladimir Horowitz">Vladimir Horowitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hough" title="Stephen Hough">Stephen Hough</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Kempff" title="Wilhelm Kempff">Wilhelm Kempff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Kissin" title="Evgeny Kissin">Evgeny Kissin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Leonhardt" title="Gustav Leonhardt">Gustav Leonhardt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lang_Lang" title="Lang Lang">Lang Lang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dinu_Lipatti" title="Dinu Lipatti">Dinu Lipatti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radu_Lupu" title="Radu Lupu">Radu Lupu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Benedetti_Michelangeli" title="Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli">Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Perahia" title="Murray Perahia">Murray Perahia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Pollini" title="Maurizio Pollini">Maurizio Pollini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Sergei Rachmaninoff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_Richter" title="Sviatoslav Richter">Sviatoslav Richter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein" title="Arthur Rubinstein">Arthur Rubinstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Schiff" title="András Schiff">András Schiff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Artur_Schnabel" title="Artur Schnabel">Artur Schnabel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Sokolov" title="Grigory Sokolov">Grigory Sokolov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mitsuko_Uchida" title="Mitsuko Uchida">Mitsuko Uchida</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">String/brass/<br />woodwind players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Andr%C3%A9" title="Maurice André">Maurice André</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Brain" title="Dennis Brain">Dennis Brain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bream" title="Julian Bream">Julian Bream</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Casals" title="Pablo Casals">Pablo Casals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyung_Wha_Chung" title="Kyung Wha Chung">Kyung Wha Chung</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_du_Pr%C3%A9" title="Jacqueline du Pré">Jacqueline du Pré</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Galway" title="James Galway">James Galway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Grumiaux" title="Arthur Grumiaux">Arthur Grumiaux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jascha_Heifetz" title="Jascha Heifetz">Jascha Heifetz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Holliger" title="Heinz Holliger">Heinz Holliger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Isserlis" title="Steven Isserlis">Steven Isserlis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler" title="Fritz Kreisler">Fritz Kreisler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gidon_Kremer" title="Gidon Kremer">Gidon Kremer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma" title="Yo-Yo Ma">Yo-Yo Ma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wynton_Marsalis" title="Wynton Marsalis">Wynton Marsalis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Mayer" title="Albrecht Mayer">Albrecht Mayer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Milstein" title="Nathan Milstein">Nathan Milstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anne-Sophie_Mutter" title="Anne-Sophie Mutter">Anne-Sophie Mutter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Oistrakh" title="David Oistrakh">David Oistrakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Pahud" title="Emmanuel Pahud">Emmanuel Pahud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Itzhak_Perlman" title="Itzhak Perlman">Itzhak Perlman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Rampal" title="Jean-Pierre Rampal">Jean-Pierre Rampal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich">Mstislav Rostropovich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jordi_Savall" title="Jordi Savall">Jordi Savall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Segovia" title="Andrés Segovia">Andrés Segovia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(guitarist)" title="John Williams (guitarist)">John Williams</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ensembles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg_Quartett" title="Alban Berg Quartett">Alban Berg Quartett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amadeus_Quartet" title="Amadeus Quartet">Amadeus Quartet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beaux_Arts_Trio" title="Beaux Arts Trio">Beaux Arts Trio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Singers" title="The King's Singers">The King's Singers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tak%C3%A1cs_Quartet" title="Takács Quartet">Takács Quartet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Tallis_Scholars" title="The Tallis Scholars">The Tallis Scholars</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Producers/engineers/<br />record label executives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Coutaz" title="Bernard Coutaz">Bernard Coutaz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Culshaw" title="John Culshaw">John Culshaw</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/C._Robert_Fine" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Robert Fine">C. Robert Fine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gaisberg" title="Fred Gaisberg">Fred Gaisberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Heymann" title="Klaus Heymann">Klaus Heymann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Alain Lanceron</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Legge" title="Walter Legge">Walter Legge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lewis_(Decca)" title="Edward Lewis (Decca)">Edward Lewis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Goddard_Lieberson" title="Goddard Lieberson">Goddard Lieberson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mohr" title="Richard Mohr">Richard Mohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Ted Perry</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Wilkinson" title="Kenneth Wilkinson">Kenneth Wilkinson</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style 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.portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Operalogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/21px-Operalogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/32px-Operalogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/42px-Operalogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Opera" title="Portal:Opera">Opera</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q363254#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q363254#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q363254#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000114461885">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/64091477">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/111110/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJptWqVJw4YKtDhxftfjG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/124071473">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83047127">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124028077">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124028077">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gobbi, Tito"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV060254">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36068185">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0087450&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX853225">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069047189">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1102457">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000094869&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000045251&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810695386905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007274690105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000207376">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058528406706706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/20681458">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08044156?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/e8762e31-b9c7-46c3-b47b-3c8c1fad59ed">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/354439">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grammy.com/artists/tito-gobbi/10297">Grammy Awards</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/g1072">BMLO</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1206003">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="GOBBI, Tito"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/tito-gobbi_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd124071473.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/124071473">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/059776234">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6vx0njx">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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