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selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/NASA" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:NASA" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=NASA" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-viewsource" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=NASA&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.viewsource" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> View source </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/NASA_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="NASA (disambiguation)">NASA (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈnæsə/</a>) is an <a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">independent agency</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">US federal government</a> responsible for the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>' civil <a href="/wiki/List_of_government_space_agencies" title="List of government space agencies">space program</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">aeronautics</a> research and <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">space</a> research. <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">Established in 1958</a>, it succeeded the <a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics</a> (NACA) to give the US space development effort a distinct civilian orientation, emphasizing peaceful applications in <a href="/wiki/Space_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Space science">space science</a>. It has since led most of America's <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a> programs, including <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a>, the 1968–1972 <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> <a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Moon landing</a> missions, the <a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a> space station, and the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>. Currently, NASA supports the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS) along with the <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew Program</a>, and oversees the development of the <a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion spacecraft</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a> for the lunar <a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a>. <table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_seal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt='A blue sphere with stars, a yellow planet with a white moon; a red chevron representing wings, and an orbiting spacecraft; surrounded by a white border with "NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION U.S.A." in red letters' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/NASA_seal.svg/200px-NASA_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/NASA_seal.svg/300px-NASA_seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/NASA_seal.svg/400px-NASA_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="272"></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/NASA_insignia#NASA_seal" title="NASA insignia">NASA seal</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NASA_logo.svg/110px-NASA_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NASA_logo.svg/165px-NASA_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NASA_logo.svg/220px-NASA_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="92"></a> <a href="/wiki/File:NASA_Worm_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/NASA_Worm_logo.svg/130px-NASA_Worm_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/NASA_Worm_logo.svg/195px-NASA_Worm_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/NASA_Worm_logo.svg/260px-NASA_Worm_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="142"></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_HQ_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NASA_HQ_Building.jpg/250px-NASA_HQ_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NASA_HQ_Building.jpg/375px-NASA_HQ_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NASA_HQ_Building.jpg/500px-NASA_HQ_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2216" data-file-height="1712"></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/NASA_Headquarters" title="NASA Headquarters">Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters</a> building in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">NASA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">July 29, 1958; 66 years ago (1958-07-29)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics</a> (1915–1958)<a href="#cite_note-CentNACA-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Space_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Space agency">Space agency</a> <a href="/wiki/Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">Aeronautics</a> research agency</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States Federal Government</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA_Headquarters" title="NASA Headquarters">Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters</a> <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=NASA&params=38_52_59_N_77_0_59_W_type:landmark_region:US-DC">38°52′59″N 77°0′59″W / 38.88306°N 77.01639°W / 38.88306; -77.01639</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_NASA" title="Administrator of NASA">Administrator</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Petro" title="Janet Petro">Janet Petro</a> (acting)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Administrator_of_NASA" title="Deputy Administrator of NASA">Deputy Administrator</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vacant</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Primary spaceports</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral Space Force Station</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">Vandenberg Space Force Base</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility" title="Wallops Flight Facility">Wallops Flight Facility</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">17,960 (2022)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> US$25.4 billion (2023)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/">nasa.gov</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> NASA's science division is focused on better understanding Earth through the <a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a>; advancing <a href="/wiki/Heliophysics" title="Heliophysics">heliophysics</a> through the efforts of the <a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a>'s Heliophysics Research Program; exploring bodies throughout the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> with advanced <a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">robotic spacecraft</a> such as <a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)" title="Rover (space exploration)">planetary rovers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance</a>; and researching <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a> topics, such as the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>, through the <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a>, the four <a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories</a>, and associated programs. The <a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a> oversees launch operations for its <a href="/wiki/Uncrewed_NASA_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed launches</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Creation">1.1 Creation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#First_orbital_and_hypersonic_flights">1.2 First orbital and hypersonic flights</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Moon_landing">1.3 Moon landing</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#End_of_Apollo">1.3.1 End of Apollo</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Interplanetary_exploration_and_space_science">1.4 Interplanetary exploration and space science</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Space_Shuttle">1.5 Space Shuttle</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Space_stations">1.6 Space stations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Unleashing_commercial_space_and_return_to_the_Moon">1.7 Unleashing commercial space and return to the Moon</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Active_programs">2 Active programs</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Human_spaceflight">2.1 Human spaceflight</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#International_Space_Station_(1993%E2%80%93present)">2.1.1 International Space Station (1993–present)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Commercial_Resupply_Services_(2008%E2%80%93present)">2.1.2 Commercial Resupply Services (2008–present)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Commercial_Crew_Program_(2011%E2%80%93present)">2.1.3 Commercial Crew Program (2011–present)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Artemis_(2017%E2%80%93present)">2.1.4 Artemis (2017–present)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Commercial_LEO_Development_(2021%E2%80%93present)">2.1.5 Commercial LEO Development (2021–present)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Robotic_exploration">2.2 Robotic exploration</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Mission_selection_process">2.2.1 Mission selection process</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-19"><a href="#Explorer_program">2.2.1.1 Explorer program</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-20"><a href="#Discovery_program">2.2.1.2 Discovery program</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-21"><a href="#New_Frontiers_program">2.2.1.3 New Frontiers program</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-22"><a href="#Large_strategic_missions">2.2.1.4 Large strategic missions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Planetary_science_missions">2.2.2 Planetary science missions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Astrophysics_missions">2.2.3 Astrophysics missions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Earth_Sciences_Program_missions_(1965%E2%80%93present)">2.2.4 Earth Sciences Program missions (1965–present)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Space_operations_architecture">2.3 Space operations architecture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Deep_Space_Network_(1963%E2%80%93present)">2.3.1 Deep Space Network (1963–present)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Near_Space_Network_(1983%E2%80%93present)">2.3.2 Near Space Network (1983–present)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Sounding_Rocket_Program_(1959%E2%80%93present)">2.3.3 Sounding Rocket Program (1959–present)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#Launch_Services_Program_(1990%E2%80%93present)">2.3.4 Launch Services Program (1990–present)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Aeronautics_Research">2.4 Aeronautics Research</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#NASA_X-57_Maxwell_aircraft_(2016%E2%80%93present)">2.4.1 NASA X-57 Maxwell aircraft (2016–present)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="#Next_Generation_Air_Transportation_System_(2007%E2%80%93present)">2.4.2 Next Generation Air Transportation System (2007–present)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Technology_research">2.5 Technology research</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35"><a href="#Nuclear_in-space_power_and_propulsion_(ongoing)">2.5.1 Nuclear in-space power and propulsion (ongoing)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36"><a href="#Other_initiatives">2.5.2 Other initiatives</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Human_Spaceflight_Research_(2005%E2%80%93present)">2.6 Human Spaceflight Research (2005–present)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Planetary_Defense_(2016%E2%80%93present)">2.7 Planetary Defense (2016–present)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-39"><a href="#Near_Earth_object_detection_(1998%E2%80%93present)">2.7.1 Near Earth object detection (1998–present)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-40"><a href="#Involvement_in_current_robotic_missions">2.7.2 Involvement in current robotic missions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Study_of_Unidentified_Aerial_Phenomena_(2022%E2%80%93present)">2.8 Study of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (2022–present)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Collaboration">3 Collaboration</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#NASA_Advisory_Council">3.1 NASA Advisory Council</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration_(NOAA)">3.2 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#United_States_Space_Force">3.3 United States Space Force</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#US_Geological_Survey">3.4 US Geological Survey</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#European_Space_Agency_(ESA)">3.5 European Space Agency (ESA)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Japan_Aerospace_Exploration_Agency_(JAXA)">3.6 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Roscosmos">3.7 Roscosmos</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_(ISRO)">3.8 Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="#Artemis_Accords">3.9 Artemis Accords</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="#China_National_Space_Administration">3.10 China National Space Administration</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-53"><a href="#Management">4 Management</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-54"><a href="#Leadership">4.1 Leadership</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-55"><a href="#Strategic_plan">4.2 Strategic plan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-56"><a href="#Budget">4.3 Budget</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-57"><a href="#Organization">4.4 Organization</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-58"><a href="#Sustainability">5 Sustainability</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-59"><a href="#Environmental_impact">5.1 Environmental impact</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-60"><a href="#Climate_change">5.2 Climate change</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-61"><a href="#STEM_Initiatives">5.3 STEM Initiatives</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-62"><a href="#Use_of_the_metric_system">5.4 Use of the metric system</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-63"><a href="#Media_presence">6 Media presence</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-64"><a href="#NASA_TV">6.1 NASA TV</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-65"><a href="#NASAcast">6.2 NASAcast</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-66"><a href="#NASA_EDGE">6.3 NASA EDGE</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-67"><a href="#Astronomy_Picture_of_the_Day">6.4 Astronomy Picture of the Day</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-68"><a href="#NASA+">6.5 NASA+</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-69"><a href="#Gallery">7 Gallery</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-70"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-71"><a href="#Explanatory_notes">9 Explanatory notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-72"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-73"><a href="#Further_reading">11 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-74"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation">Creation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">Creation of NASA</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell_X-1A_in_flight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bell_X-1A_in_flight.jpg/220px-Bell_X-1A_in_flight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bell_X-1A_in_flight.jpg/220px-Bell_X-1A_in_flight.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bell_X-1A_in_flight.jpg/330px-Bell_X-1A_in_flight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bell_X-1A_in_flight.jpg/440px-Bell_X-1A_in_flight.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A US Air Force <a href="/wiki/Bell_X-1" title="Bell X-1">Bell X-1</a> test flight</figcaption></figure> NASA traces its roots to the <a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics</a> (NACA). Despite being the birthplace of aviation, by 1914 the United States recognized that it was far behind Europe in aviation capability. Determined to regain American leadership in aviation, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Aviation_Section,_U.S._Signal_Corps" title="Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps">Aviation Section</a> of the US Army Signal Corps in 1914 and established NACA in 1915 to foster aeronautical research and development. Over the next forty years, NACA would conduct aeronautical research in support of the <a href="/wiki/US_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="US Air Force">US Air Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/US_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army">US Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a>, and the civil aviation sector. After the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, NACA became interested in the possibilities of guided missiles and supersonic aircraft, developing and testing the <a href="/wiki/Bell_X-1" title="Bell X-1">Bell X-1</a> in a joint program with the <a href="/wiki/US_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="US Air Force">US Air Force</a>. NACA's interest in space grew out of its rocketry program at the Pilotless Aircraft Research Division.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Launch_of_Jupiter_C_with_Explorer_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Launch_of_Jupiter_C_with_Explorer_1.jpg/220px-Launch_of_Jupiter_C_with_Explorer_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2183" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 302px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Launch_of_Jupiter_C_with_Explorer_1.jpg/220px-Launch_of_Jupiter_C_with_Explorer_1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="302" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Launch_of_Jupiter_C_with_Explorer_1.jpg/330px-Launch_of_Jupiter_C_with_Explorer_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Launch_of_Jupiter_C_with_Explorer_1.jpg/440px-Launch_of_Jupiter_C_with_Explorer_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Launch of the <a href="/wiki/Army_Ballistic_Missile_Agency" title="Army Ballistic Missile Agency">Army Ballistic Missile Agency</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Explorer_1" title="Explorer 1">Explorer 1</a>, America's first satellite</figcaption></figure> The Soviet Union's launch of <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a> ushered in the <a href="/wiki/Space_Age" title="Space Age">Space Age</a> and kicked off the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a>. Despite NACA's early rocketry program, the responsibility for launching the first American satellite fell to the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Research_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Research Laboratory">Naval Research Laboratory</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Project_Vanguard" title="Project Vanguard">Project Vanguard</a>, whose operational issues ensured the <a href="/wiki/Army_Ballistic_Missile_Agency" title="Army Ballistic Missile Agency">Army Ballistic Missile Agency</a> would launch <a href="/wiki/Explorer_1" title="Explorer 1">Explorer 1</a>, America's first satellite, on February 1, 1958. The <a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenhower Administration">Eisenhower Administration</a> decided to split the United States' military and civil spaceflight programs, which were organized together under the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense's</a> <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Research Projects Agency">Advanced Research Projects Agency</a>. NASA was established on July 29, 1958, with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> and it began operations on October 1, 1958.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> As the US's premier aeronautics agency, NACA formed the core of NASA's new structure by reassigning 8,000 employees and three major research laboratories. NASA also proceeded to absorb the Naval Research Laboratory's Project Vanguard, the Army's <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (JPL), and the <a href="/wiki/Army_Ballistic_Missile_Agency" title="Army Ballistic Missile Agency">Army Ballistic Missile Agency</a> under <a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a>. This left NASA firmly as the United States' civil space lead and the Air Force as the military space lead.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_orbital_and_hypersonic_flights">First orbital and hypersonic flights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Launch_of_Friendship_7_-_GPN-2000-000686.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Launch_of_Friendship_7_-_GPN-2000-000686.jpg/220px-Launch_of_Friendship_7_-_GPN-2000-000686.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 275px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Launch_of_Friendship_7_-_GPN-2000-000686.jpg/220px-Launch_of_Friendship_7_-_GPN-2000-000686.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="275" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Launch_of_Friendship_7_-_GPN-2000-000686.jpg/330px-Launch_of_Friendship_7_-_GPN-2000-000686.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Launch_of_Friendship_7_-_GPN-2000-000686.jpg/440px-Launch_of_Friendship_7_-_GPN-2000-000686.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Launch of <a href="/wiki/Friendship_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Friendship 7">Friendship 7</a>, NASA's first orbital flight, February 20, 1962</figcaption></figure> Plans for human spaceflight began in the US Armed Forces prior to NASA's creation. The Air Force's <a href="/wiki/Man_in_Space_Soonest" title="Man in Space Soonest">Man in Space Soonest</a> project formed in 1956,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> coupled with the Army's Project Adam, served as the foundation for <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a>. NASA established the <a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> to manage the program,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> which would conduct crewed sub-orbital flights with the Army's <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_Launch_Vehicle" title="Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle">Redstone</a> rockets and orbital flights with the Air Force's <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas" title="Mercury-Atlas">Atlas</a> launch vehicles. While NASA intended for its first astronauts to be civilians, President Eisenhower directed that they be selected from the military. The <a href="/wiki/Mercury_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury 7">Mercury 7</a> astronauts included three Air Force pilots, three Navy aviators, and one Marine Corps pilot.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:X-15_flying.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/X-15_flying.jpg/220px-X-15_flying.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2998" data-file-height="2251"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/X-15_flying.jpg/220px-X-15_flying.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/X-15_flying.jpg/330px-X-15_flying.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/X-15_flying.jpg/440px-X-15_flying.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The NASA-Air Force <a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> hypersonic aircraft</figcaption></figure> On May 5, 1961, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a> became the first American to enter space, performing a suborbital spaceflight in the <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Freedom 7</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> This flight occurred less than a month after the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a> became the first human in space, executing a full orbital spaceflight. NASA's first orbital spaceflight was conducted by <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a> on February 20, 1962, in the <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Friendship 7</a>, making three full orbits before reentering. Glenn had to fly parts of his final two orbits manually due to an autopilot malfunction.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The sixth and final Mercury mission was flown by <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Cooper" title="Gordon Cooper">Gordon Cooper</a> in May 1963, performing 22 orbits over 34 hours in the <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_9" title="Mercury-Atlas 9">Faith 7</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The Mercury Program was wildly recognized as a resounding success, achieving its objectives to orbit a human in space, develop tracking and control systems, and identify other issues associated with human spaceflight.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> While much of NASA's attention turned to space, it did not put aside its aeronautics mission. Early aeronautics research attempted to build upon the X-1's <a href="/wiki/Supersonic_flight" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersonic flight">supersonic flight</a> to build an aircraft capable of <a href="/wiki/Hypersonic_flight" title="Hypersonic flight">hypersonic flight</a>. The <a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">North American X-15</a> was a joint NASA–US Air Force program,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> with the hypersonic test aircraft becoming the first non-dedicated spacecraft to cross from the atmosphere to outer space. The X-15 also served as a testbed for Apollo program technologies, as well as <a href="/wiki/Ramjet" title="Ramjet">ramjet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scramjet" title="Scramjet">scramjet</a> propulsion.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moon_landing">Moon landing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S65-63188.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/S65-63188.jpg/220px-S65-63188.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/S65-63188.jpg/220px-S65-63188.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/S65-63188.jpg/330px-S65-63188.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/S65-63188.jpg/440px-S65-63188.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gemini_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemini 6">Gemini 6</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gemini_7" title="Gemini 7">Gemini 7</a> conduct an orbital rendezvous</figcaption></figure> Escalations in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> between the United States and Soviet Union prompted President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> to charge NASA with landing an American on the Moon and returning him safely to Earth by the end of the 1960s and installed <a href="/wiki/James_E._Webb" title="James E. Webb">James E. Webb</a> as NASA administrator to achieve this goal.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> On May 25, 1961, President Kennedy openly declared this goal in his "Urgent National Needs" speech to the United States Congress, declaring: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I believe this Nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to Earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish.</blockquote> Kennedy gave his "<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>" speech the next year, on September 12, 1962 at <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a>, where he addressed the nation hoping to reinforce public support for the Apollo program.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Despite attacks on the goal of landing astronauts on the Moon from the former president Dwight Eisenhower and 1964 presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>, President Kennedy was able to protect NASA's growing budget, of which 50% went directly to human spaceflight and it was later estimated that, at its height, 5% of Americans worked on some aspect of the Apollo program.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg/220px-Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 275px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg/220px-Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="275" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg/330px-Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg/440px-Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Launch of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></figcaption></figure> Mirroring the Department of Defense's program management concept using redundant systems in building the first intercontinental ballistic missiles, NASA requested the Air Force assign Major General <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._Phillips" title="Samuel C. Phillips">Samuel C. Phillips</a> to the space agency where he would serve as the director of the Apollo program. Development of the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> rocket was led by Wernher von Braun and his team at the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a>, derived from the Army Ballistic Missile Agency's original <a href="/wiki/Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">Saturn I</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Apollo spacecraft</a> was designed and built by <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North American Aviation</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a> was designed and built by <a href="/wiki/Grumman" title="Grumman">Grumman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> To develop the spaceflight skills and equipment required for a lunar mission, NASA initiated <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Using a modified Air Force <a href="/wiki/Titan_II_GLV" title="Titan II GLV">Titan II</a> launch vehicle, the Gemini capsule could hold two astronauts for flights of over two weeks. Gemini pioneered the use of <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel cells">fuel cells</a> instead of batteries, and conducted the first American <a href="/wiki/Spacewalks" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacewalks">spacewalks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_rendezvous" title="Space rendezvous">rendezvous operations</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg/220px-Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3929" data-file-height="3967"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 222px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg/220px-Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="222" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg/330px-Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg/440px-Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> salutes the United States flag on the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_surface" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar surface">lunar surface</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Ranger_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranger Program">Ranger Program</a> was started in the 1950s as a response to Soviet lunar exploration, however most missions ended in failure. The <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter program</a> had greater success, mapping the surface in preparation for Apollo landings, conducting meteoroid detection, and measuring radiation levels. The <a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor program</a> conducted uncrewed lunar landings and takeoffs, as well as taking surface and regolith observations.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> Despite the setback caused by the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a> fire, which killed three astronauts, the program proceeded. <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a> was the first crewed <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> to leave <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> to reach the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>. The crew orbited the Moon ten times on December 24 and 25, 1968, and then traveled safely back to <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20181221-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20181224a-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20181224b-16">[16]</a> The three Apollo 8 astronauts—<a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">James Lovell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a>—were the first humans to see the Earth as a globe in space, the first to witness an <a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a>, and the first to see and manually photograph the far side of the Moon. The first lunar landing was conducted by Apollo 11. Commanded by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> with astronauts <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a>, Apollo 11 was one of the most significant missions in NASA's history, marking the end of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> gave up its lunar ambitions. As the first human to step on the surface of the Moon, Neil Armstrong uttered the now famous words: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.</blockquote> NASA would conduct six total lunar landings as part of the Apollo program, with <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a> concluding the program in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="End_of_Apollo">End of Apollo</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg/220px-Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="904"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg/220px-Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg/330px-Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg/440px-Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">CSM</a> Endeavour in lunar orbit</figcaption></figure> Wernher von Braun had advocated for NASA to develop a space station since the agency was created. In 1973, following the end of the Apollo lunar missions, NASA launched its first space station, <a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a>, on the final launch of the Saturn V. Skylab reused a significant amount of Apollo and Saturn hardware, with a repurposed Saturn V third stage serving as the primary module for the space station. Damage to Skylab during its launch required spacewalks to be performed by the first crew to make it habitable and operational. Skylab hosted nine missions and was decommissioned in 1974 and deorbited in 1979, two years prior to the first launch of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> and any possibility of boosting its orbit.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> In 1975, the <a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> mission was the first ever international spaceflight and a major diplomatic accomplishment between the Cold War rivals, which also marked the last flight of the Apollo capsule.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> Flown in 1975, a US Apollo spacecraft docked with a Soviet <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a> capsule. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interplanetary_exploration_and_space_science">Interplanetary exploration and space science</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viking2lander1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Viking2lander1.jpg/220px-Viking2lander1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2818" data-file-height="2224"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Viking2lander1.jpg/220px-Viking2lander1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Viking2lander1.jpg/330px-Viking2lander1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Viking2lander1.jpg/440px-Viking2lander1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Image from Mars taken by the Viking 2 lander.</figcaption></figure> During the 1960s, NASA started its <a href="/wiki/Space_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Space science">space science</a> and interplanetary probe program. The <a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner program</a> was its flagship program, launching probes to <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The Jet Propulsion Laboratory was the lead NASA center for robotic interplanetary exploration, making significant discoveries about the <a href="/wiki/Inner_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner planets">inner planets</a>. Despite these successes, Congress was unwilling to fund further interplanetary missions and NASA Administrator James Webb suspended all future interplanetary probes to focus resources on the Apollo program.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> Following the conclusion of the Apollo program, NASA resumed launching interplanetary probes and expanded its <a href="/wiki/Space_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Space science">space science</a> program. The first planet tagged for exploration was <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, sharing many similar characteristics to Earth. First visited by American <a href="/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2">Mariner 2</a> spacecraft,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Venus was observed to be a hot and inhospitable planet. Follow-on missions included the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_project" title="Pioneer Venus project">Pioneer Venus project</a> in the 1970s and <a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a>, which performed radar mapping of Venus' surface in the 1980s and 1990s. Future missions were flybys of Venus, on their way to other destinations in the Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> has long been a planet of intense fascination for NASA, being suspected of potentially having harbored life. <a href="/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5">Mariner 5</a> was the first NASA spacecraft to flyby Mars,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Mariner_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariner 6">Mariner 6</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mariner_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariner 7">Mariner 7</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mariner_9" title="Mariner 9">Mariner 9</a> was the first orbital mission to Mars. Launched in 1975, <a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking program</a> consisted of two landings on Mars in 1976. Follow-on missions would not be launched until 1996, with the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a> orbiter and <a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a>, deploying the first Mars rover, <a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)">Sojourner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> During the early 2000s, the <a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a> orbiter reached the planet and in 2004 the <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)">Sprit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)">Opportunity</a> rovers landed on the Red Planet. This was followed in 2005 by the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> and 2007 <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)">Phoenix</a> Mars lander. The 2012 landing of <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity</a> discovered that the radiation levels on Mars were equal to those on the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>, greatly increasing the possibility of Human exploration, and observed the key chemical ingredients for life to occur. In 2013, the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (<a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a>) mission observed the Martian upper atmosphere and space environment and in 2018, the Interior exploration using Seismic Investigations Geodesy, and Heat Transport (<a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a>) studied the Martian interior. The 2021 <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance</a> rover carried the first extraplanetary aircraft, a helicopter named <a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)">Ingenuity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> NASA also launched missions to <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> in 2004, with the <a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a> probe demonstrating as the first use of a <a href="/wiki/Solar_sail" title="Solar sail">solar sail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> NASA also launched probes to the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Solar_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer Solar System">outer Solar System</a> starting in the 1960s. <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a> was the first probe to the outer planets, flying by <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a> provided the first close up view of the planet. Both probes became the first objects to leave the Solar System. The <a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a> launched in 1977, conducting flybys of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> on a trajectory to leave the Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a> spacecraft, deployed from the Space Shuttle flight <a href="/wiki/STS-34" title="STS-34">STS-34</a>, was the first spacecraft to orbit Jupiter, discovering evidence of subsurface oceans on the <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a> and observed that the moon may hold ice or liquid water.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> A joint NASA-<a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>-<a href="/wiki/Italian_Space_Agency" title="Italian Space Agency">Italian Space Agency</a> mission, <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a>, was sent to <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>'s moon <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>, which, along with Mars and Europa, are the only celestial bodies in the Solar System suspected of being capable of harboring life.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Cassini discovered three new moons of Saturn and the <a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a> probe entered Titan's atmosphere. The mission discovered evidence of liquid hydrocarbon lakes on Titan and subsurface water oceans on the moon of <a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a>, which could harbor life. Finally launched in 2006, the <a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a> mission was the first spacecraft to visit <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_Belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuiper Belt">Kuiper Belt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> Beyond interplanetary probes, NASA has launched many <a href="/wiki/Space_telescopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Space telescopes">space telescopes</a>. Launched in the 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory">Orbiting Astronomical Observatory</a> were NASA's first orbital telescopes,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> providing ultraviolet, gamma-ray, x-ray, and infrared observations. NASA launched the <a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Geophysical_Observatory" title="Orbiting Geophysical Observatory">Orbiting Geophysical Observatory</a> in the 1960s and 1970s to look down at Earth and observe its interactions with the Sun. The <a href="/wiki/Uhuru_(satellite)" title="Uhuru (satellite)">Uhuru</a> satellite was the first dedicated x-ray telescope, mapping 85% of the sky and discovering a large number of <a href="/wiki/Black_holes" class="mw-redirect" title="Black holes">black holes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Hubble_after_Being_Released_from_the_Shuttle_Atlantis_(28045752710).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/View_of_Hubble_after_Being_Released_from_the_Shuttle_Atlantis_%2828045752710%29.jpg/220px-View_of_Hubble_after_Being_Released_from_the_Shuttle_Atlantis_%2828045752710%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1993"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/View_of_Hubble_after_Being_Released_from_the_Shuttle_Atlantis_%2828045752710%29.jpg/220px-View_of_Hubble_after_Being_Released_from_the_Shuttle_Atlantis_%2828045752710%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/View_of_Hubble_after_Being_Released_from_the_Shuttle_Atlantis_%2828045752710%29.jpg/330px-View_of_Hubble_after_Being_Released_from_the_Shuttle_Atlantis_%2828045752710%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/View_of_Hubble_after_Being_Released_from_the_Shuttle_Atlantis_%2828045752710%29.jpg/440px-View_of_Hubble_after_Being_Released_from_the_Shuttle_Atlantis_%2828045752710%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> in Low Earth Orbit</figcaption></figure> Launched in the 1990s and early 2000s, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a> are among NASA's most powerful telescopes. The <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> was launched in 1990 on <a href="/wiki/STS-31" title="STS-31">STS-31</a> from the Discovery and could view galaxies 15 billion light years away.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> A major defect in the telescope's mirror could have crippled the program, had NASA not used computer enhancement to compensate for the imperfection and launched five Space Shuttle servicing flights to replace the damaged components. The <a href="/wiki/Compton_Gamma_Ray_Observatory" title="Compton Gamma Ray Observatory">Compton Gamma Ray Observatory</a> was launched from the Atlantis on <a href="/wiki/STS-37" title="STS-37">STS-37</a> in 1991, discovering a possible source of <a href="/wiki/Antimatter" title="Antimatter">antimatter</a> at the center of the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> and observing that the majority of gamma-ray bursts occur outside of the Milky Way galaxy. The <a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a> was launched from the Columbia on <a href="/wiki/STS-93" title="STS-93">STS-93</a> in 1999, observing black holes, <a href="/wiki/Quasars" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasars">quasars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">dark matter</a>. It provided critical observations on the <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A*">Sagittarius A*</a> black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy and the separation of dark and regular matter during galactic collisions. Finally, the <a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a> is an infrared telescope launched in 2003 from a <a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> rocket. It is in a trailing orbit around the Sun, following the Earth and discovered the existence of <a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown dwarf star">brown dwarf stars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> Other telescopes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">Cosmic Background Explorer</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe</a>, provided evidence to support the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a>, named after the NASA administrator who lead the Apollo program, is an infrared observatory launched in 2021. The James Webb Space Telescope is a direct successor to the Hubble Space Telescope, intended to observe the formation of the first galaxies.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Other space telescopes include the <a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a>, launched in 2009 to identify planets orbiting extrasolar stars that may be Terran and possibly harbor life. The first exoplanet that the Kepler space telescope confirmed was <a href="/wiki/Kepler-22b" title="Kepler-22b">Kepler-22b</a>, orbiting within the habitable zone of its star.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> NASA also launched a number of different satellites to study Earth, such as <a href="/wiki/Television_Infrared_Observation_Satellite" title="Television Infrared Observation Satellite">Television Infrared Observation Satellite</a> (TIROS) in 1960, which was the first weather satellite.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> NASA and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Weather_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Weather Bureau">United States Weather Bureau</a> cooperated on future TIROS and the second generation <a href="/wiki/Nimbus_program" title="Nimbus program">Nimbus program</a> of weather satellites. It also worked with the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Science_Services_Administration" title="Environmental Science Services Administration">Environmental Science Services Administration</a> on a series of weather satellites and the agency launched its experimental <a href="/wiki/Applications_Technology_Satellites" title="Applications Technology Satellites">Applications Technology Satellites</a> into geosynchronous orbit. NASA's first dedicated Earth observation satellite, <a href="/wiki/Landsat" class="mw-redirect" title="Landsat">Landsat</a>, was launched in 1972. This led to NASA and the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> jointly developing the <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_Operational_Environmental_Satellite" title="Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite">Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite</a> and discovering <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_Shuttle">Space Shuttle</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg/220px-STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1888" data-file-height="2956"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 344px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg/220px-STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="344" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg/330px-STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg/440px-STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Launch of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Space Shuttle Discovery</a> on <a href="/wiki/STS-120" title="STS-120">STS-120</a></figcaption></figure> NASA had been pursuing <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">spaceplane</a> development since the 1960s, blending the administration's dual aeronautics and space missions. NASA viewed a spaceplane as part of a larger program, providing routine and economical logistical support to a <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space station</a> in Earth orbit that would be used as a hub for lunar and Mars missions. A reusable launch vehicle would then have ended the need for expensive and expendable boosters like the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> In 1969, NASA designated the <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> as the lead center for the design, development, and manufacturing of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Space Shuttle orbiter</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a> would lead the development of the launch system. NASA's series of <a href="/wiki/Lifting_body" title="Lifting body">lifting body</a> aircraft, culminating in the joint NASA-US Air Force <a href="/wiki/Martin_Marietta_X-24" title="Martin Marietta X-24">Martin Marietta X-24</a>, directly informed the development of the Space Shuttle and future hypersonic flight aircraft. Official development of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> began in 1972, with <a href="/wiki/Rockwell_International" title="Rockwell International">Rockwell International</a> contracted to design the orbiter and engines, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Marietta" title="Martin Marietta">Martin Marietta</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_external_tank" title="Space Shuttle external tank">external fuel tank</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morton_Thiokol" class="mw-redirect" title="Morton Thiokol">Morton Thiokol</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster" title="Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster">solid rocket boosters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> NASA acquired six orbiters: the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise" title="Space Shuttle Enterprise">Enterprise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Challenger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Discovery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Atlantis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Endeavour</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> The Space Shuttle program also allowed NASA to make major changes to its <a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a>. While almost all previous astronauts were Air Force or Naval test pilots, the Space Shuttle allowed NASA to begin recruiting more non-military scientific and technical experts. A prime example is <a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride" title="Sally Ride">Sally Ride</a>, who became the first American woman to fly in space on <a href="/wiki/STS-7" title="STS-7">STS-7</a>. This new astronaut selection process also allowed NASA to accept exchange astronauts from US allies and partners for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> The first Space Shuttle flight occurred in 1981, when the Columbia launched on the <a href="/wiki/STS-1" title="STS-1">STS-1</a> mission, designed to serve as a flight test for the new spaceplane.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> NASA intended for the Space Shuttle to replace expendable launch systems like the Air Force's <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(rocket_family)" title="Atlas (rocket family)">Atlas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_(rocket_family)" title="Delta (rocket family)">Delta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Titan_(rocket_family)" title="Titan (rocket family)">Titan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)" title="Ariane (rocket family)">Ariane</a>. The Space Shuttle's <a href="/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a> payload, developed by the European Space Agency, increased the scientific capabilities of shuttle missions over anything NASA was able to previously accomplish.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_Shuttle_Discovery.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Space_Shuttle_Discovery.png/220px-Space_Shuttle_Discovery.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2490" data-file-height="1767"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Space_Shuttle_Discovery.png/220px-Space_Shuttle_Discovery.png" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Space_Shuttle_Discovery.png/330px-Space_Shuttle_Discovery.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Space_Shuttle_Discovery.png/440px-Space_Shuttle_Discovery.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Space Shuttle Discovery</a> in Low Earth Orbit on <a href="/wiki/STS-120" title="STS-120">STS-120</a></figcaption></figure> NASA launched its first commercial satellites on the <a href="/wiki/STS-5" title="STS-5">STS-5</a> mission and in 1984, the <a href="/wiki/STS-41-C" title="STS-41-C">STS-41-C</a> mission conducted the world's first <a href="/wiki/On-orbit_satellite_servicing" title="On-orbit satellite servicing">on-orbit satellite servicing</a> mission when the Challenger captured and repaired the malfunctioning <a href="/wiki/Solar_Maximum_Mission" title="Solar Maximum Mission">Solar Maximum Mission</a> satellite. It also had the capability to return malfunctioning satellite to Earth, like it did with the <a href="/wiki/Palapa_B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Palapa B2">Palapa B2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westar_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Westar 6">Westar 6</a> satellites. Once returned to Earth, the satellites were repaired and relaunched.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> Despite ushering in a new era of spaceflight, where NASA was contracting launch services to commercial companies, the Space Shuttle was criticized for not being as reusable and cost-effective as advertised. In 1986, <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">Challenger disaster</a> on the <a href="/wiki/STS-51L" class="mw-redirect" title="STS-51L">STS-51L</a> mission resulted in the loss of the spacecraft and all seven astronauts on launch, grounding the entire space shuttle fleet for 36 months and forced the 44 commercial companies that contracted with NASA to deploy their satellites to return to expendable launch vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> When the Space Shuttle returned to flight with the <a href="/wiki/STS-26" title="STS-26">STS-26</a> mission, it had undergone significant modifications to improve its reliability and safety.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-44_DSP_deployment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/STS-44_DSP_deployment.jpg/220px-STS-44_DSP_deployment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3904" data-file-height="3840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 216px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/STS-44_DSP_deployment.jpg/220px-STS-44_DSP_deployment.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="216" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/STS-44_DSP_deployment.jpg/330px-STS-44_DSP_deployment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/STS-44_DSP_deployment.jpg/440px-STS-44_DSP_deployment.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Space_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Space Command">Air Force Space Command</a> <a href="/wiki/Defense_Support_Program" title="Defense Support Program">Defense Support Program</a> missile warning spacecraft deploys from the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Space Shuttle Atlantis</a> on the <a href="/wiki/STS-44" title="STS-44">STS-44</a> mission.</figcaption></figure> Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation and United States initiated the <a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle-Mir program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The first Russian cosmonaut flew on the <a href="/wiki/STS-60" title="STS-60">STS-60</a> mission in 1994 and the Discovery rendezvoused, but did not dock with, the Russian <a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> in the <a href="/wiki/STS-63" title="STS-63">STS-63</a> mission. This was followed by Atlantis' <a href="/wiki/STS-71" title="STS-71">STS-71</a> mission where it accomplished the initial intended mission for the Space Shuttle, docking with a space station and transferring supplies and personnel. The Shuttle-Mir program would continue until 1998, when a series of orbital accidents on the space station spelled an end to the program.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> In 2003, a second space shuttle was destroyed when the Columbia was <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">destroyed</a> upon reentry during the <a href="/wiki/STS-107" title="STS-107">STS-107</a> mission, resulting in the loss of the spacecraft and all seven astronauts.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> This accident marked the beginning of the retiring of the Space Shuttle program, with President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> directing that upon the completion of the International Space Station, the space shuttle be retired. In 2006, the Space Shuttle returned to flight, conducting several mission to service the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>, but was retired following the <a href="/wiki/STS-135" title="STS-135">STS-135</a> resupply mission to the International Space Station in 2011. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_stations">Space stations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom">Space Station Freedom</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skylab_(SL-4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Skylab_%28SL-4%29.jpg/220px-Skylab_%28SL-4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1576"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 179px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Skylab_%28SL-4%29.jpg/220px-Skylab_%28SL-4%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="179" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Skylab_%28SL-4%29.jpg/330px-Skylab_%28SL-4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Skylab_%28SL-4%29.jpg/440px-Skylab_%28SL-4%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a> seen on the <a href="/wiki/Skylab_4" title="Skylab 4">Skylab 4</a> mission</figcaption></figure> NASA never gave up on the idea of a space station after Skylab's reentry in 1979. The agency began lobbying politicians to support building a larger space station as soon as the Space Shuttle began flying, selling it as an orbital laboratory, repair station, and a jumping off point for lunar and Mars missions. NASA found a strong advocate in President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, who declared in a 1984 speech: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">America has always been greatest when we dared to be great. We can reach for greatness again. We can follow our dreams to distant stars, living and working in space for peaceful, economic, and scientific gain. Tonight I am directing NASA to develop a permanently manned space station and to do it within a decade.</blockquote> In 1985, NASA proposed the <a href="/wiki/Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom">Space Station Freedom</a>, which both the agency and President Reagan intended to be an international program.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> While this would add legitimacy to the program, there were concerns within NASA that the international component would dilute its authority within the project, having never been willing to work with domestic or international partners as true equals. There was also a concern with sharing sensitive space technologies with the Europeans, which had the potential to dilute America's technical lead. Ultimately, an international agreement to develop the Space Station Freedom program would be signed with thirteen countries in 1985, including the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> member states, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> Despite its status as the first international space program, the Space Station Freedom was controversial, with much of the debate centering on cost. Several redesigns to reduce cost were conducted in the early 1990s, stripping away much of its functions. Despite calls for Congress to terminate the program, it continued, in large part because by 1992 it had created 75,000 jobs across 39 states. By 1993, President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> attempted to significantly reduce NASA's budget and directed costs be significantly reduced, aerospace industry jobs were not lost, and the Russians be included.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Space_Station_after_undocking_of_STS-132.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/International_Space_Station_after_undocking_of_STS-132.jpg/220px-International_Space_Station_after_undocking_of_STS-132.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3319" data-file-height="2116"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/International_Space_Station_after_undocking_of_STS-132.jpg/220px-International_Space_Station_after_undocking_of_STS-132.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/International_Space_Station_after_undocking_of_STS-132.jpg/330px-International_Space_Station_after_undocking_of_STS-132.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/International_Space_Station_after_undocking_of_STS-132.jpg/440px-International_Space_Station_after_undocking_of_STS-132.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> seen from the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Space Shuttle Atlantis</a> on the <a href="/wiki/STS-132" title="STS-132">STS-132</a> mission.</figcaption></figure> In 1993, the Clinton Administration announced that the Space Station Freedom would become the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> in an agreement with the Russian Federation.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> This allowed the Russians to maintain their space program through an infusion of American currency to maintain their status as one of the two premier space programs. While the United States built and launched the majority of the International Space Station, Russia, Canada, Japan, and the European Space Agency all contributed components. Despite NASA's insistence that costs would be kept at a budget of $17.4, they kept rising and NASA had to transfer funds from other programs to keep the International Space Station solvent. Ultimately, the total cost of the station was $150 billion, with the United States paying for two-thirds.Following the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster in 2003, NASA was forced to rely on Russian <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a> launches for its astronauts and the 2011 retirement of the Space Shuttle accelerated the station's completion.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> In the 1980s, right after the first flight of the Space Shuttle, NASA started a joint program with the Department of Defense to develop the <a href="/wiki/Rockwell_X-30" title="Rockwell X-30">Rockwell X-30</a> National Aerospace Plane. NASA realized that the Space Shuttle, while a massive technological accomplishment, would not be able to live up to all its promises. Designed to be a <a href="/wiki/Single-stage-to-orbit" title="Single-stage-to-orbit">single-stage-to-orbit</a> spaceplane, the X-30 had both civil and military applications. With the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the X-30 was canceled in 1992 before reaching flight status.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unleashing_commercial_space_and_return_to_the_Moon">Unleashing commercial space and return to the Moon</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew Program</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a></div> Following the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">Space Shuttle Columbia disaster</a> in 2003, President Bush started the <a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation program</a> to smoothly replace the Space Shuttle and expand space exploration beyond low Earth orbit.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Constellation was intended to use a significant amount of former Space Shuttle equipment and return astronauts to the Moon. This program was canceled by the <a href="/wiki/Obama_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama Administration">Obama Administration</a>. Former astronauts <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gene_Cernan" title="Gene Cernan">Gene Cernan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> sent a letter to President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> to warn him that if the United States did not get new human spaceflight ability, the US risked become a second or third-rate space power.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> As early as the Reagan Administration, there had been calls for NASA to expand private sector involvement in space exploration rather than do it all in-house. In the 1990s, NASA and Lockheed Martin entered into an agreement to develop the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_X-33" title="Lockheed Martin X-33">Lockheed Martin X-33</a> demonstrator of the <a href="/wiki/VentureStar" title="VentureStar">VentureStar</a> spaceplane, which was intended to replace the Space Shuttle.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Due to technical challenges, the spacecraft was cancelled in 2001. Despite this, it was the first time a commercial space company directly expended a significant amount of its resources into spacecraft development. The advent of <a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">space tourism</a> also forced NASA to challenge its assumption that only governments would have people in space. The first space tourist was <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Tito" title="Dennis Tito">Dennis Tito</a>, an American investment manager and former aerospace engineer who contracted with the Russians to fly to the International Space Station for four days, despite the opposition of NASA to the idea.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> Advocates of this new commercial approach for NASA included former astronaut <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a>, who remarked that it would return NASA to its roots as a research and development agency, with commercial entities actually operating the space systems. Having corporations take over orbital operations would also allow NASA to focus all its efforts on deep space exploration and returning humans to the Moon and going to Mars. Embracing this approach, NASA's <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew Program</a> started by contracting cargo delivery to the International Space Station and flew its first operational contracted mission on <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-1" title="SpaceX Crew-1">SpaceX Crew-1</a>. This marked the first time since the retirement of the Space Shuttle that NASA was able to launch its own astronauts on an American spacecraft from the United States, ending a decade of reliance on the Russians.<a href="#cite_note-auto-4">[4]</a> In 2019, NASA announced the <a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a>, intending to return to the Moon and establish a permanent human presence.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> This was paired with the <a href="/wiki/Artemis_Accords" title="Artemis Accords">Artemis Accords</a> with partner nations to establish rules of behavior and norms of space commercialization on the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In 2023, NASA established the Moon to Mars Program office. The office is designed to oversee the various projects, mission architectures and associated timelines relevant to lunar and Mars exploration and science.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Active_programs">Active programs</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_spaceflight">Human spaceflight</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_Space_Station_(1993–present)">International Space Station (1993–present)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:120px"><div class="center noresize" style="width:120px;"> <a href="/wiki/File:ISS_emblem.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/ISS_emblem.png/100px-ISS_emblem.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1891" data-file-height="1891"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 100px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/ISS_emblem.png/100px-ISS_emblem.png" data-width="100" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/ISS_emblem.png/150px-ISS_emblem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/ISS_emblem.png/200px-ISS_emblem.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-134_International_Space_Station_after_undocking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/STS-134_International_Space_Station_after_undocking.jpg/220px-STS-134_International_Space_Station_after_undocking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/STS-134_International_Space_Station_after_undocking.jpg/220px-STS-134_International_Space_Station_after_undocking.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/STS-134_International_Space_Station_after_undocking.jpg/330px-STS-134_International_Space_Station_after_undocking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/STS-134_International_Space_Station_after_undocking.jpg/440px-STS-134_International_Space_Station_after_undocking.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The International Space Station as seen from <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Endeavour</a> during <a href="/wiki/STS-134" title="STS-134">STS-134</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS) combines NASA's <a href="/wiki/Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom">Space Station Freedom</a> project with the Russian <a href="/wiki/Mir-2" title="Mir-2">Mir-2</a> station, the European <a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a> station, and the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Experiment_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Experiment Module">Kibō</a> laboratory module.<a href="#cite_note-Catchpole-43">[43]</a> NASA originally planned in the 1980s to develop Freedom alone, but US budget constraints led to the merger of these projects into a single multi-national program in 1993, managed by NASA, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federal_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federal Space Agency">Russian Federal Space Agency</a> (RKA), the <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency</a> (JAXA), the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA), and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">Canadian Space Agency</a> (CSA).<a href="#cite_note-PartStates-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-ISSRG-45">[45]</a> The station consists of pressurized modules, external <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Truss_Structure" title="Integrated Truss Structure">trusses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_arrays" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar arrays">solar arrays</a> and other components, which were <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_of_the_International_Space_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing of the International Space Station">manufactured</a> in various factories around the world and launched by Russian <a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton (rocket)">Proton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz</a> rockets, and the American Space Shuttle.<a href="#cite_note-Catchpole-43">[43]</a> The on-orbit assembly began in 1998, the completion of the <a href="/wiki/US_Orbital_Segment" title="US Orbital Segment">US Orbital Segment</a> occurred in 2009 and the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment" title="Russian Orbital Segment">Russian Orbital Segment</a> occurred in 2010. The ownership and use of the space station is established in intergovernmental treaties and agreements,<a href="#cite_note-ESA-IGA-46">[46]</a> which divide the station into two areas and allow <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russia</a> to retain full ownership of the Russian Orbital Segment (with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Zarya_(ISS_module)" title="Zarya (ISS module)">Zarya</a>),<a href="#cite_note-RSA-MOU-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> with the US Orbital Segment allocated between the other international partners.<a href="#cite_note-ESA-IGA-46">[46]</a> Long-duration missions to the ISS are referred to as <a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Space_Station_expeditions" title="List of International Space Station expeditions">ISS Expeditions</a>. Expedition crew members typically spend approximately six months on the ISS.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The initial expedition crew size was three, temporarily decreased to two following the Columbia disaster. Between May 2009 and until the retirement of the Space Shuttle, the expedition crew size has been six crew members.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> As of 2024, though the Commercial Program's crew capsules can allow a crew of up to seven, expeditions using them typically consist of a crew of four. The ISS has been continuously occupied for the past 24 years and 107 days, having exceeded the previous record held by <a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a>; and has been visited by astronauts and cosmonauts from <a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Space_Station_visitors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of International Space Station visitors">15 different nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10th-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The station can be seen from the Earth with the naked eye and, as of 2025, is the largest artificial satellite in Earth orbit with a mass and volume greater than that of any previous space station.<a href="#cite_note-shuttlepresskit-53">[53]</a> The Russian <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a> and American <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Dragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Starliner" title="Boeing Starliner">Starliner</a> spacecraft are used to send astronauts to and from the ISS. Several uncrewed cargo spacecraft provide service to the ISS; they are the Russian <a href="/wiki/Progress_(spacecraft)" title="Progress (spacecraft)">Progress spacecraft</a> which has done so since 2000, the European <a href="/wiki/Automated_Transfer_Vehicle" title="Automated Transfer Vehicle">Automated Transfer Vehicle</a> (ATV) since 2008, the Japanese <a href="/wiki/H-II_Transfer_Vehicle" title="H-II Transfer Vehicle">H-II Transfer Vehicle</a> (HTV) since 2009, the (uncrewed) <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon" title="SpaceX Dragon">Dragon</a> since 2012, and the American <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_(spacecraft)" title="Cygnus (spacecraft)">Cygnus spacecraft</a> since 2013.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The Space Shuttle, before its retirement, was also used for cargo transfer and would often switch out expedition crew members, although it did not have the capability to remain docked for the duration of their stay. Between the retirement of the Shuttle in 2011 and the commencement of crewed Dragon flights in 2020, American astronauts exclusively used the Soyuz for crew transport to and from the ISS<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The highest number of people occupying the ISS has been thirteen; this occurred three times during the late Shuttle ISS assembly missions.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The ISS program is expected to continue until 2030,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> after which the space station will be retired and destroyed in a controlled de-orbit.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commercial_Resupply_Services_(2008–present)">Commercial Resupply Services (2008–present)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services" title="Commercial Resupply Services">Commercial Resupply Services</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:101px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:SpX_CRS-2_berthing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/SpX_CRS-2_berthing.jpg/152px-SpX_CRS-2_berthing.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="101" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 152px;height: 101px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/SpX_CRS-2_berthing.jpg/152px-SpX_CRS-2_berthing.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="152" data-height="101" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/SpX_CRS-2_berthing.jpg/228px-SpX_CRS-2_berthing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/SpX_CRS-2_berthing.jpg/304px-SpX_CRS-2_berthing.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Dragon</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:101px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS-45_Cygnus_5_approaching_the_ISS_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/ISS-45_Cygnus_5_approaching_the_ISS_%281%29.jpg/152px-ISS-45_Cygnus_5_approaching_the_ISS_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="101" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 152px;height: 101px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/ISS-45_Cygnus_5_approaching_the_ISS_%281%29.jpg/152px-ISS-45_Cygnus_5_approaching_the_ISS_%281%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="152" data-height="101" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/ISS-45_Cygnus_5_approaching_the_ISS_%281%29.jpg/228px-ISS-45_Cygnus_5_approaching_the_ISS_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/ISS-45_Cygnus_5_approaching_the_ISS_%281%29.jpg/304px-ISS-45_Cygnus_5_approaching_the_ISS_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Cygnus</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:310px;max-width:310px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:177px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_station_pictured_from_the_SpaceX_Crew_Dragon_5_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/The_station_pictured_from_the_SpaceX_Crew_Dragon_5_%28cropped%29.jpg/308px-The_station_pictured_from_the_SpaceX_Crew_Dragon_5_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="308" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6633" data-file-height="3820"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 308px;height: 177px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/The_station_pictured_from_the_SpaceX_Crew_Dragon_5_%28cropped%29.jpg/308px-The_station_pictured_from_the_SpaceX_Crew_Dragon_5_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="308" data-height="177" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/The_station_pictured_from_the_SpaceX_Crew_Dragon_5_%28cropped%29.jpg/462px-The_station_pictured_from_the_SpaceX_Crew_Dragon_5_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/The_station_pictured_from_the_SpaceX_Crew_Dragon_5_%28cropped%29.jpg/616px-The_station_pictured_from_the_SpaceX_Crew_Dragon_5_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left">Commercial Resupply Services missions approaching International Space Station</div></div></div></div> Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) are a contract solution to deliver cargo and supplies to the International Space Station on a commercial basis by private companies.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> NASA signed its first CRS contracts in 2008 and awarded $1.6 billion to <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> for twelve cargo <a href="/wiki/Dragon_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon (spacecraft)">Dragon</a> and $1.9 billion to <a href="/wiki/Orbital_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital Sciences">Orbital Sciences</a><a href="#cite_note-Orbital-61">[note 1]</a> for eight <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_(spacecraft)" title="Cygnus (spacecraft)">Cygnus</a> flights, covering deliveries until 2016. Both companies evolved or created their launch vehicle products to launch the spacecrafts (SpaceX with The <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> and Orbital with the <a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares</a>). SpaceX flew its first operational resupply mission (<a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-1" title="SpaceX CRS-1">SpaceX CRS-1</a>) in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-nasa20120920-62">[61]</a> Orbital Sciences followed in 2014 (<a href="/wiki/Cygnus_CRS_Orb-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cygnus CRS Orb-1">Cygnus CRS Orb-1</a>).<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> In 2015, NASA extended CRS-1 to twenty flights for SpaceX and twelve flights for <a href="/wiki/Orbital_ATK" title="Orbital ATK">Orbital ATK</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Orbital-61">[note 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> A second phase of contracts (known as CRS-2) was solicited in 2014; contracts were awarded in January 2016 to Orbital ATK<a href="#cite_note-Orbital-61">[note 1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_(spacecraft)" title="Cygnus (spacecraft)">Cygnus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_Corporation" title="Sierra Nevada Corporation">Sierra Nevada Corporation</a> <a href="/wiki/Dream_Chaser" title="Dream Chaser">Dream Chaser</a>, and SpaceX <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Dragon 2</a>, for cargo transport flights beginning in 2019 and expected to last through 2024. In March 2022, NASA awarded an additional six CRS-2 missions each to both SpaceX and Northrop Grumman (formerly Orbital).<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a> successfully delivered <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_NG-17" title="Cygnus NG-17">Cygnus NG-17</a> to the ISS in February 2022.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> In July 2022, SpaceX launched its 25th CRS flight (<a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-25" title="SpaceX CRS-25">SpaceX CRS-25</a>) and successfully delivered its cargo to the ISS.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> The Dream Chaser spacecraft is currently scheduled for its Demo-1 launch in the first half of 2024.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commercial_Crew_Program_(2011–present)">Commercial Crew Program (2011–present)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew Program</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:120px"><div class="center noresize" style="width:120px;"> <a href="/wiki/File:NASA_Commercial_Crew_Program_logo_(cropped).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NASA_Commercial_Crew_Program_logo_%28cropped%29.svg/100px-NASA_Commercial_Crew_Program_logo_%28cropped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="206"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 103px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NASA_Commercial_Crew_Program_logo_%28cropped%29.svg/100px-NASA_Commercial_Crew_Program_logo_%28cropped%29.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="103" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NASA_Commercial_Crew_Program_logo_%28cropped%29.svg/150px-NASA_Commercial_Crew_Program_logo_%28cropped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NASA_Commercial_Crew_Program_logo_%28cropped%29.svg/200px-NASA_Commercial_Crew_Program_logo_%28cropped%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:109px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Crew_Dragon_at_the_ISS_for_Demo_Mission_1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Crew_Dragon_at_the_ISS_for_Demo_Mission_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/146px-Crew_Dragon_at_the_ISS_for_Demo_Mission_1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="110" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 146px;height: 110px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Crew_Dragon_at_the_ISS_for_Demo_Mission_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/146px-Crew_Dragon_at_the_ISS_for_Demo_Mission_1_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="146" data-height="110" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Crew_Dragon_at_the_ISS_for_Demo_Mission_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/219px-Crew_Dragon_at_the_ISS_for_Demo_Mission_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Crew_Dragon_at_the_ISS_for_Demo_Mission_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/292px-Crew_Dragon_at_the_ISS_for_Demo_Mission_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:109px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing%27s_Starliner_crew_ship_approaches_the_space_station_(iss067e066735)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Boeing%27s_Starliner_crew_ship_approaches_the_space_station_%28iss067e066735%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/158px-Boeing%27s_Starliner_crew_ship_approaches_the_space_station_%28iss067e066735%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="109" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3705" data-file-height="2560"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 158px;height: 109px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Boeing%27s_Starliner_crew_ship_approaches_the_space_station_%28iss067e066735%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/158px-Boeing%27s_Starliner_crew_ship_approaches_the_space_station_%28iss067e066735%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="158" data-height="109" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Boeing%27s_Starliner_crew_ship_approaches_the_space_station_%28iss067e066735%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/237px-Boeing%27s_Starliner_crew_ship_approaches_the_space_station_%28iss067e066735%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Boeing%27s_Starliner_crew_ship_approaches_the_space_station_%28iss067e066735%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/316px-Boeing%27s_Starliner_crew_ship_approaches_the_space_station_%28iss067e066735%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The Crew Dragon (left) and Starliner (right) approaching the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a> on their respective missions</div></div></div></div> The Commercial Crew Program (CCP) provides <a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">commercially operated</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">crew transportation service</a> to and from the International Space Station (ISS) under contract to NASA, conducting crew rotations between the <a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Space_Station_expeditions" title="List of International Space Station expeditions">expeditions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_program" class="mw-redirect" title="International Space Station program">International Space Station program</a>. American <a href="/wiki/Space_industry" title="Space industry">space manufacturer</a> <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> began providing service in 2020, using the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Crew Dragon</a> spacecraft,<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Defense,_Space_%26_Security" title="Boeing Defense, Space & Security">Boeing</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Starliner" title="Boeing Starliner">Starliner</a> spacecraft began providing service in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-nasa-costa-20230808-73">[72]</a> NASA has contracted for six operational missions from Boeing and fourteen from SpaceX, ensuring sufficient support for ISS through 2030.<a href="#cite_note-20_flights-74">[73]</a> The spacecraft are owned and operated by the vendor, and crew transportation is provided to NASA as a commercial service.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Each mission sends up to four astronauts to the ISS, with an option for a fifth passenger available. Operational flights occur approximately once every six months for missions that last for approximately six months. A spacecraft remains docked to the ISS during its mission, and missions usually overlap by at least a few days. Between the retirement of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> in 2011 and the first operational CCP mission in 2020, NASA relied on the <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz program">Soyuz program</a> to transport its astronauts to the ISS. A Crew Dragon spacecraft is launched to space atop a <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Block_5" title="Falcon 9 Block 5">Falcon 9 Block 5</a> launch vehicle and the capsule returns to Earth via <a href="/wiki/Splashdown" title="Splashdown">splashdown</a> in the ocean near Florida. The program's first operational mission, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-1" title="SpaceX Crew-1">SpaceX Crew-1</a>, launched on November 16, 2020.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Starliner" title="Boeing Starliner">Boeing Starliner</a> operational flights will now commence with <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Starliner-1" title="Boeing Starliner-1">Boeing Starliner-1</a> which will launched atop an <a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a> N22 launch vehicle. Instead of a splashdown, Starliner capsules return on land with <a href="/wiki/Airbag" title="Airbag">airbags</a> at one of four designated sites in the western United States.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Artemis_(2017–present)">Artemis (2017–present)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:120px"><div class="center noresize" style="width:120px;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Artemis_program_(solid_contrast_with_wordmark).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt='An arrowhead combined with a depiction of a trans-lunar injection trajectory forms an "A", with an "Artemis" wordmark printed underneath' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Artemis_program_%28solid_contrast_with_wordmark%29.svg/100px-Artemis_program_%28solid_contrast_with_wordmark%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="93" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="185"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 93px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Artemis_program_%28solid_contrast_with_wordmark%29.svg/100px-Artemis_program_%28solid_contrast_with_wordmark%29.svg.png" data-alt='An arrowhead combined with a depiction of a trans-lunar injection trajectory forms an "A", with an "Artemis" wordmark printed underneath' data-width="100" data-height="93" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Artemis_program_%28solid_contrast_with_wordmark%29.svg/150px-Artemis_program_%28solid_contrast_with_wordmark%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Artemis_program_%28solid_contrast_with_wordmark%29.svg/200px-Artemis_program_%28solid_contrast_with_wordmark%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Launch_of_Artemis_1_(NHQ202211160002)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Launch_of_Artemis_1_%28NHQ202211160002%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Launch_of_Artemis_1_%28NHQ202211160002%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4260" data-file-height="4818"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 249px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Launch_of_Artemis_1_%28NHQ202211160002%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Launch_of_Artemis_1_%28NHQ202211160002%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="249" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Launch_of_Artemis_1_%28NHQ202211160002%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Launch_of_Artemis_1_%28NHQ202211160002%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Launch_of_Artemis_1_%28NHQ202211160002%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Launch_of_Artemis_1_%28NHQ202211160002%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Launch of <a href="/wiki/Artemis_I" title="Artemis I">Artemis I</a></figcaption></figure> Since 2017, NASA's <a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflight_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of human spaceflight programs">crewed spaceflight program</a> has been the <a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a>, which involves the help of US <a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">commercial spaceflight companies</a> and international partners such as <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a>, <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">CSA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Artemis_home-78">[77]</a> The goal of this program is to land "the first woman and the next man" on the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_south_pole" title="Lunar south pole">lunar south pole</a> region by 2025. Artemis would be the first step towards the long-term goal of establishing a sustainable presence on the Moon, laying the foundation for companies to build a lunar economy, and eventually sending humans to <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a> Crew Exploration Vehicle was held over from the canceled Constellation program for Artemis. <a href="/wiki/Artemis_I" title="Artemis I">Artemis I</a> was the uncrewed initial launch of <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a> (SLS) that would also send an Orion spacecraft on a <a href="/wiki/Distant_Retrograde_Orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Distant Retrograde Orbit">Distant Retrograde Orbit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> The first tentative steps of returning to crewed lunar missions will be <a href="/wiki/Artemis_II" title="Artemis II">Artemis II</a>, which is to include the Orion crew module, propelled by the SLS, and is to launch in 2025.<a href="#cite_note-Artemis_home-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> This mission is to be a 10-day mission planned to briefly place a crew of four into a <a href="/wiki/Free-return_trajectory" title="Free-return trajectory">Lunar flyby</a>.<a href="#cite_note-schedule-81">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Artemis_III" title="Artemis III">Artemis III</a> aims to conduct the first crewed lunar landing since <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>, and is scheduled for no earlier than September 2026. In support of the Artemis missions, NASA has been funding private companies to land robotic probes on the lunar surface in a program known as the <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a>. As of March 2022, NASA has awarded contracts for robotic lunar probes to companies such as <a href="/wiki/Intuitive_Machines" title="Intuitive Machines">Intuitive Machines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firefly_Space_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Firefly Space Systems">Firefly Space Systems</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Astrobotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrobotic">Astrobotic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> On April 16, 2021, NASA announced they had selected the <a href="/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS">SpaceX Lunar Starship</a> as its Human Landing System. The agency's Space Launch System rocket will launch four astronauts aboard the Orion spacecraft for their multi-day journey to lunar orbit where they will transfer to SpaceX's Starship for the final leg of their journey to the surface of the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> In November 2021, it was announced that the goal of landing astronauts on the Moon by 2024 had slipped to no earlier than 2025 due to numerous factors. Artemis I launched on November 16, 2022, and returned to Earth safely on December 11, 2022. As of April 2024, NASA plans to launch Artemis II in September 2025<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> and Artemis III in September 2026.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Additional Artemis missions, <a href="/wiki/Artemis_IV" title="Artemis IV">Artemis IV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artemis_V" title="Artemis V">Artemis V</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Artemis_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis VI">Artemis VI</a> are planned to launch between 2028 and 2031.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> NASA's next major space initiative is the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a>, a small space station in <a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit" title="Lunar orbit">lunar orbit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> This space station will be designed primarily for non-continuous human habitation. The construction of the Gateway is expected to begin in 2027 with the launch of the first two modules: the <a href="/wiki/Power_and_Propulsion_Element" title="Power and Propulsion Element">Power and Propulsion Element</a> (PPE) and the <a href="/wiki/Habitation_and_Logistics_Outpost" title="Habitation and Logistics Outpost">Habitation and Logistics Outpost</a> (HALO).<a href="#cite_note-gao-20240731-88">[87]</a> Operations on the Gateway will begin with the <a href="/wiki/Artemis_IV" title="Artemis IV">Artemis IV</a> mission, which plans to deliver a crew of four to the Gateway in 2028. In 2017, NASA was directed by the congressional NASA Transition Authorization Act of 2017 to get humans to Mars-orbit (or to the Martian surface) by the 2030s.<a href="#cite_note-futurism.com-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commercial_LEO_Development_(2021–present)">Commercial LEO Development (2021–present)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Commercial_LEO_Destinations_program" title="Commercial LEO Destinations program">Commercial LEO Destinations program</a></div> The Commercial Low Earth Orbit Destinations program is an initiative by NASA to support work on commercial space stations that the agency hopes to have in place by the end of the current decade to replace the "International Space Station". The three selected companies are: <a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin" title="Blue Origin">Blue Origin</a> (et al.) with their <a href="/wiki/Orbital_Reef" title="Orbital Reef">Orbital Reef</a> station concept, <a href="/wiki/Nanoracks" title="Nanoracks">Nanoracks</a> (et al.) with their <a href="/wiki/Starlab_Space_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Starlab Space Station">Starlab Space Station</a> concept, and <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a> with a station concept based on the HALO-module for the Gateway station.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robotic_exploration">Robotic exploration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">List of NASA missions</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">List of uncrewed NASA missions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/NASA_60th-_What%E2%80%99s_Out_There.webm/220px--NASA_60th-_What%E2%80%99s_Out_There.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="238" data-mwtitle="NASA_60th-_What’s_Out_There.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:NASA_60th-_What%E2%80%99s_Out_There.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/NASA_60th-_What%E2%80%99s_Out_There.webm/NASA_60th-_What%E2%80%99s_Out_There.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/NASA_60th-_What%E2%80%99s_Out_There.webm/NASA_60th-_What%E2%80%99s_Out_There.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/NASA_60th-_What%E2%80%99s_Out_There.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/NASA_60th-_What%E2%80%99s_Out_There.webm/NASA_60th-_What%E2%80%99s_Out_There.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/NASA_60th-_What%E2%80%99s_Out_There.webm/NASA_60th-_What%E2%80%99s_Out_There.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/NASA_60th-_What%E2%80%99s_Out_There.webm/NASA_60th-_What%E2%80%99s_Out_There.webm.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/NASA_60th-_What%E2%80%99s_Out_There.webm/NASA_60th-_What%E2%80%99s_Out_There.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source></video><figcaption>Video of many of the uncrewed missions used to explore the outer reaches of space</figcaption></figure> NASA has conducted many uncrewed and robotic spaceflight programs throughout its history. More than 1,000 uncrewed missions have been designed to explore the Earth and the Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-NASAHisStat-92">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mission_selection_process">Mission selection process</h4></div> NASA executes a mission development framework to plan, select, develop, and operate robotic missions. This framework defines cost, schedule and technical risk parameters to enable competitive selection of missions involving mission candidates that have been developed by principal investigators and their teams from across NASA, the broader US Government research and development stakeholders, and industry. The mission development construct is defined by four umbrella programs.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Explorer_program">Explorer program</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers Program</a></div> The Explorer program derives its origin from the earliest days of the US Space program. In current form, the program consists of three classes of systems – <a href="/wiki/Explorer_program#Small_Explorers_(SMEX)" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorer program">Small Explorers (SMEX)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Explorer_program#Medium-Class_Explorers_(MIDEX)" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorer program">Medium Explorers (MIDEX)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Explorer_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorer program">University-Class Explorers (UNEX)</a> missions. The NASA Explorer program office provides frequent flight opportunities for moderate cost innovative solutions from the heliophysics and astrophysics science areas. The Small Explorer missions are required to limit cost to NASA to below $150M (2022 dollars). Medium class explorer missions have typically involved NASA cost caps of $350M. The Explorer program office is based at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Discovery_program">Discovery program</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery Program</a></div> The NASA Discovery program develops and delivers robotic spacecraft solutions in the planetary science domain. Discovery enables scientists and engineers to assemble a team to deliver a solution against a defined set of objectives and competitively bid that solution against other candidate programs. Cost caps vary but recent mission selection processes were accomplished using a $500M cost cap for NASA. The Planetary Mission Program Office is based at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center and manages both the Discovery and New Frontiers missions. The office is part of the Science Mission Directorate.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> NASA Administrator Bill Nelson announced on June 2, 2021, that the <a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a>+ and <a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a> missions were selected to launch to Venus in the late 2020s, having beat out competing proposals for missions to Jupiter's volcanic moon Io and Neptune's large moon <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a> that were also selected as Discovery program finalists in early 2020. Each mission has an estimated cost of $500 million, with launches expected between 2028 and 2030. Launch contracts will be awarded later in each mission's development.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="New_Frontiers_program">New Frontiers program</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers program</a></div> The New Frontiers program focuses on specific <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> exploration goals identified as top priorities by the planetary science community. Primary objectives include Solar System exploration employing medium class spacecraft missions to conduct high-science-return investigations. New Frontiers builds on the development approach employed by the Discovery program but provides for higher cost caps and schedule durations than are available with Discovery. Cost caps vary by opportunity; recent missions have been awarded based on a defined cap of $1 billion. The higher cost cap and projected longer mission durations result in a lower frequency of new opportunities for the program – typically one every several years. <a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a> are examples of New Frontiers missions.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> NASA has determined that the next opportunity to propose for the fifth round of New Frontiers missions will occur no later than the fall of 2024. Missions in NASA's New Frontiers Program tackle specific Solar System exploration goals identified as top priorities by the planetary science community. Exploring the Solar System with medium-class spacecraft missions that conduct high-science-return investigations is NASA's strategy to further understand the Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Large_strategic_missions">Large strategic missions</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Large_strategic_science_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Large strategic science missions">Large strategic science missions</a></div> Large strategic missions (formerly called Flagship missions) are strategic missions that are typically developed and managed by large teams that may span several NASA centers. The individual missions become the program as opposed to being part of a larger effort (see Discovery, New Frontiers, etc.). The <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> is a strategic mission that was developed over a period of more than 20 years. Strategic missions are developed on an ad-hoc basis as program objectives and priorities are established. Missions like Voyager, had they been developed today, would have been strategic missions. Three of the Great Observatories were strategic missions (the <a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Compton_Gamma_Ray_Observatory" title="Compton Gamma Ray Observatory">Compton Gamma Ray Observatory</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>). <a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a> is the next large strategic mission in development by NASA.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Planetary_science_missions">Planetary science missions</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curiosity_Self-Portrait_at_%27Big_Sky%27_Drilling_Site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Curiosity_Self-Portrait_at_%27Big_Sky%27_Drilling_Site.jpg/220px-Curiosity_Self-Portrait_at_%27Big_Sky%27_Drilling_Site.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4483" data-file-height="6180"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 303px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Curiosity_Self-Portrait_at_%27Big_Sky%27_Drilling_Site.jpg/220px-Curiosity_Self-Portrait_at_%27Big_Sky%27_Drilling_Site.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="303" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Curiosity_Self-Portrait_at_%27Big_Sky%27_Drilling_Site.jpg/330px-Curiosity_Self-Portrait_at_%27Big_Sky%27_Drilling_Site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Curiosity_Self-Portrait_at_%27Big_Sky%27_Drilling_Site.jpg/440px-Curiosity_Self-Portrait_at_%27Big_Sky%27_Drilling_Site.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity</a> on the surface of Mars</figcaption></figure> NASA continues to play a material role in exploration of the Solar System as it has for decades. Ongoing missions have current science objectives with respect to more than five extraterrestrial bodies within the Solar System – Moon (<a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a>), Mars (<a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance</a> rover), Jupiter (<a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a>), asteroid <a href="/wiki/101955_Bennu" title="101955 Bennu">Bennu</a> (<a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a>), and Kuiper Belt Objects (<a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a>). The Juno extended mission will make multiple flybys of the Jovian moon Io in 2023 and 2024 after flybys of <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a> in 2021 and <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a> in 2022. <a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a> continue to provide science data back to Earth while continuing on their outward journeys into interstellar space. On November 26, 2011, NASA's <a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> mission was successfully launched for Mars. The <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity</a> rover successfully landed on Mars on August 6, 2012, and subsequently began its search for evidence of past or present life on Mars.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-MSL-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-MSL-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times-102">[101]</a> In September 2014, NASA's <a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a> spacecraft, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Scout_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Scout Program">Mars Scout Program</a>, successfully entered Mars orbit and, as of October 2022, continues its study of the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">atmosphere of Mars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MAVEN-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> NASA's ongoing Mars investigations include in-depth surveys of Mars by the Perseverance rover. NASA's <a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a>, launched in October 2024, will study the Galilean moon Europa through a series of flybys while in orbit around Jupiter. <a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a> will send a mobile robotic <a href="/wiki/Rotorcraft" title="Rotorcraft">rotorcraft</a> to Saturn's biggest moon, <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> As of May 2021, Dragonfly is scheduled for launch in June 2027.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Astrophysics_missions">Astrophysics missions</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AstroFleetPoster_062022_print.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/AstroFleetPoster_062022_print.jpg/220px-AstroFleetPoster_062022_print.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="576"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/AstroFleetPoster_062022_print.jpg/220px-AstroFleetPoster_062022_print.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/AstroFleetPoster_062022_print.jpg/330px-AstroFleetPoster_062022_print.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/AstroFleetPoster_062022_print.jpg/440px-AstroFleetPoster_062022_print.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>NASA astrophysics spacecraft fleet, credit <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">NASA GSFC</a>, 2022</figcaption></figure> The NASA Science Mission Directorate Astrophysics division manages the agency's astrophysics science portfolio. NASA has invested significant resources in the development, delivery, and operations of various forms of space telescopes. These telescopes have provided the means to study the cosmos over a large range of the electromagnetic spectrum.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> The Great Observatories that were launched in the 1980s and 1990s have provided a wealth of observations for study by physicists across the planent. The first of them, the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>, was delivered to orbit in 1990 and continues to function, in part due to prior servicing missions performed by the Space Shuttle.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> The other remaining active great observatories include the <a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a> (CXO), launched by <a href="/wiki/STS-93" title="STS-93">STS-93</a> in July 1999 and is now in a 64-hour <a href="/wiki/Elliptical_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptical orbit">elliptical orbit</a> studying X-ray sources that are not readily viewable from terrestrial observatories.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandra_artist_illustration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Chandra_artist_illustration.jpg/220px-Chandra_artist_illustration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 133px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Chandra_artist_illustration.jpg/220px-Chandra_artist_illustration.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Chandra_artist_illustration.jpg/330px-Chandra_artist_illustration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Chandra_artist_illustration.jpg/440px-Chandra_artist_illustration.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a> (rendering), 2015</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Imaging_X-ray_Polarimetry_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer">Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer</a> (IXPE) is a space observatory designed to improve the understanding of X-ray production in objects such as neutron stars and pulsar wind nebulae, as well as stellar and supermassive black holes.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> IXPE launched in December 2021 and is an international collaboration between NASA and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Space_Agency" title="Italian Space Agency">Italian Space Agency</a> (ASI). It is part of the NASA <a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Small Explorers program</a> (SMEX) which designs low-cost spacecraft to study heliophysics and astrophysics.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory">Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory</a> was launched in November 2004 and is a gamma-ray burst observatory that also monitors the afterglow in X-ray, and UV/Visible light at the location of a burst.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> The mission was developed in a joint partnership between <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a> (GSFC) and an international consortium from the United States, United Kingdom, and Italy. <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a> operates the mission as part of NASA's <a href="/wiki/Explorer_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorer program">Medium Explorer program</a> (MIDEX).<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope</a> (FGST) is another gamma-ray focused space observatory that was launched to <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> in June 2008 and is being used to perform <a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_astronomy" title="Gamma-ray astronomy">gamma-ray astronomy</a> observations.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> In addition to NASA, the mission involves the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>, and government agencies in France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> The <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (JWST), launched in December 2021 on an <a href="/wiki/Ariane_5" title="Ariane 5">Ariane 5</a> rocket, operates in a <a href="/wiki/Halo_orbit" title="Halo orbit">halo orbit</a> circling the Sun-Earth <a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point#L2" title="Lagrange point">L2</a> point.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20211227-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> JWST's high sensitivity in the infrared spectrum and its imaging resolution will allow it to view more distant, faint, or older objects than its predecessors, including Hubble.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Earth_Sciences_Program_missions_(1965–present)">Earth Sciences Program missions (1965–present)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/NASA_Earth_Science" title="NASA Earth Science">NASA Earth Science</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_Earth_Science_Division_Operating_Missions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/NASA_Earth_Science_Division_Operating_Missions.jpg/220px-NASA_Earth_Science_Division_Operating_Missions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="719"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/NASA_Earth_Science_Division_Operating_Missions.jpg/220px-NASA_Earth_Science_Division_Operating_Missions.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/NASA_Earth_Science_Division_Operating_Missions.jpg/330px-NASA_Earth_Science_Division_Operating_Missions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/NASA_Earth_Science_Division_Operating_Missions.jpg/440px-NASA_Earth_Science_Division_Operating_Missions.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Schematic of NASA Earth Science Division operating satellite missions as of February 2015</figcaption></figure> NASA Earth Science is a large, umbrella program comprising a range of terrestrial and space-based collection systems in order to better understand the Earth system and its response to natural and human-caused changes. Numerous systems have been developed and fielded over several decades to provide improved prediction for weather, climate, and other changes in the natural environment. Several of the current operating spacecraft programs include: <a href="/wiki/Aqua_(satellite)" title="Aqua (satellite)">Aqua</a>,<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aura_(satellite)" title="Aura (satellite)">Aura</a>,<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Carbon_Observatory_2" title="Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2">Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2</a> (OCO-2),<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/GRACE_and_GRACE-FO#GRACE_Follow-On" title="GRACE and GRACE-FO">Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-on (GRACE FO)</a>,<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> and <a href="/wiki/ICESat-2" title="ICESat-2">Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite 2 (ICESat-2)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> In addition to systems already in orbit, NASA is designing a new set of Earth Observing Systems to study, assess, and generate responses for climate change, natural hazards, forest fires, and real-time agricultural processes.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> The GOES-T satellite (designated <a href="/wiki/GOES-18" title="GOES-18">GOES-18</a> after launch) joined the fleet of US geostationary weather monitoring satellites in March 2022.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> NASA also maintains the Earth Science Data Systems (ESDS) program to oversee the life cycle of NASA's Earth science data – from acquisition through processing and distribution. The primary goal of ESDS is to maximize the scientific return from NASA's missions and experiments for research and applied scientists, decision makers, and society at large.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> The Earth Science program is managed by the Earth Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_operations_architecture">Space operations architecture</h3></div> NASA invests in various ground and space-based infrastructures to support its science and exploration mandate. The agency maintains access to suborbital and orbital space launch capabilities and sustains ground station solutions to support its evolving fleet of spacecraft and remote systems. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deep_Space_Network_(1963–present)">Deep Space Network (1963–present)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">NASA Deep Space Network</a></div> The NASA Deep Space Network (DSN) serves as the primary ground station solution for NASA's interplanetary spacecraft and select Earth-orbiting missions.<a href="#cite_note-dsn1-130">[129]</a> The system employs ground station complexes near Barstow, California, in Spain near Madrid, and in Australia near Canberra. The placement of these ground stations approximately 120 degrees apart around the planet provides the ability for communications to spacecraft throughout the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> even as the Earth rotates about its axis on a daily basis. The system is controlled at a 24x7 operations center at JPL in Pasadena, California, which manages recurring communications linkages with up to 40 spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> The system is managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.<a href="#cite_note-dsn1-130">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Near_Space_Network_(1983–present)">Near Space Network (1983–present)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tracking_and_Data_Relay_Satellite_System" title="Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System">Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ground_stations_of_the_Near_Earth_Network_(NASA)_2021.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ground_stations_of_the_Near_Earth_Network_%28NASA%29_2021.png/220px-Ground_stations_of_the_Near_Earth_Network_%28NASA%29_2021.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ground_stations_of_the_Near_Earth_Network_%28NASA%29_2021.png/220px-Ground_stations_of_the_Near_Earth_Network_%28NASA%29_2021.png" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ground_stations_of_the_Near_Earth_Network_%28NASA%29_2021.png/330px-Ground_stations_of_the_Near_Earth_Network_%28NASA%29_2021.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ground_stations_of_the_Near_Earth_Network_%28NASA%29_2021.png/440px-Ground_stations_of_the_Near_Earth_Network_%28NASA%29_2021.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Near Earth Network Ground Stations, 2021</figcaption></figure> The Near Space Network (NSN) provides telemetry, commanding, ground-based tracking, data and communications services to a wide range of customers with satellites in low earth orbit (LEO), geosynchronous orbit (GEO), highly elliptical orbits (HEO), and lunar orbits. The NSN accumulates ground station and antenna assets from the Near-Earth Network and the <a href="/wiki/Tracking_and_Data_Relay_Satellite_System" title="Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System">Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System</a> (TDRS) which operates in geosynchronous orbit providing continuous real-time coverage for launch vehicles and low earth orbit NASA missions.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> The NSN consists of 19 ground stations worldwide operated by the US Government and by contractors including Kongsberg Satellite Services (KSAT), Swedish Space Corporation (SSC), and South African National Space Agency (SANSA).<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> The ground network averages between 120 and 150 spacecraft contacts a day with TDRS engaging with systems on a near-continuous basis as needed; the system is managed and operated by the Goddard Space Flight Center.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sounding_Rocket_Program_(1959–present)">Sounding Rocket Program (1959–present)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/NASA_Sounding_Rocket_Program" title="NASA Sounding Rocket Program">NASA Sounding Rocket Program</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daytime_Dynamo_Rocket_Launch_(9218456164).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Daytime_Dynamo_Rocket_Launch_%289218456164%29.jpg/220px-Daytime_Dynamo_Rocket_Launch_%289218456164%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Daytime_Dynamo_Rocket_Launch_%289218456164%29.jpg/220px-Daytime_Dynamo_Rocket_Launch_%289218456164%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Daytime_Dynamo_Rocket_Launch_%289218456164%29.jpg/330px-Daytime_Dynamo_Rocket_Launch_%289218456164%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Daytime_Dynamo_Rocket_Launch_%289218456164%29.jpg/440px-Daytime_Dynamo_Rocket_Launch_%289218456164%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>NASA <a href="/wiki/Sounding_rocket" title="Sounding rocket">sounding rocket</a> launch from the <a href="/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility" title="Wallops Flight Facility">Wallops Flight Facility</a></figcaption></figure> The NASA Sounding Rocket Program (NSRP) is located at the <a href="/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility" title="Wallops Flight Facility">Wallops Flight Facility</a> and provides launch capability, payload development and integration, and field operations support to execute suborbital missions.<a href="#cite_note-nsrp-135">[134]</a> The program has been in operation since 1959 and is managed by the Goddard Space Flight Center using a combined US Government and contractor team.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> The NSRP team conducts approximately 20 missions per year from both Wallops and other launch locations worldwide to allow scientists to collect data "where it occurs". The program supports the strategic vision of the Science Mission Directorate collecting important scientific data for earth science, heliophysics, and astrophysics programs.<a href="#cite_note-nsrp-135">[134]</a> In June 2022, NASA conducted its first rocket launch from a commercial spaceport outside the US. It launched a <a href="/wiki/Black_Brant_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Brant IX">Black Brant IX</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Arnhem_Space_Centre" title="Arnhem Space Centre">Arnhem Space Centre</a> in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Launch_Services_Program_(1990–present)">Launch Services Program (1990–present)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/NASA_Launch_Services_Program" title="NASA Launch Services Program">NASA Launch Services Program</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:120px"><div class="center noresize" style="width:120px;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Launch_Services_Program_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Launch_Services_Program_logo.svg/100px-Launch_Services_Program_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 100px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Launch_Services_Program_logo.svg/100px-Launch_Services_Program_logo.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Launch_Services_Program_logo.svg/150px-Launch_Services_Program_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Launch_Services_Program_logo.svg/200px-Launch_Services_Program_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div> The NASA Launch Services Program (LSP) is responsible for procurement of launch services for NASA uncrewed missions and oversight of launch integration and launch preparation activity, providing added quality and mission assurance to meet program objectives.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> Since 1990, NASA has purchased <a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">expendable launch vehicle launch services</a> directly from commercial providers, whenever possible, for its scientific and applications missions. Expendable launch vehicles can accommodate all types of orbit inclinations and altitudes and are ideal vehicles for launching Earth-orbit and interplanetary missions. LSP operates from Kennedy Space Center and falls under the NASA Space Operations Mission Directorate (SOMD).<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aeronautics_Research">Aeronautics Research</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aeronautics_Research_Mission_Directorate" title="Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate">Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate</a></div> The Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate (ARMD) is one of five mission <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/directorate" class="extiw" title="wikt:directorate">directorates</a> within NASA, the other four being the Exploration Systems Development Mission Directorate, the Space Operations Mission Directorate, the <a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a>, and the Space Technology Mission Directorate.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> The ARMD is responsible for NASA's <a href="/wiki/Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">aeronautical</a> research, which benefits the <a href="/wiki/Commercial_aviation" title="Commercial aviation">commercial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_aviation" title="Military aviation">military</a>, and <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> sectors. ARMD performs its aeronautics research at four NASA facilities: <a href="/wiki/Ames_Research_Center" title="Ames Research Center">Ames Research Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Flight_Research_Center" title="Armstrong Flight Research Center">Armstrong Flight Research Center</a> in California, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Research_Center" title="Glenn Research Center">Glenn Research Center</a> in Ohio, and <a href="/wiki/Langley_Research_Center" title="Langley Research Center">Langley Research Center</a> in Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-about_us-142">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="NASA_X-57_Maxwell_aircraft_(2016–present)">NASA X-57 Maxwell aircraft (2016–present)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/NASA_X-57_Maxwell" title="NASA X-57 Maxwell">NASA X-57 Maxwell</a></div> The NASA X-57 Maxwell is an experimental aircraft being developed by NASA to demonstrate the technologies required to deliver a highly efficient all-electric aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> The primary goal of the program is to develop and deliver all-electric technology solutions that can also achieve airworthiness certification with regulators. The program involves development of the system in several phases, or modifications, to incrementally grow the capability and operability of the system. The initial configuration of the aircraft has now completed ground testing as it approaches its first flights. In mid-2022, the X-57 was scheduled to fly before the end of the year.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> The development team includes staff from the NASA Armstrong, Glenn, and Langley centers along with number of industry partners from the United States and Italy.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Next_Generation_Air_Transportation_System_(2007–present)">Next Generation Air Transportation System (2007–present)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_Air_Transportation_System" title="Next Generation Air Transportation System">Next Generation Air Transportation System</a></div> NASA is collaborating with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> and industry stakeholders to modernize the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Airspace_System" title="National Airspace System">National Airspace System</a> (NAS). Efforts began in 2007 with a goal to deliver major modernization components by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-nextgen-146">[145]</a> The modernization effort intends to increase the safety, efficiency, capacity, access, flexibility, predictability, and resilience of the NAS while reducing the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_aviation" title="Environmental impact of aviation">environmental impact of aviation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> The Aviation Systems Division of NASA Ames operates the joint NASA/FAA North Texas Research Station. The station supports all phases of NextGen research, from concept development to prototype system field evaluation. This facility has already transitioned advanced NextGen concepts and technologies to use through technology transfers to the FAA.<a href="#cite_note-nextgen-146">[145]</a> NASA contributions also include development of advanced automation concepts and tools that provide air traffic controllers, pilots, and other airspace users with more accurate real-time information about the nation's traffic flow, weather, and routing. Ames' advanced airspace modeling and simulation tools have been used extensively to model the flow of air traffic flow across the US, and to evaluate new concepts in airspace design, traffic flow management, and optimization.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology_research">Technology research</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For technologies funded or otherwise supported by NASA, see <a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">NASA spinoff technologies</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nuclear_in-space_power_and_propulsion_(ongoing)">Nuclear in-space power and propulsion (ongoing)</h4></div> NASA has made use of technologies such as the <a href="/wiki/Multi-mission_radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator">multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator</a> (MMRTG), which is a type of <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">radioisotope thermoelectric generator</a> used to power spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> Shortages of the required <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-238" title="Plutonium-238">plutonium-238</a> have curtailed deep space missions since the turn of the millennium.<a href="#cite_note-lpi.usra.edu-150">[149]</a> An example of a spacecraft that was not developed because of a shortage of this material was <a href="/wiki/New_Horizons_2" title="New Horizons 2">New Horizons 2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lpi.usra.edu-150">[149]</a> In July 2021, NASA announced contract awards for development of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_thermal_rocket" title="Nuclear thermal rocket">nuclear thermal propulsion</a> reactors. Three contractors will develop individual designs over 12 months for later evaluation by NASA and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">US Department of Energy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> NASA's space nuclear technologies portfolio are led and funded by its Space Technology Mission Directorate. In January 2023, NASA announced a partnership with Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (<a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a>) on the <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_Rocket_for_Agile_Cislunar_Operations" title="Demonstration Rocket for Agile Cislunar Operations">Demonstration Rocket for Agile Cislunar Operations</a> (DRACO) program to demonstrate a NTR engine in space, an enabling capability for NASA missions to Mars.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> In July 2023, NASA and DARPA jointly announced the award of $499 million to Lockheed Martin to design and build an experimental NTR rocket to be launched in 2027.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_initiatives">Other initiatives</h4></div> Free Space Optics. NASA contracted a third party to study the probability of using Free Space Optics (FSO) to communicate with Optical (<a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a>) Stations on the Ground (OGS) called laser-com <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">RF</a> networks for satellite communications.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> Water Extraction from Lunar Soil. On July 29, 2020, NASA requested American universities to propose new technologies for extracting water from the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar soil">lunar soil</a> and developing power systems. The idea will help the space agency conduct <a href="/wiki/Sustainable" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable">sustainable</a> exploration of the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> In 2024, NASA was tasked by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">US Government</a> to create a <a href="/wiki/Time_standard" title="Time standard">Time standard</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>. The standard is to be called <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Lunar_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinated Lunar Time">Coordinated Lunar Time</a> and is expected to be finalized in 2026.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_Spaceflight_Research_(2005–present)">Human Spaceflight Research (2005–present)</h3></div> <div class="thumb tleft" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:120px"><div class="center noresize" style="width:120px;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Human_Research_Program_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Human_Research_Program_logo.png/100px-Human_Research_Program_logo.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="104" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="1370"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 104px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Human_Research_Program_logo.png/100px-Human_Research_Program_logo.png" data-width="100" data-height="104" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Human_Research_Program_logo.png/150px-Human_Research_Program_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Human_Research_Program_logo.png/200px-Human_Research_Program_logo.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cristoforetti_rHEALTH_Sub5MB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cristoforetti_rHEALTH_Sub5MB.jpg/220px-Cristoforetti_rHEALTH_Sub5MB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cristoforetti_rHEALTH_Sub5MB.jpg/220px-Cristoforetti_rHEALTH_Sub5MB.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cristoforetti_rHEALTH_Sub5MB.jpg/330px-Cristoforetti_rHEALTH_Sub5MB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cristoforetti_rHEALTH_Sub5MB.jpg/440px-Cristoforetti_rHEALTH_Sub5MB.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>SpaceX Crew-4 astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti operating the rHEALTH ONE on the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a> to address key health risks for space travel.</figcaption></figure> NASA's <a href="/wiki/Human_Research_Program" title="Human Research Program">Human Research Program</a> (HRP) is designed to study the effects of space on human health and also to provide countermeasures and technologies for human space exploration.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> The medical effects of space exploration are reasonably limited in low Earth orbit or in travel to the Moon. Travel to Mars is significantly longer and deeper into space, significant medical issues can result. These include bone density loss, radiation exposure, vision changes, circadian rhythm disturbances, heart remodeling, and immune alterations. In order to study and diagnose these ill-effects, HRP has been tasked with identifying or developing small portable instrumentation with low mass, volume, and power to monitor the health of astronauts.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> To achieve this aim, on May 13, 2022, NASA and <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-4" title="SpaceX Crew-4">SpaceX Crew-4</a> astronauts successfully tested its rHEALTH ONE universal biomedical analyzer for its ability to identify and analyzer biomarkers, cells, microorganisms, and proteins in a spaceflight environment.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planetary_Defense_(2016–present)">Planetary Defense (2016–present)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Planetary_Defense_Coordination_Office" title="Planetary Defense Coordination Office">Planetary Defense Coordination Office</a> and <a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Near Earth Objects">Near Earth Objects</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:120px"><div class="center noresize" style="width:120px;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Planetary_Defense_Coordination_Office_seal.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Planetary_Defense_Coordination_Office_seal.png/100px-Planetary_Defense_Coordination_Office_seal.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="845"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Planetary_Defense_Coordination_Office_seal.png/100px-Planetary_Defense_Coordination_Office_seal.png" data-width="100" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Planetary_Defense_Coordination_Office_seal.png/150px-Planetary_Defense_Coordination_Office_seal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Planetary_Defense_Coordination_Office_seal.png/200px-Planetary_Defense_Coordination_Office_seal.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div> NASA established the Planetary Defense Coordination Office (PDCO) in 2016 to catalog and track potentially hazardous <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">near-Earth objects</a> (NEO), such as <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a> and develop potential responses and defenses against these threats.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> The PDCO is chartered to provide timely and accurate information to the government and the public on close approaches by <a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Potentially hazardous objects">Potentially hazardous objects</a> (PHOs) and any potential for impact. The office functions within the Science Mission Directorate <a href="/wiki/Planetary_Science_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary Science Division">Planetary Science Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> The PDCO augmented prior cooperative actions between the United States, the European Union, and other nations which had been scanning the sky for NEOs since 1998 in an effort called <a href="/wiki/Spaceguard" title="Spaceguard">Spaceguard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Near_Earth_object_detection_(1998–present)">Near Earth object detection (1998–present)</h4></div> From the 1990s NASA has run many NEO detection programs from Earth bases observatories, greatly increasing the number of objects that have been detected. Many asteroids are very dark and those near the Sun are much harder to detect from Earth-based telescopes which observe at night, and thus face away from the Sun. NEOs inside Earth orbit only reflect a part of light also rather than potentially a "full Moon" when they are behind the Earth and fully lit by the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> In 1998, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> gave NASA a mandate to detect 90% of near-Earth asteroids over 1 km (0.62 mi) diameter (that threaten global devastation) by 2008.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> This initial mandate was met by 2011.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> In 2005, the original USA Spaceguard mandate was extended by the <a href="/wiki/George_E._Brown,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="George E. Brown, Jr.">George E. Brown, Jr.</a> Near-Earth Object Survey Act, which calls for NASA to detect 90% of NEOs with diameters of 140 m (460 ft) or greater, by 2020 (compare to the 20-meter <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_meteor" title="Chelyabinsk meteor">Chelyabinsk meteor</a> that hit Russia in 2013).<a href="#cite_note-law-109-155-166">[165]</a> As of January 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NASA&action=edit">[update]</a>, it is estimated that less than half of these have been found, but objects of this size hit the Earth only about once in 2,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> In January 2020, NASA officials estimated it would take 30 years to find all objects meeting the 140 m (460 ft) size criteria, more than twice the timeframe that was built into the 2005 mandate.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> In June 2021, NASA authorized the development of the <a href="/wiki/NEO_Surveyor" title="NEO Surveyor">NEO Surveyor</a> spacecraft to reduce that projected duration to achieve the mandate down to 10 years.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Involvement_in_current_robotic_missions">Involvement in current robotic missions</h4></div> NASA has incorporated planetary defense objectives into several ongoing missions. In 1999, NASA visited <a href="/wiki/433_Eros" title="433 Eros">433 Eros</a> with the <a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a> spacecraft which entered its orbit in 2000, closely imaging the asteroid with various instruments at that time.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> NEAR Shoemaker became the first spacecraft to successfully orbit and land on an asteroid, improving our understanding of these bodies and demonstrating our capacity to study them in greater detail.<a href="#cite_note-twofirsts-172">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a> used its suite of instruments to transmit radio tracking signals and capture optical images of <a href="/wiki/101955_Bennu" title="101955 Bennu">Bennu</a> during its study of the asteroid that will help NASA scientists determine its precise position in the solar system and its exact orbital path. As Bennu has the potential for recurring approaches to the Earth-Moon system in the next 100–200 years, the precision gained from OSIRIS-REx will enable scientists to better predict the future gravitational interactions between Bennu and our planet and resultant changes in Bennu's onward flight path.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE/NEOWISE</a> mission was launched by NASA JPL in 2009 as an infrared-wavelength astronomical space telescope. In 2013, NASA repurposed it as the NEOWISE mission to find potentially hazardous near-Earth asteroids and comets; its mission has been extended into 2023.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> NASA and <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Applied_Physics_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory">Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory</a> (JHAPL) jointly developed the first planetary defense purpose-built satellite, the <a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">Double Asteroid Redirection Test</a> (DART) to test possible planetary defense concepts.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> DART was launched in November 2021 by a SpaceX Falcon 9 from California on a trajectory designed to impact the <a href="/wiki/Dimorphos" title="Dimorphos">Dimorphos</a> asteroid. Scientists were seeking to determine whether an impact could alter the subsequent path of the asteroid; a concept that could be applied to future planetary defense.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> On September 26, 2022, DART hit its target. In the weeks following impact, NASA declared DART a success, confirming it had shortened Dimorphos' orbital period around Didymos by about 32 minutes, surpassing the pre-defined success threshold of 73 seconds.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/NEO_Surveyor" title="NEO Surveyor">NEO Surveyor</a>, formerly called the Near-Earth Object Camera (NEOCam) mission, is a space-based <a href="/wiki/Infrared_telescope" title="Infrared telescope">infrared telescope</a> under development to survey the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> for <a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">potentially hazardous asteroids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> The spacecraft is scheduled to launch in 2026. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Study_of_Unidentified_Aerial_Phenomena_(2022–present)">Study of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (2022–present)</h3></div> In June 2022, the head of the NASA <a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Zurbuchen" title="Thomas Zurbuchen">Thomas Zurbuchen</a>, confirmed the start of <a href="/wiki/NASA%27s_UAP_independent_study_team" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA's UAP independent study team">NASA's UAP independent study team</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> At a speech before the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine, Zurbuchen said the space agency would bring a scientific perspective to efforts already underway by the Pentagon and intelligence agencies to make sense of dozens of such sightings. He said it was "high-risk, high-impact" research that the space agency should not shy away from, even if it is a controversial field of study.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Collaboration">Collaboration</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NASA_Advisory_Council">NASA Advisory Council</h3></div> In response to the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a> accident, which killed three astronauts in 1967, Congress directed NASA to form an Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel (ASAP) to advise the NASA Administrator on safety issues and hazards in NASA's air and space programs. In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">Shuttle Columbia disaster</a>, Congress required that the ASAP submit an annual report to the NASA Administrator and to Congress.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> By 1971, NASA had also established the Space Program Advisory Council and the Research and Technology Advisory Council to provide the administrator with advisory committee support. In 1977, the latter two were combined to form the NASA Advisory Council (NAC).<a href="#cite_note-NAC_About-185">[184]</a> The <a href="/wiki/NASA_Authorization_Act_of_2014" title="NASA Authorization Act of 2014">NASA Authorization Act of 2014</a> reaffirmed the importance of ASAP. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration_(NOAA)">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:120px"><div class="center noresize" style="width:120px;"> <a href="/wiki/File:NOAA_logo_mobile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/NOAA_logo_mobile.svg/100px-NOAA_logo_mobile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 36px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/NOAA_logo_mobile.svg/100px-NOAA_logo_mobile.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="36" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/NOAA_logo_mobile.svg/150px-NOAA_logo_mobile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/NOAA_logo_mobile.svg/200px-NOAA_logo_mobile.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div> NASA and NOAA have cooperated for decades on the development, delivery and operation of polar and geosynchronous weather satellites.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> The relationship typically involves NASA developing the space systems, launch solutions, and ground control technology for the satellites and NOAA operating the systems and delivering weather forecasting products to users. Multiple generations of NOAA Polar orbiting platforms have operated to provide detailed imaging of weather from low altitude.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_Operational_Environmental_Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites">Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites</a> (GOES) provide near-real-time coverage of the western hemisphere to ensure accurate and timely understanding of developing weather phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_Space_Force">United States Space Force</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States Space Force</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:120px"><div class="center noresize" style="width:120px;"> <a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Space_Force_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/United_States_Space_Force_logo.svg/100px-United_States_Space_Force_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="350"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 117px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/United_States_Space_Force_logo.svg/100px-United_States_Space_Force_logo.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="117" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/United_States_Space_Force_logo.svg/150px-United_States_Space_Force_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/United_States_Space_Force_logo.svg/200px-United_States_Space_Force_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States Space Force</a> (USSF) is the space service branch of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a>, while the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the United States government responsible for civil spaceflight. NASA and the Space Force's predecessors in the Air Force have a long-standing cooperative relationship, with the Space Force supporting NASA launches out of <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral Space Force Station</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">Vandenberg Space Force Base</a>, to include range support and rescue operations from Task Force 45.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> NASA and the Space Force also partner on matters such as defending Earth from asteroids.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> Space Force members can be NASA astronauts, with Colonel <a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Hopkins" title="Michael S. Hopkins">Michael S. Hopkins</a>, the commander of <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-1" title="SpaceX Crew-1">SpaceX Crew-1</a>, commissioned into the Space Force from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> on December 18, 2020.<a href="#cite_note-:8-191">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-192">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-193">[192]</a> In September 2020, the Space Force and NASA signed a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">memorandum of understanding</a> formally acknowledging the joint role of both agencies. This new memorandum replaced a similar document signed in 2006 between NASA and Air Force Space Command.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_Geological_Survey">US Geological Survey</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landsat_9" title="Landsat 9">Landsat 9</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:120px"><div class="center noresize" style="width:120px;"> <a href="/wiki/File:USGS_logo_green.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/USGS_logo_green.svg/100px-USGS_logo_green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/USGS_logo_green.svg/100px-USGS_logo_green.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/USGS_logo_green.svg/150px-USGS_logo_green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/USGS_logo_green.svg/200px-USGS_logo_green.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Landsat_program" title="Landsat program">Landsat program</a> is the longest-running enterprise for acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">satellite imagery</a> of Earth. It is a joint NASA / <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">USGS</a> program.<a href="#cite_note-nasaLS-196">[195]</a> On July 23, 1972, the <a href="/wiki/Landsat_1" title="Landsat 1">Earth Resources Technology Satellite</a> was launched. This was eventually renamed to <a href="/wiki/Landsat_1" title="Landsat 1">Landsat 1</a> in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> The most recent satellite in the series, <a href="/wiki/Landsat_9" title="Landsat 9">Landsat 9</a>, was launched on September 27, 2021.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> The instruments on the Landsat satellites have acquired millions of images. The images, archived in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and at Landsat receiving stations around the world, are a unique resource for global change research and applications in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">regional planning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, and can be viewed through the US Geological Survey (USGS) "EarthExplorer" website. The collaboration between NASA and USGS involves NASA designing and delivering the space system (satellite) solution, launching the satellite into orbit with the USGS operating the system once in orbit.<a href="#cite_note-nasaLS-196">[195]</a> As of October 2022, nine satellites have been built with eight of them successfully operating in orbit. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Space_Agency_(ESA)">European Space Agency (ESA)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:120px"><div class="center noresize" style="width:120px;"> <a href="/wiki/File:European_Space_Agency_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/100px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="39" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="185"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 39px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/100px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="39" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/150px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/200px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div> NASA collaborates with the European Space Agency on a wide range of scientific and exploration requirements.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> From participation with the Space Shuttle (the Spacelab missions) to major roles on the Artemis program (the Orion Service Module), ESA and NASA have supported the science and exploration missions of each agency. There are NASA payloads on ESA spacecraft and ESA payloads on NASA spacecraft. The agencies have developed joint missions in areas including heliophysics (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a>)<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> and astronomy (<a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a>).<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> Under the Artemis Gateway partnership, ESA will contribute habitation and refueling modules, along with enhanced lunar communications, to the Gateway.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> NASA and ESA continue to advance cooperation in relation to Earth Science including climate change with agreements to cooperate on various missions including the <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-6_Michael_Freilich" title="Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich">Sentinel-6</a> series of spacecraft<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan_Aerospace_Exploration_Agency_(JAXA)">Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Japan_Aerospace_Exploration_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency">Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:120px"><div class="center noresize" style="width:120px;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Jaxa_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Jaxa_logo.svg/100px-Jaxa_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="276"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 62px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Jaxa_logo.svg/100px-Jaxa_logo.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="62" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Jaxa_logo.svg/150px-Jaxa_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Jaxa_logo.svg/200px-Jaxa_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div> NASA and the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Aerospace_Exploration_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency">Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency</a> (JAXA) cooperate on a range of space projects. JAXA is a direct participant in the Artemis program, including the Lunar Gateway effort. JAXA's planned contributions to Gateway include I-Hab's environmental control and life support system, batteries, thermal control, and imagery components, which will be integrated into the module by the European Space Agency (ESA) prior to launch. These capabilities are critical for sustained Gateway operations during crewed and uncrewed time periods.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> JAXA and NASA have collaborated on numerous satellite programs, especially in areas of Earth science. NASA has contributed to JAXA satellites and vice versa. Japanese instruments are flying on NASA's <a href="/wiki/Terra_(satellite)" title="Terra (satellite)">Terra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aqua_(satellite)" title="Aqua (satellite)">Aqua</a> satellites, and NASA sensors have flown on previous Japanese Earth-observation missions. The NASA-JAXA <a href="/wiki/Global_Precipitation_Measurement" title="Global Precipitation Measurement">Global Precipitation Measurement</a> mission was launched in 2014 and includes both NASA- and JAXA-supplied sensors on a NASA satellite launched on a JAXA rocket. The mission provides the frequent, accurate measurements of rainfall over the entire globe for use by scientists and weather forecasters.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:120px"><div class="center noresize" style="width:120px;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/100px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="325"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 63px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/100px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="63" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/150px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/200px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div> NASA and Roscosmos have cooperated on the development and operation of the International Space Station since September 1993.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> The agencies have used launch systems from both countries to deliver station elements to orbit. Astronauts and Cosmonauts jointly maintain various elements of the station. Both countries provide access to the station via launch systems noting Russia's unique role as the sole provider of delivery of crew and cargo upon retirement of the space shuttle in 2011 and prior to commencement of NASA COTS and crew flights. In July 2022, NASA and Roscosmos signed a deal to share space station flights enabling crew from each country to ride on the systems provided by the other.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> Current geopolitical conditions in late 2022 make it unlikely that cooperation will be extended to other programs such as Artemis or lunar exploration.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_(ISRO)">Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">ISRO</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:120px"><div class="center noresize" style="width:120px;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg/100px-Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="97" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="290"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 97px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg/100px-Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="97" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg/150px-Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg/200px-Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div> In September 2014, NASA and <a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)</a> signed a partnership to collaborate on and launch a joint radar mission, the <a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperature Radar</a> (<a href="/wiki/NISAR" class="mw-redirect" title="NISAR">NISAR</a>) mission. The mission is targeted to launch in 2024. NASA will provide the mission's L-band synthetic aperture radar, a high-rate communication subsystem for science data, GPS receivers, a solid-state recorder and payload data subsystem. ISRO provides the spacecraft bus, the S-band radar, the launch vehicle and associated launch services.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artemis_Accords">Artemis Accords</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Artemis_Accords" title="Artemis Accords">Artemis Accords</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Artemis_Accords" title="Artemis Accords">Artemis Accords</a> have been established to define a framework for cooperating in the peaceful exploration and exploitation of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a>. The accords were drafted by NASA and the US State Department and are executed as a series of bilateral agreements between the United States and the participating countries.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> As of September 2022, 21 countries have signed the accords. They are Australia, Bahrain, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, France, Israel, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, New Zealand, Poland, Romania, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China_National_Space_Administration">China National Space Administration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Amendment" title="Wolf Amendment">Wolf Amendment</a> and <a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">China National Space Administration</a></div> The Wolf Amendment was passed by the US Congress into law in 2011 and prevents NASA from engaging in direct, bilateral cooperation with the Chinese government and China-affiliated organizations such as the China National Space Administration without the explicit authorization from Congress and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The law has been renewed annually since by inclusion in annual appropriations bills.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership">Leadership</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Janet_E._Petro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Janet_E._Petro.jpg/170px-Janet_E._Petro.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2351" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 217px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Janet_E._Petro.jpg/170px-Janet_E._Petro.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="217" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Janet_E._Petro.jpg/255px-Janet_E._Petro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Janet_E._Petro.jpg/340px-Janet_E._Petro.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Administrator <a href="/wiki/Janet_Petro" title="Janet Petro">Janet Petro</a> (2025–present)</figcaption></figure> The agency's administration is located at <a href="/wiki/NASA_Headquarters" title="NASA Headquarters">NASA Headquarters</a> in Washington, DC, and provides overall guidance and direction.<a href="#cite_note-HQ-218">[217]</a> Except under exceptional circumstances, NASA civil service employees are required to be <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship in the United States">US citizens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> NASA's administrator is nominated by the President of the United States subject to the approval of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">US Senate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> and serves at the President's pleasure as a senior space science advisor. The current administrator is <a href="/wiki/Janet_Petro" title="Janet Petro">Janet Petro</a>, appointed by President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, since January 20, 2025. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategic_plan">Strategic plan</h3></div> NASA operates with four FY2022 strategic goals.<a href="#cite_note-nasa.stratpln-221">[220]</a> <ul><li>Expand human knowledge through new scientific discoveries</li> <li>Extend human presence to the Moon and on towards Mars for sustainable long-term exploration, development, and utilization</li> <li>Catalyze economic growth and drive innovation to address national challenges</li> <li>Enhance capabilities and operations to catalyze current and future mission success</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Budget">Budget</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget of NASA</a></div> NASA budget requests are developed by NASA and approved by the administration prior to submission to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">US Congress</a>. Authorized budgets are those that have been included in enacted appropriations bills that are approved by both houses of Congress and enacted into law by the US president.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> NASA fiscal year budget requests and authorized budgets are listed below. <table class="wikitable float-left" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Budget Request in bil. US$ </th> <th>Authorized Budget in bil. US$ </th> <th>US Government Employees </th></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td>$19.092<a href="#cite_note-nasa.bdgt2018-223">[222]</a> </td> <td>$20.736<a href="#cite_note-nasa.bdgt2019-224">[223]</a> </td> <td>17,551<a href="#cite_note-nasa.eeop2018-225">[224]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td>$19.892<a href="#cite_note-nasa.bdgt2019-224">[223]</a> </td> <td>$21.500<a href="#cite_note-nasa.bdgt2020-226">[225]</a> </td> <td>17,551<a href="#cite_note-nasa.eeop2019-227">[226]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td>$22.613<a href="#cite_note-nasa.bdgt2020-226">[225]</a> </td> <td>$22.629<a href="#cite_note-nasa.bdgt2021-228">[227]</a> </td> <td>18,048<a href="#cite_note-nasa.eeop2020-229">[228]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td>$25.246<a href="#cite_note-nasa.bdgt2021-228">[227]</a> </td> <td>$23.271<a href="#cite_note-nasa.bdgt2022-230">[229]</a> </td> <td>18,339<a href="#cite_note-nasa.eeop2021-231">[230]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td>$24.802<a href="#cite_note-nasa.bdgt2022-230">[229]</a> </td> <td>$24.041<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> </td> <td>18,400 est </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization">Organization</h3></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:#A65628; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 389.47428549299px; border-left-color:#FFFF33"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FFFF33"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FFFF33"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 157.57478599687px; border-left-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 12.632937844611px; border-left-color:#713A7A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#713A7A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#713A7A"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:58.778525229247px 80.901699437495px 0 0; border-top-color:#5FD35B"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#5FD35B"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 47.056428121225px 100px 0; border-right-color:#377EB8"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#377EB8"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Budget allocations to Mission Directorates <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> Science (32%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Exploration Systems (28%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Space Operations (17%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Mission Support (14%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Space Technology (5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Aeronautics Research (4%)</div> </div> </div></div> NASA funding and priorities are developed through its six Mission Directorates. <table class="wikitable float-left" style="text-align:left"> <tbody><tr> <th>Mission Directorate </th> <th>Associate Administrator </th> <th>% of Budget<a href="#cite_note-nasa.bdgt2022-230">[229]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aeronautics_Research_Mission_Directorate" title="Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate">Aeronautics Research</a> (ARMD) </td> <td>Catherine Koerner<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">4%</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Exploration Systems (ESDMD) </td> <td>Jim Free<a href="#cite_note-nasa20210921-234">[233]</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">28%</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Space Operations (SOMD) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ken_Bowersox" title="Ken Bowersox">Ken Bowersox</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">17%</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science</a> (SMD) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Fox" title="Nicola Fox">Nicola Fox</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">32%</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Space Technology (STMD) </td> <td>Clayton Turner (acting)<a href="#cite_note-Doyle_2024-237">[236]</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">5%</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mission Support (MSD) </td> <td>Robert Gibbs<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">14%</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="NASA is located in the United States"><noscript><img alt="NASA is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/300px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 186px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/300px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png" data-alt="NASA is located in the United States" data-width="300" data-height="186" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/450px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/600px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><div class="od notheme" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Armstrong" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Armstrong</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.061%;left:72.848%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><noscript><img alt="Glenn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Glenn" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Glenn</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.076%;left:81.895%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><noscript><img alt="Goddard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Goddard" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Goddard</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.623%;left:10.761%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><noscript><img alt="JPL" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="JPL" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>JPL</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:81.25%;left:51.723%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><noscript><img alt="Johnson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Johnson" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Johnson</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:81.065%;left:79.263%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><noscript><img alt="Kennedy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Kennedy" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Kennedy</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.323%;left:83.508%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><noscript><img alt="Langley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Langley" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Langley</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:62.145%;left:66.535%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><noscript><img alt="Marshall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Marshall" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Marshall</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:77.8%;left:61.978%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><noscript><img alt="Stennis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Stennis" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Stennis</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg" title="File:Usa edcp location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>NASA field center locations</div></div></div> Center-wide activities such as the Chief Engineer and Safety and Mission Assurance organizations are aligned to the headquarters function. The MSD budget estimate includes funds for these HQ functions. The administration operates 10 major field centers with several managing additional subordinate facilities across the country. Each center is led by a director (data below valid as of December 23, 2024). <table class="wikitable float-left" style="text-align:left"> <tbody><tr> <th>Field Center </th> <th>Primary Location </th> <th>Director </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ames_Research_Center" title="Ames Research Center">Ames Research Center</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moffett_Field,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Moffett Field, California">Moffett Field, California</a> </td> <td>Eugene Tu<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Flight_Research_Center" title="Armstrong Flight Research Center">Armstrong Flight Research Center</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edwards,_California" title="Edwards, California">Edwards, California</a> </td> <td>Bradley Flick<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Research_Center" title="Glenn Research Center">Glenn Research Center</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, Ohio </td> <td>James Kenyon<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greenbelt,_Maryland" title="Greenbelt, Maryland">Greenbelt, Maryland</a> </td> <td>Makenzie Lystrup<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Ca%C3%B1ada_Flintridge,_California" title="La Cañada Flintridge, California">La Cañada Flintridge, California</a> </td> <td>Laurie Leshin<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, Texas </td> <td>Vanessa Wyche<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Merritt_Island,_Florida" title="Merritt Island, Florida">Merritt Island, Florida</a> </td> <td>Janet Petro<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Langley_Research_Center" title="Langley Research Center">Langley Research Center</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton, Virginia</a> </td> <td>Dawn Schaible (acting)<a href="#cite_note-Doyle_2024-237">[236]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a> </td> <td>Joseph Pelfrey<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stennis_Space_Center" title="Stennis Space Center">Stennis Space Center</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hancock_County,_Mississippi" title="Hancock County, Mississippi">Hancock County, Mississippi</a> </td> <td>John Bailey<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Sustainability">Sustainability</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h3></div> The exhaust gases produced by rocket propulsion systems, both in Earth's atmosphere and in space, can adversely affect the Earth's environment. Some <a href="/wiki/Hypergolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypergolic">hypergolic</a> rocket propellants, such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a>, are highly toxic prior to <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>, but decompose into less toxic compounds after burning. Rockets using hydrocarbon fuels, such as <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a>, release carbon dioxide and soot in their exhaust.<a href="#cite_note-rocket_soot-248">[247]</a> Carbon dioxide emissions are insignificant compared to those from other sources; on average, the United States consumed 803 million US gal (3.0 million m3) of liquid fuels per day in 2014, while a single <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> rocket first stage burns around 25,000 US gallons (95 m3) of kerosene fuel per launch.<a href="#cite_note-EIA_2016-249">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> Even if a Falcon 9 were launched every single day, it would only represent 0.006% of liquid fuel consumption (and carbon dioxide emissions) for that day. Additionally, the exhaust from <a href="/wiki/LOx" class="mw-redirect" title="LOx">LOx</a>- and <a href="/wiki/LH2" class="mw-redirect" title="LH2">LH2</a>- fueled engines, like the <a href="/wiki/SSME" class="mw-redirect" title="SSME">SSME</a>, is almost entirely water vapor.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-SSME-251">[250]</a> NASA addressed environmental concerns with its canceled <a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation program</a> in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-Constellation_Program-252">[251]</a> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Ion_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion engines">ion engines</a> use harmless noble gases like <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a> for propulsion.<a href="#cite_note-ns20070928-253">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goto2003-254">[253]</a> An example of NASA's environmental efforts is the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Sustainability_Base" title="NASA Sustainability Base">NASA Sustainability Base</a>. Additionally, the Exploration Sciences Building was awarded the LEED Gold rating in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> On May 8, 2003, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> recognized NASA as the first federal agency to directly use <a href="/wiki/Landfill_gas" title="Landfill gas">landfill gas</a> to produce energy at one of its facilities—the <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a>, Greenbelt, Maryland.<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> In 2018, NASA along with other companies including Sensor Coating Systems, <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney" title="Pratt & Whitney">Pratt & Whitney</a>, Monitor Coating and <a href="/wiki/United_Technologies_Corp" class="mw-redirect" title="United Technologies Corp">UTRC</a> launched the project CAUTION (CoAtings for Ultra High Temperature detectION). This project aims to enhance the temperature range of the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_history_coating" title="Thermal history coating">Thermal History Coating</a> up to 1,500 °C (2,730 °F) and beyond. The final goal of this project is improving the safety of jet engines as well as increasing efficiency and reducing CO2 emissions.<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3></div> NASA also researches and publishes on <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> Its statements concur with the global scientific consensus that the climate is warming.<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith Walker">Bob Walker</a>, who has advised former US President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> on space issues, has advocated that NASA should focus on space exploration and that its climate study operations should be transferred to other agencies such as <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>. Former NASA atmospheric scientist <a href="/wiki/J._Marshall_Shepherd" title="J. Marshall Shepherd">J. Marshall Shepherd</a> countered that Earth science study was built into NASA's mission at <a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">its creation</a> in the 1958 <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> NASA won the <a href="/wiki/2020_Webby_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Webby Award">2020 Webby People's Voice Award for Green</a> in the category Web.<a href="#cite_note-Kastrenakes-261">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="STEM_Initiatives">STEM Initiatives</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/STEM" class="mw-redirect" title="STEM">STEM</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Educational_Launch_of_Nanosatellites" title="Educational Launch of Nanosatellites">Educational Launch of Nanosatellites</a> (ELaNa). Since 2011, the ELaNa program has provided opportunities for NASA to work with university teams to test emerging technologies and commercial-off-the-shelf solutions by providing launch opportunities for developed <a href="/wiki/CubeSat" title="CubeSat">CubeSats</a> using NASA procured launch opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> By example, two NASA-sponsored <a href="/wiki/CubeSats" class="mw-redirect" title="CubeSats">CubeSats</a> launched in June 2022 on a <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Orbit" title="Virgin Orbit">Virgin Orbit</a> <a href="/wiki/LauncherOne" title="LauncherOne">LauncherOne</a> vehicle as the ELaNa 39 mission.<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> Cubes in Space. NASA started an annual competition in 2014 named "Cubes in Space".<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a> It is jointly organized by NASA and the global education company I Doodle Learning, with the objective of teaching school students aged 11–18 to design and build scientific experiments to be launched into space on a NASA rocket or balloon. On June 21, 2017, the world's smallest satellite, KalamSAT, was launched.<a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_the_metric_system">Use of the metric system</h3></div> US law requires the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> to be used in all US Government programs, "except where impractical".<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> In 1969, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> landed on the Moon using a mix of <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">United States customary units</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric units</a>. In the 1980s, NASA started the transition towards the metric system, but was still using both systems in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a> On September 23, 1999, a mixup between NASA's use of SI units and <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Space" title="Lockheed Martin Space">Lockheed Martin Space</a>'s use of US units resulted in the loss of the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter">Mars Climate Orbiter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> In August 2007, NASA stated that all future missions and explorations of the Moon would be done entirely using the SI system. This was done to improve cooperation with space agencies of other countries that already use the metric system.<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> As of 2007, NASA is predominantly working with SI units, but some projects still use US units, and some, including the International Space Station, use a mix of both.<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Media_presence">Media presence</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NASA_TV">NASA TV</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a></div> Approaching 40 years of service, the <a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a> channel airs content ranging from live coverage of crewed missions to video coverage of significant milestones for operating robotic spacecraft (e.g. rover landings on Mars) and domestic and international launches.<a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a> The channel is delivered by NASA and is broadcast by satellite and over the Internet. The system initially started to capture archival footage of important space events for NASA managers and engineers and expanded as public interest grew. The <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a> Christmas Eve broadcast while in orbit around the Moon was received by more than a billion people.<a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> NASA's video transmission of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> Moon landing was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards" title="Primetime Emmy Awards">primetime Emmy</a> in commemoration of the 40th anniversary of the landing.<a href="#cite_note-274">[273]</a> The channel is a product of the US Government and is widely available across many television and Internet platforms.<a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NASAcast">NASAcast</h3></div> NASAcast is the official audio and video <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">podcast</a> of the NASA website. Created in late 2005, the podcast service contains the latest audio and video features from the NASA web site, including <a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a>'s This Week at NASA and educational materials produced by NASA. Additional NASA podcasts, such as Science@NASA, are also featured and give subscribers an in-depth look at content by subject matter.<a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NASA_EDGE">NASA EDGE</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_EDGE_Orion_Pad_Abort_1_White_Sands_Missile_Range.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/NASA_EDGE_Orion_Pad_Abort_1_White_Sands_Missile_Range.jpg/220px-NASA_EDGE_Orion_Pad_Abort_1_White_Sands_Missile_Range.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2382" data-file-height="1787"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/NASA_EDGE_Orion_Pad_Abort_1_White_Sands_Missile_Range.jpg/220px-NASA_EDGE_Orion_Pad_Abort_1_White_Sands_Missile_Range.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/NASA_EDGE_Orion_Pad_Abort_1_White_Sands_Missile_Range.jpg/330px-NASA_EDGE_Orion_Pad_Abort_1_White_Sands_Missile_Range.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/NASA_EDGE_Orion_Pad_Abort_1_White_Sands_Missile_Range.jpg/440px-NASA_EDGE_Orion_Pad_Abort_1_White_Sands_Missile_Range.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>NASA EDGE broadcasting live from <a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range" title="White Sands Missile Range">White Sands Missile Range</a> in 2010</figcaption></figure> NASA EDGE is a <a href="/wiki/Video_podcast" class="mw-redirect" title="Video podcast">video podcast</a> which explores different missions, technologies and projects developed by NASA. The program was released by NASA on March 18, 2007, and, as of August 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NASA&action=edit">[update]</a>, there have been 200 vodcasts produced. It is a <a href="/wiki/Public_outreach" class="mw-redirect" title="Public outreach">public outreach</a> vodcast sponsored by NASA's Exploration Systems Mission Directorate and based out of the Exploration and Space Operations Directorate at <a href="/wiki/Langley_Research_Center" title="Langley Research Center">Langley Research Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton</a>, Virginia. The NASA EDGE team takes an insider's look at current projects and technologies from NASA facilities around the United States, and it is depicted through personal interviews, on-scene broadcasts, <a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">computer animations</a>, and personal interviews with top scientists and engineers at NASA.<a href="#cite_note-278">[note 2]</a> The show explores the contributions NASA has made to society as well as the progress of current projects in materials and <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a>. NASA EDGE vodcasts can be downloaded from the NASA website and from <a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a>. In its first year of production, the show was downloaded over 450,000 times. As of February 2010,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NASA&action=edit">[update]</a> the average download rate is more than 420,000 per month, with over one million downloads in December 2009 and January 2010.<a href="#cite_note-trn100211-279">[277]</a> NASA and the NASA EDGE have also developed interactive programs designed to complement the vodcast. The Lunar Electric Rover App allows users to drive a simulated <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Electric_Rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Electric Rover">Lunar Electric Rover</a> between objectives, and it provides information about and images of the vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-NE_LER-280">[278]</a> The NASA EDGE Widget provides a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> for accessing NASA EDGE vodcasts, image galleries, and the program's Twitter feed, as well as a live NASA news feed.<a href="#cite_note-NE_widget-281">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomy_Picture_of_the_Day">Astronomy Picture of the Day</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_Picture_of_the_Day" title="Astronomy Picture of the Day">Astronomy Picture of the Day</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronomy_Picture_of_the_Day&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_Picture_of_the_Day" title="Astronomy Picture of the Day">Astronomy Picture of the Day</a> (APOD) is a <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">website</a> provided by NASA and <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Technological_University" title="Michigan Technological University">Michigan Technological University</a> (MTU). It reads: "Each day a different image or <a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">photograph</a> of our <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a>."<a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a> The photograph does not necessarily correspond to a celestial event on the exact day that it is displayed, and images are sometimes repeated.<a href="#cite_note-Astronomy_Picture_of_the_Day_APODFAQ-283">[281]</a> These often relate to current events in astronomy and <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a>. The text has several hyperlinks to more pictures and websites for more information. The images are either <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a> photographs, images taken at non-visible <a href="/wiki/Wavelengths" class="mw-redirect" title="Wavelengths">wavelengths</a> and displayed in <a href="/wiki/False_color" title="False color">false color</a>, video footage, animations, artist's conceptions, or <a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">micrographs</a> that relate to space or cosmology. Past images are stored in the APOD Archive, with the first image appearing on June 16, 1995.<a href="#cite_note-284">[282]</a> This initiative has received support from NASA, the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>, and MTU. The images are sometimes authored by people or organizations outside NASA, and therefore APOD images are often <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyrighted</a>, unlike many other NASA image galleries.<a href="#cite_note-285">[283]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NASA+">NASA+</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/NASA%2B" title="NASA+">NASA+</a></div> In July 2023, NASA announced a new <a href="/wiki/Streaming_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Streaming service">streaming service</a> known as NASA+. It launched on November 8, 2023, and has live coverage of launches, documentaries and original programs. According to NASA, it will be free of ads and subscription fees. It will be a part of the NASA app on <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Fire_TV" title="Amazon Fire TV">Amazon Fire TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roku" title="Roku">Roku</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apple_TV" title="Apple TV">Apple TV</a> as well as on the web on desktop and mobile devices.<a href="#cite_note-286">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[286]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery.gallery.gallery{line-height:1.35em;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{outline:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>NASA spacecraft observations of the Solar System</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sun image by Solar Dynamics Observatory, 2010"><noscript><img alt="Sun image by Solar Dynamics Observatory, 2010" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg/189px-The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4044" data-file-height="3860"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 126px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg/189px-The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg" data-alt="Sun image by Solar Dynamics Observatory, 2010" data-width="126" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg/283px-The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg/377px-The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> image by <a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a>, 2010</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_in_true_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Planet Mercury image by MESSENGER, 2008"><noscript><img alt="Planet Mercury image by MESSENGER, 2008" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mercury_in_true_color.jpg/180px-Mercury_in_true_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="1040"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mercury_in_true_color.jpg/180px-Mercury_in_true_color.jpg" data-alt="Planet Mercury image by MESSENGER, 2008" data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mercury_in_true_color.jpg/270px-Mercury_in_true_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mercury_in_true_color.jpg/360px-Mercury_in_true_color.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Planet Mercury</a> image by <a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a>, 2008</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_from_Mariner_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Planet Venus image by Mariner 10, 1974"><noscript><img alt="Planet Venus image by Mariner 10, 1974" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Venus_from_Mariner_10.jpg/180px-Venus_from_Mariner_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Venus_from_Mariner_10.jpg/180px-Venus_from_Mariner_10.jpg" data-alt="Planet Venus image by Mariner 10, 1974" data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Venus_from_Mariner_10.jpg/270px-Venus_from_Mariner_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Venus_from_Mariner_10.jpg/360px-Venus_from_Mariner_10.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Planet Venus</a> image by <a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a>, 1974</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Blue_Marble_(remastered).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Planet Earth image by Apollo 17 crew, 1972"><noscript><img alt="Planet Earth image by Apollo 17 crew, 1972" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/The_Blue_Marble_%28remastered%29.jpg/180px-The_Blue_Marble_%28remastered%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/The_Blue_Marble_%28remastered%29.jpg/180px-The_Blue_Marble_%28remastered%29.jpg" data-alt="Planet Earth image by Apollo 17 crew, 1972" data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/The_Blue_Marble_%28remastered%29.jpg/270px-The_Blue_Marble_%28remastered%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/The_Blue_Marble_%28remastered%29.jpg/360px-The_Blue_Marble_%28remastered%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Planet Earth</a> image by <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a> crew, 1972</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 147.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 145.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_8_Image_of_the_Moon_(AS08-14-2506).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moon image by Apollo 8 crew, 1968"><noscript><img alt="Moon image by Apollo 8 crew, 1968" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Apollo_8_Image_of_the_Moon_%28AS08-14-2506%29.jpg/218px-Apollo_8_Image_of_the_Moon_%28AS08-14-2506%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3997" data-file-height="3306"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 146px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Apollo_8_Image_of_the_Moon_%28AS08-14-2506%29.jpg/218px-Apollo_8_Image_of_the_Moon_%28AS08-14-2506%29.jpg" data-alt="Moon image by Apollo 8 crew, 1968" data-width="146" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Apollo_8_Image_of_the_Moon_%28AS08-14-2506%29.jpg/327px-Apollo_8_Image_of_the_Moon_%28AS08-14-2506%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Apollo_8_Image_of_the_Moon_%28AS08-14-2506%29.jpg/435px-Apollo_8_Image_of_the_Moon_%28AS08-14-2506%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> image by <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a> crew, 1968</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Valles_Marineris.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Planet Mars image by Viking 1, 1976"><noscript><img alt="Planet Mars image by Viking 1, 1976" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mars_Valles_Marineris.jpeg/180px-Mars_Valles_Marineris.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1552"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mars_Valles_Marineris.jpeg/180px-Mars_Valles_Marineris.jpeg" data-alt="Planet Mars image by Viking 1, 1976" data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mars_Valles_Marineris.jpeg/270px-Mars_Valles_Marineris.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mars_Valles_Marineris.jpeg/360px-Mars_Valles_Marineris.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Planet Mars</a> image by <a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a>, 1976</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eros_-_PIA02923_(color).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asteroid 433 Eros image by NEAR Shoemaker, 2000"><noscript><img alt="Asteroid 433 Eros image by NEAR Shoemaker, 2000" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg/163px-Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="838"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 109px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg/163px-Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg" data-alt="Asteroid 433 Eros image by NEAR Shoemaker, 2000" data-width="109" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg/245px-Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg/326px-Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_433_Eros" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteroid 433 Eros">Asteroid 433 Eros</a> image by <a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a>, 2000</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA18920-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-20150219.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dwarf planet Ceres image by Dawn, 2015"><noscript><img alt="Dwarf planet Ceres image by Dawn, 2015" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/PIA18920-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-20150219.jpg/180px-PIA18920-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-20150219.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/PIA18920-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-20150219.jpg/180px-PIA18920-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-20150219.jpg" data-alt="Dwarf planet Ceres image by Dawn, 2015" data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/PIA18920-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-20150219.jpg/270px-PIA18920-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-20150219.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/PIA18920-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-20150219.jpg/360px-PIA18920-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-20150219.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Dwarf planet Ceres</a> image by <a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a>, 2015</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22946-Jupiter-RedSpot-JunoSpacecraft-20190212.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Planet Jupiter image by Juno, 2019"><noscript><img alt="Planet Jupiter image by Juno, 2019" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PIA22946-Jupiter-RedSpot-JunoSpacecraft-20190212.jpg/180px-PIA22946-Jupiter-RedSpot-JunoSpacecraft-20190212.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PIA22946-Jupiter-RedSpot-JunoSpacecraft-20190212.jpg/180px-PIA22946-Jupiter-RedSpot-JunoSpacecraft-20190212.jpg" data-alt="Planet Jupiter image by Juno, 2019" data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PIA22946-Jupiter-RedSpot-JunoSpacecraft-20190212.jpg/270px-PIA22946-Jupiter-RedSpot-JunoSpacecraft-20190212.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PIA22946-Jupiter-RedSpot-JunoSpacecraft-20190212.jpg/360px-PIA22946-Jupiter-RedSpot-JunoSpacecraft-20190212.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Planet Jupiter</a> image by <a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a>, 2019</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moon Io (Jupiter) image by Galileo, 1999"><noscript><img alt="Moon Io (Jupiter) image by Galileo, 1999" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg/180px-Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="3196"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg/180px-Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg" data-alt="Moon Io (Jupiter) image by Galileo, 1999" data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg/270px-Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg/360px-Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Moon Io (Jupiter)</a> image by <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a>, 1999</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_Storm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Planet Saturn image by Cassini, 2016"><noscript><img alt="Planet Saturn image by Cassini, 2016" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Saturn_Storm.jpg/180px-Saturn_Storm.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="1015"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Saturn_Storm.jpg/180px-Saturn_Storm.jpg" data-alt="Planet Saturn image by Cassini, 2016" data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Saturn_Storm.jpg/270px-Saturn_Storm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Saturn_Storm.jpg/360px-Saturn_Storm.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Planet Saturn</a> image by <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a>, 2016</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mimas_Cassini.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moon Mimas (Saturn) image by Cassini, 2010"><noscript><img alt="Moon Mimas (Saturn) image by Cassini, 2010" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mimas_Cassini.jpg/180px-Mimas_Cassini.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mimas_Cassini.jpg/180px-Mimas_Cassini.jpg" data-alt="Moon Mimas (Saturn) image by Cassini, 2010" data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mimas_Cassini.jpg/270px-Mimas_Cassini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mimas_Cassini.jpg/360px-Mimas_Cassini.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mimas_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimas (moon)">Moon Mimas (Saturn)</a> image by <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a>, 2010</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Planet Uranus by Voyager 2, 1986"><noscript><img alt="Planet Uranus by Voyager 2, 1986" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/180px-Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="830"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/180px-Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png" data-alt="Planet Uranus by Voyager 2, 1986" data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/270px-Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/360px-Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Planet Uranus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a>, 1986</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Miranda_mosaic_in_color_-_Voyager_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Moon Miranda (Uranus) image by Voyager 2, 1986"><noscript><img alt="Moon Miranda (Uranus) image by Voyager 2, 1986" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Miranda_mosaic_in_color_-_Voyager_2.png/180px-Miranda_mosaic_in_color_-_Voyager_2.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2320" data-file-height="2320"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Miranda_mosaic_in_color_-_Voyager_2.png/180px-Miranda_mosaic_in_color_-_Voyager_2.png" data-alt="Moon Miranda (Uranus) image by Voyager 2, 1986" data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Miranda_mosaic_in_color_-_Voyager_2.png/270px-Miranda_mosaic_in_color_-_Voyager_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Miranda_mosaic_in_color_-_Voyager_2.png/360px-Miranda_mosaic_in_color_-_Voyager_2.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Moon Miranda (Uranus)</a> image by <a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a>, 1986</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Planet Neptune image by Voyager 2, 1989"><noscript><img alt="Planet Neptune image by Voyager 2, 1989" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/180px-Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/180px-Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png" data-alt="Planet Neptune image by Voyager 2, 1989" data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/270px-Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/360px-Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Planet Neptune</a> image by <a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a>, 1989</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dwarf planet Pluto image by New Horizons, 2015"><noscript><img alt="Dwarf planet Pluto image by New Horizons, 2015" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/180px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="8000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/180px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" data-alt="Dwarf planet Pluto image by New Horizons, 2015" data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/270px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/360px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Dwarf planet Pluto</a> image by <a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a>, 2015</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moon Charon (Pluto) image by New Horizons, 2015"><noscript><img alt="Moon Charon (Pluto) image by New Horizons, 2015" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/180px-Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/180px-Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" data-alt="Moon Charon (Pluto) image by New Horizons, 2015" data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/270px-Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/360px-Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Moon Charon (Pluto)</a> image by <a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a>, 2015</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1275594942"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>NASA Great Observatory images</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Comets_Kick_up_Dust_in_Helix_Nebula_(PIA09178).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Helix Nebula by Spitzer Space Telescope, 2007"><noscript><img alt="Helix Nebula by Spitzer Space Telescope, 2007" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Comets_Kick_up_Dust_in_Helix_Nebula_%28PIA09178%29.jpg/217px-Comets_Kick_up_Dust_in_Helix_Nebula_%28PIA09178%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4279" data-file-height="3559"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 145px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Comets_Kick_up_Dust_in_Helix_Nebula_%28PIA09178%29.jpg/217px-Comets_Kick_up_Dust_in_Helix_Nebula_%28PIA09178%29.jpg" data-alt="Helix Nebula by Spitzer Space Telescope, 2007" data-width="145" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Comets_Kick_up_Dust_in_Helix_Nebula_%28PIA09178%29.jpg/325px-Comets_Kick_up_Dust_in_Helix_Nebula_%28PIA09178%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Comets_Kick_up_Dust_in_Helix_Nebula_%28PIA09178%29.jpg/433px-Comets_Kick_up_Dust_in_Helix_Nebula_%28PIA09178%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Helix_Nebula" title="Helix Nebula">Helix Nebula</a> by <a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a>, 2007</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 154px;"><a href="/wiki/File:GKPersei-MiniSuperNova-20150316.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1901 GK Persei supernova by Chandra X-ray Observatory, 2015"><noscript><img alt="1901 GK Persei supernova by Chandra X-ray Observatory, 2015" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/GKPersei-MiniSuperNova-20150316.jpg/231px-GKPersei-MiniSuperNova-20150316.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2802"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 154px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/GKPersei-MiniSuperNova-20150316.jpg/231px-GKPersei-MiniSuperNova-20150316.jpg" data-alt="1901 GK Persei supernova by Chandra X-ray Observatory, 2015" data-width="154" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/GKPersei-MiniSuperNova-20150316.jpg/347px-GKPersei-MiniSuperNova-20150316.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/GKPersei-MiniSuperNova-20150316.jpg/463px-GKPersei-MiniSuperNova-20150316.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1901 GK Persei supernova by <a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a>, 2015</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:HH_901_and_HH_902_in_the_Carina_nebula_(captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carina Nebula by Hubble Space Telescope, 2010"><noscript><img alt="Carina Nebula by Hubble Space Telescope, 2010" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/HH_901_and_HH_902_in_the_Carina_nebula_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg/196px-HH_901_and_HH_902_in_the_Carina_nebula_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2104" data-file-height="1937"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 131px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/HH_901_and_HH_902_in_the_Carina_nebula_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg/196px-HH_901_and_HH_902_in_the_Carina_nebula_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg" data-alt="Carina Nebula by Hubble Space Telescope, 2010" data-width="131" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/HH_901_and_HH_902_in_the_Carina_nebula_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg/293px-HH_901_and_HH_902_in_the_Carina_nebula_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/HH_901_and_HH_902_in_the_Carina_nebula_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg/391px-HH_901_and_HH_902_in_the_Carina_nebula_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Carina_Nebula" title="Carina Nebula">Carina Nebula</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>, 2010</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 127.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 125.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephan%27s_Quintet_taken_by_James_Webb_Space_Telescope.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stephens quintet by James Webb Space Telescope, Jul 2022"><noscript><img alt="Stephens quintet by James Webb Space Telescope, Jul 2022" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Stephan%27s_Quintet_taken_by_James_Webb_Space_Telescope.jpg/188px-Stephan%27s_Quintet_taken_by_James_Webb_Space_Telescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="12654" data-file-height="12132"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 126px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Stephan%27s_Quintet_taken_by_James_Webb_Space_Telescope.jpg/188px-Stephan%27s_Quintet_taken_by_James_Webb_Space_Telescope.jpg" data-alt="Stephens quintet by James Webb Space Telescope, Jul 2022" data-width="126" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Stephan%27s_Quintet_taken_by_James_Webb_Space_Telescope.jpg/282px-Stephan%27s_Quintet_taken_by_James_Webb_Space_Telescope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Stephan%27s_Quintet_taken_by_James_Webb_Space_Telescope.jpg/376px-Stephan%27s_Quintet_taken_by_James_Webb_Space_Telescope.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Stephan%27s_Quintet" title="Stephan's Quintet">Stephens quintet</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a>, Jul 2022</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1275594942"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>NASA spacecraft</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 159.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 157.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Comparison of Apollo, Gemini, and Mercury systems[note 3]"><noscript><img alt="Comparison of Apollo, Gemini, and Mercury systems" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg/236px-NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4669" data-file-height="3559"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 158px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg/236px-NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg" data-alt="Comparison of Apollo, Gemini, and Mercury systems" data-width="158" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg/354px-NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg/472px-NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Comparison of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemini_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemini (spacecraft)">Gemini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a> systems<a href="#cite_note-289">[note 3]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo12ConradSurveyor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Surveyor 3, Pete Conrad, and Apollo 12 on the Moon, 1969"><noscript><img alt="Surveyor 3, Pete Conrad, and Apollo 12 on the Moon, 1969" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Apollo12ConradSurveyor.jpg/195px-Apollo12ConradSurveyor.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1678"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 130px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Apollo12ConradSurveyor.jpg/195px-Apollo12ConradSurveyor.jpg" data-alt="Surveyor 3, Pete Conrad, and Apollo 12 on the Moon, 1969" data-width="130" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Apollo12ConradSurveyor.jpg/293px-Apollo12ConradSurveyor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Apollo12ConradSurveyor.jpg/390px-Apollo12ConradSurveyor.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">Surveyor 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Pete Conrad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a> on the Moon, 1969</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-123_Dextre%26Kibo_ELM-PS_in_orbit_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Space Shuttle Endeavor in orbit, 2008"><noscript><img alt="Space Shuttle Endeavor in orbit, 2008" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/STS-123_Dextre%26Kibo_ELM-PS_in_orbit_%28cropped%29.jpg/271px-STS-123_Dextre%26Kibo_ELM-PS_in_orbit_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3680" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 181px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/STS-123_Dextre%26Kibo_ELM-PS_in_orbit_%28cropped%29.jpg/271px-STS-123_Dextre%26Kibo_ELM-PS_in_orbit_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Space Shuttle Endeavor in orbit, 2008" data-width="181" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/STS-123_Dextre%26Kibo_ELM-PS_in_orbit_%28cropped%29.jpg/406px-STS-123_Dextre%26Kibo_ELM-PS_in_orbit_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/STS-123_Dextre%26Kibo_ELM-PS_in_orbit_%28cropped%29.jpg/541px-STS-123_Dextre%26Kibo_ELM-PS_in_orbit_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Endeavor</a> in orbit, 2008</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:HST-SM4.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hubble Space Telescope released in orbit after servicing, 2009."><noscript><img alt="Hubble Space Telescope released in orbit after servicing, 2009." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HST-SM4.jpeg/240px-HST-SM4.jpeg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2022" data-file-height="1518"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HST-SM4.jpeg/240px-HST-SM4.jpeg" data-alt="Hubble Space Telescope released in orbit after servicing, 2009." data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HST-SM4.jpeg/360px-HST-SM4.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HST-SM4.jpeg/480px-HST-SM4.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> released in orbit after servicing, 2009.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_top.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="James Webb Space Telescope now in orbit, 2022."><noscript><img alt="James Webb Space Telescope now in orbit, 2022." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_top.jpg/225px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_top.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="10240" data-file-height="8192"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_top.jpg/225px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_top.jpg" data-alt="James Webb Space Telescope now in orbit, 2022." data-width="150" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_top.jpg/338px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_top.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_top.jpg/450px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_top.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> now in orbit, 2022.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_Mars_Rover.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Opportunity rover on surface of Mars (rendering), 2003"><noscript><img alt="Opportunity rover on surface of Mars (rendering), 2003" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/NASA_Mars_Rover.jpg/225px-NASA_Mars_Rover.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/NASA_Mars_Rover.jpg/225px-NASA_Mars_Rover.jpg" data-alt="Opportunity rover on surface of Mars (rendering), 2003" data-width="150" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/NASA_Mars_Rover.jpg/338px-NASA_Mars_Rover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/NASA_Mars_Rover.jpg/450px-NASA_Mars_Rover.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)">Opportunity</a> rover on surface of Mars (rendering), 2003</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MSL_Sol_3070_-_MAHLI_(Version_2)_(51084526931).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Curiosity rover self-portrait on Mars, 2021"><noscript><img alt="Curiosity rover self-portrait on Mars, 2021" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/MSL_Sol_3070_-_MAHLI_%28Version_2%29_%2851084526931%29.jpg/250px-MSL_Sol_3070_-_MAHLI_%28Version_2%29_%2851084526931%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8749" data-file-height="6313"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 167px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/MSL_Sol_3070_-_MAHLI_%28Version_2%29_%2851084526931%29.jpg/250px-MSL_Sol_3070_-_MAHLI_%28Version_2%29_%2851084526931%29.jpg" data-alt="Curiosity rover self-portrait on Mars, 2021" data-width="167" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/MSL_Sol_3070_-_MAHLI_%28Version_2%29_%2851084526931%29.jpg/374px-MSL_Sol_3070_-_MAHLI_%28Version_2%29_%2851084526931%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/MSL_Sol_3070_-_MAHLI_%28Version_2%29_%2851084526931%29.jpg/499px-MSL_Sol_3070_-_MAHLI_%28Version_2%29_%2851084526931%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity</a> rover self-portrait on Mars, 2021</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Perseverance rover during Mars skycrane landing, February 2021"><noscript><img alt="Perseverance rover during Mars skycrane landing, February 2021" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane_%28cropped%29.jpg/195px-Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1308"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 130px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane_%28cropped%29.jpg/195px-Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Perseverance rover during Mars skycrane landing, February 2021" data-width="130" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane_%28cropped%29.jpg/292px-Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane_%28cropped%29.jpg/390px-Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance</a> rover during Mars skycrane landing, February 2021</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 147.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 145.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyager_spacecraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Voyager 2, now 19.5 billion kilometers from the Earth, July 2022"><noscript><img alt="Voyager 2, now 19.5 billion kilometers from the Earth, July 2022" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Voyager_spacecraft.jpg/218px-Voyager_spacecraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3017" data-file-height="2494"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 146px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Voyager_spacecraft.jpg/218px-Voyager_spacecraft.jpg" data-alt="Voyager 2, now 19.5 billion kilometers from the Earth, July 2022" data-width="146" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Voyager_spacecraft.jpg/327px-Voyager_spacecraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Voyager_spacecraft.jpg/436px-Voyager_spacecraft.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a>, now 19.5 billion kilometers from the Earth, July 2022</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Artemis_I_Orion_October_12,_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orion spacecraft and European Service Module testing, 2020"><noscript><img alt="Orion spacecraft and European Service Module testing, 2020" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Artemis_I_Orion_October_12%2C_2020.jpg/270px-Artemis_I_Orion_October_12%2C_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8368" data-file-height="5584"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Artemis_I_Orion_October_12%2C_2020.jpg/270px-Artemis_I_Orion_October_12%2C_2020.jpg" data-alt="Orion spacecraft and European Service Module testing, 2020" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Artemis_I_Orion_October_12%2C_2020.jpg/405px-Artemis_I_Orion_October_12%2C_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Artemis_I_Orion_October_12%2C_2020.jpg/540px-Artemis_I_Orion_October_12%2C_2020.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion spacecraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Service_Module" title="European Service Module">European Service Module</a> testing, 2020</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1275594942"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>NASA space launch systems</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saturn V and Apollo 11 at launch, Jul 1969"><noscript><img alt="Saturn V and Apollo 11 at launch, Jul 1969" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg/192px-Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 128px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg/192px-Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg" data-alt="Saturn V and Apollo 11 at launch, Jul 1969" data-width="128" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg/288px-Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg/384px-Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> at launch, Jul 1969</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Titan_3E_Centaur_launches_Voyager_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Titan III/Centaur launching Voyager 2 spacecraft, Jul 1977"><noscript><img alt="Titan III/Centaur launching Voyager 2 spacecraft, Jul 1977" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Titan_3E_Centaur_launches_Voyager_2.jpg/181px-Titan_3E_Centaur_launches_Voyager_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 121px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Titan_3E_Centaur_launches_Voyager_2.jpg/181px-Titan_3E_Centaur_launches_Voyager_2.jpg" data-alt="Titan III/Centaur launching Voyager 2 spacecraft, Jul 1977" data-width="121" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Titan_3E_Centaur_launches_Voyager_2.jpg/271px-Titan_3E_Centaur_launches_Voyager_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Titan_3E_Centaur_launches_Voyager_2.jpg/361px-Titan_3E_Centaur_launches_Voyager_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIE" title="Titan IIIE">Titan III/Centaur</a> launching <a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a> spacecraft, Jul 1977</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lancement_Spirit_fusee_Delta_IIs_10062003.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Delta II launching Spirit rover, Jun 2003"><noscript><img alt="Delta II launching Spirit rover, Jun 2003" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lancement_Spirit_fusee_Delta_IIs_10062003.jpg/159px-Lancement_Spirit_fusee_Delta_IIs_10062003.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1995" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 106px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lancement_Spirit_fusee_Delta_IIs_10062003.jpg/159px-Lancement_Spirit_fusee_Delta_IIs_10062003.jpg" data-alt="Delta II launching Spirit rover, Jun 2003" data-width="106" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lancement_Spirit_fusee_Delta_IIs_10062003.jpg/239px-Lancement_Spirit_fusee_Delta_IIs_10062003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lancement_Spirit_fusee_Delta_IIs_10062003.jpg/319px-Lancement_Spirit_fusee_Delta_IIs_10062003.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> launching <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)">Spirit</a> rover, Jun 2003</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-124_launch_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Space Shuttle (STS-124) during launch, May 2008"><noscript><img alt="Space Shuttle (STS-124) during launch, May 2008" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/STS-124_launch_closeup.jpg/160px-STS-124_launch_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 107px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/STS-124_launch_closeup.jpg/160px-STS-124_launch_closeup.jpg" data-alt="Space Shuttle (STS-124) during launch, May 2008" data-width="107" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/STS-124_launch_closeup.jpg/241px-STS-124_launch_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/STS-124_launch_closeup.jpg/321px-STS-124_launch_closeup.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> (<a href="/wiki/STS-124" title="STS-124">STS-124</a>) during launch, May 2008</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Launch_of_Artemis_1_(KSC-20221116-PH-KED03_0011).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Space Launch System and Artemis I at launch, Nov 2022"><noscript><img alt="Space Launch System and Artemis I at launch, Nov 2022" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Launch_of_Artemis_1_%28KSC-20221116-PH-KED03_0011%29.jpg/160px-Launch_of_Artemis_1_%28KSC-20221116-PH-KED03_0011%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="4256"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 107px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Launch_of_Artemis_1_%28KSC-20221116-PH-KED03_0011%29.jpg/160px-Launch_of_Artemis_1_%28KSC-20221116-PH-KED03_0011%29.jpg" data-alt="Space Launch System and Artemis I at launch, Nov 2022" data-width="107" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Launch_of_Artemis_1_%28KSC-20221116-PH-KED03_0011%29.jpg/239px-Launch_of_Artemis_1_%28KSC-20221116-PH-KED03_0011%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Launch_of_Artemis_1_%28KSC-20221116-PH-KED03_0011%29.jpg/319px-Launch_of_Artemis_1_%28KSC-20221116-PH-KED03_0011%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artemis_I" title="Artemis I">Artemis I</a> at launch, Nov 2022</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1275594942"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Concepts and plans</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cargo_transport_from_Space_Shuttle_with_the_space_tug_to_Nuclear_shuttle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Concept of space tug cargo transport to a Nuclear Shuttle, 1960s"><noscript><img alt="Concept of space tug cargo transport to a Nuclear Shuttle, 1960s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cargo_transport_from_Space_Shuttle_with_the_space_tug_to_Nuclear_shuttle.jpg/177px-Cargo_transport_from_Space_Shuttle_with_the_space_tug_to_Nuclear_shuttle.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="780"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 118px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cargo_transport_from_Space_Shuttle_with_the_space_tug_to_Nuclear_shuttle.jpg/177px-Cargo_transport_from_Space_Shuttle_with_the_space_tug_to_Nuclear_shuttle.jpg" data-alt="Concept of space tug cargo transport to a Nuclear Shuttle, 1960s" data-width="118" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cargo_transport_from_Space_Shuttle_with_the_space_tug_to_Nuclear_shuttle.jpg/267px-Cargo_transport_from_Space_Shuttle_with_the_space_tug_to_Nuclear_shuttle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cargo_transport_from_Space_Shuttle_with_the_space_tug_to_Nuclear_shuttle.jpg/355px-Cargo_transport_from_Space_Shuttle_with_the_space_tug_to_Nuclear_shuttle.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Concept of space tug cargo transport to a Nuclear Shuttle, 1960s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_tug_module_for_astronauts.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Space Tug concept, 1970s"><noscript><img alt="Space Tug concept, 1970s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Space_tug_module_for_astronauts.jpg/195px-Space_tug_module_for_astronauts.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="709"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 130px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Space_tug_module_for_astronauts.jpg/195px-Space_tug_module_for_astronauts.jpg" data-alt="Space Tug concept, 1970s" data-width="130" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Space_tug_module_for_astronauts.jpg/293px-Space_tug_module_for_astronauts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Space_tug_module_for_astronauts.jpg/390px-Space_tug_module_for_astronauts.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Space Tug concept, 1970s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Interstellar_Probe_(2020s).png" class="mw-file-description" title="NASA Interstellar probe concept, 2022"><noscript><img alt="NASA Interstellar probe concept, 2022" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Interstellar_Probe_%282020s%29.png/180px-Interstellar_Probe_%282020s%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="655"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Interstellar_Probe_%282020s%29.png/180px-Interstellar_Probe_%282020s%29.png" data-alt="NASA Interstellar probe concept, 2022" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Interstellar_Probe_%282020s%29.png/271px-Interstellar_Probe_%282020s%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Interstellar_Probe_%282020s%29.png/360px-Interstellar_Probe_%282020s%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">NASA Interstellar probe concept, 2022</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Ice_Home_concept.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Langley's Mars Ice Dome design for a Mars habitat, 2010s"><noscript><img alt="Langley's Mars Ice Dome design for a Mars habitat, 2010s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mars_Ice_Home_concept.jpg/135px-Mars_Ice_Home_concept.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="4800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mars_Ice_Home_concept.jpg/135px-Mars_Ice_Home_concept.jpg" data-alt="Langley's Mars Ice Dome design for a Mars habitat, 2010s" data-width="90" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mars_Ice_Home_concept.jpg/203px-Mars_Ice_Home_concept.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mars_Ice_Home_concept.jpg/270px-Mars_Ice_Home_concept.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Langley's Mars Ice Dome design for a Mars habitat, 2010s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:GATEWAY_(Moon_Space_Station).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lunar Gateway space station, 2020"><noscript><img alt="Lunar Gateway space station, 2020" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/GATEWAY_%28Moon_Space_Station%29.jpg/240px-GATEWAY_%28Moon_Space_Station%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/GATEWAY_%28Moon_Space_Station%29.jpg/240px-GATEWAY_%28Moon_Space_Station%29.jpg" data-alt="Lunar Gateway space station, 2020" data-width="160" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/GATEWAY_%28Moon_Space_Station%29.jpg/361px-GATEWAY_%28Moon_Space_Station%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/GATEWAY_%28Moon_Space_Station%29.jpg/480px-GATEWAY_%28Moon_Space_Station%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a> space station, 2020</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Entering_a_Lunar_Outpost.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NASA lunar outpost concept, 2006"><noscript><img alt="NASA lunar outpost concept, 2006" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Entering_a_Lunar_Outpost.jpg/240px-Entering_a_Lunar_Outpost.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1687"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Entering_a_Lunar_Outpost.jpg/240px-Entering_a_Lunar_Outpost.jpg" data-alt="NASA lunar outpost concept, 2006" data-width="160" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Entering_a_Lunar_Outpost.jpg/361px-Entering_a_Lunar_Outpost.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Entering_a_Lunar_Outpost.jpg/481px-Entering_a_Lunar_Outpost.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/NASA_lunar_outpost_concepts" title="NASA lunar outpost concepts">NASA lunar outpost concept</a>, 2006</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_Cloud_City_on_Venus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NASA concept for crewed floating outpost on Venus, 2014"><noscript><img alt="NASA concept for crewed floating outpost on Venus, 2014" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/NASA_Cloud_City_on_Venus.jpg/240px-NASA_Cloud_City_on_Venus.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/NASA_Cloud_City_on_Venus.jpg/240px-NASA_Cloud_City_on_Venus.jpg" data-alt="NASA concept for crewed floating outpost on Venus, 2014" data-width="160" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/NASA_Cloud_City_on_Venus.jpg/361px-NASA_Cloud_City_on_Venus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/NASA_Cloud_City_on_Venus.jpg/480px-NASA_Cloud_City_on_Venus.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">NASA concept for crewed floating outpost on Venus, 2014</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136px;"><a href="/wiki/File:NanoSail-D_in_orbit_(artist_depiction).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NASA concept for 2069 Alpha Centauri solar sail mission"><noscript><img alt="NASA concept for 2069 Alpha Centauri solar sail mission" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/NanoSail-D_in_orbit_%28artist_depiction%29.jpg/204px-NanoSail-D_in_orbit_%28artist_depiction%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2006"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 136px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/NanoSail-D_in_orbit_%28artist_depiction%29.jpg/204px-NanoSail-D_in_orbit_%28artist_depiction%29.jpg" data-alt="NASA concept for 2069 Alpha Centauri solar sail mission" data-width="136" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/NanoSail-D_in_orbit_%28artist_depiction%29.jpg/307px-NanoSail-D_in_orbit_%28artist_depiction%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/NanoSail-D_in_orbit_%28artist_depiction%29.jpg/408px-NanoSail-D_in_orbit_%28artist_depiction%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">NASA concept for 2069 Alpha Centauri solar sail mission</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 17px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rocktet_icon201001.svg/32px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rocktet_icon201001.svg/32px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="32" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rocktet_icon201001.svg/47px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rocktet_icon201001.svg/63px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Rocketry" title="Portal:Rocketry">Rocketry portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">List of crewed spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">List of NASA aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_disasters" class="mw-redirect" title="List of space disasters">List of space disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_rockets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States rockets">List of United States rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:NASA_people" title="Category:NASA people">Category: NASA people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Advanced_Space_Transportation_Program" title="NASA Advanced Space Transportation Program">NASA Advanced Space Transportation Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Art_Program" title="NASA Art Program">NASA Art Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Clean_Air_Study" title="NASA Clean Air Study">NASA Clean Air Study</a> – 1989 study of plants removing air pollutants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Institute_for_Advanced_Concepts" title="NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts">NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts</a> – NASA program</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Research_Park" title="NASA Research Park">NASA Research Park</a> – Research park near San Jose, California</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TechPort_(NASA)" title="TechPort (NASA)">TechPort (NASA)</a> – Technology Portfolio System</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Orbital-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Orbital_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orbital_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orbital_61-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Orbital_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital Sciences">Orbital Sciences</a> was awarded a CRS contract in 2008. In 2015, Orbital Sciences became <a href="/wiki/Orbital_ATK" title="Orbital ATK">Orbital ATK</a> through a business merger. Orbital ATK was awarded a CRS-2 contract in 2016. In 2018, Orbital ATK was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> NASA EDGE Cast and Crew: Chris Giersch (Host); Blair Allen (Co-host and senior producer); Franklin Fitzgerald (<a href="/wiki/News_anchor" class="mw-redirect" title="News anchor">News anchor</a> and "everyman"); Jaqueline Mirielle Cortez (Special co-host); Ron Beard (Director and "set <a href="/wiki/Therapist" title="Therapist">therapist</a>"); and Don Morrison (Audio/<a href="/wiki/Video_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Video engineer">video engineer</a>)<a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> From left to right: Launch vehicle of Apollo (Saturn 5), Gemini (Titan 2) and Mercury (Atlas). Left, top-down: Spacecraft of Apollo, Gemini and Mercury. The <a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_Launch_Vehicle" title="Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle">Mercury-Redstone</a> launch vehicles are left out. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CentNACA-1"><a href="#cite_ref-CentNACA_1-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Evolution_of_Technology/NACA/Tech1.htm">US Centennial of Flight Commission, NACA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140220005256/http://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Evolution_of_Technology/NACA/Tech1.htm">Archived</a> February 20, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. centennialofflight.net. Retrieved on November 3, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wicn.nssc.nasa.gov/c10/cgi-bin/cognosisapi.dll?b_action=powerPlayService&m_encoding=UTF-8&BZ=1AAABgNNr_f942m2PQWuDQBCF%7E8yOaS9hdlTUgwd1DRHamEahZ6NjCTFuUFOaf981KYTSzu7wHm__gV2ryJdFme%7ESTIXjpAfO1BMQHSShS5TK2I89x%7ENXsYt24AfKd4Mg8mLHMM%7EWvJtGu2S9jcp1CLSqdT9xPxnX6q7hAdwYHOyrE4OtFttBt4eOgTC57HlcgKsMea7qY%7EXBv9F3PRxbPdQz%7ELM245YqkmWSbzZpUmZGotc0%7EAe14rewRRQSEaVEIQQKFwWhmI8QUdcZOD2dO31lHgGDvDeBukxXI0DtPP0yP2m4MfaFq082kADygWwDsATaAwX3QD4C8afk7c7m%7EqBbP_obQJNj2A%3D%3D">"Workforce Profile"</a>. 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Space News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240316085432/https://spacenews.com/nasa-splits-human-spaceflight-directorate-into-two-organizations/#:~:text=WASHINGTON%20%E2%80%94%20NASA%20announced%20Sept.,similar%20organizations%20a%20decade%20ago.">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2024. 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Retrieved November 9, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WISE+Revises+Numbers+of+Asteroids+Near+Earth&rft.pub=NASA%2FJPL&rft.date=2011-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2FWISE%2Fmultimedia%2Fgallery%2Fneowise%2Fpia14734.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANASA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-law-109-155-166"><a href="#cite_ref-law-109-155_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-109publ155/pdf/PLAW-109publ155.pdf">"Public Law 109–155–DEC.30, 2005"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201223922/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-109publ155/pdf/PLAW-109publ155.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 9, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Law+109%E2%80%93155%E2%80%93DEC.30%2C+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FPLAW-109publ155%2Fpdf%2FPLAW-109publ155.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANASA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeah_Crane2020" class="citation journal cs1">Leah Crane (January 25, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24532661-800-inside-the-mission-to-stop-killer-asteroids-from-smashing-into-earth/">"Inside the mission to stop killer asteroids from smashing into Earth"</a>. New Scientist. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003040917/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24532661-800-inside-the-mission-to-stop-killer-asteroids-from-smashing-into-earth/">Archived</a> from the original on October 3, 2022. Retrieved October 3, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Inside+the+mission+to+stop+killer+asteroids+from+smashing+into+Earth&rft.date=2020-01-25&rft.au=Leah+Crane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg24532661-800-inside-the-mission-to-stop-killer-asteroids-from-smashing-into-earth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANASA" class="Z3988"> See especially <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/22111519/g_asteroids_realweb2.jpg?width=800">this figure</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220813164958/https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/22111519/g_asteroids_realweb2.jpg?width=800">Archived</a> August 13, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmtih2020" class="citation web cs1">Smtih, Marcia (January 19, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasas-new-neo-mission-will-substantially-reduce-time-to-find-hazardous-asteroids/#:~:text=After%20directing%20NASA%20in%202005,to%20make%20that%20a%20reality.">"NASA's New NEO Mission Will Substantially Reduce Time to Find Hazardous Asteroids"</a>. SpacePolicyOnline.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129075720/https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasas-new-neo-mission-will-substantially-reduce-time-to-find-hazardous-asteroids/#:~:text=After%20directing%20NASA%20in%202005,to%20make%20that%20a%20reality.">Archived</a> from the original on November 29, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA%27s+New+NEO+Mission+Will+Substantially+Reduce+Time+to+Find+Hazardous+Asteroids&rft.pub=SpacePolicyOnline.com&rft.date=2020-01-19&rft.aulast=Smtih&rft.aufirst=Marcia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacepolicyonline.com%2Fnews%2Fnasas-new-neo-mission-will-substantially-reduce-time-to-find-hazardous-asteroids%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAfter%2520directing%2520NASA%2520in%25202005%2Cto%2520make%2520that%2520a%2520reality.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANASA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoust2019" class="citation news cs1">Foust, Jeff (September 23, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/nasa-to-develop-mission-to-search-for-near-earth-asteroids/">"NASA to develop mission to search for near-Earth asteroids"</a>. Space News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230319080917/https://spacenews.com/nasa-to-develop-mission-to-search-for-near-earth-asteroids/">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2023. 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NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220930131330/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-approves-asteroid-hunting-space-telescope-to-continue-development/">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2022. Retrieved October 2, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Approves+Asteroid+Hunting+Space+Telescope+to+Continue+Development&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2021-06-11&rft.aulast=Talbert&rft.aufirst=Tricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ffeature%2Fnasa-approves-asteroid-hunting-space-telescope-to-continue-development&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANASA" class="Z3988"> <noscript><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" data-alt="Public Domain" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/asteroids/433-eros/in-depth">"In Depth | 433 Eros"</a>. 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Retrieved October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Artemis+Accords+%E2%80%93+Principles+for+Cooperation+in+the+Civil+Exploration+and+Use+of+the+Moon%2C+Mars%2C+Comets%2C+and+Asteroids+for+Peaceful+Purposes&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fspecials%2Fartemis-accords%2Fimg%2FArtemis-Accords-signed-13Oct2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANASA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/kingdom-of-saudi-arabia-signs-the-artemis-accords/#:~:text=The%20Kingdom%20of%20Saudi%20Arabia%20is%20the%2021st%20nation%20to,Kingdom%2C%20and%20the%20United%20States.">"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Signs the Artemis Accords"</a>. US State Department. July 16, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171909/https://www.state.gov/kingdom-of-saudi-arabia-signs-the-artemis-accords/#:~:text=The%20Kingdom%20of%20Saudi%20Arabia%20is%20the%2021st%20nation%20to,Kingdom%2C%20and%20the%20United%20States.">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2022. 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Space News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240316085416/https://spacenews.com/artemis-accords-signatories-hold-first-meeting/">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2024. Retrieved October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Artemis+Accords+signatories+hold+first+meeting&rft.date=2022-09-21&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fartemis-accords-signatories-hold-first-meeting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANASA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoust2019" class="citation web cs1">Foust, Jeff (June 3, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thespacereview.com/article/3725/1">"Defanging the Wolf Amendment"</a>. 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Retrieved December 30, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=APOD+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.pub=NASA&rft.aulast=Nemiroff&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Jerry+Bonnell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapod.nasa.gov%2Fapod%2Fap_faq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANASA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNemiroffBonnell1995" class="citation web cs1">Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (June 16, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap950616.html">"Neutron Star Earth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_Picture_of_the_Day" title="Astronomy Picture of the Day">Astronomy Picture of the Day</a>. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">NASA</a>. Retrieved February 18, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+Picture+of+the+Day&rft.atitle=Neutron+Star+Earth&rft.date=1995-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapod.nasa.gov%2Fapod%2Fap950616.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANASA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNemiroffJerry_Bonnell" class="citation web cs1">Nemiroff, Robert; Jerry Bonnell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/lib/about_apod.html#srapply">"About APOD Image Permissions"</a>. NASA. Retrieved December 30, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+APOD+Image+Permissions&rft.pub=NASA&rft.aulast=Nemiroff&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Jerry+Bonnell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapod.nasa.gov%2Fapod%2Flib%2Fabout_apod.html%23srapply&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANASA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakir2023" class="citation web cs1">Shakir, Umar (July 28, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2023/7/28/23811235/nasa-plus-streaming-service-announce">"NASA Plus is the latest streaming competitor"</a>. The Verge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230812024314/https://www.theverge.com/2023/7/28/23811235/nasa-plus-streaming-service-announce">Archived</a> from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved August 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=NASA+Plus+is+the+latest+streaming+competitor&rft.date=2023-07-28&rft.aulast=Shakir&rft.aufirst=Umar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2023%2F7%2F28%2F23811235%2Fnasa-plus-streaming-service-announce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANASA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/nasa-plus-streaming-service-is-coming-soon/">"NASA Plus Streaming Service Is Coming Soon"</a>. CNET. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230812024319/https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/nasa-plus-streaming-service-is-coming-soon/">Archived</a> from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved August 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=NASA+Plus+Streaming+Service+Is+Coming+Soon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Ftech%2Fservices-and-software%2Fnasa-plus-streaming-service-is-coming-soon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANASA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-launches-beta-site-on-demand-streaming-app-update-coming-soon/">"NASA Launches Beta Site; On-Demand Streaming, App Update Coming Soon"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231106172943/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-launches-beta-site-on-demand-streaming-app-update-coming-soon/">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Launches+Beta+Site%3B+On-Demand+Streaming%2C+App+Update+Coming+Soon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fnews-release%2Fnasa-launches-beta-site-on-demand-streaming-app-update-coming-soon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANASA" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li>Alexander, Joseph K. Science Advice to NASA: Conflict, Consensus, Partnership, Leadership (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Science-Advice-NASA-Partnership-Leadership-ebook/dp/B07RF7Q5HF/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Bizony, Piers et al. The NASA Archives. 60 Years in Space (2019)</li> <li>Brady, Kevin M. "NASA Launches Houston into Orbit How America's Space Program Contributed to Southeast Texas's Economic Growth, Scientific Development, and Modernization during the Late Twentieth Century." Journal of the West (2018) 57#4 pp 13–54.</li> <li>Bromberg, Joan Lisa. NASA and the Space Industry (Johns Hopkins UP, 1999).</li> <li>Clemons, Jack. Safely to Earth: The Men and Women Who Brought the Astronauts Home (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Safely-Earth-Women-Brought-Astronauts/dp/0813056020/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Dick, Steven J., and Roger D. Launius, eds. Critical Issues in the History of Spaceflight (NASA, 2006)</li> <li>Launius, Roger D. "Eisenhower, Sputnik, and the Creation of NASA." Prologue-Quarterly of the National Archives 28.2 (1996): 127–143.</li> <li>Pyle, Rod. Space 2.0: How Private Spaceflight, a Resurgent NASA, and International Partners are Creating a New Space Age (2019), overview of space exploration <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1944648453/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Spencer, Brett. "The Book and the Rocket: The Symbiotic Relationship between American Public Libraries and the Space Program, 1950–2015", Information & Culture 51, no. 4 (2016): 550–582.</li> <li>Weinzierl, Matthew. "Space, the final economic frontier." Journal of Economic Perspectives 32.2 (2018): 173–192. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output=instlink&q=info:YffWC2o6lYsJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=1,27&as_ylo=2017&scillfp=8711858111903232899&oi=lle">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211231054235/https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output=instlink&q=info%3AYffWC2o6lYsJ%3Ascholar.google.com%2F&hl=en&as_sdt=1%2C27&as_ylo=2017&scillfp=8711858111903232899&oi=lle">Archived</a> December 31, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, review of economics literature</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23548#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at 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<h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasa" title="Nasa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nasa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%93%E1%88%B3" title="ናሳ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ናሳ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ناسا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ناسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D4%B1%D5%8D%D4%B1" title="ՆԱՍԱ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="ՆԱՍԱ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE" title="নাছা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নাছা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ناسا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ناسا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE" title="নাসা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নাসা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%90" title="НАСА – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="НАСА" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%9E%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83" title="Нацыянальная ўправа паветраплаваньня і космасу – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нацыянальная ўправа паветраплаваньня і космасу" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="नासा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नासा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%90" title="НАСА – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="НАСА" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ناسا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ناسا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacia_Aerona%C5%ADtika_kaj_Kosma_Administracio" title="Nacia Aeronaŭtika kaj Kosma Administracio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nacia Aeronaŭtika kaj Kosma Administracio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ناسا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ناسا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE" title="નાસા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નાસા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%ED%95%AD%EA%B3%B5_%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EA%B5%AD" title="미국 항공 우주국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 항공 우주국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D4%B1%D5%8D%D4%B1" title="ՆԱՍԱ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ՆԱՍԱ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="नासा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नासा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacional_Administrerio_pri_Kosmo_ed_Aeronavigo" title="Nacional Administrerio pri Kosmo ed Aeronavigo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nacional Administrerio pri Kosmo ed Aeronavigo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Penerbangan_dan_Antariksa" title="Badan Penerbangan dan Antariksa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Badan Penerbangan dan Antariksa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geimfer%C3%B0astofnun_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" title="Geimferðastofnun Bandaríkjanna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Geimferðastofnun Bandaríkjanna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A1%22%D7%90" title="נאס"א – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נאס"א" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE" title="ನಾಸಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಾಸಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%90" title="НАСА – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="НАСА" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%90" title="НАСА – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="НАСА" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2" title="ນາຊາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ນາຊາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalis_A%C3%ABronauticae_Spatioque_Administratio" title="Nationalis Aëronauticae Spatioque Administratio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nationalis Aëronauticae Spatioque Administratio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacion%C4%81l%C4%81_aeronautikas_un_kosmosa_administr%C4%81cija" title="Nacionālā aeronautikas un kosmosa administrācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nacionālā aeronautikas un kosmosa administrācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="नासा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="नासा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%90" title="НАСА – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="НАСА" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8" title="നാസ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നാസ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="नासा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नासा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90" title="ნასა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნასა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ناسا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ناسا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ناسا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ناسا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentadbiran_Aeronautik_dan_Angkasa_Kebangsaan" title="Pentadbiran Aeronautik dan Angkasa Kebangsaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pentadbiran Aeronautik dan Angkasa Kebangsaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯅꯥꯁꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯅꯥꯁꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC" title="နာဆာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နာဆာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="नासा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नासा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B1%80" title="アメリカ航空宇宙局 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ航空宇宙局" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE" title="ନାସା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ନାସା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਨਾਸਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਾਸਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ناسا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ناسا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC" title="နာသာ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="နာသာ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ناسا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ناسا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aministrassion_Nassional_dl%27Areon%C3%A0utica_e_dl%C3%AB_Spassi" title="Aministrassion Nassional dl'Areonàutica e dlë Spassi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Aministrassion Nassional dl'Areonàutica e dlë Spassi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%90" title="НАСА – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="НАСА" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%90" title="НАСА – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="НАСА" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="नासा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नासा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱱᱟᱥᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱟᱥᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F" title="නාසා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නාසා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ناسا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ناسا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ناسا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناسا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Наса – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Наса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasa" title="Nasa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nasa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE)" title="தேசிய வானூர்தியியல் மற்றும் விண்வெளி நிர்வாகம் (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தேசிய வானூர்தியியல் மற்றும் விண்வெளி நிர்வாகம் (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE" title="నాసా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నాసా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2" title="นาซา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นาซา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%90" title="НАСА – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="НАСА" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%90" title="НАСА – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="НАСА" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ناسا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ناسا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ناسا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ناسا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%B1%80" title="美国国家航空航天局 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="美国国家航空航天局" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E7%B8%BD%E7%BD%B2" title="美國太空總署 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="美國太空總署" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%B1%80" title="美国国家航空航天局 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美国国家航空航天局" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 February 2025, at 20:08 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" 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