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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the astronomical phenomenon. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Transit of Venus (disambiguation)">Transit of Venus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style>A transit of Venus takes place when <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> passes directly between the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> and the Earth (or any other <a href="/wiki/Inferior_and_superior_planets" title="Inferior and superior planets">superior planet</a>), becoming visible against (and hence obscuring a small portion of) the <a href="/wiki/Solar_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar disk">solar disk</a>. During a <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_transit" title="Astronomical transit">transit</a>, Venus is visible as a small black circle moving across the face of the Sun. <div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA%27s_SDO_Satellite_Captures_First_Image_of_2012_Venus_Transit_(Full_Disc).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/NASA%27s_SDO_Satellite_Captures_First_Image_of_2012_Venus_Transit_%28Full_Disc%29.jpg/200px-NASA%27s_SDO_Satellite_Captures_First_Image_of_2012_Venus_Transit_%28Full_Disc%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/NASA%27s_SDO_Satellite_Captures_First_Image_of_2012_Venus_Transit_%28Full_Disc%29.jpg/300px-NASA%27s_SDO_Satellite_Captures_First_Image_of_2012_Venus_Transit_%28Full_Disc%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/NASA%27s_SDO_Satellite_Captures_First_Image_of_2012_Venus_Transit_%28Full_Disc%29.jpg/400px-NASA%27s_SDO_Satellite_Captures_First_Image_of_2012_Venus_Transit_%28Full_Disc%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048"></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:SDO%27s_Ultra-high_Definition_View_of_2012_Venus_Transit_(171_Angstrom_Full_Disc).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The sun in orange, as seen from the visible spectrum, with Venus in the top left quadrant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SDO%27s_Ultra-high_Definition_View_of_2012_Venus_Transit_%28171_Angstrom_Full_Disc%29.jpg/200px-SDO%27s_Ultra-high_Definition_View_of_2012_Venus_Transit_%28171_Angstrom_Full_Disc%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SDO%27s_Ultra-high_Definition_View_of_2012_Venus_Transit_%28171_Angstrom_Full_Disc%29.jpg/300px-SDO%27s_Ultra-high_Definition_View_of_2012_Venus_Transit_%28171_Angstrom_Full_Disc%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SDO%27s_Ultra-high_Definition_View_of_2012_Venus_Transit_%28171_Angstrom_Full_Disc%29.jpg/400px-SDO%27s_Ultra-high_Definition_View_of_2012_Venus_Transit_%28171_Angstrom_Full_Disc%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="4096"></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Images of the <a href="/wiki/2012_transit_of_Venus" title="2012 transit of Venus">transit of Venus</a>, taken from <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a> in 2012: (left) visible light; (right) <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a></div></div></div></div> Transits of Venus reoccur periodically. A pair of transits takes place eight years apart in December (<a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>) followed by a gap of 121.5 years, before another pair occurs eight years apart in June, followed by another gap, of 105.5 years. The dates advance by about two days per 243-year cycle. The periodicity is a reflection of the fact that the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">orbital periods</a> of Earth and Venus <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance#Coincidental_'near'_ratios_of_mean_motion" title="Orbital resonance">are close</a> to 8:13 and 243:395 <a href="/wiki/Commensurability_(astronomy)" title="Commensurability (astronomy)">commensurabilities</a>. The last pairs of transits occurred on <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus,_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit of Venus, 2004">8 June 2004</a> and <a href="/wiki/2012_transit_of_Venus" title="2012 transit of Venus">5–6 June 2012</a>. The next pair of transits will occur on 10–11 December 2117 and 8 December 2125. Transits of Venus were in the past used to determine the size of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. The 2012 transit has provided research opportunities, particularly in the refinement of techniques to be used in the search for <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanets</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Conjunctions">1 Conjunctions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History_of_observation_of_the_transits">2 History of observation of the transits</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#1631_and_1639_transits">2.1 1631 and 1639 transits</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#1761_transit">2.2 1761 transit</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#1769_transit">2.3 1769 transit</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#1874_and_1882_transits">2.4 1874 and 1882 transits</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#2004_and_2012_transits">2.5 2004 and 2012 transits</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Future_transits">3 Future transits</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Grazing_and_simultaneous_transits">4 Grazing and simultaneous transits</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#In_popular_culture">5 In popular culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Notes">7 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Sources">9 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Further_reading">10 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Conjunctions">Conjunctions</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Transit_of_Venus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Conjunctions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transit_diagram_angles.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Transit_diagram_angles.png/220px-Transit_diagram_angles.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="295"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Transit_diagram_angles.png/220px-Transit_diagram_angles.png" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Transit_diagram_angles.png/330px-Transit_diagram_angles.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Transit_diagram_angles.png/440px-Transit_diagram_angles.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Diagram of transits of Venus and the angle between the orbital planes of Venus and Earth</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> of Venus has an <a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">inclination</a> of 3.39° relative to that of the Earth, and so passes under (or over) the Sun when viewed from the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Eur1-1">[1]</a> A transit occurs when Venus reaches <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(astronomy)" title="Conjunction (astronomy)">conjunction</a> with the Sun whilst also passing through the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Orbital_plane" title="Orbital plane">orbital plane</a>, and passes directly across the face of the Sun.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-2">[note 1]</a> Sequences of transits usually repeat every 243 years, after which Venus and Earth have returned to nearly the same point in their respective orbits. During the Earth's 243 <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_year" title="Sidereal year">sidereal orbital periods</a>, which total 88,757.3 days, Venus completes 395 sidereal orbital periods of 224.701 days each, which is equal to 88,756.9 Earth days. This period of time corresponds to 152 <a href="/wiki/Synodic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic period">synodic periods</a> of Venus.<a href="#cite_note-Esp-3">[2]</a> A pair of transits takes place eight years apart in December, followed by a gap of 121.5 years, before another pair occurs eight years apart in June, followed by another gap, of 105.5 years. Other patterns are possible within the 243-year cycle, because of the slight mismatch between the times when the Earth and Venus arrive at the point of conjunction. Prior to 1518, the pattern of transits was 8, 113.5, and 121.5 years, and the eight inter-transit gaps before the AD 546 transit were 121.5 years apart. The current pattern will continue until 2846, when it will be replaced by a pattern of 105.5, 129.5, and 8 years. Thus, the 243-year cycle is relatively stable, but the number of transits and their timing within the cycle vary over time.<a href="#cite_note-Esp-3">[2]</a> Since the 243:395 Earth:Venus commensurability is only approximate, there are different sequences of transits occurring 243 years apart, each extending for several thousand years, which are eventually replaced by other sequences. For instance, there is a series which ended in 541 BC, and the series which includes 2117 only started in AD 1631.<a href="#cite_note-Esp-3">[2]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History_of_observation_of_the_transits">History of observation of the transits</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Transit_of_Venus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of observation of the transits" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Indian">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">Chinese</a> observers knew of Venus and recorded the planet's motions.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-4">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> is credited with realizing that the so-called <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(morning_star)" title="Phosphorus (morning star)">morning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hesperus" title="Hesperus">evening stars</a> were really both the planet Venus. There is no evidence that any of these cultures observed planetary transits.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It has been proposed that <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a> found at the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a> site at <a href="/wiki/Mayapan" title="Mayapan">Mayapan</a> may contain a pictorial representation of the 12th or 13th century transits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalindo_TrejoAllen2005124-5">[4]</a> The Persian polymath <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> claimed to have observed Venus as a spot on the Sun. There was a transit on 24 May 1032, but Avicenna did not give the date of his observation, and modern scholars have questioned whether he could have observed the transit from his location; he may have mistaken a <a href="/wiki/Sunspot" title="Sunspot">sunspot</a> for Venus. He used his alleged transit observation to help establish that Venus was, at least sometimes, below the Sun in <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic cosmology">Ptolemaic cosmology</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ragep-6">[5]</a> i.e., the sphere of Venus comes before the sphere of the Sun when moving out from the Earth in the then prevailing <a href="/wiki/Geocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Geocentric">geocentric</a> model.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-8">[7]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Transits of Venus (1631–2012) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Date(s) of transits </th> <th colspan="3">Time (<a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>) </th> <th rowspan="2">Notes<a href="#cite_note-HMN1-9">[8]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Start</th> <th>Mid</th> <th>End </th></tr> <tr> <td>7 December 1631 </td> <td>03:51</td> <td>05:19</td> <td>06:47 </td> <td>Predicted by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Kepler</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus,_1639" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit of Venus, 1639">4 December 1639</a> </td> <td>14:57</td> <td>18:25</td> <td>21:54 </td> <td>First transit to be observed, by <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Horrocks" title="Jeremiah Horrocks">Horrocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Crabtree" title="William Crabtree">Crabtree</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 June 1761 </td> <td>02:02</td> <td>05:19</td> <td>08:37 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Lomonosov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Chappe_d%27Auteroche" title="Jean-Baptiste Chappe d'Auteroche">Chappe d'Auteroche</a>, and others observe from Russia; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mason" title="Charles Mason">Mason</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Dixon" title="Jeremiah Dixon">Dixon</a> observe from the Cape of Good Hope. <a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop_(educator)" title="John Winthrop (educator)">John Winthrop</a> observes from St. John's, Newfoundland </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1769_Transit_of_Venus_observed_from_Tahiti" class="mw-redirect" title="1769 Transit of Venus observed from Tahiti">3–4 June 1769</a> </td> <td>19:15</td> <td>22:25</td> <td>01:35 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">Cook</a> <a href="/wiki/First_voyage_of_James_Cook" title="First voyage of James Cook">sent to Tahiti</a> to <a href="/wiki/1769_Transit_of_Venus_observed_from_Tahiti" class="mw-redirect" title="1769 Transit of Venus observed from Tahiti">observe the transit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Chappe_d%27Auteroche" title="Jean-Baptiste Chappe d'Auteroche">Chappe</a> to <a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_del_Cabo" title="San José del Cabo">San José del Cabo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Hell" title="Maximilian Hell">Maximilian Hell</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vard%C3%B8_(town)" title="Vardø (town)">Vardø</a>, Norway. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus,_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit of Venus, 1874">9 December 1874</a> </td> <td>01:49</td> <td>04:07</td> <td>06:26 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Tacchini" title="Pietro Tacchini">Pietro Tacchini</a> leads expedition to Muddapur, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. A <a href="/wiki/1874_Transit_of_Venus_Expedition_to_Campbell_Island" title="1874 Transit of Venus Expedition to Campbell Island">French expedition goes to New Zealand's Campbell Island</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/1874_Transit_of_Venus_Expedition_to_Hawaii" title="1874 Transit of Venus Expedition to Hawaii">British expedition travels to Hawaii</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus,_1882" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit of Venus, 1882">6 December 1882</a> </td> <td>13:57</td> <td>17:06</td> <td>20:15 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus,_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit of Venus, 2004">8 June 2004</a> </td> <td>05:13</td> <td>08:20</td> <td>11:26 </td> <td>Various media networks globally broadcast live video of the Venus transit. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit of Venus, 2012">5–6 June 2012</a> </td> <td>22:09</td> <td>01:29</td> <td>04:49 </td> <td>Visible in its entirety from the Pacific and Eastern Asia, with the beginning of the transit visible from North America and the end visible from Europe. First transit while a spacecraft orbits Venus. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1631_and_1639_transits">1631 and 1639 transits</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Transit_of_Venus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1631 and 1639 transits" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus,_1639" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit of Venus, 1639">Transit of Venus, 1639</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lavender_-_Jeremiah_Horrocks_(1618%E2%80%931641).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lavender_-_Jeremiah_Horrocks_%281618%E2%80%931641%29.jpg/220px-Lavender_-_Jeremiah_Horrocks_%281618%E2%80%931641%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="870"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lavender_-_Jeremiah_Horrocks_%281618%E2%80%931641%29.jpg/220px-Lavender_-_Jeremiah_Horrocks_%281618%E2%80%931641%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lavender_-_Jeremiah_Horrocks_%281618%E2%80%931641%29.jpg/330px-Lavender_-_Jeremiah_Horrocks_%281618%E2%80%931641%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lavender_-_Jeremiah_Horrocks_%281618%E2%80%931641%29.jpg/440px-Lavender_-_Jeremiah_Horrocks_%281618%E2%80%931641%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Richard_Lavender" title="William Richard Lavender">William Richard Lavender</a>, Jeremiah Horrocks (1618–1641) (1903), <a href="/wiki/Astley_Hall,_Chorley" title="Astley Hall, Chorley">Astley Hall Museum and Art Gallery</a></figcaption></figure> The German astronomer <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a> predicted the 1631 transit in 1627, but his methods were not sufficiently accurate to predict that it could not be seen throughout most of Europe. As a consequence, astronomers were unable to use his prediction to observe the event.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> The first recorded observation of a transit of Venus was made by the English astronomer <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Horrocks" title="Jeremiah Horrocks">Jeremiah Horrocks</a> from his home at <a href="/wiki/Carr_House_(Bretherton,_Lancashire,_England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carr House (Bretherton, Lancashire, England)">Carr House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Much_Hoole" title="Much Hoole">Much Hoole</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire" title="Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a>, on 4 December 1639 (24 November O.S.). His friend <a href="/wiki/William_Crabtree" title="William Crabtree">William Crabtree</a> observed the transit from nearby <a href="/wiki/Broughton,_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Broughton, Greater Manchester">Broughton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kollerstrom-11">[10]</a> Kepler had predicted transits in 1631 and 1761 and a near miss in 1639. Horrocks corrected Kepler's calculation for the orbit of Venus, realized that transits of Venus would occur in pairs 8 years apart, and so predicted the transit of 1639.<a href="#cite_note-UCL-book-12">[11]</a> Although he was uncertain of the exact time, he calculated that the transit was to begin at approximately 15:00. Horrocks focused the image of the Sun through a simple <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a> and onto paper, where he could observe the Sun without damaging his eyesight. After waiting for most of the day, he eventually saw the transit when clouds obscuring the Sun cleared at about 15:15, half an hour before sunset. His observations allowed him to make a well-informed guess for the diameter of Venus and an estimate of the mean distance between the Earth and the Sun (59.4 million mi (95.6 million km; 0.639 AU)). His observations were not published until 1661, well after Horrocks's death.<a href="#cite_note-UCL-book-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[note 2]</a> Horrocks based his calculation on the (false) presumption that each planet's size was proportional to its rank from the Sun, not on the parallax effect as used by the 1761 and 1769 and following experiments.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1761_transit">1761 transit</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Transit_of_Venus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1761 transit" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_Transit_%26_Parallax.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Venus_Transit_%26_Parallax.svg/220px-Venus_Transit_%26_Parallax.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 116px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Venus_Transit_%26_Parallax.svg/220px-Venus_Transit_%26_Parallax.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="116" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Venus_Transit_%26_Parallax.svg/330px-Venus_Transit_%26_Parallax.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Venus_Transit_%26_Parallax.svg/440px-Venus_Transit_%26_Parallax.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Measuring Venus transit times to determine <a href="/wiki/Solar_parallax" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar parallax">solar parallax</a></figcaption></figure> In 1663, the Scottish mathematician <a href="/wiki/James_Gregory_(mathematician)" title="James Gregory (mathematician)">James Gregory</a> had suggested in his Optica Promota that observations of a <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Mercury" title="Transit of Mercury">transit of Mercury</a>, at widely spaced points on the surface of the Earth, could be used to calculate the <a href="/wiki/Solar_parallax" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar parallax">solar parallax</a>, and hence the <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical unit</a> by means of <a href="/wiki/Triangulation" title="Triangulation">triangulation</a>. Aware of this, the English astronomer <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a> made observations of such a transit on 28 October <a href="/wiki/Old_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Old style">O.S.</a> 1677 from the island of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>, but was disappointed to find that only <a href="/wiki/Richard_Towneley" title="Richard Towneley">Richard Towneley</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Burnley" title="Burnley">Burnley, Lancashire</a> had made another accurate observation of the event, whilst Gallet, at <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>, had simply recorded that it had occurred. Halley was not satisfied that the resulting calculation of the solar parallax of 45" was accurate.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In a paper published in 1691, and a more refined one in 1716, Halley proposed that more accurate calculations could be made using measurements of a transit of Venus, although the next such event was not due until 1761 (6 June <a href="/wiki/New_style" class="mw-redirect" title="New style">N.S.</a>, 26 May O.S.).<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> In an attempt to observe the first transit of the pair, astronomers from Britain (<a href="/wiki/William_Wales_(astronomer)" title="William Wales (astronomer)">William Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Captain_James_Cook" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain James Cook">Captain James Cook</a>), Austria (<a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Hell" title="Maximilian Hell">Maximilian Hell</a>), and France (<a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Chappe_d%27Auteroche" title="Jean-Baptiste Chappe d'Auteroche">Jean-Baptiste Chappe d'Auteroche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Le_Gentil" title="Guillaume Le Gentil">Guillaume Le Gentil</a>) took part in expeditions to places that included <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>, and Madagascar.<a href="#cite_note-RP-15">[13]</a> Most of them observed at least part of the transit. <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Dixon" title="Jeremiah Dixon">Jeremiah Dixon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mason" title="Charles Mason">Charles Mason</a> succeeded in observing the transit at the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MD-16">[14]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Nevil_Maskelyne" title="Nevil Maskelyne">Nevil Maskelyne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Waddington_(mathematician)" title="Robert Waddington (mathematician)">Robert Waddington</a> were less successful on Saint Helena, although they put their voyage to good use by trialling the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_distance_(navigation)" title="Lunar distance (navigation)">lunar-distance method</a> of finding longitude.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowse198938%E2%80%9339-17">[15]</a> Venus was generally thought to possess <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">an atmosphere</a> prior to the transit of 1761, but the possibility that it could be detected during a transit seems not to have been considered. The discovery of the planet’s atmosphere has long been attributed to the Russian scientist <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Mikhail Lomonosov</a>, after he observed the 1761 transit from the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Academy_of_Sciences_of_St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg">Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> The attribution to Lomonosov seems to have arisen from comments made in 1966 by the astronomy writer <a href="/wiki/Willy_Ley" title="Willy Ley">Willy Ley</a>, who wrote that Lomonosov had inferred the existence of an atmosphere from his observation of a luminous arc.<a href="#cite_note-ML-19">[17]</a> The attribution has since then been questioned.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1769_transit">1769 transit</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Transit_of_Venus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1769 transit" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rittenhouse_1769_observation_of_Venus_transit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Rittenhouse_1769_observation_of_Venus_transit.jpg/220px-Rittenhouse_1769_observation_of_Venus_transit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="383"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Rittenhouse_1769_observation_of_Venus_transit.jpg/220px-Rittenhouse_1769_observation_of_Venus_transit.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Rittenhouse_1769_observation_of_Venus_transit.jpg/330px-Rittenhouse_1769_observation_of_Venus_transit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Rittenhouse_1769_observation_of_Venus_transit.jpg/440px-Rittenhouse_1769_observation_of_Venus_transit.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Diagram from <a href="/wiki/David_Rittenhouse" title="David Rittenhouse">David Rittenhouse</a>'s observations of the 1769 transit of Venus</figcaption></figure> For the 1769 transit, scientists travelled to places all over the world. The Czech astronomer <a href="/wiki/Christian_Mayer_(astronomer)" title="Christian Mayer (astronomer)">Christian Mayer</a> was invited by the Russian empress <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> to observe the transit in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> with <a href="/wiki/Anders_Johan_Lexell" title="Anders Johan Lexell">Anders Johan Lexell</a>, while other members of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a> went to eight other locations in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> under the general coordination of <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Rumovsky" title="Stepan Rumovsky">Stepan Rumovsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> King <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">George III of the United Kingdom</a> had the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Observatory" title="King's Observatory">King's Observatory</a> built near his summer residence at <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Lodge" title="Richmond Lodge">Richmond Lodge</a>, so that he and the <a href="/wiki/Astronomer_Royal" title="Astronomer Royal">Astronomer Royal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Demainbray" title="Stephen Demainbray">Stephen Demainbray</a>, could observe the transit.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> Hell and his assistant <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Sajnovics" title="János Sajnovics">János Sajnovics</a> travelled to <a href="/wiki/Vard%C3%B8_(town)" title="Vardø (town)">Vardø</a>, Norway. Wales and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Dymond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Dymond (page does not exist)">Joseph Dymond</a> went to <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a> to observe the event. In <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> erected three temporary observatories and appointed a committee led by <a href="/wiki/David_Rittenhouse" title="David Rittenhouse">David Rittenhouse</a>. Observations were made by a group led by Dr. Benjamin West in <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/1769_transit_of_Venus_observed_from_Tahiti" title="1769 transit of Venus observed from Tahiti">Observations were also made from Tahiti</a> by Captain James Cook and Charles Green at a location still known as <a href="/wiki/Point_Venus" title="Point Venus">Point Venus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[note 3]</a> D'Auteroche went to San José del Cabo in what was then <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> to observe the transit with two Spanish astronomers (Vicente de Doz and Salvador de Medina). For his trouble he died in an epidemic of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> there shortly after completing his observations.<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> Only 9 of 28 in the entire party returned home alive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2012-29">[26]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Le Gentil spent over eight years travelling in an attempt to observe either of the transits. Whilst abroad he was declared dead, and as a result he lost his wife and possessions. Upon his return he regained his seat in the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="French Academy">French Academy</a> and remarried.<a href="#cite_note-RP-15">[13]</a> Under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, the astronomer <a href="/wiki/Ru%C4%91er_Bo%C5%A1kovi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruđer Bošković">Ruđer Bošković</a> travelled to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, but arrived after the transit had happened.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1771, using the combined 1761 and 1769 transit data, the French astronomer <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Lalande" title="Jérôme Lalande">Jérôme Lalande</a> calculated the astronomical unit to have a value of 153 ± 1 million kilometres (95.07 ± 0.62 million miles). The precision was less than had been hoped for because of the <a href="/wiki/Black_drop_effect" title="Black drop effect">black drop effect</a>. The value obtained was still an improvement on the calculations made by Horrocks.<a href="#cite_note-RP-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[note 4]</a> Hell published his results in 1770, which included a value for the astronomical unit of 151.7 million kilometres (94.3 million miles). Lalande challenged the accuracy and authenticity of observations obtained by the Hell expedition, but later wrote an article in <a href="/wiki/Journal_des_s%C3%A7avans" title="Journal des sçavans">Journal des sçavans</a> (1778), in which he retracted his comments.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1874_and_1882_transits">1874 and 1882 transits</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Transit_of_Venus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1874 and 1882 transits" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Observations of the <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus,_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit of Venus, 1874">transits of 1874</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus,_1882" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit of Venus, 1882">1882</a> worked to refine the value obtained for the astronomical unit. Three expeditions—from Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States—were sent to the <a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerguelen Archipelago">Kerguelen Archipelago</a> for the 1874 observations.<a href="#cite_note-Roy1-31">[27]</a> The American astronomer <a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a> combined the data from the last four transits, and he arrived at a value of 149.59 ± 0.31 million kilometres (92.95 ± 0.19 million miles).<a href="#cite_note-RP-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[note 5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2004_and_2012_transits">2004 and 2012 transits</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Transit_of_Venus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2004 and 2012 transits" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transit_of_Venus_-_June_2012.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Transit_of_Venus_-_June_2012.svg/220px-Transit_of_Venus_-_June_2012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="955"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 224px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Transit_of_Venus_-_June_2012.svg/220px-Transit_of_Venus_-_June_2012.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="224" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Transit_of_Venus_-_June_2012.svg/330px-Transit_of_Venus_-_June_2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Transit_of_Venus_-_June_2012.svg/440px-Transit_of_Venus_-_June_2012.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The transit of Venus, June 2012</figcaption></figure> Scientific organisations led by the <a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">European Southern Observatory</a> organised a network of amateur astronomers and students to measure Earth's distance from the Sun during the <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus,_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit of Venus, 2004">transit of 2004</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eur2-33">[28]</a> The participants' observations allowed a calculation of the astronomical unit (AU) of 149,608,708 ± 11,835 kilometres (92,962,541 ± 7,354 miles), which differed from the accepted value by 0.007%.<a href="#cite_note-Sou1-34">[29]</a> During the 2004 transit, scientists attempted to measure the loss of light as Venus blocked out some of the Sun's light, in order to refine techniques for discovering <a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrasolar planet">extrasolar planets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McK-35">[30]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit of Venus, 2012">2012 transit of Venus</a> provided scientists with research opportunities as well, in particular in regard to the study of <a href="/wiki/Exoplanets" class="mw-redirect" title="Exoplanets">exoplanets</a>. The event additionally was the first of its kind to be documented from space, photographed aboard the International Space Station by NASA astronaut <a href="/wiki/Don_Pettit" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Pettit">Don Pettit</a>. The measurement of the dips in a star's brightness during a transit is one observation that can help astronomers find exoplanets. Unlike the 2004 Venus transit, the 2012 transit occurred during an active phase of the 11-year activity cycle of the Sun, and it gave astronomers an opportunity to practise picking up a planet's signal around a "spotty" variable star. Measurements made of the apparent diameter of a planet such as Venus during a transit allows scientists to estimate exoplanet sizes. Observation made of the atmosphere of Venus from Earth-based telescopes and the <a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a> gave scientists a better opportunity to understand the intermediate level of Venus's atmosphere than was possible from either viewpoint alone, and provided new information about the <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> of the planet. Spectrographic data of the atmosphere of Venus can be compared to studies of the atmospheres of exoplanets. The <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> used the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> as a mirror to study light from the atmosphere of Venus, and so determine its composition.<a href="#cite_note-Wal-36">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tan-37">[32]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Future_transits">Future transits</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Transit_of_Venus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Future transits" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Date(s) of transit </th> <th colspan="3">Time (<a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>) </th> <th rowspan="2">Notes<a href="#cite_note-HMN1-9">[8]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Start</th> <th>Mid</th> <th>End </th></tr> <tr> <td>10–11 December 2117 </td> <td>23:58</td> <td>02:48</td> <td>05:38 </td> <td>Visible in entirety in eastern China, Korea, Japan, south of Russian Far East, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Australia. Partly visible in Central Asia, the Middle East, south part of Russia, in India, most of Africa, and on extreme U.S. West Coast. </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 December 2125 </td> <td>13:15</td> <td>16:01</td> <td>18:48 </td> <td>Visible in entirety in South America and the eastern U.S. Partly visible in Western U.S., Europe, Africa, and Oceania. </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 June 2247 </td> <td>08:42</td> <td>11:33</td> <td>14:25 </td> <td>Visible in entirety in Africa, Europe, and the Middle East. Partly visible in East Asia and Indonesia, and in North and South America. </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 June 2255 </td> <td>01:08</td> <td>04:38</td> <td>08:08 </td> <td>Visible in entirety in Russia, India, China, and western Australia. Partly visible in Africa, Europe, and the western U.S. </td></tr> <tr> <td>12–13 December 2360 </td> <td>22:32</td> <td>01:44</td> <td>04:56 </td> <td>Visible in entirety in Australia and most of Indonesia. Partly visible in Asia, Africa, and the western half of the Americas. </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 December 2368 </td> <td>12:29</td> <td>14:45</td> <td>17:01 </td> <td>Visible in entirety in South America, western Africa, and the U.S. East Coast. Partly visible in Europe, the western U.S., and the Middle East. </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 June 2490 </td> <td>11:39</td> <td>14:17</td> <td>16:55 </td> <td>Visible in entirety through most of the Americas, western Africa, and Europe. Partly visible in eastern Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 June 2498 </td> <td>03:48</td> <td>07:25</td> <td>11:02 </td> <td>Visible in entirety through most of Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and eastern Africa. Partly visible in eastern Americas, Indonesia, and Australia. </td></tr></tbody></table> Transits usually occur in pairs, because the length of eight Earth years is almost the same as 13 years on Venus. This approximate conjunction is not precise enough to produce a triplet, as Venus arrives 22 hours earlier each time. The last transit not to be part of a pair was in 1396 (the planet passed slightly above the disc of the Sun in 1388);<a href="#cite_note-Bel-38">[33]</a> the next one will be in 3089.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After 243 years the transits of Venus return. The 1874 transit is a member of the 243-year cycle #1. The 1882 transit is a member of #2. The 2004 transit is a member of #3, and the 2012 transit is a member of #4. The 2117 transit is a member of #1, and so on. However, the ascending node (December transits) of the orbit of Venus moves backwards after each 243 years so the transit of 2854 is the last member of series #3 instead of series #1. The descending node (June transits) moves forwards, so the transit of 3705 is the last member of #2.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Over longer periods of time, new series of transits will start and old series will end. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Saros_(astronomy)#Saros_series" title="Saros (astronomy)">saros series</a> for lunar eclipses, it is possible for a transit series to restart after a hiatus. The transit series also vary much more in length than the saros series.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Grazing_and_simultaneous_transits">Grazing and simultaneous transits</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Transit_of_Venus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Grazing and simultaneous transits" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Sometimes Venus only grazes the Sun during a transit. In this case it is possible that in some areas of the Earth a full transit can be seen while in other regions there is only a partial transit (no <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_transit#Contacts" title="Astronomical transit">second or third contact</a>). The last transit of this type was on 6 December 1631, and the next such transit will occur on 13 December 2611. It is also possible that a transit of Venus can be seen in some parts of the world as a partial transit, while in others Venus misses the Sun. Such a transit last occurred on 19 November 541 BC, and the next transit of this type will occur on 14 December 2854.<a href="#cite_note-Esp-3">[2]</a> These effects are due to <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a>, since the size of the Earth affords different points of view with slightly different lines of sight to Venus and the Sun. It can be demonstrated by closing an eye and holding a finger in front of a smaller more distant object; when the viewer opens the other eye and closes the first, the finger will no longer be in front of the object.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The simultaneous occurrence of transits of Mercury and Venus does occur, but extremely infrequently. Such an event last occurred on 22 September <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">373,173 BC</a> and will next occur on 26 July <a href="/wiki/List_of_future_astronomical_events#After_10,000_AD" title="List of future astronomical events">69,163</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Esp2-39">[34]</a> and again on 29 March 224,504.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeusVitagliano2004132-40">[35]</a> The simultaneous occurrence of a <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipse</a> and a transit of Venus is currently possible, but very rare. The next solar eclipse occurring during a transit of Venus will be on 5 April 15,232.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeusVitagliano2004134-41">[36]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Transit_of_Venus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In popular culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> The Canadian rock band <a href="/wiki/Three_Days_Grace" title="Three Days Grace">Three Days Grace</a> titled their fourth studio album Transit of Venus and announced the album title and release date on June 5, 2012, the date of the last transit of Venus. The album's first song, "Sign of the Times", references the transit in the lyric "Venus is passing by". The progressive rock band <a href="/wiki/Big_Big_Train" title="Big Big Train">Big Big Train</a> have a song titled "The Transit of Venus Across the Sun". It is the fifth track on their ninth album <a href="/wiki/Folklore_(Big_Big_Train_album)" title="Folklore (Big Big Train album)">Folklore (Big Big Train album)</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus_March" title="Transit of Venus March">Transit of Venus March</a> was written by <a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a> in 1883 to commemorate the 1882 transit. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Transit_of_Venus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Mercury" title="Transit of Mercury">Transit of Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_minor_planets" title="Transit of minor planets">Transit of minor planets</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Transit_of_Venus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Although the inclination between these two orbital planes is only 3.4°, Venus can be as far as 9.6° from the Sun when viewed from the Earth at inferior conjunction.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> His estimation for the distance from Earth to the Sun was about two thirds of the actual distance of 93 million mi (150 million km), but was a more accurate figure than any suggested up to that time.<a href="#cite_note-UCL-book-12">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> The observations of the transit on Tahiti occurred during the <a href="/wiki/First_voyage_of_James_Cook" title="First voyage of James Cook">first voyage of James Cook</a>, after which Cook explored <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. This was one of five expeditions organised by the Royal Society and Maskelyne.<a href="#cite_note-cook-book-26">[24]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> The black drop effect distorts the image of Venus at the observed edge of the Sun. The effect is caused by turbulence in the Earth's atmosphere, imperfections in the viewing apparatus, or the extreme change in brightness at the edge of the Sun.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> The need for parallax calculations has been superseded, as modern techniques, such as the use of radio <a href="/wiki/Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a> from <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probes</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> measurements of the distances to planets and <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, have allowed a value for the AU to be calculated to a precision of about ±30 metres (98 ft).<a href="#cite_note-RP-15">[13]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Transit_of_Venus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Eur1-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Eur1_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405183405/https://sci.esa.int/web/venus-express/-/34067-venus-vs-earth">"Venus and Earth Compared"</a>. Venus Express. <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>. 1 September 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sci.esa.int/web/venus-express/-/34067-venus-vs-earth#:~:text=Venus%20has%20no%20surface%20water,K%20(477%20%C2%B0C).">the original</a> on 5 April 2022. 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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 54: 163–164. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1764RSPT...54..163M">1764RSPT...54..163M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1764.0030">10.1098/rstl.1764.0030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=An+Account+of+the+Transit+of+Venus%3A+In+a+Letter+to+Charles+Morton%2C+M.+D.+Secret.+R.+S.+from+Christian+Mayer%2C+S.+J.+Translated+from+the+Latin+by+James+Parsons%2C+M.+D&rft.volume=54&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E163-%3C%2Fspan%3E164&rft.date=1764&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1764.0030&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1764RSPT...54..163M&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=Parsons%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisualiseur.bnf.fr%2FVisualiseur%3FO%3DNUMM-55859%26I%3D203%26M%3Dtdm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransit+of+Venus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin,_Stewart1992" class="citation journal cs1">McLaughlin, Stewart (1992). "The Early History of Kew Observatory". <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_London#Societies" title="Richmond, London">Richmond History: Journal of the Richmond Local History Society</a>. 13: 48–49. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0958">0263-0958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Richmond+History%3A+Journal+of+the+Richmond+Local+History+Society&rft.atitle=The+Early+History+of+Kew+Observatory&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0263-0958&rft.au=McLaughlin%2C+Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransit+of+Venus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayes,_Julian2004" class="citation journal cs1">Mayes, Julian (2004). "The History of Kew Observatory". <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_London#Societies" title="Richmond, London">Richmond History: Journal of the Richmond Local History Society</a>. 25: 44–57. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0958">0263-0958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Richmond+History%3A+Journal+of+the+Richmond+Local+History+Society&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Kew+Observatory&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E44-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0263-0958&rft.au=Mayes%2C+Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransit+of+Venus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Catherine B. Hurst, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://choosing-providence.blogspot.com/2012/03/transit-of-venus.html">Choosing Providence</a>, 23 March 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> See, for example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley2004" class="citation book cs1">Stanley, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_EDGapfBX-CAC">Moon Handbooks South Pacific</a> (8th ed.). Avalon Travel Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_EDGapfBX-CAC/page/n194">175</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56691-411-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56691-411-6"><bdi>978-1-56691-411-6</bdi></a>. <q>point venus cook.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moon+Handbooks+South+Pacific&rft.pages=175&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Avalon+Travel+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-56691-411-6&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_EDGapfBX-CAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransit+of+Venus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cook-book-26"><a href="#cite_ref-cook-book_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhys,_Ernest1999" class="citation book cs1">Rhys, Ernest, ed. (1999). The Voyages of Captain Cook. Wordsworth Editions Ltd. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84022-100-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84022-100-8"><bdi>978-1-84022-100-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Voyages+of+Captain+Cook&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Editions+Ltd.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-84022-100-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransit+of+Venus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academie-sciences.fr/activite/archive/dossiers/eloges/chappe_p163_vol3567.pdf">In Memoriam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141205065842/http://www.academie-sciences.fr/activite/archive/dossiers/eloges/chappe_p163_vol3567.pdf">Archived</a> 5 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> French_Academy_of_Sciences </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2012-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2012_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2012">Anderson 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy1-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Roy1_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123052/https://royalsociety.org/exhibitions/transit-venus/1874/">"1874 transit"</a>. The Royal Society. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/exhibitions/transit-venus/1874/">the original</a> on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=1874+transit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fexhibitions%2Ftransit-venus%2F1874%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransit+of+Venus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eur2-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Eur2_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240211013128/https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/vt-2004/">"The Venus Transit 2004"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">European Southern Observatory</a>. 12 February 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/vt-2004/">the original</a> on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Venus+Transit+2004&rft.pub=European+Southern+Observatory&rft.date=2013-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fpublic%2Foutreach%2Feduoff%2Fvt-2004%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransit+of+Venus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sou1-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Sou1_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0433/">"Summing Up the Unique Venus Transit 2004 (VT-2004) Programme"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">European Southern Observatory</a>. 2 November 2004. Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summing+Up+the+Unique+Venus+Transit+2004+%28VT-2004%29+Programme&rft.pub=European+Southern+Observatory&rft.date=2004-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fpublic%2Fnews%2Feso0433%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransit+of+Venus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McK-35"><a href="#cite_ref-McK_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKee2004" class="citation news cs1">McKee, Maggie (6 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160413041651/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn5074-extrasolar-planet-hunters-eye-venus-transit/">"Extrasolar planet hunters eye Venus transit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn5074-extrasolar-planet-hunters-eye-venus-transit/">the original</a> on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Extrasolar+planet+hunters+eye+Venus+transit&rft.date=2004-06-06&rft.aulast=McKee&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn5074-extrasolar-planet-hunters-eye-venus-transit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransit+of+Venus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wal-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Wal_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall2012" class="citation news cs1">Wall, Michael (16 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/16/venus-transit-june-5-new-alien-planet_n_1522342.html">"Venus Transit On June 5 May Bring New Alien Planet Discoveries"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a>. Retrieved 21 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Venus+Transit+On+June+5+May+Bring+New+Alien+Planet+Discoveries&rft.date=2012-05-16&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2012%2F05%2F16%2Fvenus-transit-june-5-new-alien-planet_n_1522342.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransit+of+Venus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tan-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Tan_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanga" class="citation web cs1">Tanga, Paolo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161023145933/https://venustex.oca.eu/foswiki">"The Venus Twilight Experiment: Refraction and scattering phenomena during the transit of Venus on June 5–6, 2012"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://venustex.oca.eu/foswiki/">the original</a> on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Venus+Twilight+Experiment%3A+Refraction+and+scattering+phenomena+during+the+transit+of+Venus+on+June+5%E2%80%936%2C+2012&rft.aulast=Tanga&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvenustex.oca.eu%2Ffoswiki%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransit+of+Venus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bel-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Bel_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteve2004" class="citation web cs1">Steve, Bell (10 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061001062601/http://www.nao.rl.ac.uk/nao/transit/periodicity/index.html">"The Cyclical Nature of the Transits of Venus"</a>. Transits of Venus. <a href="/wiki/HM_Nautical_Almanac_Office" title="HM Nautical Almanac Office">HM Nautical Almanac Office</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nao.rl.ac.uk/nao/transit/periodicity/index.html">the original</a> on 1 October 2006. Retrieved 8 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Transits+of+Venus&rft.atitle=The+Cyclical+Nature+of+the+Transits+of+Venus&rft.date=2004-06-10&rft.aulast=Steve&rft.aufirst=Bell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nao.rl.ac.uk%2Fnao%2Ftransit%2Fperiodicity%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransit+of+Venus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Esp2-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Esp2_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspenak2005" class="citation web cs1">Espenak, Fred (21 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060928215004/http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/transit/catalog/MercuryCatalog.html">"Transits of Mercury, Seven Century Catalog: 1601 CE to 2300 CE"</a>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/transit/catalog/MercuryCatalog.html">the original</a> on 28 September 2006. Retrieved 27 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transits+of+Mercury%2C+Seven+Century+Catalog%3A+1601+CE+to+2300+CE&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2005-04-21&rft.aulast=Espenak&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Feclipse%2Ftransit%2Fcatalog%2FMercuryCatalog.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransit+of+Venus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeusVitagliano2004132-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeeusVitagliano2004132_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeeusVitagliano2004">Meeus & Vitagliano 2004</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeusVitagliano2004134-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeeusVitagliano2004134_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeeusVitagliano2004">Meeus & Vitagliano 2004</a>, p. 134. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Transit_of_Venus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2012" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Mark (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dayworlddiscover0000ande/page/n5/mode/2up">The Day the World Discovered the Sun: An Extraordinary Story of Scientific Adventure and the Race to Track the Transit of Venus</a>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82038-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82038-0"><bdi>978-0-306-82038-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Day+the+World+Discovered+the+Sun%3A+An+Extraordinary+Story+of+Scientific+Adventure+and+the+Race+to+Track+the+Transit+of+Venus&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-306-82038-0&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdayworlddiscover0000ande%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransit+of+Venus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowse1989" class="citation book cs1">Howse, Derek (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nevilmaskelynese0000hows/page/n5/mode/2up">Nevil Maskelyne: The Seaman's Astronomer</a>. Cambridge, UK: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/052136261X" title="Special:BookSources/052136261X"><bdi>052136261X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nevil+Maskelyne%3A+The+Seaman%27s+Astronomer&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=052136261X&rft.aulast=Howse&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnevilmaskelynese0000hows%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransit+of+Venus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalindo_TrejoAllen2005" class="citation journal cs1">Galindo Trejo, Jesús; <a href="/wiki/Christine_Allen_(astronomer)" title="Christine Allen (astronomer)">Allen, Christine</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/2005IAUCo.196..124G">"Maya Observations of the 13th Century transits of Venus?"</a>. Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 196. <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a>: 124–137. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005tvnv.conf..124G">2005tvnv.conf..124G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1743921305001328">10.1017/S1743921305001328</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1743-9213">1743-9213</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128694758">128694758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+International+Astronomical+Union&rft.atitle=Maya+Observations+of+the+13th+Century+transits+of+Venus%3F&rft.volume=196&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1743921305001328&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128694758%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1743-9213&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005tvnv.conf..124G&rft.aulast=Galindo+Trejo&rft.aufirst=Jes%C3%BAs&rft.au=Allen%2C+Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farticles.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Fpdf%2F2005IAUCo.196..124G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransit+of+Venus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeeusVitagliano2004" class="citation journal cs1">Meeus, J.; Vitagliano, A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JBAA..114..132M/abstract">"Simultaneous transits"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_British_Astronomical_Association" title="Journal of the British Astronomical Association">Journal of the British Astronomical Association</a>. 114 (3): 132–135. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JBAA..114..132M">2004JBAA..114..132M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+British+Astronomical+Association&rft.atitle=Simultaneous+transits&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132-%3C%2Fspan%3E135&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004JBAA..114..132M&rft.aulast=Meeus&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Vitagliano%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fui.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2004JBAA..114..132M%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransit+of+Venus" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Transit_of_Venus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Chauvin, Michael (2004). Hokuloa: The British 1874 Transit of Venus Expedition to Hawaii. Honolulu: <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Museum_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop Museum Press">Bishop Museum Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58178-023-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58178-023-9"><bdi>978-1-58178-023-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hokuloa%3A+The+British+1874+Transit+of+Venus+Expedition+to+Hawaii&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=Bishop+Museum+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58178-023-9&rft.au=Chauvin%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransit+of+Venus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hufbauer, Karl (1991). Exploring the Sun, Solar Science Since Galileo. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-4098-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-4098-2"><bdi>978-0-8018-4098-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+Sun%2C+Solar+Science+Since+Galileo&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-4098-2&rft.aulast=Hufbauer&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransit+of+Venus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lomb, Nick (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transitofvenus160000lomb/page/n5/mode/2up">Transit of Venus: 1631 to the Present</a>. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74223-269-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74223-269-0"><bdi>978-1-74223-269-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/717231977">717231977</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transit+of+Venus%3A+1631+to+the+Present&rft.place=Sydney%2C+Australia&rft.pub=NewSouth+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F717231977&rft.isbn=978-1-74223-269-0&rft.aulast=Lomb&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftransitofvenus160000lomb%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransit+of+Venus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eli_Maor" title="Eli Maor">Maor, Eli</a> (2000). Venus in Transit. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11589-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11589-4"><bdi>978-0-691-11589-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venus+in+Transit&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11589-4&rft.au=Maor%2C+Eli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransit+of+Venus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Maunder, Michael; <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Moore" title="Patrick Moore">Moore, Patrick</a> (2000). Transit: When Planets Cross the Sun. London: Springer-Verlaf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-621-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-621-9"><bdi>978-1-85233-621-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transit%3A+When+Planets+Cross+the+Sun&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Springer-Verlaf&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85233-621-9&rft.au=Maunder%2C+Michael&rft.au=Moore%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransit+of+Venus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Sellers, David (2001). The Transit of Venus: The Quest to Find the True Distance of the Sun. Leeds, UK: Magavelda Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9541013-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9541013-0-5"><bdi>978-0-9541013-0-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transit+of+Venus%3A+The+Quest+to+Find+the+True+Distance+of+the+Sun&rft.place=Leeds%2C+UK&rft.pub=Magavelda+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-9541013-0-5&rft.au=Sellers%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransit+of+Venus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Sheehan, William; Westfall, John (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transitsofvenus0000shee">The Transits of Venus</a>. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-175-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-175-9"><bdi>978-1-59102-175-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transits+of+Venus&rft.place=Amherst%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59102-175-9&rft.au=Sheehan%2C+William&rft.au=Westfall%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftransitsofvenus0000shee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransit+of+Venus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arkan_Simaan" title="Arkan Simaan">Simaan, Arkan</a> (May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025095925/http://www.atramsey.freeserve.co.uk/transitofvenus/phys_ed_1.pdf">"The Transit of Venus Across the Sun"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Physics_Education" title="Physics Education">Physics Education</a>. 39 (3): 247–251. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhyEd..39..247S">2004PhyEd..39..247S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0031-9120%2F39%2F3%2F001">10.1088/0031-9120/39/3/001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:196402825">196402825</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atramsey.freeserve.co.uk/transitofvenus/phys_ed_1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Education&rft.atitle=The+Transit+of+Venus+Across+the+Sun&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E247-%3C%2Fspan%3E251&rft.date=2004-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A196402825%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0031-9120%2F39%2F3%2F001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PhyEd..39..247S&rft.aulast=Simaan&rft.aufirst=Arkan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atramsey.freeserve.co.uk%2Ftransitofvenus%2Fphys_ed_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransit+of+Venus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Woodruff, John (2012). Transiting the Sun: Venus and the Key to the Size of the Cosmos. Oxford: Huxley Scientific Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9522671-6-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9522671-6-4"><bdi>978-0-9522671-6-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transiting+the+Sun%3A+Venus+and+the+Key+to+the+Size+of+the+Cosmos&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Huxley+Scientific+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-9522671-6-4&rft.au=Woodruff%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransit+of+Venus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Wulf" title="Andrea Wulf">Wulf, Andrea</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chasingvenusrace00wulf">Chasing Venus: The Race to Measure the Heavens</a>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-70017-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-70017-9"><bdi>978-0-307-70017-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chasing+Venus%3A+The+Race+to+Measure+the+Heavens&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-307-70017-9&rft.au=Wulf%2C+Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchasingvenusrace00wulf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransit+of+Venus" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Transit_of_Venus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Transits_of_Venus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Transits of Venus">Transits of Venus</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has several original texts related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Venus" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Category:Venus">Transit of Venus</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.si.edu/Exhibitions/chasing-venus/index.htm">Chasing Venus: Observing the Transits of Venus, 1631–2004 (Smithsonian Libraries)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Merrifield, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/venus_transit.htm">"Venus Transit"</a>. Sixty Symbols. <a href="/wiki/Brady_Haran" title="Brady Haran">Brady Haran</a> for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sixty+Symbols&rft.atitle=Venus+Transit&rft.aulast=Merrifield&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sixtysymbols.com%2Fvideos%2Fvenus_transit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransit+of+Venus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.williams.edu/astronomy/eclipse/transits/ToV2012/index.htm">2012 Transit of Venus – International Astronomical Union</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120518015045/http://venustransit.nso.edu/">National Solar Observatory – Transit of Venus 5–6 June 2012</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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System</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transit_of_Venus&oldid=1272850741">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transit_of_Venus&oldid=1272850741</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Transit_of_Venus&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 30 January 2025, at 13:04 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venusoorgang" title="Venusoorgang – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Venusoorgang" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venustransit" title="Venustransit – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Venustransit" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="عبور الزهرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عبور الزهرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="শুক্র সরণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শুক্র সরণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Праходжанне Венеры па дыску Сонца – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Праходжанне Венеры па дыску Сонца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Пасаж на Венера – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пасаж на Венера" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A0nsit_de_Venus" title="Trànsit de Venus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Trànsit de Venus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99echod_Venu%C5%A1e" title="Přechod Venuše – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přechod Venuše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venuspassage" title="Venuspassage – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Venuspassage" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venustransit" title="Venustransit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Venustransit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%86%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Διάβαση της Αφροδίτης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διάβαση της Αφροδίτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1nsito_de_Venus" title="Tránsito de Venus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tránsito de Venus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasado_de_Venuso" title="Pasado de Venuso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pasado de Venuso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artizarraren_trantsitu" title="Artizarraren trantsitu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Artizarraren trantsitu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87" title="گذر زهره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گذر زهره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_de_V%C3%A9nus" title="Transit de Vénus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Transit de Vénus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1nsito_de_Venus" title="Tránsito de Venus – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tránsito de Venus" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%88%EC%84%B1_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A9%B4%ED%86%B5%EA%B3%BC" title="금성 일면통과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="금성 일면통과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="शुक्र पारगमन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शुक्र पारगमन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerin_prijelaz" title="Venerin prijelaz – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Venerin prijelaz" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_Venus" title="Transit Venus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Transit Venus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transito_di_Venere" title="Transito di Venere – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Transito di Venere" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A9" title="מעבר נוגה על פני השמש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מעבר נוגה על פני השמש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ვენერას ტრანზიტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვენერას ტრანზიტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpito_wa_Zuhura" title="Mpito wa Zuhura – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mpito wa Zuhura" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitus_Veneris" title="Transitus Veneris – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Transitus Veneris" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneras_p%C4%81rie%C5%A1ana" title="Veneras pāriešana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Veneras pāriešana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="ശുക്രസംതരണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശുക്രസംതരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3" title="शुक्राचे अधिक्रमण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शुक्राचे अधिक्रमण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="მორღაშ ტრანზიტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მორღაშ ტრანზიტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_Zuhrah" title="Transit Zuhrah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Transit Zuhrah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venusovergang" title="Venusovergang – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Venusovergang" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3" title="शुक्र सङ्क्रमण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शुक्र सङ्क्रमण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E9%9D%A2%E9%80%9A%E9%81%8E" title="金星の太陽面通過 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="金星の太陽面通過" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venuspassasje" title="Venuspassasje – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Venuspassasje" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venuspassasje" title="Venuspassasje – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Venuspassasje" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranzyt_Wenus" title="Tranzyt Wenus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tranzyt Wenus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A2nsito_de_V%C3%AAnus" title="Trânsito de Vênus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Trânsito de Vênus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranzitul_lui_Venus" title="Tranzitul lui Venus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tranzitul lui Venus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Прохождение Венеры по диску Солнца – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прохождение Венеры по диску Солнца" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_o_Venus" title="Transit o Venus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Transit o Venus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_of_Venus" title="Transit of Venus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Transit of Venus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prechod_Venu%C5%A1e" title="Prechod Venuše – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prechod Venuše" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehod_Venere" title="Prehod Venere – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prehod Venere" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranzit_Venere" title="Tranzit Venere – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Tranzit Venere" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerin_prijelaz" title="Venerin prijelaz – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Venerin prijelaz" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venuksen_ylikulku" title="Venuksen ylikulku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venuksen ylikulku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venuspassage" title="Venuspassage – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Venuspassage" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="வெள்ளிக் கோளின் சூரியக்கடப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெள்ளிக் கோளின் சூரியக்கடப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li 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