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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of mummy studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_mummy_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egyptian_mummies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egyptian_mummies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Egyptian mummies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Egyptian_mummies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Egyptian mummies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Egyptian_mummies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mummification_and_rank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mummification_and_rank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mummification and rank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mummification_and_rank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Most_perfect"_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Most_perfect"_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>"Most perfect" method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Most_perfect"_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avoiding_expense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avoiding_expense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Avoiding expense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avoiding_expense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inexpensive_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inexpensive_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Inexpensive method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inexpensive_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_mummies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_mummies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Christian mummies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_mummies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mummification_in_other_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mummification_in_other_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mummification in other cultures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mummification_in_other_cultures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mummification in other cultures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mummification_in_other_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canary_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canary_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Canary Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canary_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Libya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Lebanon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.4</span> <span>Siberia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.5</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.6</span> <span>Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bog_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bog_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Bog bodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bog_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Czech Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.3</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.4</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.5</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greenland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.2</span> <span>Greenland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.3</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Guinea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Guinea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.2</span> <span>New Guinea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Guinea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Torres_Strait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torres_Strait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.3</span> <span>Torres Strait</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torres_Strait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.4</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chauchilla_Cemetery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chauchilla_Cemetery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.1</span> <span>Chauchilla Cemetery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chauchilla_Cemetery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinchorro_mummies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinchorro_mummies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.2</span> <span>Chinchorro mummies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinchorro_mummies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inca_mummies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inca_mummies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.3</span> <span>Inca mummies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inca_mummies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-mummification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-mummification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Self-mummification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-mummification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_mummies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_mummies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Modern mummies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_mummies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern mummies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_mummies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jeremy_Bentham" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jeremy_Bentham"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Jeremy Bentham</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jeremy_Bentham-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vladimir_Lenin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vladimir_Lenin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Vladimir Lenin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vladimir_Lenin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gottfried_Knoche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gottfried_Knoche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Gottfried Knoche</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gottfried_Knoche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Summum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alan_Billis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alan_Billis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Alan Billis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alan_Billis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amélie_of_Leuchtenberg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amélie_of_Leuchtenberg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Amélie of Leuchtenberg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amélie_of_Leuchtenberg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plastination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plastination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Plastination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plastination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment_of_ancient_mummies_in_modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_of_ancient_mummies_in_modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Treatment of ancient mummies in modern times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_of_ancient_mummies_in_modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TV_and_video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TV_and_video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>TV and video</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TV_and_video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mummy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummie" title="Mummie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mummie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="مومياء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مومياء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80" title="মামী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মামী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momia" title="Momia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Momia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%27%C3%B5ngue_k%C3%A3" title="Te'õngue kã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Te'õngue kã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumiya" title="Mumiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mumiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF" title="মমি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মমি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мумія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мумія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мумия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мумия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumija" title="Mumija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mumija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balzamegenn" title="Balzamegenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Balzamegenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2mia" title="Mòmia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mòmia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumie" title="Mumie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mumie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumie" title="Mumie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mumie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumie" title="Mumie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mumie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muumia" title="Muumia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Muumia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Μούμια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μούμια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momia" title="Momia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Momia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumio" title="Mumio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mumio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momia" title="Momia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Momia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="مومیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مومیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momie" title="Momie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Momie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mummy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searg%C3%A1n" title="Seargán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Seargán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirgane" title="Shirgane – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Shirgane" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momia" title="Momia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Momia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%80" title="મમી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મમી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EB%9D%BC" title="미라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Մումիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մումիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="मम्मी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मम्मी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumija" title="Mumija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mumija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumio" title="Mumio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mumio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumi" title="Mumi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mumi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAm%C3%ADa" title="Múmía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Múmía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummia" title="Mummia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mummia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94" title="מומיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מומיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumi" title="Mumi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mumi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%B5/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF" title="ರಕ್ಷಿತ ಶವ/ಮಮ್ಮಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಕ್ಷಿತ ಶವ/ಮಮ್ಮಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მუმია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მუმია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мумия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мумия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumia" title="Mumia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mumia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%81%D3%A9%D3%A9%D0%BA)" title="Мумия (сөөк) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мумия (сөөк)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumia" title="Mumia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mumia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%ABmija" title="Mūmija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mūmija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumija" title="Mumija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mumija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummie" title="Mummie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mummie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAmia" title="Múmia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Múmia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Мумија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мумија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4mia" title="Mômia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mômia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF" title="മമ്മി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മമ്മി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="موميا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="موميا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumia" title="Mumia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mumia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Занданшуулсан шарил – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Занданшуулсан шарил" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B6%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="မံမီရုပ်ကလာပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မံမီရုပ်ကလာပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummie" title="Mummie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mummie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="मम्मी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मम्मी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9" title="ミイラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミイラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumie" title="Mumie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mumie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumiar" title="Mumiar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mumiar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momia" title="Momia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Momia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%8A" title="مومیایي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مومیایي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumia" title="Mumia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mumia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAmia" title="Múmia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Múmia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumie" title="Mumie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mumie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мумия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мумия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummia" title="Mummia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mummia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="මමිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මමිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummification" title="Mummification – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mummification" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumija" title="Mumija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mumija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مۆمیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مۆمیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Мумија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мумија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumija" title="Mumija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mumija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muumio" title="Muumio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muumio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumie" title="Mumie – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mumie" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momiya" title="Momiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Momiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF" title="மம்மி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மம்மி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88" title="มัมมี่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มัมมี่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%AF%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%91%D3%A3_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мӯмиёӣ кардан – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мӯмиёӣ кардан" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumya" title="Mumya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mumya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мумія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мумія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%DB%8C" title="ممی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ممی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A1c_%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bp" title="Xác ướp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xác ướp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momya" title="Momya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Momya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E4%B9%83%E4%BC%8A" title="木乃伊 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="木乃伊" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%A2%C3%ACg%C3%ACd%C3%AC_(%C3%B2k%C3%BA)" title="Ṣìgìdì (òkú) – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ṣìgìdì (òkú)" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E4%B9%83%E4%BC%8A" title="木乃伊 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="木乃伊" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E4%B9%83%E4%BC%8A" title="木乃伊 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="木乃伊" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumi" title="Mumi – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Mumi" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43616#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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<nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Preserved dead human or animal</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the preserved person or animal. For the maternal parent, see <a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a>. For the type of monster, see <a href="/wiki/Mummy_(undead)" title="Mummy (undead)">Mummy (undead)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mummy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mummy (disambiguation)">Mummy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramses_I_Mummy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ramses_I_Mummy.jpg/300px-Ramses_I_Mummy.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ramses_I_Mummy.jpg/450px-Ramses_I_Mummy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ramses_I_Mummy.jpg/600px-Ramses_I_Mummy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A mummified man likely to be <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>mummy</b> is a dead <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue" title="Soft tissue">soft tissues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organ_(biology)" title="Organ (biology)">organs</a> have been preserved by either intentional or accidental exposure to <a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">chemicals</a>, extreme cold, very low <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a>, or lack of air, so that the recovered body does not <a href="/wiki/Corpse_decomposition" title="Corpse decomposition">decay</a> further if kept in cool and dry conditions. Some authorities restrict the use of the term to bodies deliberately <a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">embalmed</a> with chemicals, but the use of the word to cover accidentally <a href="/wiki/Desiccation" title="Desiccation">desiccated</a> bodies goes back to at least the early 17th century. </p><p>Mummies of humans and animals have been found on every continent, both as a result of natural preservation through unusual conditions, and as cultural artifacts. Over one million <a href="/wiki/Animal_mummy" title="Animal mummy">animal mummies</a> have been found in Egypt, many of which are cats.<sup id="cite_ref-pets_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pets-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the Egyptian animal mummies are <a href="/wiki/African_sacred_ibis" title="African sacred ibis">sacred ibis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> suggests the Egyptian ibis mummies that have been analyzed were from a time frame that falls between approximately 450 and 250 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the mummies of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, deliberate mummification was a feature of several ancient cultures in areas of America and Asia with very dry climates. The <a href="/wiki/Spirit_Cave_mummy" title="Spirit Cave mummy">Spirit Cave mummies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fallon,_Nevada" title="Fallon, Nevada">Fallon, Nevada</a>, in North America were accurately dated at more than 9,400 years old. Before this discovery, the oldest known deliberate mummy was a child, one of the <a href="/wiki/Chinchorro_mummies" title="Chinchorro mummies">Chinchorro mummies</a> found in the Camarones Valley, Chile, which dates around 5050 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest known naturally mummified human corpse is a severed head dated as 6,000 years old, found in 1936 at the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Cueva de las Momias</i></span> in Argentina.<sup id="cite_ref-head_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-head-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_meaning">Etymology and meaning</h2></div> <p>The English word <i>mummy</i> is derived from medieval Latin <i>Mumia</i>, a borrowing of the medieval Arabic word <i>mūmiya</i> (مومياء) which meant an embalmed corpse, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Bituminous" class="mw-redirect" title="Bituminous">bituminous</a> embalming substance. This word was borrowed from Persian where it meant <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">asphalt</a>, and is derived from the word <i>mūm</i> meaning wax.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meaning of "corpse preserved by desiccation" developed post-medievally.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Medieval English</a> term "mummy" was defined as "medical preparation of the substance of mummies", rather than the entire corpse, with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hakluyt" title="Richard Hakluyt">Richard Hakluyt</a> in 1599 AD complaining that "these dead bodies are the Mummy which the Phisistians and Apothecaries doe against our willes make us to swallow".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These substances were called <a href="/wiki/Mummia" title="Mummia">mummia</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> defines a mummy as "the body of a human being or animal embalmed (according to the ancient Egyptian or some analogous method) as a preparation for burial", citing sources from 1615 AD onward.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Cyclop%C3%A6dia,_or_an_Universal_Dictionary_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences">Chamber's <i>Cyclopædia</i></a> and the Victorian zoologist <a href="/wiki/Francis_Trevelyan_Buckland" title="Francis Trevelyan Buckland">Francis Trevelyan Buckland</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> define a mummy as follows: "A human or animal body desiccated by exposure to sun or air. Also applied to the frozen carcase of an animal imbedded in prehistoric snow". </p><p>Wasps of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Aleiodes" title="Aleiodes">Aleiodes</a></i> are known as "mummy wasps" because they wrap their caterpillar prey as "mummies". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_mummy_studies">History of mummy studies</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuts_Tomb_Opened.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tuts_Tomb_Opened.JPG/170px-Tuts_Tomb_Opened.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tuts_Tomb_Opened.JPG/255px-Tuts_Tomb_Opened.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tuts_Tomb_Opened.JPG/340px-Tuts_Tomb_Opened.JPG 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Howard_Carter" title="Howard Carter">Howard Carter</a> examining the innermost coffin of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_110427-N-2531L-135_Tori_Randall,_Ph.D._prepares_a_550-year_old_Peruvian_child_mummy_for_a_CT_scan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/US_Navy_110427-N-2531L-135_Tori_Randall%2C_Ph.D._prepares_a_550-year_old_Peruvian_child_mummy_for_a_CT_scan.jpg/250px-US_Navy_110427-N-2531L-135_Tori_Randall%2C_Ph.D._prepares_a_550-year_old_Peruvian_child_mummy_for_a_CT_scan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/US_Navy_110427-N-2531L-135_Tori_Randall%2C_Ph.D._prepares_a_550-year_old_Peruvian_child_mummy_for_a_CT_scan.jpg/330px-US_Navy_110427-N-2531L-135_Tori_Randall%2C_Ph.D._prepares_a_550-year_old_Peruvian_child_mummy_for_a_CT_scan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/US_Navy_110427-N-2531L-135_Tori_Randall%2C_Ph.D._prepares_a_550-year_old_Peruvian_child_mummy_for_a_CT_scan.jpg/500px-US_Navy_110427-N-2531L-135_Tori_Randall%2C_Ph.D._prepares_a_550-year_old_Peruvian_child_mummy_for_a_CT_scan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>A 550-year-old Peruvian child mummy being prepared for a CT scan</figcaption></figure> <p>While interest in the study of mummies dates as far back as <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Greece</a>, most structured scientific study began at the beginning of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnCockburnReyman19981–2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnCockburnReyman19981–2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to this, many rediscovered mummies were sold as curiosities or for use in <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscientific</a> novelties such as <a href="/wiki/Mummia" title="Mummia">mummia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAufderheide20031_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAufderheide20031-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first modern scientific examinations of mummies began in 1901, conducted by professors at the English-language Government School of Medicine in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Egypt. The first <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> of a mummy came in 1903, when professors <a href="/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith" title="Grafton Elliot Smith">Grafton Elliot Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Carter" title="Howard Carter">Howard Carter</a> used the only X-ray machine in Cairo at the time to examine the mummified body of <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnCockburnReyman19983_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnCockburnReyman19983-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British chemist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lucas_(chemist)" title="Alfred Lucas (chemist)">Alfred Lucas</a> applied chemical analyses to Egyptian mummies during this same period, which returned many results about the types of substances used in embalming. Lucas also made significant contributions to the analysis of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAufderheide200316_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAufderheide200316-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pathological study of mummies saw varying levels of popularity throughout the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAufderheide200314–15_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAufderheide200314–15-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992, the First World Congress on Mummy Studies was held in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_de_la_Cruz" title="Puerto de la Cruz">Puerto de la Cruz</a> on <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>. More than 300 scientists attended the Congress to share nearly 100 years of collected data on mummies. The information presented at the meeting triggered a new surge of interest in the subject, with one of the major results being the integration of <a href="/wiki/Medical_research" title="Medical research">biomedical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bioarchaeology" title="Bioarchaeology">bioarchaeological</a> information on mummies with existing databases. This was not possible prior to the Congress due to the unique and highly specialized techniques required to gather such data.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAufderheide20032_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAufderheide20032-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In more recent years, CT scanning has become an invaluable tool in the study of mummification by allowing researchers to digitally "unwrap" mummies without risking damage to the body.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The level of detail in such scans is so intricate that small linens used in tiny areas such as the nostrils can be digitally reconstructed in <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">3-D</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gewolb_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gewolb-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such modelling has been utilized to perform digital autopsies on mummies to determine the cause of death and lifestyle, such as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DeChant_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeChant-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types"><span class="anchor" id="Anthropogenic"></span><span class="anchor" id="Spontaneous"></span><span class="anchor" id="Natural"></span>Types</h2></div> <p>Mummies are typically divided into one of two distinct categories: anthropogenic or spontaneous. Anthropogenic mummies were deliberately created by the living for any number of reasons, the most common being for religious purposes. Spontaneous mummies, such as <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_mummies" title="Maronite mummies">Maronite mummies</a>, were created unintentionally due to natural conditions such as extremely dry heat or cold, or <a href="/wiki/Acidic" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidic">acidic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">anaerobic</a> conditions such as those found in <a href="/wiki/Bog_body" title="Bog body">bogs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAufderheide20032_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAufderheide20032-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While most individual mummies exclusively belong to one category or the other, there are examples of both types being connected to a single culture, such as those from the ancient Egyptian culture and the Andean cultures of South America.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunn_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunn-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the later well-preserved corpses of the mummification were found under <a href="/wiki/Christian_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian church">Christian churches</a>, such as the mummified <a href="/wiki/Vicar" title="Vicar">vicar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Rungius" title="Nicolaus Rungius">Nicolaus Rungius</a> found under the St. Michael Church in <a href="/wiki/Keminmaa" title="Keminmaa">Keminmaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also cases that fall outside of these categories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Egyptian_mummies">Egyptian mummies</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">Ancient Egyptian funerary practices</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_mummies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Egyptian mummies">List of Egyptian mummies</a></div> <table style="font-size: 88%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid blue; margin: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center; clear: right; float: right; margin-right: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0.75em; background-color: var(--background-color-base); color:var( --color-base ); text-align: center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O34.png?63e15" height="6" title="O34 [z]" alt="z" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D36.png?9d512" height="12" title="D36 [a]" alt="a" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V28.png?f1179" height="38" title="V28 [H]" alt="H" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: navajowhite; color:black; border-bottom: 1px solid peru; padding: 0.5em">Mummy (<i>sˁḥ</i>)<br />in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mummy_at_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mummy_at_British_Museum.jpg/250px-Mummy_at_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mummy_at_British_Museum.jpg/330px-Mummy_at_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mummy_at_British_Museum.jpg/500px-Mummy_at_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2725" data-file-height="1978" /></a><figcaption>Mummy in the British Museum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bemalte_Mumienbinde.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bemalte_Mumienbinde.JPG/250px-Bemalte_Mumienbinde.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bemalte_Mumienbinde.JPG/330px-Bemalte_Mumienbinde.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bemalte_Mumienbinde.JPG/500px-Bemalte_Mumienbinde.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Painted mummy bandage</figcaption></figure> <p>Until recently, it was believed that the earliest <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> mummies were created naturally due to the environment in which they were buried.<sup id="cite_ref-Penn_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penn-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, an 11-year study by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_York" title="University of York">University of York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_University" title="Macquarie University">Macquarie University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> suggested that artificial mummification occurred 1,500 years earlier than first thought.<sup id="cite_ref-uyork_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uyork-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was confirmed in 2018, when tests on a 5,600-year-old mummy in Turin revealed that it had been deliberately mummified using linen wrappings and embalming oils made from conifer resin and aromatic plant extracts.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The preservation of the dead had a profound effect on <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">ancient Egyptian religion</a>. Mummification was an integral part of the rituals for the dead beginning as early as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">2nd dynasty</a> (about 2800 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-Dunn_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunn-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egyptians saw the preservation of the body after death as an important step to <a href="/wiki/Coffin_Texts" title="Coffin Texts">living well in the afterlife</a>. As Egypt gained more prosperity, burial practices became a status symbol for the wealthy as well. This cultural hierarchy led to the creation of elaborate <a href="/wiki/Tomb" title="Tomb">tombs</a>, and more sophisticated methods of embalming.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunn_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunn-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fletcher_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fletcher-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">4th dynasty</a> (about 2600 BC) Egyptian embalmers began to achieve "true mummification" through a process of <a href="/wiki/Disembowelment" title="Disembowelment">evisceration</a>. Much of this early experimentation with mummification in Egypt is unknown. </p><p>The few documents that directly describe the mummification process date to the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman period</a>. The majority of the <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyri</a> that have survived only describe the ceremonial rituals involved in embalming, not the actual surgical processes involved. A text known as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ritual_of_Embalming_Papyrus" title="The Ritual of Embalming Papyrus">The Ritual of Embalming</a></i> does describe some of the practical logistics of embalming; however, there are only two known copies and each is incomplete.<sup id="cite_ref-Riggs_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riggs-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brier&Wade_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brier&Wade-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With regards to mummification shown in images, there are apparently also very few. The tomb of Tjay, designated <a href="/wiki/TT23" title="TT23">TT23</a>, is one of only two known which show the wrapping of a mummy (Riggs 2014).<sup id="cite_ref-Christina_Riggs_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christina_Riggs-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another text that describes the processes being used in the latter periods is <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>' <a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a>. Written in Book 2 of the <i>Histories</i> is one of the most detailed descriptions of the Egyptian mummification process, including the mention of using <a href="/wiki/Natron" title="Natron">natron</a> in order to dehydrate corpses for preservation.<sup id="cite_ref-Herodotus_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herodotus-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these descriptions are short and fairly vague, leaving scholars to infer the majority of the techniques that were used by studying mummies that have been unearthed.<sup id="cite_ref-Brier&Wade_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brier&Wade-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By utilizing current advancements in technology, scientists have been able to uncover a plethora of new information about the techniques used in mummification. A series of <a href="/wiki/X-ray_computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray computed tomography">CT scans</a> performed on a 2,400-year-old mummy in 2008 revealed a tool that was left inside the <a href="/wiki/Cranial_cavity" title="Cranial cavity">cranial cavity</a> of the skull.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarus_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarus-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tool was a rod, made of an organic material, that was used to break apart the brain to allow it to drain out of the nose. This discovery helped to dispel the claim within Herodotus' works that the rod had been a hook made of iron.<sup id="cite_ref-Herodotus_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herodotus-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier experimentation in 1994 by researchers <a href="/wiki/Bob_Brier" title="Bob Brier">Bob Brier</a> and Ronald Wade supported these findings. While attempting to replicate Egyptian mummification, Brier and Wade discovered that removal of the brain was much easier when the brain was liquefied and allowed to drain with the help of <a href="/wiki/Gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitation">gravity</a>, as opposed to trying to pull the organ out piece by piece with a hook.<sup id="cite_ref-Brier&Wade_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brier&Wade-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_Human_Mummy_-_Egyptian_Gallery_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2014-02-14_3293.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Egyptian_Human_Mummy_-_Egyptian_Gallery_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2014-02-14_3293.JPG/250px-Egyptian_Human_Mummy_-_Egyptian_Gallery_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2014-02-14_3293.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Egyptian_Human_Mummy_-_Egyptian_Gallery_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2014-02-14_3293.JPG/330px-Egyptian_Human_Mummy_-_Egyptian_Gallery_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2014-02-14_3293.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Egyptian_Human_Mummy_-_Egyptian_Gallery_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2014-02-14_3293.JPG/500px-Egyptian_Human_Mummy_-_Egyptian_Gallery_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2014-02-14_3293.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The Egyptian human mummy at Indian Museum, Kolkata.</figcaption></figure> <p>Through various methods of study over many decades, modern <a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptologists" title="List of Egyptologists">Egyptologists</a> now have an accurate understanding of how mummification was achieved in ancient Egypt. The first and most important step was to halt the process of decomposition, by removing the internal organs and washing out the body with a mix of spices and palm wine.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunn_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunn-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only organ left behind was the heart, as tradition held the heart was the seat of thought and feeling and would therefore still be needed in the afterlife.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunn_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunn-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After cleansing, the body was then dried out with natron inside the empty body cavity as well as outside on the skin. The internal organs were also dried and either sealed in individual jars, or wrapped to be replaced within the body. This process typically took forty days.<sup id="cite_ref-Brier&Wade_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brier&Wade-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:This_wooden_mummy_label_was_inscribed_in_black_ink._The_original_cord_is_still_in_situ._Roman_Period._From_Hawara,_Fayum,_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/This_wooden_mummy_label_was_inscribed_in_black_ink._The_original_cord_is_still_in_situ._Roman_Period._From_Hawara%2C_Fayum%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/This_wooden_mummy_label_was_inscribed_in_black_ink._The_original_cord_is_still_in_situ._Roman_Period._From_Hawara%2C_Fayum%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/This_wooden_mummy_label_was_inscribed_in_black_ink._The_original_cord_is_still_in_situ._Roman_Period._From_Hawara%2C_Fayum%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4880" data-file-height="3890" /></a><figcaption>This wooden mummy label was inscribed in black ink. The original cord is still in situ. Roman Period. From Hawara, Fayum, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London</figcaption></figure> <p>After dehydration, the mummy was wrapped in many layers of <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> cloth. Within the layers, Egyptian priests placed small <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulets</a> to guard the decedent from evil.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunn_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunn-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the mummy was completely wrapped, it was coated in resin in order to keep the threat of moist air away. The resin was also applied to the coffin in order to seal it. The mummy was then sealed within its tomb, alongside the worldly goods that were believed to help aid it in the afterlife.<sup id="cite_ref-Riggs_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riggs-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Aspergillus_niger" title="Aspergillus niger">Aspergillus niger</a></i>, a hardy species of <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a> capable of living in a variety of environments, has been found in the mummies of ancient Egyptian tombs and can be inhaled when they are disturbed.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mummification_and_rank">Mummification and rank</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%B2mia_Nesi_BMVB_2964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nesi mummy (dynasty XX). Biblioteca Museu Víctor Balaguer. Vilanova i la Geltrú. Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/M%C3%B2mia_Nesi_BMVB_2964.jpg/250px-M%C3%B2mia_Nesi_BMVB_2964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/M%C3%B2mia_Nesi_BMVB_2964.jpg/330px-M%C3%B2mia_Nesi_BMVB_2964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/M%C3%B2mia_Nesi_BMVB_2964.jpg/500px-M%C3%B2mia_Nesi_BMVB_2964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1647" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasi_(mummy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasi (mummy) (page does not exist)">Nesi mummy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2mia_Nesi" class="extiw" title="ca:Mòmia Nesi">ca</a>; <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momia_Nesi" class="extiw" title="es:Momia Nesi">es</a>; <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummia_Nesi" class="extiw" title="it:Mummia Nesi">it</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Dynasty_XX" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasty XX">dynasty XX</a>). <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Museu_V%C3%ADctor_Balaguer" title="Biblioteca Museu Víctor Balaguer">Biblioteca Museu Víctor Balaguer</a>. Vilanova i la Geltrú. Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>Mummification is one of the defining customs in ancient Egyptian society for people today. The practice of preserving the human body is believed to be a quintessential feature of Egyptian life. Yet even mummification has a history of development and was accessible to different ranks of society in different ways during different periods. There were at least three different processes of mummification according to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>. They range from "the most perfect" to the method employed by the "poorer classes".<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Museum_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Museum-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Most_perfect"_method"><span id=".22Most_perfect.22_method"></span>"Most perfect" method</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mummification_simple.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Mummification_simple.png/500px-Mummification_simple.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Mummification_simple.png/960px-Mummification_simple.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Mummification_simple.png/1000px-Mummification_simple.png 2x" data-file-width="5798" data-file-height="3350" /></a><figcaption>Simplistic representation of the Ancient Egyptian mummification process.</figcaption></figure> <p>The most expensive process was to preserve the body by dehydration and protect against pests, such as insects. Almost all of the actions Herodotus described served one of these two functions. </p><p>First, the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> was removed from the <a href="/wiki/Cranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranium">cranium</a> through the nose; the gray matter was discarded. Modern mummy excavations have shown that instead of an iron hook inserted through the nose as Herodotus claims, a rod was used to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/liquefy" class="extiw" title="wikt:liquefy">liquefy</a> the brain via the cranium, which then drained out the nose by gravity. The embalmers then rinsed the skull with certain drugs that mostly cleared any residue of brain tissue and also had the effect of killing bacteria. Next, the embalmers made an incision along the <a href="/wiki/Flank_(anatomy)" title="Flank (anatomy)">flank</a> with a sharp blade fashioned from an <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopian</a> stone and removed the contents of the abdomen. Herodotus does not discuss the separate preservation of these organs and their placement either in special jars or back in the cavity, a process that was part of the most expensive embalming, according to archaeological evidence. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_cavity" title="Abdominal cavity">abdominal cavity</a> was then rinsed with palm wine and an infusion of crushed, fragrant herbs and spices; the cavity was then filled with spices including <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_cassia" title="Cinnamomum cassia">cassia</a>, and, Herodotus notes, "every other sort of spice except <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a>", also to preserve the person. </p><p>The body was further dehydrated by placing it in <a href="/wiki/Natron" title="Natron">natron</a>, a naturally occurring salt, for 70 days. Herodotus insists that the body did not stay in the natron longer than 70 days. Any shorter time and the body would not be completely dehydrated; any longer, and the body would be too stiff to move into position for wrapping. The embalmers then washed the body again and wrapped it with linen bandages. The bandages were covered with a gum that modern research has shown is both a waterproofing agent and an antimicrobial agent. </p><p>At this point, the body was given back to the family. These "perfect" mummies were then placed in human-shaped wooden cases. Wealthy people placed these wooden cases in stone sarcophagi that provided further protection. The family placed the <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> in the tomb upright against the wall, according to Herodotus.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Avoiding_expense">Avoiding expense</h4></div> <p>The second process that Herodotus describes was used by middle-class people or people who "wish to avoid expense". In this method, an oil derived from <a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">cedar trees</a> was injected with a syringe into the abdomen. A rectal plug prevented the oil from escaping. This oil probably had the dual purpose of liquefying the internal organs but also of disinfecting the abdominal cavity. (By liquefying the organs, the family avoided the expense of <a href="/wiki/Canopic_jar" title="Canopic jar">canopic jars</a> and separate preservation.) The body was then placed in <a href="/wiki/Natron" title="Natron">natron</a> for seventy days. At the end of this time, the body was removed and the cedar oil, now containing the liquefied organs, was drained through the <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a>. With the body dehydrated, it could be returned to the family. Herodotus does not describe the process of burial of such mummies, but they were perhaps placed in a <a href="/wiki/Shaft_tomb" title="Shaft tomb">shaft tomb</a>. Poorer people used coffins fashioned from <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Museum_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Museum-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inexpensive_method">Inexpensive method</h4></div> <p>The third and least expensive method the embalmers offered was to clear the <a href="/wiki/Intestines" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestines">intestines</a> with an unnamed liquid, injected as an <a href="/wiki/Enema" title="Enema">enema</a>. The body was then placed in <a href="/wiki/Natron" title="Natron">natron</a> for seventy days and returned to the family. Herodotus gives no further details.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christian_mummies">Christian mummies</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Incorruptibility" title="Incorruptibility">Incorruptibility</a></div> <p>In Christian tradition, some bodies of <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a> are naturally conserved and venerated.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mummification_in_other_cultures">Mummification in other cultures</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3></div> <p>In addition to the mummies of Egypt, there have been instances of mummies being discovered in other areas of the <a href="/wiki/African_continent" class="mw-redirect" title="African continent">African continent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bodies show a mix of anthropogenic and spontaneous mummification, with some being thousands of years old.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canary_Islands">Canary Islands</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MNH_-_Mumie_Mann_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/MNH_-_Mumie_Mann_1.jpg/250px-MNH_-_Mumie_Mann_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/MNH_-_Mumie_Mann_1.jpg/375px-MNH_-_Mumie_Mann_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/MNH_-_Mumie_Mann_1.jpg/500px-MNH_-_Mumie_Mann_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3768" data-file-height="2088" /></a><figcaption>Guanche mummy in <a href="/wiki/Museo_de_la_Naturaleza_y_el_Hombre" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo de la Naturaleza y el Hombre">Museo de la Naturaleza y el Hombre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Guanche_mummies" title="Guanche mummies">Guanche mummies</a></div> <p>The mummies of the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> belong to the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanche</a> people and date to the time before 14th-century Spanish explorers settled in the area. All deceased people within the Guanche culture were mummified during this time, though the level of care taken with embalming and burial varied depending on individual social status. Embalming was carried out by specialized groups, organized according to gender, who were considered unclean by the rest of the community. The techniques for embalming were similar to those of the ancient Egyptians, involving evisceration, preservation, and stuffing of the evacuated bodily cavities, then wrapping the body in animal skins. Despite the successful techniques utilized by the Guanche, very few mummies remain due to looting and desecration.<sup id="cite_ref-Horne_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horne-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cockburn_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cockburn-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Libya">Libya</h4></div> <p>The mummified remains of an infant were discovered during an expedition by archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Fabrizio_Mori" title="Fabrizio Mori">Fabrizio Mori</a> to <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> during the winter of 1958–1959 in the natural cave structure of <a href="/wiki/Uan_Muhuggiag" title="Uan Muhuggiag">Uan Muhuggiag</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnCockburnReyman1998281_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnCockburnReyman1998281-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After curious deposits and cave paintings were discovered on the surfaces of the cave, expedition leaders decided to excavate. Uncovered alongside fragmented animal bone tools was the mummified body of an infant, wrapped in animal skin and wearing a necklace made of ostrich egg shell beads. Professor Tongiorgi of the University of Pisa radiocarbon-dated the infant to between 5,000 and 8,000 years old. A long incision located on the right abdominal wall, and the absence of internal organs, indicated that the body had been eviscerated <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">post-mortem</a>, possibly in an effort to preserve the remains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnCockburnReyman1998282_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnCockburnReyman1998282-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bundle of herbs found within the body cavity also supported this conclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further research revealed that the child had been around 30 months old at the time of death, though gender could not be determined due to poor preservation of the sex organs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnCockburnReyman1998281–282_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnCockburnReyman1998281–282-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wan_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wan-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4></div> <p>The first mummy to be discovered in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a><sup id="cite_ref-DeemKhoi_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeemKhoi-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was found in the <a href="/wiki/Baviaanskloof_Mega_Reserve" title="Baviaanskloof Mega Reserve">Baviaanskloof Wilderness Area</a> by Dr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Binneman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johan Binneman (page does not exist)">Johan Binneman</a> in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-SARoutes_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SARoutes-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicknamed Moses, the mummy was estimated to be around 2,000 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-DeemKhoi_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeemKhoi-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SARoutes_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SARoutes-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being linked to the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoikhoi">Khoi</a> culture of the region, the National Council of Khoi Chiefs of South Africa began to make legal demands that the mummy be returned shortly after the body was moved to the Albany Museum in <a href="/wiki/Grahamstown" class="mw-redirect" title="Grahamstown">Grahamstown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Khan_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Momie_de_Jingzhou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Momie_de_Jingzhou.jpg/330px-Momie_de_Jingzhou.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Momie_de_Jingzhou.jpg/500px-Momie_de_Jingzhou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Momie_de_Jingzhou.jpg/960px-Momie_de_Jingzhou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Mummy in the history museum of <a href="/wiki/Jingzhou" title="Jingzhou">Jingzhou</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The mummies of Asia are usually considered to be accidental. The decedents were buried in just the right place where the environment could act as an agent for preservation. This is particularly common in the desert areas of the Tarim Basin and Iran. Mummies have been discovered in more humid Asian climates; however, these are subject to rapid decay after being removed from the grave. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xin_Zhui_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Xin_Zhui_3.JPG/220px-Xin_Zhui_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Xin_Zhui_3.JPG/330px-Xin_Zhui_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Xin_Zhui_3.JPG/440px-Xin_Zhui_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The mummy of <a href="/wiki/Xin_Zhui" title="Xin Zhui">Xin Zhui</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mummies from various <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties in Chinese history">dynasties</a> throughout <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>'s history have been discovered in several locations across the country. They are almost exclusively considered to be unintentional mummifications. Many areas in which mummies have been uncovered are difficult for preservation, due to their warm, moist climates. This makes the recovery of mummies a challenge, as exposure to the outside world can cause the bodies to decay in a matter of hours.<sup id="cite_ref-AW_2020_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AW_2020-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of a Chinese mummy that was preserved despite being buried in an environment not conducive to mummification is <a href="/wiki/Xin_Zhui" title="Xin Zhui">Xin Zhui</a>. Also known as Lady Dai, she was discovered in the early 1970s at the <a href="/wiki/Mawangdui" title="Mawangdui">Mawangdui</a> archaeological site in <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonn-Muller_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonn-Muller-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was the wife of the Marquis of Dai during the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, who was also buried with her alongside another young man often considered to be a very close relative.<sup id="cite_ref-K.Hirst_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K.Hirst-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Xin Zhui's body was the only one of the three to be mummified. Her corpse was so well-preserved that surgeons from the Hunan Provincial Medical Institute were able to perform an autopsy.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonn-Muller_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonn-Muller-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact reason why her body was so completely preserved has yet to be determined.<sup id="cite_ref-Orbit_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orbit-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the mummies discovered in China are those termed <a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim mummies</a> because of their discovery in the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>. The dry desert climate of the basin proved to be an excellent agent for desiccation. For this reason, over 200 Tarim mummies, which are over 4,000 years old, were excavated from a cemetery in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-Wade_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wade-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mummies were found buried in upside-down boats with hundreds of 13-foot-long wooden poles in the place of tombstones.<sup id="cite_ref-Wade_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wade-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_sequence" title="Nucleic acid sequence">DNA sequence</a> data<sup id="cite_ref-afp_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afp-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shows that the mummies had <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M420" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R-M420">Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)</a> characteristic of western Eurasia in the area of <a href="/wiki/East-Central_Europe" title="East-Central Europe">East-Central Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bronzeageadmix_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bronzeageadmix-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has created a stir in the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic-speaking</a> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur people">Uighur</a> population of the region, who claim the area has always belonged to their culture, while it was not until the 10th century that Uighurs are said by scholars to have moved to the region from Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Wong_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American Sinologist <a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Mair" title="Victor H. Mair">Victor H. Mair</a> claims that "<i>the earliest mummies in the Tarim Basin were exclusively Caucasoid, or Europoid</i>" with "east Asian migrants arriving in the eastern portions of the Tarim Basin around 3,000 years ago", while Mair also notes that it was not until 842 that the Uighur peoples settled in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Celtic_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Celtic-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other mummified remains have been recovered from around the Tarim Basin at sites including <a href="/wiki/Q%C3%A4wrighul" class="mw-redirect" title="Qäwrighul">Qäwrighul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yanghai" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanghai">Yanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shengjindian" class="mw-redirect" title="Shengjindian">Shengjindian</a>, Shanpula (Sampul), Zaghunluq, and Qizilchoqa.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:348px;max-width:348px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saltman_no4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Saltman 4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Saltman_no4.jpg/170px-Saltman_no4.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Saltman_no4.jpg/255px-Saltman_no4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Saltman_no4.jpg/340px-Saltman_no4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saltman1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Saltman 1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Saltman1.jpg/250px-Saltman1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Saltman1.jpg/330px-Saltman1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Saltman1.jpg/500px-Saltman1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Remains of <a href="/wiki/Saltmen" title="Saltmen">Salt Man</a> 4 on display at Zanjan.(<i>left</i>) Head of Salt Man 1 on display at <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iran" title="National Museum of Iran">National Museum of Iran</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> (<i>right</i>).</div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saltmen" title="Saltmen">Saltmen</a></div> <p>As of 2012, at least eight mummified human remains have been recovered from the Douzlakh Salt Mine at Chehr Abad in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aali_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aali-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to their salt preservation, these bodies are collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Saltmen" title="Saltmen">Saltmen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chehr_Abad_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chehr_Abad-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14">Carbon-14</a> testing conducted in 2008 dated three of the bodies to around 400 BC. Later <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopic</a> research on the other mummies returned similar dates, however, many of these individuals were found to be from a region that is not closely associated with the mine. It was during this time that researchers determined the mine suffered a major collapse, which likely caused the death of the miners.<sup id="cite_ref-Aali_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aali-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since there is significant archaeological data that indicates the area was not actively inhabited during this time period, current consensus holds that the accident occurred during a brief period of temporary mining activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Aali_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aali-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lebanon">Lebanon</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maronite_mummies" title="Maronite mummies">Maronite mummies</a></div> <p>In 1990, a team of speleologists uncovered eight mummies, dating back to around 1283 AD, during a rescue excavation in the e 'Asi al-Hadath cave in the <a href="/wiki/Qadisha_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadisha Valley">Qadisha Valley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. The well-preserved spontaneous mummies, including an infant named dubbed Yasmine, offer insights into Maronite villagers' lives during the Mamluk era. The grotto's high altitude and dry conditions naturally mummified the bodies. The discovery provides historical context, aligning with documented Mamluk raids in the region. Artifacts, including pottery with inscriptions, manuscripts, and clothing, suggest a Maronite community, and the mummies' burial practices parallel present-day Lebanese customs. The remains were called "Maronite mummies" because the individuals found in the 'Asi-al Hadath cave were believed to be <a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronites</a>, an indigenous Christian community in the region. Some of the mummies have been transferred to the National Museum of Beirut.<sup id="cite_ref-cavinglebanon.com_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cavinglebanon.com-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Liban_1993_p._58_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liban_1993_p._58-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Siberia">Siberia</h4></div> <p>In 1993, a team of Russian archaeologists led by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Polosmak" title="Natalia Polosmak">Natalia Polosmak</a> discovered the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ice_Maiden" title="Siberian Ice Maiden">Siberian Ice Maiden</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scytho</a>-Siberian woman, on the <a href="/wiki/Ukok_Plateau" title="Ukok Plateau">Ukok Plateau</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> near the Mongolian border.<sup id="cite_ref-SiberianTimes_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiberianTimes-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mummy was naturally frozen due to the severe climatic conditions of the Siberian steppe. Also known as Princess Ukok, the mummy was dressed in finely detailed clothing and wore an elaborate headdress and jewelry. Alongside her body were buried six decorated horses and a symbolic meal for her last journey.<sup id="cite_ref-Adkins_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adkins-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her left arm and hand were tattooed with <a href="/wiki/Animal_style" title="Animal style">animal style</a> figures, including a highly stylized <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SiberianTimes_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiberianTimes-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ice Maiden has been a source of some recent controversy. The mummy's skin has suffered some slight decay, and the tattoos have faded since the excavation. Some residents of the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a>, formed after the breakup of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, have requested the return of the Ice Maiden, who is currently stored in <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SiberianTimes_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiberianTimes-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Adkins_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adkins-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Polosmak_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polosmak-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another Siberian mummy, a man, was discovered much earlier in 1929. His skin was also marked with tattoos of two monsters resembling <a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">griffins</a>, which decorated his chest, and three partially obliterated images which seem to represent two deer and a mountain goat on his left arm.<sup id="cite_ref-SiberianTimes_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiberianTimes-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4></div> <p>Philippine mummies are called <a href="/wiki/Kabayan_Mummies" title="Kabayan Mummies">Kabayan Mummies</a>. They are common in <a href="/wiki/Igorot" class="mw-redirect" title="Igorot">Igorot</a> culture and their heritage. The mummies are found in some areas named <a href="/wiki/Kabayan,_Benguet" title="Kabayan, Benguet">Kabayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sagada,_Mountain_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagada, Mountain Province">Sagada</a> and among others. The mummies are dated between the 14th and 19th centuries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korea">Korea</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radiological-Diagnosis-of-Congenital-Diaphragmatic-Hernia-in-17th-Century-Korean-Mummy-pone.0099779.g001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="(A) Removal of clothing. (B) and (C) Very well preserved human and cultural remains. (B) is hand; (C) is straw shoes. (D) The mummy examined in this study." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Radiological-Diagnosis-of-Congenital-Diaphragmatic-Hernia-in-17th-Century-Korean-Mummy-pone.0099779.g001.jpg/220px-Radiological-Diagnosis-of-Congenital-Diaphragmatic-Hernia-in-17th-Century-Korean-Mummy-pone.0099779.g001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Radiological-Diagnosis-of-Congenital-Diaphragmatic-Hernia-in-17th-Century-Korean-Mummy-pone.0099779.g001.jpg/330px-Radiological-Diagnosis-of-Congenital-Diaphragmatic-Hernia-in-17th-Century-Korean-Mummy-pone.0099779.g001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Radiological-Diagnosis-of-Congenital-Diaphragmatic-Hernia-in-17th-Century-Korean-Mummy-pone.0099779.g001.jpg/440px-Radiological-Diagnosis-of-Congenital-Diaphragmatic-Hernia-in-17th-Century-Korean-Mummy-pone.0099779.g001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="913" /></a><figcaption>A Korean mummy from the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Mummies have been discovered in Korea that have been dated to around the 15th to 19th centuries,<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_et_al_2009_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee_et_al_2009-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> period. This is thought to be because of the rise of <a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism in Korea</a>, which prescribed certain burial practices that created conditions favorable to mummification.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this mummification was likely unintentional, and even culturally seen as ominous and undesirable.<sup id="cite_ref-Shin_et_al_2018_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shin_et_al_2018-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mummification likely occurred due to a number of factors. One such factor was the airtight seal (especially as the Korean climate is unfavorable to mummification) around the bodies, which was achieved using a mix of <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a>, clay, and sand. Recreations of the sealing process found that chemical reactions with the lime possibly caused a high and prolonged release of heat, which killed bacteria in the bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-Shin_et_al_2018_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shin_et_al_2018-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, a large amount of clothing was usually placed inside tombs, which led to a shortage of oxygen inside.<sup id="cite_ref-Shin_et_al_2018_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shin_et_al_2018-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mummies buried using the lime mixture sealing technique reportedly have especially excellently preserved soft skin and hair, which has enabled medical and genetic studies to be performed.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_et_al_2009_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee_et_al_2009-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shin_et_al_2018_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shin_et_al_2018-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insights have been offered into the lifestyles and pathologies of Korean people during this period. Specific diseases for each individual have been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-Shin_et_al_2018_72-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shin_et_al_2018-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikolaus_Rungius_in_grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Nikolaus_Rungius_in_grave.jpg/180px-Nikolaus_Rungius_in_grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Nikolaus_Rungius_in_grave.jpg/270px-Nikolaus_Rungius_in_grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Nikolaus_Rungius_in_grave.jpg/360px-Nikolaus_Rungius_in_grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3153" data-file-height="4724" /></a><figcaption>Mummy of <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Rungius" title="Nicolaus Rungius">Nicolaus Rungius</a> under the floor of St. Michael Church in <a href="/wiki/Keminmaa" title="Keminmaa">Keminmaa</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <p>The European continent is home to a diverse spectrum of spontaneous and anthropogenic mummies.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the best-preserved mummies have come from bogs located across the region. The Capuchin monks that inhabited the area left behind hundreds of intentionally-preserved bodies that have provided insight into the customs and cultures of people from various eras. One of the oldest mummies (nicknamed <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a>) was discovered on this continent. New mummies continue to be uncovered in Europe well into the 21st century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bog_bodies">Bog bodies</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bog_body" title="Bog body">Bog body</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> have produced a number of <a href="/wiki/Bog_body" title="Bog body">bog bodies</a>, mummies of people deposited in <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">sphagnum bogs</a>, apparently as a result of murder or ritual sacrifices. In such cases, the acidity of the water, low temperature and lack of oxygen combined to <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tan</a> the body's skin and soft tissues. The skeleton typically disintegrates over time. Such mummies are remarkably well preserved on emerging from the bog, with skin and internal organs intact; it is even possible to determine the decedent's last meal by examining <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> contents. The <a href="/wiki/Haraldsk%C3%A6r_Woman" title="Haraldskær Woman">Haraldskær Woman</a> was discovered by labourers in a bog in <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a> in 1835. She was erroneously identified as an early medieval Danish queen, and for that reason was placed in a royal <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> at the Saint Nicolai Church, <a href="/wiki/Vejle" title="Vejle">Vejle</a>, where she currently remains. Another bog body, also from Denmark, known as the <a href="/wiki/Tollund_Man" title="Tollund Man">Tollund Man</a> was discovered in 1950. The corpse was noted for its excellent preservation of the face and feet, which appeared as if the man had recently died. Only the head of Tollund Man remains, due to the decomposition of the rest of his body, which was not preserved along with the head.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h4></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brno_CZ_Crypt_at_the_Capuchin_Monastery_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Brno_CZ_Crypt_at_the_Capuchin_Monastery_02.jpg/250px-Brno_CZ_Crypt_at_the_Capuchin_Monastery_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Brno_CZ_Crypt_at_the_Capuchin_Monastery_02.jpg/330px-Brno_CZ_Crypt_at_the_Capuchin_Monastery_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Mummies in the <a href="/wiki/Capuchin_Crypt_in_Brno" title="Capuchin Crypt in Brno">Capuchin Crypt in Brno</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The majority of mummies recovered in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> come from underground crypts. While there is some evidence of deliberate mummification, most sources state that desiccation occurred naturally due to unique conditions within the crypts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAufderheide2003192_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAufderheide2003192-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Orchestrion_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orchestrion-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AtlasCapu_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AtlasCapu-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Capuchin_Crypt_in_Brno" title="Capuchin Crypt in Brno">Capuchin Crypt in Brno</a> contains three hundred years of mummified remains directly below the main altar.<sup id="cite_ref-Orchestrion_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orchestrion-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in the 18th century when the crypt was opened, and continuing until the practice was discontinued in 1787, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchin friars</a> of the monastery would lay the deceased on a pillow of bricks on the ground. The unique air quality and topsoil within the crypt naturally preserved the bodies over time.<sup id="cite_ref-Orchestrion_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orchestrion-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AtlasCapu_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AtlasCapu-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Approximately fifty mummies were discovered in an abandoned crypt beneath the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_St._Procopius_of_S%C3%A1zava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of St. Procopius of Sázava (page does not exist)">Church of St. Procopius of Sázava</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vamberk" title="Vamberk">Vamberk</a> in the mid-1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Agentura_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agentura-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Workers digging a trench accidentally broke into the crypt, which began to fill with waste water. The mummies quickly began to deteriorate, though thirty-four were able to be rescued and stored temporarily at the District Museum of the Orlické Mountains until they could be returned to the monastery in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Agentura_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agentura-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mummies range in age and social status at time of death, with at least two children and one priest.<sup id="cite_ref-Orchestrion_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orchestrion-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Agentura_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agentura-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the Vamberk mummies date from the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Agentura_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agentura-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Klatovy" title="Klatovy">Klatovy</a> catacombs currently house an exhibition of <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> mummies, alongside some aristocrats, that were originally interred between 1674 and 1783. In the early 1930s, the mummies were accidentally damaged during repairs, resulting in the loss of 140 bodies. The newly updated airing system preserves the thirty-eight bodies that are currently on display.<sup id="cite_ref-Orchestrion_76-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orchestrion-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Klatovy_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klatovy-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Denmark">Denmark</h4></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skrudstrupspigen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Skrudstrupspigen.jpg/250px-Skrudstrupspigen.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Skrudstrupspigen.jpg/375px-Skrudstrupspigen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Skrudstrupspigen.jpg/500px-Skrudstrupspigen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2895" data-file-height="1962" /></a><figcaption>The Skrydstrup Woman was unearthed from a grave mound in Denmark.</figcaption></figure> <p>Apart from several bog bodies, Denmark has also yielded several other mummies, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borum_Esh%C3%B8j_Family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borum Eshøj Family (page does not exist)">the three Borum Eshøj mummies</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Skrydstrup_Woman" title="Skrydstrup Woman">Skrydstrup Woman</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Egtved_Girl" title="Egtved Girl">Egtved Girl</a>, who were all found inside burial mounds, or <a href="/wiki/Tumuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumuli">tumuli</a>. </p><p>In 1875, the Borum Eshøj grave mound was uncovered, which had been built around three coffins, which belonged to a middle aged man and woman as well as a man in his early twenties.<sup id="cite_ref-Natmus_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natmus-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through examination, the woman was discovered to be around 50–60 years old. She was found with several artifacts made of bronze, consisting of buttons, a belt plate, and rings, showing she was of higher class. All of the hair had been removed from the skull later when farmers had dug through the casket. Her original hairstyle is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two men wore kilts, and the younger man wore a sheath which contained a bronze dagger. All three mummies were dated to 1351–1345 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Natmus_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natmus-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Skrydstrup_Woman" title="Skrydstrup Woman">Skrydstrup Woman</a> was unearthed from a <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumulus</a> in Southern Jutland, in 1935. Carbon-14 dating showed that she had died around 1300 BC; examination also revealed that she was around 18–19 years old at the time of death, and that she had been buried in the summertime. Her hair had been drawn up in an elaborate hairstyle, which was then covered by a horse hair hairnet made by the <a href="/wiki/Sprang" title="Sprang">sprang</a> technique. She was wearing a blouse and a necklace as well as two golden earrings, showing she was of higher class.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Egtved_Girl" title="Egtved Girl">Egtved Girl</a>, dated to 1370 BC, was also found inside a sealed coffin within a tumulus, in 1921. She was wearing a <a href="/wiki/Bodice" title="Bodice">bodice</a> and a skirt, including a belt and bronze bracelets. Found with the girl, at her feet, were the cremated remains of a child and, by her head, a box containing some bronze pins, a hairnet, and an <a href="/wiki/Bradawl" title="Bradawl">awl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hungary">Hungary</h4></div> <p>In 1994, 265 mummified bodies were found in the crypt of a <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> church in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1c" title="Vác">Vác</a>, Hungary from the 1729–1838 period. The discovery proved to be scientifically important, and by 2006 an exhibition was established in the Museum of Natural History in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>. Unique to the Hungarian mummies are their elaborately decorated coffins, with no two being exactly alike.<sup id="cite_ref-AtlObs1_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AtlObs1-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monks%27_Corridor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Monks%27_Corridor.jpg/220px-Monks%27_Corridor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Monks%27_Corridor.jpg/330px-Monks%27_Corridor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Monks%27_Corridor.jpg/440px-Monks%27_Corridor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1675" data-file-height="1194" /></a><figcaption>Mummies in the Friars' Corridor of the <a href="/wiki/Catacombe_dei_Cappuccini" title="Catacombe dei Cappuccini">Catacombe dei Cappuccini</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The varied geography and climatology of Italy has led to many cases of spontaneous mummification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAufderheide2003193_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAufderheide2003193-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian mummies display the same diversity, with a conglomeration of natural and intentional mummification spread across many centuries and cultures. </p><p>The oldest natural mummy in Europe was discovered in 1991 in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tztal_Alps" title="Ötztal Alps">Ötztal Alps</a> on the Austrian-Italian border. Nicknamed <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a>, the mummy is a 5,300-year-old male believed to be a member of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamins-Carasso-Isera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamins-Carasso-Isera (page does not exist)">Tamins-Carasso-Isera</a> cultural group of <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Owen_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Owen-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OtziCulture_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OtziCulture-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his age, a recent DNA study conducted by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Parson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walther Parson (page does not exist)">Walther Parson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck_Medical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Innsbruck Medical University">Innsbruck Medical University</a> revealed Ötzi has 19 living genetic relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Owen_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Owen-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Catacombe_dei_Cappuccini" title="Catacombe dei Cappuccini">Capuchin Catacombs of Palermo</a> were built in the 16th century by the friars of Palermo's Capuchin monastery. Originally intended to hold the deliberately mummified remains of dead friars, interment in the catacombs became a status symbol for the local population in the following centuries. Burials continued until the 1920s, with one of the final burials being that of <a href="/wiki/Rosalia_Lombardo" title="Rosalia Lombardo">Rosalia Lombardo</a>. In all, the catacombs host nearly 8000 mummies. </p><p>The most recent discovery of mummies in Italy came in 2010, when sixty mummified human remains were found in the <a href="/wiki/Crypt" title="Crypt">crypt</a> of the Conversion of St Paul church in Roccapelago di <a href="/wiki/Pievepelago" title="Pievepelago">Pievepelago</a>, Italy. Built in the 15th century as a cannon hold and later converted in the 16th century, the crypt had been sealed once it had reached capacity, leaving the bodies to be protected and preserved. The crypt was reopened during restoration work on the church, revealing the diverse array of mummies inside. The bodies were quickly moved to a museum for further study.<sup id="cite_ref-Huddersfield_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huddersfield-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3></div> <p>The mummies of North America are often steeped in controversy, as many of these bodies have been linked to still-existing native cultures. While the mummies provide a wealth of historically significant data, native cultures and tradition often demands the remains be returned to their original resting places. This has led to many legal actions by Native American councils, leading to most museums keeping mummified remains out of the public eye.<sup id="cite_ref-Spirit_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spirit-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kw%C3%A4day_D%C3%A4n_Ts%27%C3%ACnchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwäday Dän Ts'ìnchi">Kwäday Dän Ts'ìnchi</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kw%C3%A4day_D%C3%A4n_Ts%27%C3%ACnchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwäday Dän Ts'ìnchi">Kwäday Dän Ts'ìnchi</a> ("Long ago person found" in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Tutchone" title="Southern Tutchone">Southern Tutchone</a> language of the <a href="/wiki/Champagne_and_Aishihik_First_Nations" title="Champagne and Aishihik First Nations">Champagne and Aishihik First Nations</a>), was found in August 1999 by three First Nations hunters at the edge of a glacier in <a href="/wiki/Tatshenshini-Alsek_Provincial_Park" title="Tatshenshini-Alsek Provincial Park">Tatshenshini-Alsek Provincial Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. According to the Kwäday Dän Ts'ìnchi Project, the remains are the oldest well preserved mummy discovered in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-Canada1_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The <a href="/wiki/Spirit_Cave_mummy" title="Spirit Cave mummy">Spirit Cave mummy</a> although not well preserved, is much older.)<sup id="cite_ref-Muska_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muska-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initial radiocarbon tests date the mummy to around 550 years-old.<sup id="cite_ref-Canada1_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greenland">Greenland</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qilakitsoq_I-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Qilakitsoq_I-1.jpg/220px-Qilakitsoq_I-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Qilakitsoq_I-1.jpg/330px-Qilakitsoq_I-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Qilakitsoq_I-1.jpg/440px-Qilakitsoq_I-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption>The mummy of a six-month-old boy found in Qilakitsoq</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1972, eight remarkably preserved mummies were discovered at an abandoned <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> settlement called <a href="/wiki/Qilakitsoq" title="Qilakitsoq">Qilakitsoq</a>, in Greenland. The "Greenland Mummies" consisted of a six-month-old baby, a four-year-old boy, and six women of various ages, who died around 500 years ago. Their bodies were naturally mummified by the sub-zero temperatures and dry winds in the cave in which they were found.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Placid_death.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Placid_death.JPG/250px-Placid_death.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Placid_death.JPG/330px-Placid_death.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Placid_death.JPG/500px-Placid_death.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2667" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A mummy from Guanajuato</figcaption></figure> <p>Intentional mummification in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Mexico" title="Pre-Columbian Mexico">pre-Columbian Mexico</a> was practiced by the <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> culture. These bodies are collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Aztec_mummy" title="Aztec mummy">Aztec mummies</a>. Genuine Aztec mummies were "bundled" in a woven wrap and often had their faces covered by a ceremonial mask.<sup id="cite_ref-Langely_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langely-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public knowledge of Aztec mummies increased due to traveling exhibits and museums in the 19th and 20th centuries, though these bodies were typically naturally desiccated remains and not actually the mummies associated with Aztec culture. </p><p>Natural mummification has been known to occur in several places in Mexico; this includes the <a href="/wiki/Mummies_of_Guanajuato" title="Mummies of Guanajuato">mummies of Guanajuato</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-prof_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prof-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A collection of these mummies, most of which date to the late 19th century, have been on display at <i>El Museo de las Momias</i> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato,_Guanajuato" class="mw-redirect" title="Guanajuato, Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a> since 1970. The museum claims to have the smallest mummy in the world on display (a mummified <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was thought that minerals in the soil had the preserving effect, however it may rather be due to the warm, arid climate.<sup id="cite_ref-prof_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prof-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexican mummies are also on display in the small town of <a href="/wiki/Encarnaci%C3%B3n_de_D%C3%ADaz" title="Encarnación de Díaz">Encarnación de Díaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Cave_mummy" title="Spirit Cave mummy">Spirit Cave Man</a> was discovered in 1940 during salvage work prior to <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a> mining activity that was scheduled to begin in the area. The mummy is a middle-aged male, found completely dressed and lying on a blanket made of animal skin. Radiocarbon tests in the 1990s dated the mummy to being nearly 9,000 years old. The remains were held at the <a href="/wiki/Nevada_State_Museum,_Carson_City" title="Nevada State Museum, Carson City">Nevada State Museum</a>, though the local Native American community began petitioning to have the remains returned and reburied in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-Spirit_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spirit-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Muska_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muska-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Asher_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asher-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Bureau of Land Management did not repatriate the mummy in 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Paiute-Shoshone_Tribe_of_the_Fallon_Reservation_and_Colony" title="Paiute-Shoshone Tribe of the Fallon Reservation and Colony">Fallon Paiute-Shoshone Tribe</a> sued under the <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act</a>. After <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequencing</a> determined that the remains were in fact related to modern Native Americans, they were repatriated to the tribe in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robley_with_mokomokai_collection_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Robley_with_mokomokai_collection_2.jpg/300px-Robley_with_mokomokai_collection_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Robley_with_mokomokai_collection_2.jpg/450px-Robley_with_mokomokai_collection_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Robley_with_mokomokai_collection_2.jpg/600px-Robley_with_mokomokai_collection_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Horatio Gordon Robley with his <a href="/wiki/Mokomokai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mokomokai">mokomokai</a> collection.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mummies from <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> are not limited only to <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. Discoveries of mummified remains have also been located in <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait" title="Torres Strait">Torres Strait</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnCockburnReyman1998289_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnCockburnReyman1998289-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though these mummies have been historically harder to examine and classify.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAufderheide2003277_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAufderheide2003277-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the 20th century, most literature on mummification in the region was either silent or anecdotal.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawson_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawson-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the boom of interest generated by the scientific study of Egyptian mummification lead to more concentrated study of mummies in other cultures, including those of Oceania. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4></div> <p>The aboriginal mummification traditions found in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> are thought be related to those found in the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait" title="Torres Strait">Torres Strait</a> islands,<sup id="cite_ref-Dawson_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawson-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the inhabitants of which achieved a high level of sophisticated mummification techniques. Australian mummies lack some of the technical ability of the Torres Strait mummies, however much of the ritual aspects of the mummification process are similar.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawson_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawson-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Full-body mummification was achieved by these cultures, but not the level of artistic preservation as found on smaller islands. The reason for this seems to be for easier transport of bodies by more nomadic tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawson_104-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawson-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Guinea">New Guinea</h4></div> <p>Until the mid-twentieth century, the <a href="/wiki/Angu" title="Angu">Angu</a> (or Anga) people of <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> practiced mummification by <a href="/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">smoking</a> the bodies of the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sites of their preserved mummies exist in the <a href="/wiki/Morobe_Province" title="Morobe Province">Morobe Province</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Torres_Strait">Torres Strait</h4></div> <p>The mummies of the Torres Strait have a considerably higher level of preservation technique as well as creativity compared to those found on Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawson_104-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawson-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process began with removal of viscera, after which the bodies were set in a seated position on a platform and either left to dry in the sun or smoked over a fire in order to aid in desiccation. In the case of smoking, some tribes would collect the fat that drained from the body to mix with ocher to create red paint that would then be smeared back on the skin of the mummy.<sup id="cite_ref-Melanesia_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melanesia-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mummies remained on the platforms, decorated with the clothing and jewelry they wore in life, before being buried.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawson_104-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawson-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Melanesia_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melanesia-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mokomokai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mokomokai">Mokomokai</a></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> tribes from New Zealand would keep mummified heads as trophies from tribal warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-Maori1_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maori1-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also known as <a href="/wiki/Mokomokai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mokomokai">Mokomokai</a>. In the 19th century, many of the trophies were acquired by Europeans who found the tattooed skin to be a phenomenal curiosity. Westerners began to offer valuable commodities in exchange for the uniquely tattooed mummified heads. The heads were later put on display in museums, 16 of them in France alone. In 2010, at a ceremony in the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Rouen" title="Hôtel de Ville, Rouen">Hôtel de Ville</a> in Rouen, Rouen City Council returned one of the heads to New Zealand, despite earlier protests by the Culture Ministry of France.<sup id="cite_ref-Maori1_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maori1-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also evidence that some Māori tribes may have practiced full-body mummification, though the practice is not thought to have been widespread.<sup id="cite_ref-Orchiston_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orchiston-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discussion of Māori mummification has been historically controversial, with some experts in past decades claiming that such mummies have never existed.<sup id="cite_ref-Tregear_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tregear-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historical significance of full-body mummification within Māori culture is acknowledged by science, although there is still debate as to the nature of their exact mummification processes. Some mummies appear to have been spontaneously created by the natural environment, while others exhibit signs of direct human involvement. Generally, modern consensus tends to agree that there could have been a mixture of both types of mummification, similar to that of the Ancient Egyptian culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Orchiston_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orchiston-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South American</a> continent contains some of the oldest mummies in the world, both deliberate and accidental.<sup id="cite_ref-head_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-head-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bodies were preserved by the best agent for mummification: the environment. The Pacific coastal desert in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> is one of the driest areas in the world and the dryness facilitated mummification. Rather than developing elaborate processes such as later-dynasty ancient Egyptians, the early South Americans often left their dead in naturally dry or frozen areas, though some did perform surgical preparation when mummification was intentional.<sup id="cite_ref-Field_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Field-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the reasons for intentional mummification in South America include memorialization, immortalization, and religious offerings.<sup id="cite_ref-Arriaza_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arriaza-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of mummified bodies have been found in pre-Columbian cemeteries scattered around Peru. The bodies had often been wrapped for burial in finely-woven textiles.<sup id="cite_ref-Heaney_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heaney-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chauchilla_Cemetery">Chauchilla Cemetery</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chauchilla_Cemetery" title="Chauchilla Cemetery">Chauchilla Cemetery</a></div> <p>Chauchilla Cemetery is a <a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">cemetery</a> that contains prehispanic mummified human remains and archeological artifacts, located 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of the city of <a href="/wiki/Nazca" title="Nazca">Nazca</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinchorro_mummies">Chinchorro mummies</h4></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Momia_cultura_chinchorro_a%C3%B1o_3000_AC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Momia_cultura_chinchorro_a%C3%B1o_3000_AC.jpg/250px-Momia_cultura_chinchorro_a%C3%B1o_3000_AC.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Momia_cultura_chinchorro_a%C3%B1o_3000_AC.jpg/375px-Momia_cultura_chinchorro_a%C3%B1o_3000_AC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Momia_cultura_chinchorro_a%C3%B1o_3000_AC.jpg/500px-Momia_cultura_chinchorro_a%C3%B1o_3000_AC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Chinchorro mummies are the oldest artificial mummies on the earth.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinchorro_mummies" title="Chinchorro mummies">Chinchorro mummies</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chinchorro_mummies" title="Chinchorro mummies">Chinchorro mummies</a> are the oldest intentionally prepared mummified bodies ever found. Beginning in <a href="/wiki/5th_millennium_BC" title="5th millennium BC">5th millennium BC</a> and continuing for an estimated 3,500 years,<sup id="cite_ref-Arriaza_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arriaza-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all human burials within the Chinchorro culture were prepared for mummification. The bodies were carefully prepared, beginning with removal of the internal organs and skin, before being left in the hot, dry climate of the <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama Desert</a>, which aided in desiccation.<sup id="cite_ref-Arriaza_111-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arriaza-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of Chinchorro mummies were also prepared by skilled artisans to be preserved in a more artistic fashion, though the purpose of this practice is widely debated.<sup id="cite_ref-Arriaza_111-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arriaza-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inca_mummies">Inca mummies</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Llullaillaco_mummies_in_Salta_city,_Argentina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Llullaillaco_mummies_in_Salta_city%2C_Argentina.jpg/250px-Llullaillaco_mummies_in_Salta_city%2C_Argentina.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Llullaillaco_mummies_in_Salta_city%2C_Argentina.jpg/375px-Llullaillaco_mummies_in_Salta_city%2C_Argentina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Llullaillaco_mummies_in_Salta_city%2C_Argentina.jpg/500px-Llullaillaco_mummies_in_Salta_city%2C_Argentina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="1105" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Children_of_Llullaillaco" title="Children of Llullaillaco">Llullaillaco</a> mummy in <a href="/wiki/Salta_Province" title="Salta Province">Salta Province</a> (<a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Several naturally-preserved, unintentional mummies dating from the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Incan</a> period (1438–1532 AD) have been found in the colder regions of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. These are collectively known as "ice mummies".<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Incan ice mummy was discovered in 1954 atop <a href="/wiki/Cerro_El_Plomo" title="Cerro El Plomo">El Plomo Peak</a> in Chile, after an eruption of the nearby volcano <a href="/wiki/Sabancaya" title="Sabancaya">Sabancaya</a> melted away ice that covered the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Plomo_Mummy" title="Plomo Mummy">Mummy of El Plomo</a> was a male child who was presumed to be wealthy due to his well-fed bodily characteristics. He was considered to be the most well-preserved ice mummy in the world until the discovery of Mummy Juanita in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_113-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mummy_Juanita" title="Mummy Juanita">Mummy Juanita</a> was discovered near the summit of <a href="/wiki/Ampato" title="Ampato">Ampato</a> in the Peruvian section of the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> mountains by archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Johan_Reinhard" title="Johan Reinhard">Johan Reinhard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her body had been so thoroughly frozen that it had not been desiccated; much of her skin, muscle tissue, and internal organs retained their original structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_113-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is believed to be a ritual sacrifice, due to the close proximity of her body to the Incan capital of <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a>, as well as the fact she was wearing highly intricate clothing to indicate her special social status. Several Incan ceremonial artifacts and temporary shelters uncovered in the surrounding area seem to support this theory.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_113-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More evidence that the Inca left sacrificial victims to die in the elements, and later be unintentionally preserved, came in 1999 with the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Children_of_Llullaillaco" title="Children of Llullaillaco">Llullaillaco mummies</a> on the border of Argentina and Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three mummies are children, two girls and one boy, who are thought to be sacrifices associated with the ancient ritual of <i><a href="/wiki/Qhapaq_hucha" class="mw-redirect" title="Qhapaq hucha">qhapaq hucha</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Handwerk_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handwerk-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemical analysis</a> of the mummies has revealed that the victims had consumed increasing quantities of <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">coca</a>, possibly in the form of <a href="/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">chicha</a>, in the months leading up to sacrifice.<sup id="cite_ref-Handwerk_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handwerk-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dominant theory for the drugging reasons that, alongside ritual uses, the substances probably made the children more docile. Chewed coca leaves found inside the eldest child's mouth upon her discovery in 1999 supports this theory.<sup id="cite_ref-Handwerk_115-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handwerk-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bodies of Inca emperors and wives were mummified after death. In 1533, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish empire">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a> of the Inca Empire viewed the mummies in the Inca capital of Cuzco. The mummies were displayed, often in lifelike positions, in the palaces of the deceased emperors and had a retinue of servants to care for them. The Spanish were impressed with the quality of the mummification which involved removal of the organs, embalming, and freeze-drying.<sup id="cite_ref-Heaney_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heaney-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The population revered the mummies of the Inca emperors. This reverence seemed idolatry to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> Spanish and in 1550 they confiscated the mummies. The mummies were taken to <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> where they were displayed in the San Andres Hospital. The mummies deteriorated in the humid climate of Lima and eventually they were either buried or destroyed by the Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An attempt to find the mummies of the Inca emperors beneath the San Andres hospital in 2001 was unsuccessful. The archaeologists found a crypt, but it was empty. Possibly the mummies had been removed when the building was repaired after an earthquake.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Self-mummification">Self-mummification</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_mummies" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist mummies">Buddhist mummies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sokushinbutsu" title="Sokushinbutsu">Sokushinbutsu</a></div> <p>Monks whose bodies remain <a href="/wiki/Incorruptibility" title="Incorruptibility">incorrupt</a> without any traces of deliberate mummification are venerated by some Buddhists who believe they successfully were able to mortify their flesh to death. Self-mummification was practiced until the late 1800s in Japan and has been outlawed since the early 1900s. </p><p>Many Mahayana Buddhist monks were reported to know their time of death and left their last testaments and their students accordingly buried them sitting in <a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">lotus position</a>, put into a vessel with drying agents (such as wood, paper, or <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">lime</a>) and surrounded by bricks, to be exhumed later, usually after three years. The preserved bodies would then be decorated with paint and adorned with gold. </p><p>Bodies purported to be those of self-mummified monks are exhibited in several Japanese shrines, and it has been claimed that the monks, prior to their death, stuck to a sparse diet made up of salt, <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> bark, and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Toxicodendron_vernicifluum" title="Toxicodendron vernicifluum">urushi</a></i></span> tea.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_mummies">Modern mummies</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg/150px-Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg/225px-Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg/300px-Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a> wished to be mummified after he died.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jeremy_Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</h3></div> <p>In the 1830s, <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarianism</a>, left instructions to be followed upon his death which led to the creation of a sort of modern-day mummy. He asked that his body be displayed to illustrate how the "horror at dissection originates in ignorance"; once so displayed and lectured about, he asked that his body parts be preserved, including his skeleton (minus his skull, which despite being mis-preserved, was displayed beneath his feet until theft required it to be stored elsewhere),<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were to be dressed in the clothes he usually wore and "seated in a Chair usually occupied by me when living in the attitude in which I am sitting when engaged in thought". His body, outfitted with a wax head created because of problems preparing it as Bentham requested, is on open display in the <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vladimir_Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Communist_mummies" title="Communist mummies">Communist mummies</a></div> <p>During the early 20th century, the Russian movement of <a href="/wiki/Russian_cosmism" title="Russian cosmism">Cosmism</a>, as represented by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Fyodorovich_Fyodorov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov">Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov</a>, envisioned scientific resurrection of dead people. The idea was so popular that, after <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>'s death, <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Krasin" title="Leonid Krasin">Leonid Krasin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Alexander Bogdanov</a> suggested to <a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">cryonically preserve</a> his body and brain in order to revive him in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-azbuka_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-azbuka-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Necessary equipment was purchased abroad, but for a variety of reasons the plan was not realized.<sup id="cite_ref-azbuka_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-azbuka-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead his body was <a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">embalmed</a> and placed on permanent exhibition in the <a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Mausoleum" title="Lenin's Mausoleum">Lenin Mausoleum</a> in Moscow, where it is displayed to this day. The mausoleum itself was modeled by <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Shchusev" title="Alexey Shchusev">Alexey Shchusev</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser" title="Pyramid of Djoser">Pyramid of Djoser</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Cyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Cyrus">Tomb of Cyrus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gottfried_Knoche">Gottfried Knoche</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mummy" title="Special:EditPage/Mummy">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In late 19th-century Venezuela, a German-born doctor named <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Knoche" title="Gottfried Knoche">Gottfried Knoche</a> conducted experiments in mummification at his laboratory in the forest near <a href="/wiki/La_Guaira" title="La Guaira">La Guaira</a>. He developed an <a href="/wiki/Embalming_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Embalming fluid">embalming fluid</a> (based on an <a href="/wiki/Aluminum_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum chloride">aluminum chloride</a> compound) that mummified corpses without having to remove the internal organs. The formula for his fluid was never revealed and has not been discovered. Most of the several dozen mummies created with the fluid (including himself and his immediate family) have been lost or were severely damaged by vandals and looters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summum">Summum</h3></div> <p>In 1975, an <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">esoteric</a> organization by the name of <a href="/wiki/Summum" title="Summum">Summum</a> introduced "Modern Mummification", a service that utilizes modern techniques along with aspects of ancient methods of mummification. The first person to formally undergo Summum's process of modern mummification was the founder of Summum, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Nowell" title="Claude Nowell">Summum Bonum Amen Ra</a>, who died in January 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-CNNBeliefBlog_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNBeliefBlog-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Summum is currently considered to be the only "commercial mummification business" in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alan_Billis">Alan Billis</h3></div> <p>In 2010, a team led by forensic archaeologist Stephen Buckley mummified Alan Billis using techniques based on 19 years of research of 18th-dynasty Egyptian mummification. The process was filmed for television, for the documentary <i>Mummifying Alan: Egypt's Last Secret</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Billis made the decision to allow his body to be mummified after being diagnosed with terminal cancer in 2009. His body currently resides at London's Gordon Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amélie_of_Leuchtenberg"><span id="Am.C3.A9lie_of_Leuchtenberg"></span>Amélie of Leuchtenberg</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Amélie of Leuchtenberg">Amélie of Leuchtenberg</a> (1812–1873) was <a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_royal_consorts" title="List of Brazilian royal consorts">Empress of Brazil</a> as the wife of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Emperor Pedro I</a> (also King of Portugal as Pedro IV). Between February and September 2012, researchers at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="University of São Paulo">University of São Paulo</a> in Brazil exhumed her remains, as well as those of her husband and his first wife, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria" title="Maria Leopoldina of Austria">Maria Leopoldina</a>. They were surprised to find that the body of Amélie had been mummified. Skin, hair and internal organs were preserved. Examinations at the <a href="/wiki/Hospital_das_Cl%C3%ADnicas_da_Universidade_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo">Hospital das Clínicas</a> found an incision in the empress' <a href="/wiki/Jugular_vein" title="Jugular vein">jugular vein</a>. Aromatics such as <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a> were injected into the incision during the embalming process. "It certainly helped to nullify the decomposition", said Brazilian forensic archaeologist Valdirene Ambiel, responsible for the research. She added that another contributing factor was the casket, saying it was so hermetically sealed that there were no micro-organisms in it. Before the reinterment, scientists reembalmed Amélie's mummified body using a method similar to the first one.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The remains of Amélie, Pedro I, and Maria Leopoldina are interred in the <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Independence_of_Brazil" title="Monument to the Independence of Brazil">Monument to the Independence of Brazil</a> in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plastination">Plastination</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plastination" title="Plastination">Plastination</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Plastination" title="Plastination">Plastination</a> is a technique used in <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a> to conserve bodies or body parts. The water and fat are replaced by certain plastics, yielding specimens that can be touched, do not smell or decay, and even retain most microscopic properties of the original sample. </p><p>The technique was invented by <a href="/wiki/Gunther_von_Hagens" title="Gunther von Hagens">Gunther von Hagens</a> when working at the anatomical institute of the <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg University</a> in 1978. Von Hagens has patented the technique in several countries and is heavily involved in its promotion, especially as the creator and director of the <a href="/wiki/Body_Worlds" title="Body Worlds">Body Worlds</a> traveling exhibitions,<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> exhibiting plastinated human bodies internationally. He also founded and directs the Institute for Plastination in <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>. </p><p>More than 40 institutions worldwide have facilities for plastination, mainly for medical research and study, and most affiliated to the International Society for Plastination.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment_of_ancient_mummies_in_modern_times">Treatment of ancient mummies in modern times</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%A9lix_Bonfils_-_Mumienh%C3%A4ndler.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/F%C3%A9lix_Bonfils_-_Mumienh%C3%A4ndler.png/250px-F%C3%A9lix_Bonfils_-_Mumienh%C3%A4ndler.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/F%C3%A9lix_Bonfils_-_Mumienh%C3%A4ndler.png/330px-F%C3%A9lix_Bonfils_-_Mumienh%C3%A4ndler.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/F%C3%A9lix_Bonfils_-_Mumienh%C3%A4ndler.png/500px-F%C3%A9lix_Bonfils_-_Mumienh%C3%A4ndler.png 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="1339" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian mummy seller in 1875</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albarello_MUMIA_18Jh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Albarello_MUMIA_18Jh.jpg/220px-Albarello_MUMIA_18Jh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Albarello_MUMIA_18Jh.jpg/330px-Albarello_MUMIA_18Jh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Albarello_MUMIA_18Jh.jpg/440px-Albarello_MUMIA_18Jh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2052" data-file-height="3553" /></a><figcaption>An 18th century <a href="/wiki/Albarello" title="Albarello">albarello</a> used for storing <i><a href="/wiki/Mummia" title="Mummia">mummia</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, based on a mistranslation from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> term for bitumen, it was thought that mummies possessed healing properties. As a result, it became common practice to grind Egyptian mummies into a powder to be sold and used as medicine. When actual mummies became unavailable, the <a href="/wiki/Desiccation" title="Desiccation">sun-desiccated</a> corpses of criminals, slaves and <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicidal</a> people were substituted by mendacious merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a> recommended them for healing <a href="/wiki/Bruises" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruises">bruises</a> and preventing <a href="/wiki/Bleeding" title="Bleeding">bleeding</a>. The trade in mummies seems to have been frowned upon by <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Turkish authorities</a> who ruled Egypt – several Egyptians were imprisoned for boiling mummies to make oil in 1424. However, mummies were in high demand in Europe and it was possible to buy them for the right amount of money. John Snaderson, an English tradesman who visited Egypt in the 16th century shipped six hundred pounds of mummy back to England.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The practice developed into a wide-scale business that flourished until the late 16th century. Two centuries ago, mummies were still believed to have medicinal properties to stop bleeding, and were sold as <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">pharmaceuticals</a> in powdered form as in <a href="/wiki/Mellified_man" title="Mellified man">mellified man</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Daly_unwrapping_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daly_unwrapping-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artists also made use of Egyptian mummies; a brownish pigment known as <a href="/wiki/Mummy_brown" title="Mummy brown">mummy brown</a>, based on <i><a href="/wiki/Mummia" title="Mummia">mummia</a></i> (sometimes called alternatively <i><a href="/wiki/Caput_mortuum_(pigment)" title="Caput mortuum (pigment)">caput mortuum</a></i>, Latin for <i>death's head</i>), which was originally obtained by grinding human and animal Egyptian mummies. It was most popular in the 17th century, but was discontinued in the early 19th century when its composition became generally known to artists who replaced the said pigment by a totally different blend -but keeping the original name, mummia or mummy brown-yielding a similar tint and based on ground minerals (oxides and fired earths) and or blends of powdered gums and oleoresins (such as myrrh and frankincense) as well as ground bitumen. These blends appeared on the market as forgeries of powdered mummy pigment but were ultimately considered as acceptable replacements, once antique mummies were no longer permitted to be destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many thousands of mummified cats were also sent from Egypt to England to be processed for use in <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 19th century, following the discovery of the first tombs and artifacts in Egypt, egyptology was a huge fad in Europe, especially in <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian England</a>. European aristocrats would occasionally entertain themselves by purchasing mummies, having them unwrapped, and holding observation sessions.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daly_unwrapping_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daly_unwrapping-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pioneer of this kind of entertainment in Britain was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pettigrew" title="Thomas Pettigrew">Thomas Pettigrew</a> known as "Mummy" Pettigrew due to his work.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such unrolling sessions destroyed hundreds of mummies, because the exposure to the air caused them to disintegrate. </p><p>The use of mummies as <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> for <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">locomotives</a> was documented by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> (likely as a joke or humor),<sup id="cite_ref-Straight_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Straight-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the truth of the story remains debatable. During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, mummy-wrapping linens were said to have been used to manufacture paper.<sup id="cite_ref-Straight_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Straight-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Capital_Weekly_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capital_Weekly-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence for the reality of these claims is still equivocal.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dane_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dane-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researcher <a href="/wiki/Ben_Radford" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Radford">Ben Radford</a> reports that, in her book <i>The Mummy Congress</i>, Heather Pringle writes: "No mummy expert has ever been able to authenticate the story ... Twain seems to be the only published source – and a rather suspect one at that". Pringle also writes that there is no evidence for the "<a href="/wiki/Mummy_paper" title="Mummy paper">mummy paper</a>" either. Radford also says that many journalists have not done a good job with their research, and while it is true that mummies were often not shown respect in the 1800s, there is no evidence for this rumor.<sup id="cite_ref-Radford_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radford-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While mummies were used in <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, some researchers have brought into question these other uses such as making paper and paint, fueling locomotives and fertilizing land.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mummy_(undead)" title="Mummy (undead)">Mummy (undead)</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">List of mummy films</a></div><p>A 2023 report by <i>CNN</i> revealed that a number of museums in Britain were rethinking how they described their displays of ancient Egyptian human remains, known as "mummies," in order to emphasize that these individuals were once living people. The museums started using terms such as "mummified person" or the individual's name instead of "mummy." The shift in language was also intended to distance the display of mummies from their depiction in popular culture, which often "undermined their humanity" by depicting them as supernatural monsters and perpetuating the notion of a "mummy's curse." The change in language is part of a larger effort by museums to address historical bias and reflect on the way they represent the past to audiences. The <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, for example, has not banned the use of the term "mummy" in its displays, but has started to use alternative terminology such as "mummified remains" and including the individual's name when known.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_mummy" title="Animal mummy">Animal mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodies:_The_Exhibition" title="Bodies: The Exhibition">Bodies: The Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpse_decomposition" title="Corpse decomposition">Corpse decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">Embalming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorruptibility" title="Incorruptibility">Incorruptibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummies" title="List of mummies">List of mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_mummies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Egyptian mummies">List of Egyptian mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_DNA-tested_mummies" title="List of DNA-tested mummies">List of DNA-tested mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannibalism" title="Medical cannibalism">Medical cannibalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummia" title="Mummia">Mummia</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pets-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pets_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2007</span>. <q>A study last year by <a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a> University also found that the mummies' DNA had Europoid genes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Caucasians+preceded+East+Asians+in+basin&rft.date=2005-04-19&rft.aulast=Saiget&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fworld%2F20050419-101056-2135r.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bronzeageadmix-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bronzeageadmix_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChunxiang_LiHongjie_LiYinqiu_CuiChengzhi_Xie2010" class="citation journal cs1">Chunxiang Li; Hongjie Li; Yinqiu Cui; Chengzhi Xie; Dawei Cai; Wenying Li; Victor H Mair; Zhi Xu; Quanchao Zhang; Idelis Abuduresule; Li Jin; Hong Zhu; Hui Zhou (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2838831">"Evidence that a West-East admixed population lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age"</a>. <i>BMC Biology</i>. <b>8</b> (15): 15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1741-7007-8-15">10.1186/1741-7007-8-15</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2838831">2838831</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20163704">20163704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Biology&rft.atitle=Evidence+that+a+West-East+admixed+population+lived+in+the+Tarim+Basin+as+early+as+the+early+Bronze+Age&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2838831%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20163704&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1741-7007-8-15&rft.au=Chunxiang+Li&rft.au=Hongjie+Li&rft.au=Yinqiu+Cui&rft.au=Chengzhi+Xie&rft.au=Dawei+Cai&rft.au=Wenying+Li&rft.au=Victor+H+Mair&rft.au=Zhi+Xu&rft.au=Quanchao+Zhang&rft.au=Idelis+Abuduresule&rft.au=Li+Jin&rft.au=Hong+Zhu&rft.au=Hui+Zhou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2838831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wong-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wong_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWong2008" class="citation news cs1">Wong, Edward (18 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/19/world/asia/19mummy.html?pagewanted=all">"The Dead Tell a Tale China Doesn't Care to Listen To"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Inca+Child+Sacrifice+Victims+Were+Drugged&rft.date=2013-07-29&rft.aulast=Handwerk&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2F%3Frptregcta%3Dreg_free_np%26rptregcampaign%3D20131016_rw_membership_r1p_us_se_w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCaaNimlosHampe_Martinez2017" class="citation web cs1">McCaa, Robert; Nimlos, Aleta; Hampe Martinez, Teodoro (27 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.pop.umn.edu/~rmccaa/aha2004/why_blame_smallpox.pdf">"Why Blame Smallpox"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Blame+Smallpox&rft.date=2017-01-27&rft.aulast=McCaa&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Nimlos%2C+Aleta&rft.au=Hampe+Martinez%2C+Teodoro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.pop.umn.edu%2F~rmccaa%2Faha2004%2Fwhy_blame_smallpox.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pringle-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPringle2011" class="citation web cs1">Pringle, Harriet (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126074244/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/04/inca-empire/pringle-text/2">"Inca Empire"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/04/inca-empire/pringle-text/2">the original</a> on 26 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Inca+Empire&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2011%2F04%2Finca-empire%2Fpringle-text%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sonic.net/~anomaly/japan/dbuddha.htm">"The Buddhist Mummies of Japan"</a>. Sonic.net. 24 August 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Mummies+of+Japan&rft.pub=Sonic.net&rft.date=1998-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonic.net%2F~anomaly%2Fjapan%2Fdbuddha.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiss_Cellania" class="citation magazine cs1">Miss Cellania. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119161451/http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/12653">"6 Restless Corpses"</a>. <i>Mental Floss</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/12653">the original</a> on 19 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mental+Floss&rft.atitle=6+Restless+Corpses&rft.au=Miss+Cellania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mentalfloss.com%2Fblogs%2Farchives%2F12653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-azbuka-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-azbuka_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-azbuka_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the article: А.М. и А.А. Панченко «Осьмое чудо света», in the book Панченко А.М. О русской истории и культуре. St. Petersburg: Azbuka, 2003. Page 433.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNNBeliefBlog-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNNBeliefBlog_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRavitz2010" class="citation news cs1">Ravitz, Jessica (11 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926152019/https://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2010/06/11/summum-a-belief-system-in-the-news-%E2%80%93-and-unlike-any-other/">"Summum: Homegrown spiritual group, in news and in a pyramid"</a>. CNN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2010/06/11/summum-a-belief-system-in-the-news-%E2%80%93-and-unlike-any-other/">the original</a> on 26 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Summum%3A+Homegrown+spiritual+group%2C+in+news+and+in+a+pyramid&rft.date=2010-06-11&rft.aulast=Ravitz&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freligion.blogs.cnn.com%2F2010%2F06%2F11%2Fsummum-a-belief-system-in-the-news-%25E2%2580%2593-and-unlike-any-other%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlsen2010" class="citation news cs1">Olsen, Grant (30 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksl.com/?sid=22660276">"Summum: Religious group performs mummification rituals in Utah pyramid"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazeta+do+Povo&rft.atitle=Cientistas+exumam+corpo+de+d.+Pedro+I&rft.date=2013-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazetadopovo.com.br%2Fvida-e-cidadania%2Fcientistas-exumam-corpo-de-d-pedro-i-0svlbeclrsblwgmdd3ylf2g9b%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aventurasnahistoria.uol.com.br/noticias/almanaque/por-que-o-corpo-de-dona-amelia-foi-mumificado.phtml">"Restos da imperatriz consorte: O impressionante corpo mumificado de Dona Amélia"</a>. <i>aventurasnahistoria.uol.com.br</i>. 24 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aegyptiaca&rft.atitle=Bandages%2C+Bitumen%2C+Bodies+and+Business+%E2%80%93+Egyptian+mummies+as+raw+materials&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Findex.php%2Faegyp%2Farticle%2Fview%2F40163%2F33822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daly_unwrapping-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daly_unwrapping_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daly_unwrapping_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaly1994" class="citation journal cs1">Daly, N. (1994). "That Obscure Object of Desire: Victorian Commodity Culture and Fictions of the Mummy". <i>Novel: A Forum on Fiction</i>. <b>28</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">24–</span>51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1345912">10.2307/1345912</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1345912">1345912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Novel%3A+A+Forum+on+Fiction&rft.atitle=That+Obscure+Object+of+Desire%3A+Victorian+Commodity+Culture+and+Fictions+of+the+Mummy&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1345912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1345912%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kremer-pigmente.de/mumie.htm">Mumie – nicht lieferbar!</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215033915/http://www.kremer-pigmente.de/mumie.htm">Archived</a> 15 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> article by Kremer Pigmente GmbH & Co NYC, (in German).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWake1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jehanne_Wake" title="Jehanne Wake">Wake, Jehanne</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm1fHrcgZuoC&q=mummified+cats+fertilizer&pg=RA1-PA118"><i>Kleinwort, Benson: the history of two families in banking</i></a>. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-828299-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-828299-0"><bdi>0-19-828299-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kleinwort%2C+Benson%3A+the+history+of+two+families+in+banking&rft.place=Oxford+%5BOxfordshire%5D&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-828299-0&rft.aulast=Wake&rft.aufirst=Jehanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQm1fHrcgZuoC%26q%3Dmummified%2Bcats%2Bfertilizer%26pg%3DRA1-PA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoshenka2013" class="citation journal cs1">Moshenka, Gabriel (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5038351">"Unrolling Egyptian Mummies in Nineteenth-Century Britain"</a>. <i>The British Journal for the History of Science</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+for+the+History+of+Science&rft.atitle=Unrolling+Egyptian+Mummies+in+Nineteenth-Century+Britain&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Moshenka&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5038351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoshenska2013" class="citation journal cs1">Moshenska, Gabriel (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5038351">"Unrolling Egyptian Mummies in Nineteenth-Century Britain"</a>. <i>The British Journal for the History of Science</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+for+the+History+of+Science&rft.atitle=Unrolling+Egyptian+Mummies+in+Nineteenth-Century+Britain&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Moshenska&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5038351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Straight-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Straight_136-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Straight_136-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straightdope.com/columns/020222.html">"Do Egyptians burn mummies as fuel?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Straight_Dope" title="The Straight Dope">The Straight Dope</a>. 22 February 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+Egyptians+burn+mummies+as+fuel%3F&rft.pub=The+Straight+Dope&rft.date=2002-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straightdope.com%2Fcolumns%2F020222.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Capital_Weekly-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Capital_Weekly_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPronovost2005" class="citation news cs1">Pronovost, Michelle (17 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101106183429/http://www.mainecoastnow.com/articles/2005/03/17/capitalweekly/local_news/n6mummy.txt">"Necessity of paper was the 'mummy' of invention"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_Weekly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital Weekly (page does not exist)">Capital Weekly</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mainecoastnow.com/articles/2005/03/17/capitalweekly/local_news/n6mummy.txt">the original</a> on 6 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Necessity+of+paper+was+the+%27mummy%27+of+invention&rft.date=2005-03-17&rft.aulast=Pronovost&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mainecoastnow.com%2Farticles%2F2005%2F03%2F17%2Fcapitalweekly%2Flocal_news%2Fn6mummy.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baker_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaker2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholson_Baker" title="Nicholson Baker">Baker, Nicholson</a> (2001). <a href="/wiki/Double_Fold:_Libraries_and_the_Assault_on_Paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Double Fold: Libraries and the Assault on Paper"><i><span></span></i>Double Fold: Libraries and the Assault on Paper<i><span></span></i></a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-50444-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-50444-3"><bdi>0-375-50444-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Double+Fold%3A+Libraries+and+the+Assault+on+Paper&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-375-50444-3&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Nicholson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dane-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dane_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDane1995" class="citation journal cs1">Dane, Joseph A. (1995). "The Curse of the Mummy Paper". <i>Printing History</i>. <b>17</b>: <span class="nowrap">18–</span>25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Printing+History&rft.atitle=The+Curse+of+the+Mummy+Paper&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Dane&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radford-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Radford_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRadford2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Radford" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Radford">Radford, Ben</a> (2019). "Bailing in the Mummies". <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>. <b>43</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">43–</span>45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Bailing+in+the+Mummies&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Radford&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElliott2017" class="citation journal cs1">Elliott, Chris (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/aegyp/article/view/40163/33822">"Bandages, Bitumen, Bodies and Business – Egyptian mummies as raw materials"</a>. <i>Aegyptiaca</i> (1): <span class="nowrap">40–</span>46<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aegyptiaca&rft.atitle=Bandages%2C+Bitumen%2C+Bodies+and+Business+%E2%80%93+Egyptian+mummies+as+raw+materials&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Findex.php%2Faegyp%2Farticle%2Fview%2F40163%2F33822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRonald2023" class="citation web cs1">Ronald, Issy (23 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/style/article/mummies-museums-name-change-intl-scli-scn/index.html">"Don't say 'mummy': Why museums are rebranding ancient Egyptian remains"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Don%27t+say+%27mummy%27%3A+Why+museums+are+rebranding+ancient+Egyptian+remains&rft.date=2023-01-23&rft.aulast=Ronald&rft.aufirst=Issy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fstyle%2Farticle%2Fmummies-museums-name-change-intl-scli-scn%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAufderheide2003" class="citation book cs1">Aufderheide, Arthur C. (2003). <i>The Scientific Study of Mummies</i>. Cambridge, UK: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81826-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-81826-5"><bdi>0-521-81826-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scientific+Study+of+Mummies&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-81826-5&rft.aulast=Aufderheide&rft.aufirst=Arthur+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Barber, Elizabeth Wayland (1999). <i>The Mummies of Ürümchi</i>. London: Pan Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04521-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-04521-8">0-393-04521-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._A._Wallis_Budge" title="E. A. Wallis Budge">Budge, E. A. Wallis</a> (1925). <i>The Mummy, A Handbook of Egyptian Funerary Archaeology</i>. Dover Publ. Reprint: New York: Dover Ed., 1989, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-25928-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-25928-5">0-486-25928-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCockburnCockburnReyman1998" class="citation book cs1">Cockburn, Aidan; Cockburn, Eve; Reyman, Theodore A. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8KZHa5vHOS0C"><i>Mummies, Disease and Ancient Cultures</i></a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58954-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58954-3"><bdi>978-0-521-58954-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mummies%2C+Disease+and+Ancient+Cultures&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-58954-3&rft.aulast=Cockburn&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft.au=Cockburn%2C+Eve&rft.au=Reyman%2C+Theodore+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8KZHa5vHOS0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannine_Davis-Kimball" title="Jeannine Davis-Kimball">Davis-Kimball, Jeannine</a>, with Behan, Mona (2003). <i>Warrior Women: An Archaeologist's Search for History's Hidden Heroines</i>. Paperback edition. New York: Warner Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-446-67983-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-446-67983-6">0-446-67983-6</a>. First published 2002.</li> <li>Mallory, J. P. and Mair, Victor H. (2000). <i>The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West</i>. London: Thames & Hudson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-05101-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-05101-1">0-500-05101-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Pringle_(writer)" title="Heather Pringle (writer)">Pringle, Heather</a> (2001). <i>The Mummy Congress: Science, Obsession, and the Everlasting Dead</i>. Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-028669-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-028669-1">0-14-028669-1</a>.</li> <li>Taylor, John H. (2004). <i>Mummy: The Inside Story</i>. The British Museum Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7141-1962-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7141-1962-8">0-7141-1962-8</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TV_and_video">TV and video</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Chan, Wah Ho (cinematographer) (1996). <i>Pet Wraps</i> (TV). National Geographic Television.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pet+Wraps&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Television&rft.date=1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Frayling, Christopher (writer/narrator/presenter) (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0262957/"><i>The Face of Tutankhamun</i></a> (TV series). British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Face+of+Tutankhamun&rft.pub=British+Broadcasting+Corporation+%28BBC%29&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0262957%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerlin2022" class="citation web cs1">Berlin, Samantha (28 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/scientists-discovered-why-fetus-pickled-inside-mummified-womans-uterus-1674097">"Scientists Discovered Why Fetus 'Pickled' Inside Mummified Woman's Uterus"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Scientists+Discovered+Why+Fetus+%27Pickled%27+Inside+Mummified+Woman%27s+Uterus&rft.date=2022-01-28&rft.aulast=Berlin&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fscientists-discovered-why-fetus-pickled-inside-mummified-womans-uterus-1674097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mummies" class="extiw" title="commons:Mummies"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Mummies</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left:1.5em;font-weight:bold;font-style:italic;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions/Volume_54/An_Account_of_a_Mummy,_inspected_at_London_1763" class="extiw" title="s:Philosophical Transactions/Volume 54/An Account of a Mummy, inspected at London 1763">An Account of a Mummy, inspected at London 1763</a></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mummy"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mummy">"Mummy" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mummy&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.howstuffworks.com/mummy.htm">Mummies</a> at <a href="/wiki/HowStuffWorks" title="HowStuffWorks">HowStuffWorks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220324140924/http://www.aldokkan.com/religion/mummy.htm">Comparison Between Egyptian and Incan Mummies</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 24 March 2022)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030502083753/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/04/0430_030430_royalmummy.html">U.S. Museum to Return Ramses I Mummy to Egypt</a> (30 April 2003) – <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.summum.us/mummification/">"Modern Mummification"</a>. Summum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modern+Mummification&rft.pub=Summum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.summum.us%2Fmummification%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMummy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Simon Cleveland, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027144751/http://geocities.com/dimitrovs75/mummy.htm">About the Unknown Mummy E</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 27 October 2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160120030119/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/01/160118-mummies-world-bog-egypt-science/">Mummies Around the World – Dried, Smoked, or Thrown in a Bog</a> (18 January 2016) – <i>National Geographic</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com/126-the-death-of-tiye/">Interview with Prof. Ann Rosalie David on Egyptian mummies</a>, "History of Egypt Podcast" series by Eyptologist Dominic Perry (2020)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.virtual-body.org/gallery/virtual-mummy/">The Virtual Mummy: Unwrapping a Mummy by Mouse Click</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mummies" title="Template:Mummies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mummies" title="Template talk:Mummies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mummies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mummies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mummification123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mummification</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mummies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deliberate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices#Mummification" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">Ancient Egypt</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_mummies_(royalty)" title="List of Egyptian mummies (royalty)">Royals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_mummies_(officials,_nobles,_and_commoners)" title="List of Egyptian mummies (officials, nobles, and commoners)">Officials, nobles, and commoners</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinchorro_mummies" title="Chinchorro mummies">Chinchorro mummies</a> (Chile)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Inca_Mummies">Inca Mummies</a> (Peru and Chile)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanche_mummies" title="Guanche mummies">Guanche mummies</a> (Canary Islands)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mummification" title="Muisca mummification">Muisca mummies</a> (Colombia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummification_in_the_Philippines" title="Mummification in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_mummies" title="Communist mummies">Communist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Natural_mummification">Natural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim mummies</a> (China)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabayan_Mummies" title="Kabayan Mummies">Fire Mummies</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_mummies" title="Maronite mummies">Maronite mummies</a> (Lebanon)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_body" title="Bog body">Bog bodies</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_bog_bodies" title="List of bog bodies">list</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#North_America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_mummy" title="Aztec mummy">Aztec mummies</a> (Mexico)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummies_of_Guanajuato" title="Mummies of Guanajuato">Mummies of Guanajuato</a> (Mexico)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Self-mummification">Self-</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_mummy" title="Buddhist mummy">Buddhist mummy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sokushinbutsu" title="Sokushinbutsu">Sokushinbutsu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Modern_mummies">Modern mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_mummy" title="Animal mummy">Animal mummy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummies" title="List of mummies">List of mummies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_DNA-tested_mummies" title="List of DNA-tested mummies">DNA-tested</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_mummies" title="Category:Fictional mummies">fictional</a></li></ul></li> <li>Archeological sites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qilakitsoq" title="Qilakitsoq">Qilakitsoq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltmen" title="Saltmen">Saltmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummification_Museum" title="Mummification Museum">Mummification Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excerebration" title="Excerebration">Excerebration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_forgeries" title="Mummy forgeries">Forgeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_paper" title="Mummy paper">Mummy paper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">Embalming</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Incorruptibility" title="Incorruptibility">Incorruptibility</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plastination" title="Plastination">Plastination</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prosection" title="Prosection">Prosection</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Death315" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Death" title="Template:Death"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Death" title="Template talk:Death"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Death" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Death"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Death315" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cell_death14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Cell death</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">Necrosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avascular_necrosis" title="Avascular necrosis">Avascular necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulative_necrosis" title="Coagulative necrosis">Coagulative necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquefactive_necrosis" title="Liquefactive necrosis">Liquefactive necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrenous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caseous_necrosis" title="Caseous necrosis">Caseous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_necrosis" title="Fat necrosis">Fat necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrinoid_necrosis" title="Fibrinoid necrosis">Fibrinoid necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_necrosis" title="Temporal lobe necrosis">Temporal lobe necrosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activation-induced_cell_death" title="Activation-induced cell death">AICD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoikis" title="Anoikis">Anoikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autophagy" title="Autophagy">Autophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_apoptosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsic apoptosis">Intrinsic apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necroptosis" title="Necroptosis">Necroptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraptosis" title="Paraptosis">Paraptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthanatos" title="Parthanatos">Parthanatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoptosis" title="Phenoptosis">Phenoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoapoptosis" title="Pseudoapoptosis">Pseudoapoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroptosis" title="Pyroptosis">Pyroptosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolysis_(biology)" title="Autolysis (biology)">Autolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoschizis" title="Autoschizis">Autoschizis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschar" title="Eschar">Eschar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunogenic_cell_death" title="Immunogenic cell death">Immunogenic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischemic_cell_death" title="Ischemic cell death">Ischemic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyknosis" title="Pyknosis">Pyknosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyorrhexis" title="Karyorrhexis">Karyorrhexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyolysis" title="Karyolysis">Karyolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitotic_catastrophe" title="Mitotic catastrophe">Mitotic catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_gene" title="Suicide gene">Suicide gene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accidental_death" title="Accidental death">Accidental death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">Autopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_death" title="Brain death">Brain death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brainstem_death" title="Brainstem death">Brainstem death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_death" title="Clinical death">Clinical death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_on_arrival" title="Dead on arrival">DOA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Death by natural causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_rattle" title="Death rattle">Death rattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthanasia" title="Dysthanasia">Dysthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_care" title="End-of-life care">End-of-life care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_sign" title="Lazarus sign">Lazarus sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_syndrome" title="Lazarus syndrome">Lazarus syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death#Medical_declaration" title="Legal death">Medical declaration of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_donation" title="Organ donation">Organ donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_illness" title="Terminal illness">Terminal illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Unnatural death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Death-related_lists" title="Category:Death-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate" title="List of causes of death by rate">Causes of death by rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deaths_by_year" title="Lists of deaths by year">Notable deaths by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_expressions_related_to_death" class="mw-redirect" title="List of expressions related to death">Expressions related to death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of natural disasters by death toll">Natural disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_cause_of_death" title="Lists of people by cause of death">People by cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premature_obituaries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of premature obituaries">Premature obituaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventable_causes_of_death" title="Preventable causes of death">Preventable causes of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unusual_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of unusual deaths">Unusual deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_dishonor_the_dead" title="List of ways people dishonor the dead">List of ways people dishonor the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_honor_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ways people honor the dead">List of ways people honor the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mortality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthday_effect" title="Birthday effect">Birthday effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality" title="Excess mortality">Excess mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gompertz%E2%80%93Makeham_law_of_mortality" title="Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality">Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoshi" title="Karoshi">Karoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">Maternal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality_in_fiction" title="Maternal mortality in fiction">Maternal mortality in fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memento_mori" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromort" title="Micromort">Micromort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">Mortality rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Risk_adjusted_mortality_rate" title="Risk adjusted mortality rate">RAMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_salience" title="Mortality salience">Mortality salience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">Body</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallor_mortis" title="Pallor mortis">Pallor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livor_mortis" title="Livor mortis">Livor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algor_mortis" title="Algor mortis">Algor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigor_mortis" title="Rigor mortis">Rigor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrefaction" title="Putrefaction">Putrefaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">Decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletonization" title="Skeletonization">Skeletonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryopreservation" title="Cryopreservation">Cryopreservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropreservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropreservation">Neuropreservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">Embalming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(bone)" title="Maceration (bone)">Maceration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mummification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastination" title="Plastination">Plastination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosection" title="Prosection">Prosection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disposal_of_human_corpses" title="Disposal of human corpses">Disposal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_burial" title="Natural burial">Natural burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_burial" title="Sky burial">Sky burial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">Dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excarnation" title="Excarnation">Excarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promession" title="Promession">Promession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_hydrolysis_(body_disposal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline hydrolysis (body disposal)">Resomation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beating_heart_cadaver" title="Beating heart cadaver">Beating heart cadaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_donation" title="Body donation">Body donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadaveric_spasm" title="Cadaveric spasm">Cadaveric spasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_birth" title="Coffin birth">Coffin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_erection" title="Death erection">Death erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissection" title="Dissection">Dissection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">Gibbeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmortem_caloricity" title="Postmortem caloricity">Postmortem caloricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_interval" title="Post-mortem interval">Post-mortem interval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b>Other aspects</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">Carrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_after_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Consciousness after death">Consciousness after death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Death_customs" title="Category:Death customs">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crematorium" title="Crematorium">Crematorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration_of_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Desecration of graves">Desecration of graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_oblivion" title="Eternal oblivion">Eternal oblivion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_examiner" title="Medical examiner">Examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_the_Internet" title="Death and the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_midwife" title="Death midwife">Midwife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning" title="Mourning">Mourning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_mourning" title="Online mourning">Online mourning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obituary" title="Obituary">Obituary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palingenesis" title="Palingenesis">Palingenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigil" title="Vigil">Vigil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paranormal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience">Near-death experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_studies" title="Near-death studies">Near-death studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reincarnation_research" title="Template:Reincarnation research">Reincarnation research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">Séance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_death" title="Cause of death">Cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_death" title="Civil death">Civil death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">Coroner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-qualified_jury" title="Death-qualified jury">Death-qualified jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_certificate" title="Death certificate">Death certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_death" title="Presumption of death">Declared death <i>in absentia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_declaration" title="Dying declaration">Dying declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquest" title="Inquest">Inquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death" title="Legal death">Legal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necropolitics" title="Necropolitics">Necropolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_dying" title="Prohibition of dying">Prohibition of dying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicious_death" title="Suspicious death">Suspicious death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">Trust law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_tech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Death tech (page does not exist)">Death tech</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Tech" class="extiw" title="pt:Death Tech">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Forensic pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_director" title="Funeral director">Funeral director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_science" title="Mortuary science">Mortuary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Necrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taphonomy" title="Taphonomy">Taphonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biostratinomy" title="Biostratinomy">Biostratinomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatology" title="Thanatology">Thanatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_death" title="Apparent death">Apparent death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_burial_money" title="Chinese burial money">Chinese burial money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_for_the_dead" title="Coins for the dead">Coins for the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_tourism" title="Dark tourism">Dark tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Awards" title="Darwin Awards">Darwin Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_culture" title="Death and culture">Death and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anniversary" title="Death anniversary">Death anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anxiety" title="Death anxiety">Death anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_death_deities" title="List of death deities">Death deity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Personification of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying-and-rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying-and-rising deity">Dying-and-rising god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">Psychopomp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Death camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_education" title="Death education">Death education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_from_laughter" title="Death from laughter">Death from laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_hoax" title="Death hoax">Death hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_knell" title="Death knell">Death knell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death march</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_messenger" title="Death messenger">Death messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_notification" title="Death notification">Death notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_panel" title="Death panel">Death panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_poem" title="Death poem">Death poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opisthotonic_death_pose" title="Opisthotonic death pose">Death pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-positive_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Death-positive movement">Death-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_threat" title="Death threat">Death threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_trajectory" title="Death trajectory">Death trajectory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignified_death" title="Dignified death">Dignified death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_the_Dead" title="Festival of the Dead">Festival of the Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascination_with_death" title="Fascination with death">Fascination with death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_death" title="Hierarchy of death">Hierarchy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">Longevity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Death" title="Museum of Death">Museum of Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophilia" title="Necrophilia">Necrophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophobia" title="Necrophobia">Necrophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_death" title="Philosophy of death">Philosophy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">Predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanabot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thanabot (page does not exist)">Thanabot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grief_bot" class="extiw" title="ca:Grief bot">ca</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatosensitivity" title="Thanatosensitivity">Thanatosensitivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Death" title="Category:Death">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_death" title="Outline of death">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Egypt_topics809" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#decd87"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Egypt_topics" title="Template:Ancient Egypt topics"><abbr title="View this 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topics">Main topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:81px"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_obelisks" title="List of Egyptian obelisks">Obelisks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylon_(architecture)" title="Pylon (architecture)">Pylon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_race_controversy" title="Ancient Egyptian race controversy">Ancient Egyptian race controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Portraiture in ancient Egypt">Portraiture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Urban planning in ancient Egypt">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_towns_and_cities" title="List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Clothing in ancient Egypt">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Dance in ancient Egypt">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Dynasties of ancient Egypt">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">Funerary practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Category:Geography of ancient Egypt">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Royal_Wife" title="Great Royal Wife">Great Royal Wives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_royal_consorts" title="List of ancient Egyptian royal consorts">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_hieroglyphs" title="Cursive hieroglyphs">Cursive hieroglyphs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature" title="Ancient Egyptian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_mathematics" title="Ancient Egyptian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_medicine" title="Ancient Egyptian medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Military of ancient Egypt">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptians" title="List of ancient Egyptians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Titulary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_Egypt" title="Population history of Egypt">Population history of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_pottery" title="Ancient Egyptian pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Prehistoric Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_scribes" title="List of ancient Egyptian scribes">Scribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_sites" title="List of ancient Egyptian sites">Sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Egypt" title="List of historical capitals of Egypt">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_trade" title="Ancient Egyptian trade">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" title="Egypt–Mesopotamia relations">Egypt–Mesopotamia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:81px"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptologists" title="List of Egyptologists">Egyptologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_of_Egyptian_antiquities" title="List of museums of Egyptian antiquities">Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#decd87"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/20px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/40px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png 1.5x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Egypt" title="Portal:Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egypt" title="Category:Ancient Egypt">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ancient_Egypt" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Ancient Egypt">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_technology434" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Mummy272" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Mummy" title="Template:The Mummy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Mummy" title="Template talk:The Mummy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Mummy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Mummy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Mummy272" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mummy_(franchise)" title="The Mummy (franchise)">The Mummy</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Films</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Universal series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mummy_(1932_film)" title="The Mummy (1932 film)">The Mummy</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mummy%27s_Hand" title="The Mummy's Hand">The Mummy's Hand</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mummy%27s_Tomb" title="The Mummy's Tomb">The Mummy's Tomb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mummy%27s_Ghost" title="The Mummy's Ghost">The Mummy's Ghost</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mummy%27s_Curse" title="The Mummy's Curse">The Mummy's Curse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abbott_and_Costello_Meet_the_Mummy" title="Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy">Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hammer series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mummy_(1959_film)" title="The Mummy (1959 film)">The Mummy</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Curse_of_the_Mummy%27s_Tomb" title="The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb">The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mummy%27s_Shroud" title="The Mummy's Shroud">The Mummy's Shroud</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blood_from_the_Mummy%27s_Tomb" title="Blood from the Mummy's Tomb">Blood from the Mummy's Tomb</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sommers series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mummy_(1999_film)" title="The Mummy (1999 film)">The Mummy</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mummy_Returns" title="The Mummy Returns">The Mummy Returns</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mummy:_Tomb_of_the_Dragon_Emperor" title="The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor">Tomb of the Dragon Emperor</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="The_Scorpion_King57" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scorpion_King_(film_series)" title="The Scorpion King (film series)">The Scorpion King</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scorpion_King" title="The Scorpion King">The Scorpion King</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scorpion_King_2:_Rise_of_a_Warrior" title="The Scorpion King 2: Rise of a Warrior">Rise of a Warrior</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scorpion_King_3:_Battle_for_Redemption" title="The Scorpion King 3: Battle for Redemption">Battle for Redemption</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scorpion_King_4:_Quest_for_Power" title="The Scorpion King 4: Quest for Power">Quest for Power</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scorpion_King:_Book_of_Souls" title="The Scorpion King: Book of Souls">Book of Souls</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standalone film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mummy_(2017_film)" title="The Mummy (2017 film)">The Mummy</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mummy_(2026_film)" title="The Mummy (2026 film)">The Mummy</a></i> (2026)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Mummy_(film_series)_characters" title="List of The Mummy (film series) characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babe_Jenson" title="Babe Jenson">Babe Jenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imhotep_(The_Mummy)" title="Imhotep (The Mummy)">Imhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharis" title="Kharis">Kharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_O%27Connell" title="Rick O'Connell">Rick O'Connell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Banning_(The_Mummy)" title="Steve Banning (The Mummy)">Steve Banning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Mummy_(1999_soundtrack)" title="The Mummy (1999 soundtrack)"><i>The Mummy</i> (1999 soundtrack)</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Forever_May_Not_Be_Long_Enough" title="Forever May Not Be Long Enough">Forever May Not Be Long Enough</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Stand_Alone_(Godsmack_song)" title="I Stand Alone (Godsmack song)">I Stand Alone</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mummy_(video_game)" title="The Mummy (video game)">The Mummy</a></i></li> <li><i>The Scorpion King</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scorpion_King:_Sword_of_Osiris" title="The Scorpion King: Sword of Osiris">Sword of Osiris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scorpion_King:_Rise_of_the_Akkadian" title="The Scorpion King: Rise of the Akkadian">Rise of the Akkadian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mummy:_The_Animated_Series_(video_game)" title="The Mummy: The Animated Series (video game)">Manacle of Osiris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mummy:_Tomb_of_the_Dragon_Emperor_(video_game)" title="The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor (video game)">Tomb of the Dragon Emperor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mummy_Demastered" title="The Mummy Demastered">The Mummy Demastered</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Funko_Fusion" title="Funko Fusion">Funko Fusion</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mummy_(TV_series)" title="The Mummy (TV series)">The Animated Series</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Mummy" title="Revenge of the Mummy">Revenge of the Mummy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Mummy_films" title="Category:Mummy films">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1420" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43616#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4040712-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85088398">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Momies"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119356381">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Momies"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119356381">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567639">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="mumie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123044&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007550959305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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