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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mediator in 2009 Honduran Constitutional Crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mediator_in_2009_Honduran_Constitutional_Crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_accusations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_accusations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Judicial accusations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Judicial_accusations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Judicial accusations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Judicial_accusations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definitive_acquittal_and_dismissal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitive_acquittal_and_dismissal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Definitive acquittal and dismissal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitive_acquittal_and_dismissal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognitions_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognitions_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Recognitions and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognitions_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Publications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speeches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speeches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Speeches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speeches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Óscar Arias</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Óscar Arias" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="أوسكار آرياس سانشيز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوسكار آرياس سانشيز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Óscar Arias Sánchez – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Óscar Arias Sánchez" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_San%C3%A7es" title="Oskar Sançes – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Oskar Sançes" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Óscar Arias" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Оскар Арыяс Санчэс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Оскар Арыяс Санчэс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Оскар Арыяс Санчэс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Оскар Арыяс Санчэс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Оскар Ариас Санчес – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оскар Ариас Санчес" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Óscar Arias Sánchez – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Óscar Arias Sánchez" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Óscar Arias" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Óscar Arias" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Óscar Arias Sánchez – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Óscar Arias Sánchez" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Óscar Arias Sánchez – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Óscar Arias Sánchez" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Όσκαρ Άριας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όσκαρ Άριας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Óscar Arias Sánchez – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Óscar Arias Sánchez" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Óscar Arias" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Óscar Arias" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="اسکار آریاس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسکار آریاس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Arias" title="Oscar Arias – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Oscar Arias" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Óscar Arias Sánchez – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Óscar Arias Sánchez" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Óscar Arias" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4_%EC%95%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EC%8A%A4" title="오스카르 아리아스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오스카르 아리아스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80_%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%BD" title="Օսկար Արիաս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օսկար Արիաս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8" title="ओस्कर आरिअस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओस्कर आरिअस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Óscar Arias" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Óscar Arias" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Óscar Arias Sánchez – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Óscar Arias Sánchez" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Óscar Arias Sánchez – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Óscar Arias Sánchez" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Óscar Arias Sánchez – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Óscar Arias Sánchez" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A1" title="אוסקר אריאס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוסקר אריאס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ოსკარ არიას სანჩესი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოსკარ არიას სანჩესი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Arias_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Oscar Arias Sánchez – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Oscar Arias Sánchez" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anscharius_Arias" title="Anscharius Arias – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anscharius Arias" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Óscar Arias Sánchez – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Óscar Arias Sánchez" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Arias" title="Oscar Arias – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Oscar Arias" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Óscar Arias Sánchez – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Óscar Arias Sánchez" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="اوسكار ارياس سانشيز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوسكار ارياس سانشيز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="اسکار آریاس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اسکار آریاس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Óscar Arias" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Óscar Arias" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9" title="オスカル・アリアス・サンチェス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オスカル・アリアス・サンチェス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Óscar Arias Sánchez – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Óscar Arias Sánchez" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Óscar Arias Sánchez – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Óscar Arias Sánchez" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Óscar Arias" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%94%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B8" title="ਔਸਕਾਰ ਆਰੀਆਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਔਸਕਾਰ ਆਰੀਆਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A2%D8%B3" title="اوسکر اریآس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اوسکر اریآس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Óscar Arias Sánchez – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Óscar Arias Sánchez" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Óscar Arias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Óscar Arias" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Arias" title="Oscar Arias – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Oscar Arias" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81,_%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ариас Санчес, Оскар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ариас Санчес, Оскар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Arias" title="Oscar Arias – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Oscar Arias" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Óscar Arias" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Óscar Arias" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Оскар Аријас Санчез – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оскар Аријас Санчез" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Óscar Arias" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Óscar Arias" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Óscar Arias" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8B" title="โอสการ์ อาเรียส ซันเชซ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โอสการ์ อาเรียส ซันเชซ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Оскар Ариас – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оскар Ариас" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Óscar Arias" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Оскар Аріас – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оскар Аріас" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A2%D8%B3" title="اوسکر اریآس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اوسکر اریآس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Óscar Arias" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Óscar Arias" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E5%88%87%E6%96%AF" title="奥斯卡·阿里亚斯·桑切斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奥斯卡·阿里亚斯·桑切斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Óscar Arias" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF" title="奥斯卡·阿里亚斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奥斯卡·阿里亚斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q49344#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of Costa Rica (1986–1990, 2006–2010)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the footballer, see <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias_(footballer)" title="Óscar Arias (footballer)">Óscar Arias (footballer)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Arias</i> and the second or maternal family name is <i> Sánchez</i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Óscar Arias</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%93scar_Arias_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%C3%93scar_Arias_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-%C3%93scar_Arias_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%C3%93scar_Arias_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-%C3%93scar_Arias_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%C3%93scar_Arias_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-%C3%93scar_Arias_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1457" data-file-height="2010" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Óscar Arias in April 2018</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">40th & 45th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Costa_Rica" title="President of Costa Rica">President of Costa Rica</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />8 May 2006 – 8 May 2010</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Vice President</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>First</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Laura_Chinchilla" title="Laura Chinchilla">Laura Chinchilla</a><br /><b>Second</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Casas_Zamora" title="Kevin Casas Zamora">Kevin Casas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abel_Pacheco" title="Abel Pacheco">Abel Pacheco</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Chinchilla" title="Laura Chinchilla">Laura Chinchilla</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />8 May 1986 – 8 May 1990</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Vice President</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>First</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Manuel_Dengo_Obreg%C3%B3n" title="Jorge Manuel Dengo Obregón">Jorge Manuel Dengo Obregón</a><br /><b>Second</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Garr%C3%B3n_de_Doryan" title="Victoria Garrón de Doryan">Victoria Garrón de Doryan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Alberto_Monge" title="Luis Alberto Monge">Luis Alberto Monge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rafael_%C3%81ngel_Calder%C3%B3n_Fournier" title="Rafael Ángel Calderón Fournier">Rafael Ángel Calderón</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Deputy of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Costa_Rica" title="Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica">Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 May 1978 – 2 May 1981</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Jorge Luis Arce</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Gerardo Vega</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heredia_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Heredia province">Heredia</a> (2nd Office)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Minister of National Planning</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1974–1977</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Oduber" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Oduber">Daniel Oduber</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Fernando Zumbado</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Director of the Office of National Planning</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1971–1974</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Figueres_Ferrer" title="José Figueres Ferrer">José Figueres</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Marco López</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Óscar Arias Sánchez</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1940-09-13</span>) </span>13 September 1940<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 84)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Heredia,_Costa_Rica" title="Heredia, Costa Rica">Heredia, Costa Rica</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Party_(Costa_Rica)" title="National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)">National Liberation Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Costa_Rica" title="University of Costa Rica">University of Costa Rica</a><br /><a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Essex" title="University of Essex">University of Essex</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FirmaOAS.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Óscar Arias's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/FirmaOAS.jpg/128px-FirmaOAS.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/FirmaOAS.jpg/192px-FirmaOAS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/FirmaOAS.jpg/256px-FirmaOAS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="107" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Óscar Arias Sánchez</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈoskaɾ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈaɾjas]</a></span>; born 13 September 1940 in <a href="/wiki/Heredia,_Costa_Rica" title="Heredia, Costa Rica">Heredia, Costa Rica</a>) is a Costa Rican activist and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize laureate</a>. He was <a href="/wiki/President_of_Costa_Rica" title="President of Costa Rica">President of Costa Rica</a> from 1986 to 1990 and from 2006 to 2010. </p><p>Arias was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1987 for his proposal of a negotiated solution to the <a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a>. He sought the support of the Contadora group for his plan, which involved the removal of all foreign powers from the region, an end to aid for antigovernment guerrillas in El Salvador and Nicaragua, and the implementation of democratic principles and a compromise peace for social reconstruction. Although his plan was not officially adopted, its key concepts were later reflected in the settlements in El Salvador (1990-1993) and Nicaragua (1989-1990).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was also a recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer_Prize_for_Humanitarianism" title="Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism">Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism</a> and a trustee of <a href="/wiki/Economists_for_Peace_and_Security" title="Economists for Peace and Security">Economists for Peace and Security</a>. In 2003, he was elected to the board of directors of the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a>'s Trust Fund for Victims.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%93scar_Arias&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arias was born into an upper-class family in the province of <a href="/wiki/Heredia_Province" title="Heredia Province">Heredia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arias concluded his secondary schooling at the Saint Francis College in the capital city of <a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9,_Costa_Rica" title="San José, Costa Rica">San José</a>. He then went to the United States and enrolled in <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a> with the intention of studying medicine, but he soon returned to his home country and completed degrees in law and economics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Costa_Rica" title="University of Costa Rica">University of Costa Rica</a>. In 1967, Arias traveled to the United Kingdom and enrolled in the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>. He received a doctoral degree in political science from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Essex" title="University of Essex">University of Essex</a> in 1974.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_presidency">First presidency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%93scar_Arias&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OscarArias.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/OscarArias.jpg/170px-OscarArias.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/OscarArias.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption>Arias in the 1980s</figcaption></figure> <p>Arias joined the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Party_(Costa_Rica)" title="National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)">National Liberation Party</a> (PLN), Costa Rica's main <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a> party. In 1986 he ran successfully for president on that party's ticket. Arias's presidency saw the transformation of Costa Rica's economy from one based on the traditional <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crops</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a>) to one more focused on non-traditional agriculture (e.g., of exotic flowers and <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>. Some within the PLN criticized his administration for abandoning the party's social democratic teachings and promoting a <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> economic model. He is now often regarded as a neoliberal although he is a member of a nominally social democratic party.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arias received the 1987 Nobel Peace Prize with the help of John Biehl, his peer in England, and Rodrigo Madrigal Nieto for his work towards the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Esquipulas_Peace_Agreement" title="Esquipulas Peace Agreement">Esquipulas II Accords</a>. This was a plan intended to promote <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> and peace on the Central American <a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">isthmus</a> during a time of great turmoil: leftist guerrillas were fighting against the governments in <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">El Salvador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemala</a>, which were backed by the United States under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a>, supported by the United States, were fighting an insurgency against the <a href="/wiki/Sandinista" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandinista">Sandinista</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>; <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, only recently wresting political power from its military, was caught in the middle as a base for U.S. military forces; and on Costa Rica's other border, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> faced the oppression of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Noriega" title="Manuel Noriega">Manuel Noriega</a>'s military dictatorship. With the support of Arias, the various armed conflicts ended within the decade (Guatemala's civil war finally ended in 1996). </p><p>Arias then called for a higher level of integration in the Central America region and promoted the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Central_American_Parliament" title="Central American Parliament">Central American Parliament</a> (<i>Parlamento Centroamericano</i>). During his current administration, Arias has declared that Costa Rica will not enter the Central American Parliament. Arias also modified the country's <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Costa_Rica" title="Education in Costa Rica">educational system</a>. The most notable action in this respect was the reintroduction of standardized academic tests at the end of primary and secondary school. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_presidency">Second presidency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%93scar_Arias&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Arias_8p050806kh-0829-398v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Oscar_Arias_8p050806kh-0829-398v.jpg/220px-Oscar_Arias_8p050806kh-0829-398v.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Oscar_Arias_8p050806kh-0829-398v.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>Arias in 2006</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_and_%C3%93scar_Arias_S%C3%A1nchez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Barack_Obama_and_%C3%93scar_Arias_S%C3%A1nchez.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_and_%C3%93scar_Arias_S%C3%A1nchez.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Barack_Obama_and_%C3%93scar_Arias_S%C3%A1nchez.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_and_%C3%93scar_Arias_S%C3%A1nchez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Barack_Obama_and_%C3%93scar_Arias_S%C3%A1nchez.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_and_%C3%93scar_Arias_S%C3%A1nchez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2333" /></a><figcaption>Arias with <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> on 17 April 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>The Costa Rican constitution had been amended in 1969 to include a clause forbidding former presidents to seek re-election. Arias challenged this at the Sala IV, the Constitutional Chamber of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Justice_of_Costa_Rica" title="Supreme Court of Justice of Costa Rica">Supreme Court of Justice of Costa Rica</a>, which initially rejected his application in September 2000. In 2003, a group of Arias supporters presented an unconstitutionality challenge against the 1969 constitutional amendment forbidding re-election, and this time the ruling in April 2003 struck down the prohibition against non-consecutive re-election.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decision was denounced as a "state blow" or "coup d'état" by ex-president <a href="/wiki/Luis_Alberto_Monge" title="Luis Alberto Monge">Luis Alberto Monge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arias announced in 2004 that he intended to run again for president in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Costa_Rican_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Costa Rican presidential election">February 2006 general elections</a>. By then, he was the only living former president who was not either in jail, under indictment or facing an investigation. Though for years private polling companies and several news media published polls predicting Arias would win by a wide margin, the election was initially deemed too close to call. A month later, on 7 March, after a manual recount, the official results showed Arias beat center-left contender <a href="/wiki/Ott%C3%B3n_Sol%C3%ADs" title="Ottón Solís">Ottón Solís</a> by 18,169 votes (1.2% of valid votes cast), and finished just a few thousand votes over the 40 percent threshold required to capture the presidency in a single round. He took the oath of office at noon on 8 May 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_de_Costa_Rica_(1924)" title="Estadio Nacional de Costa Rica (1924)">National Stadium</a>. In his speech on 15 September 2008, he admitted that he was tired because of the criticism of his opponents. </p><p>On 1 June 2007, he switched Costa Rica's diplomatic recognition from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> (Taiwan) to the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, making Costa Rica the 167th nation in the world to do so. Subsequently, under diplomatic and financial pressure from Beijing, he induced the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>, a fellow <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> laureate, to postpone indefinitely a proposed and much anticipated visit during Beijing's suppression of controversial riots in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/5th_Summit_of_the_Americas" title="5th Summit of the Americas">5th Summit of the Americas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, on 18 April 2009, Arias gave a speech on the topic "We've been doing something wrong". Directed at fellow Latin American leaders, he decried Latin America's lack of development compared to other parts of the world, calling for pragmatism, and more resources directed at education rather than militaries.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mediator_in_2009_Honduran_Constitutional_Crisis">Mediator in 2009 Honduran Constitutional Crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%93scar_Arias&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mediator in 2009 Honduran Constitutional Crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2009_Honduran_constitutional_crisis" title="2009 Honduran constitutional crisis">2009 Honduran constitutional crisis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Micheletti#Presidency_of_Honduras" title="Roberto Micheletti">Roberto Micheletti § Presidency of Honduras</a></div> <p>In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Honduras" title="Supreme Court of Honduras">Supreme Court of Honduras</a> issued an arrest warrant for Honduran President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Zelaya" title="Manuel Zelaya">Manuel Zelaya</a> because of violations of the constitution and laws.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-art239_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art239-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days later, the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Honduras" title="National Congress of Honduras">National Congress of Honduras</a> (in which Zelaya's own party held 62 out of 128 seats, more than any other party), also voted to dismiss Zelaya.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zelaya fled to Costa Rica. The Honduran constitution mandated that the head of Congress, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Micheletti" title="Roberto Micheletti">Roberto Micheletti</a>, who was next in the presidential line of succession, becomes the provisional head of state since <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Costa_Rica" title="Vice President of Costa Rica">Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/Elvin_Ernesto_Santos" class="mw-redirect" title="Elvin Ernesto Santos">Elvin Ernesto Santos</a> had resigned in December 2008 to run for president. Micheletti's term ended 27 January 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arias began serving as mediator between Zelaya and Micheletti in the <a href="/wiki/2009_Honduran_constitutional_crisis" title="2009 Honduran constitutional crisis">2009 Honduran constitutional crisis</a>. Representatives of the two Hondurans met with Arias on various occasions but so far have failed to reach any kind of agreement. As described above (with factual citations), Arias himself was initially prohibited by Costa Rica's constitutional court from another term, due to constitutional <a href="/wiki/Term_limit" title="Term limit">term limits</a>, but this was reversed using legal means, with the consent of the Costa Rican Sala IV court, unlike in Honduras. New elections in Honduras are planned for 29 November 2009. Micheletti's government stated on 2 July 2009 that it is willing to hold this year's presidential election early. Arias presented a seven-point agreement, which calls for the return of Zelaya as president – a condition deemed unacceptable to the interim government. Zelaya's representatives accepted the Arias proposal "in principle" but Micheletti's representatives balked at the key point of Zelaya returning to power in Honduras.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%93scar_Arias&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2007, Arias was affected by <a href="/wiki/Tendinitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tendinitis">tendinitis</a>, and in April 2008 he canceled some activities because of muscular pain in his <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar region">lumbar region</a>. Subsequently, due to increasing difficulty in speaking over the course of several weeks, Arias went to the Philadelphia <a href="/wiki/Otolaryngology" class="mw-redirect" title="Otolaryngology">Ears, Nose and Throat</a> Associates medical center in the United States on 20 May 2008, where it was determined that he had a nonmalignant cyst on his vocal cords. As a result, it was announced on 21 May that doctors advised him not to speak for one month, saying that if this did not help, surgery would be considered.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 August 2009 Arias was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/H1N1" class="mw-redirect" title="H1N1">H1N1</a> Influenza, but he recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%93scar_Arias&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of Arias’s actions have generated controversy: </p> <ul><li>In 2004, in response to a rival candidate (Antonio Álvarez) for his party's nomination challenging him to a debate, Oscar Arias said: "Eagles live in high places, and make a serious mistake if they go down to the mud to fight with snails."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2010, during the closing weeks of his second term, he inaugurated various unachieved projects with ribbon-cutting and bronze plaque ceremonies: <ul><li>The new National Stadium, despite the fact that it was only about 75% finished.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The "new presidential offices" despite the fact that these offices do not exist yet. In fact, the land is still for sale and the Legislative Assembly has allocated no funds yet in order to buy it, let alone build anything on the vacant lot.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The new Juan Santamaría International Airport installation, despite the fact the project was only 82% completed.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Further controversies followed him even after his role as a president had come to an end. The route from Escazú to Caldera built by the Spanish company Autopistas del Sol has undergone heavy criticism over the years for its high tolls and dangerous roads (which had to undergo heavy maintenance to prevent further rock slides). Oscar Arias was also blamed for having invited a Canadian corporation to perform heavy mining which could potentially compromise the local biodiversity. Their permissions were revoked during the Chinchilla Miranda administration which gave the impression of Arias-Chinchilla enmity following his sudden criticism of then president Laura Chinchilla Miranda who was popularly regarded as a successor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judicial_accusations">Judicial accusations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%93scar_Arias&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Judicial accusations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2017 Costa Rica's General Attorney office indicted Arias for the Crucitas case, a case in which former Environment Minister Roberto Dobles and Arias as president signed a 2008 decree ceding the Canadian company Infinito Gold control over a protected area near the Nicaraguan border known as Crucitas for gold mining and declaring it "national interest",<sup id="cite_ref-robles_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robles-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> something that the Prosecution argued was illegal as protected areas cannot be granted for exploitation of any kind. Dobles was previously found guilty of the charges, but Arias was not indicted alongside him by the previous General Attorney Jorge Chavarría (often accused of being close to Arias).<sup id="cite_ref-madrigal_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madrigal-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new General Attorney Emilia Navas reopened the case indicting Arias.<sup id="cite_ref-madrigal_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madrigal-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 2019 psychiatrist and anti-Nuclear activist Alexandra Arce von Herold formally accused Arias of rape at the Public Ministry. Following her allegation three more women came to light accusing Arias of sexual harassment and misconduct.<sup id="cite_ref-robles_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robles-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arias denied the charges.<sup id="cite_ref-robles_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robles-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2020, all sexual harassment charges against Arias were dismissed.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definitive_acquittal_and_dismissal">Definitive acquittal and dismissal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%93scar_Arias&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Definitive acquittal and dismissal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After more than a year of investigations, and in the absence of evidence, the cases were dismissed by the prosecution. Due to the request of the two complainants, requiring, therefore, the revocation of the instance and subsequent dismissal.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definitive dismissal was ordered by Judge Natalia Rodríguez Solís, of the Pavas Criminal Court.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding the "Crucitas" case, in October 2019 the former president was completely released from the case, according to a judicial resolution. <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognitions_and_awards">Recognitions and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%93scar_Arias&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Recognitions and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arias has received over fifty honorary degrees, including doctorates from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wake_Forest_University" title="Wake Forest University">Wake Forest University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ithaca_College" title="Ithaca College">Ithaca College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Among the main awards received are: </p> <ul><li>Premio de la Paz Martin Luther King Jr.</li> <li>Medalla de la Libertad de Filadelfia.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.stanford.edu/robert-crown-law-library/rcll-special-collections/the-ralston-prize/">Premio Jackson Ralston.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Premio Principe de Asturias.</a></li> <li>Premio Humanitario Albert Schweitzer.</li> <li>Premio de las Américas.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%93scar_Arias&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arias is descended from <a href="/wiki/Ana_Cardoso_(enslaved_woman)" title="Ana Cardoso (enslaved woman)">Ana Cardoso</a>, an enslaved woman from Cartago.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%93scar_Arias&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%93scar_Arias&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1970 <i>Grupos de presión en Costa Rica</i></li> <li>1976 <i>Quién gobierna en Costa Rica</i></li> <li>1977 <i>Democracia, independencia y sociedad latinoamericana</i></li> <li>1978 <i>Los caminos para el desarrollo de Costa Rica</i></li> <li>1979 <i>Nuevos rumbos para el desarrollo costarricense</i></li> <li>1984 ¿Quien gobierna en Costa Rica?</li> <li>1984 Nuevos rumbos para el desarrollo costarricense</li> <li>1985 Democracia, independencia y sociedad latinoamericana</li> <li>1989 El camino de la paz</li> <li>1990 Horizontes de Paz</li> <li>1990 La semilla de la paz</li> <li>1994 Nuevas dimensiones de la educación</li> <li>2005 <i>Hagamos juntos el camino</i> (Discursos, artículos y ensayos)</li> <li>2007 Sigamos Avanzando</li> <li>2012 Con velas, timón y brújula</li> <li>2023 The Power of ideas</li> <li>2024 Pages of my memory</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%93scar_Arias&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Former President Arias has written several opinion articles during his career, which have been published in different journalistic media: </p> <ul><li>Por amor a la política</li> <li>Carta de Oscar Arias sobre flujo de armas a Nicaragua</li> <li>A 30 años de la firma del Plan de Paz</li> <li>To stem the child migrant crisis, first stop poverty and violence</li> <li>Lo humanamente correcto</li> <li>Consejo a los jóvenes de mi país</li> <li>Mi opinión sobre el proceso de negociación de la paz en Colombia</li> <li>«The memory of a rare success»</li> <li>Y ladrillo a ladrillo, fuimos construyendo la paz</li> <li>Es vital para el país aprobar la reforma fiscal</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speeches">Speeches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%93scar_Arias&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Speeches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Former President Arias has made a series of speeches, which can be found at <a href="https://viaf.org/viaf/24589595/#Arias_S.C3.A1nchez.2C_.C3.93scar_1940-" class="extiw" title="viaf:24589595/">Viaf.org</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Características del desarrollo pasado en Costa Rica y perspectivas para el futuro </td></tr> <tr> <td>Con velas, timón y brújula </td></tr> <tr> <td>Demobilization, demilitarization, and democratization in Central America </td></tr> <tr> <td>Democracia, independencia y sociedad Latinoamericana </td></tr> <tr> <td>El camino de la paz </td></tr> <tr> <td>El Estado y la enseñanza de los derechos humanos: expositores, lección inaugural, 12 de junio 1991, Universidad de San Carlos Guatemala </td></tr> <tr> <td>El Nobel: historia, análisis, galardonados. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Entrevista con Oscar Arias Sánchez </td></tr> <tr> <td>Esquipulas, diez años después: hacia donde va Centroamérica? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Estrategia y plan global: Versión preliminar </td></tr> <tr> <td>Friede für Zentralamerika, 1987: </td></tr> <tr> <td>Green markets: the economics of economics of sustainable development </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hagamos juntos el camino: discursos, artículos y ensayos </td></tr> <tr> <td>Horizons of peace: the Costa Rican contribution to the peace process in Central America </td></tr> <tr> <td>La Nación y la peligrosa concentración de poder en el gobierno de Carazo Odio </td></tr> <tr> <td>La paz: una causa ganadora </td></tr> <tr> <td>La Paz no tiene fronteras; [Sólo la Paz puede escribir la Nueva Historia]: Discursos pronunciados en Oslo, Noruega, el 10 y el 11 de diciembre de 1987, con ocasión de recibir el Premio Nobel de la Paz de 1987 </td></tr> <tr> <td>La semilla de la paz: selección de discursos </td></tr> <tr> <td>Le traité sur le commerce des armes: genèse, analyse, enjeux, perspectives du premier instrument juridique consacré à la réglementation des transferts internationaux d'armes conventionnelles </td></tr> <tr> <td>Leadership and global governance </td></tr> <tr> <td>Los desafíos del siglo XXI desde América Latina </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nuevas dimensiones de la educación, 1994: </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prospectiva del siglo XXI: Entender las mega-tendencias y la nueva globalización, para construir futuros desde la Prospectiva Estratégica </td></tr> <tr> <td>Regionalización de Costa Rica para la planificación del desarrollo y la administración </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ten years after Esquipulas: looking toward the future: delivered at the ACUNS Tenth Annual Meeting = Diez años después de Esquipulas: mirando hacia el futuro: presentado en la Décima asamblea anual de ACUNS </td></tr> <tr> <td>The arms bazaar: 1995 Paul G. Hoffman Lecture </td></tr> <tr> <td>The struggle for peace </td></tr> <tr> <td>Veus de pau a la Pedrera: per la Cultura de Pau, fem possible el desarmament: Barcelona, 15 de desembre de 2000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%93scar_Arias&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Vicki Cox, <i>Oscar Arias Sánchez: Bringing Peace to Central America</i> (Infobase Publishing, 2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, 12 September 2003,<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060415130813/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGIOR300072003?open&of=ENG-391">"Amnesty International welcomes the election of a Board of Directors"</a>. Archived from the original on 15 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amnesty+International+welcomes+the+election+of+a+Board+of+Directors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.amnesty.org%2Flibrary%2FIndex%2FENGIOR300072003%3Fopen%26of%3DENG-391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%93scar+Arias" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span>. Retrieved 1 August 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524080817/http://www.genealogia.or.cr/docs/revistas/accg_revista012.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20150524080817/http://www.genealogia.or.cr/docs/revistas/accg_revista012.pdf</a> Academia Costarricense de Ciencias Genealógicas.<span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"He is often identified as a'neoliberal' and accused of being in the service of the big capitalists of the country and the transnationals, in spite of his being a member of the National Liberation Party, which defines itself as socialdemocratic." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130126005851/http://www.heraldohn.com/Especiales/Honduras%20en%20contra%20de%20la%20ilegalidad%20del%2024%20de%20junio%20de%202009/Ediciones/2009/07/07/Noticias/Primera-reunion-Micheletti-Zelaya-tras-los-hechos-del-28-de-junio-sera-en-Costa-Rica">"First Micheletti-Zelaya meeting since the events of 28 June will be in Costa Rica"</a> <i>El Heraldo</i> (6 July 2009). Original in Spanish.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://impreso.elnuevodiario.com.ni/2007/07/18/nacionales/54109">"Reeleccion seduce a los presidentes de America"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130913040137/http://impreso.elnuevodiario.com.ni/2007/07/18/nacionales/54109">Archived</a> 13 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, El Nuevo Diario, Managua, 18 July 2007. Retrieved July 2009; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wvw.nacion.com/ln_ee/2003/abril/05/pais1.html">"Reelecion presidencial: Arias sin prohobicion para postularse"</a>, La Nacion, Costa Rica, 5 April 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luis Alberto Monge (20 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wvw.nacion.com/ln_ee/2004/marzo/20/opinion8.html">Reelección: desafío a la Constitución</a>. Nacion.com. Retrieved 2012-09-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lospobresdelatierra.org/sepamosserlibres/otrostemas/monge0405.html">Luis Alberto Monge: La violencia engendra violencia – www.sepamosserlibres.org</a>. Lospobresdelatierra.org (April 2005). Retrieved 2012-09-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nacion.com/el-pais/grupo-tibetano-arias-pidio-al-dalai-lama-que-no-venga/GSTMB3JYYZEATI7FARCXBS444U/story">"Grupo tibetano: Arias pidió al Dalái Lama que no venga"</a>. 20 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grupo+tibetano%3A+Arias+pidi%C3%B3+al+Dal%C3%A1i+Lama+que+no+venga&rft.date=2008-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nacion.com%2Fel-pais%2Fgrupo-tibetano-arias-pidio-al-dalai-lama-que-no-venga%2FGSTMB3JYYZEATI7FARCXBS444U%2Fstory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%93scar+Arias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090429101307/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2009/abril/26/opinion1944940.html">"ALGO HICIMOS MAL: Palabras del presidente Óscar Arias en la Cumbre de las Américas"</a>. Archived from the original on 29 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ALGO+HICIMOS+MAL%3A+Palabras+del+presidente+%C3%93scar+Arias+en+la+Cumbre+de+las+Am%C3%A9ricas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nacion.com%2Fln_ee%2F2009%2Fabril%2F26%2Fopinion1944940.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%93scar+Arias" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span>. Trinidad y Tobago. Nacion (18 April 2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> On 12 November 2008, the Supreme Court of Justice determined that the modifications to articles 239 and 240 promulgated by Congress in 1998 and 2002 were unconstitutional and returned these two articles to their state in the 1982 constitution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laprensahn.com/index.php/content/view/full/67916/">Vigentes artículos pétreos</a>. Retrieved 5 August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090803135911/http://www.laprensahn.com/index.php/content/view/full/67916/">Archived</a> 5 August 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-art239-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-art239_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Articulo 239: El ciudS Congress Communiqué explaining why ex President Zelaya was removed. Accessdate 9 July 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100106170618/http://www.laprensagrafica.com/el-salvador/lodeldia/42701-micheletti-podria-asumir-en-honduras.html">"Micheletti podría asumir en Honduras"</a> (in Spanish). 28 June 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laprensagrafica.com/el-salvador/lodeldia/42701-micheletti-podria-asumir-en-honduras.html">the original</a> on 6 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Micheletti+podr%C3%ADa+asumir+en+Honduras&rft.date=2009-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laprensagrafica.com%2Fel-salvador%2Flodeldia%2F42701-micheletti-podria-asumir-en-honduras.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%93scar+Arias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091204140657/http://www.lapagina.com.sv/internacionales/11730/2009/06/28/Micheletti-seria-el-nuevo-presidente-de-Honduras">"Micheletti sería el nuevo presidente de Honduras"</a> (in Spanish). Diario digital de noticias de El Salvador. 28 June 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lapagina.com.sv/internacionales/11730/2009/06/28/Micheletti-seria-el-nuevo-presidente-de-Honduras">the original</a> on 4 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Micheletti+ser%C3%ADa+el+nuevo+presidente+de+Honduras&rft.pub=Diario+digital+de+noticias+de+El+Salvador&rft.date=2009-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lapagina.com.sv%2Finternacionales%2F11730%2F2009%2F06%2F28%2FMicheletti-seria-el-nuevo-presidente-de-Honduras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%93scar+Arias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/06/28/honduras.president.arrested/index.html">"Honduran Congress names provisional president"</a>. CNN. 28 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Honduran+Congress+names+provisional+president&rft.date=2009-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FWORLD%2Famericas%2F06%2F28%2Fhonduras.president.arrested%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%93scar+Arias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/congress-names-new-interim-honduran-president-20090629-d1fb.html">"Honduran president overthrown, new leader voted in"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. 29 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Honduran+president+overthrown%2C+new+leader+voted+in&rft.date=2009-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.smh.com.au%2Fbreaking-news-world%2Fcongress-names-new-interim-honduran-president-20090629-d1fb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%93scar+Arias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/honduras-negotiations-snag-over-unity-government-1.420590">"Honduras negotiations snag over unity government"</a>. 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Retrieved 2012-09-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nacion.com/2010-05-04/ElPais/UltimaHora/ElPais2359636.aspx">"Arias develó placa de futura Casa Presidencial en un parqueo"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318184721/http://www.nacion.com/2010-05-04/ElPais/UltimaHora/ElPais2359636.aspx">Archived</a> 18 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Nacion.com (4 May 2010). 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Retrieved 2012-09-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-robles-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-robles_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-robles_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-robles_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobles2019" class="citation news cs1">Robles, Francis (5 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/05/world/americas/oscar-arias-sanchez-sexual-assault.html">"Former President of Costa Rica Is Accused of Sexual Assault"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.larepublica.net&rft.atitle=%C3%93scar+Arias+obtiene+sobreseimiento+definitivo+por+denuncias+de+violaci%C3%B3n+y+abuso+sexual&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.larepublica.net%2Fnoticia%2Foscar-arias-obtiene-sobreseimiento-definitivo-por-denuncias-de-violacion-y-abuso-sexual&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%93scar+Arias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.larepublica.net/noticia/oscar-arias-queda-libre-del-casao-crucitas">"Óscar Arias queda libre del caso Crucitas"</a>. <i>www.larepublica.net</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.larepublica.net&rft.atitle=%C3%93scar+Arias+queda+libre+del+caso+Crucitas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.larepublica.net%2Fnoticia%2Foscar-arias-queda-libre-del-casao-crucitas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%93scar+Arias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohse2016" class="citation cs2">Lohse, Russell (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199935796.001.0001/acref-9780199935796-e-400">"Cardoso, Ana"</a>, <i>Dictionary of Caribbean and Afro–Latin American Biography</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199935796.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780199935796.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993579-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993579-6"><bdi>978-0-19-993579-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+Caribbean+and+Afro%E2%80%93Latin+American+Biography&rft.atitle=Cardoso%2C+Ana&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199935796.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-993579-6&rft.aulast=Lohse&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199935796.001.0001%2Facref-9780199935796-e-400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%93scar+Arias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%93scar_Arias&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abrams, Irwin. "Behind the scenes: The Nobel Committee and Oscar Arias." <i>The Antioch Review</i> 46.3 (1988): 364-373. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4611923">online</a></li> <li>Anglade, Christian. "President Arias of Costa Rica." <i>PS: Political Science & Politics</i> 21.2 (1988): 357-359. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ps-political-science-and-politics/article/president-arias-of-costa-rica/7BF5C6BE0069887E3419B4A55AFACE2A">online</a></li> <li>Cox, Vicki. <i>Oscar Arias Sánchez: Bringing Peace to Central America</i> (Infobase Publishing, 2007).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%93scar_Arias&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:%C3%93scar_Arias_S%C3%A1nchez" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Óscar Arias Sánchez">Óscar Arias Sánchez</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120218095241/http://www.guernicamag.com/interviews/36/oscar_arias_snchez/">Interview in Guernica magazine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319205904/http://www.casapres.go.cr/pres_bio_costarica.htm">Official biography</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 19 March 2009) <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.depauw.edu/news/index.asp?id=26254">Ubben Lecture at DePauw University; 8 December 2010 (includes audio/video)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://writingourthoughts.blogspot.com/2009/04/best-speech-ever.html">English translation of the "Algo hicimos mal" speech</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insidecostarica.com/dailynews/2011/march/02/costarica11030203.htm">U.S.: Arias Government Knew How The Constitutional Court Would Vote On The TLC/WikiLeaks On Costa Rica: Translated From La Nación</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/hpoas?sk=photos">Accomplishments of Oscar Arias Sanchez</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishschoolofcostarica.com/">Education Center Named After Oscar Arias</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024095628/https://www.britishschoolofcostarica.com/">Archived</a> 24 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_central_y_caribe/costa_rica/oscar_arias_sanchez">Biography by CIDOB</a> (in Spanish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?19220">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/549">Óscar Arias</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49344#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Marco López</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Director of the Office of National Planning </b><br />1971–1974 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Office abolished </b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Minister of National Planning </b><br />1974–1977 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Fernando Zumbado</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Alberto_Monge" title="Luis Alberto Monge">Luis Alberto Monge</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Costa_Rica" title="President of Costa Rica">President of Costa Rica</a> </b><br />1986–1990 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rafael_%C3%81ngel_Calder%C3%B3n_Fournier" title="Rafael Ángel Calderón Fournier">Rafael Ángel Calderón Fournier</a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Abel_Pacheco" title="Abel Pacheco">Abel Pacheco</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Costa_Rica" title="President of Costa Rica">President of Costa Rica</a> </b><br />2006–2010 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Chinchilla" title="Laura Chinchilla">Laura Chinchilla</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc">Assembly seats </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Jorge Luis Arce</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Deputy of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Costa_Rica" title="Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica">Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica</a> for <a href="/wiki/Heredia_Province" title="Heredia Province">Heredia</a>'s 2nd Office </b><br />1978–1981 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Gerardo Vega</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Alberto_Monge" title="Luis Alberto Monge">Luis Alberto Monge</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Party_(Costa_Rica)" title="National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)">PLN</a> nominee for President of Costa Rica </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1986_Costa_Rican_general_election" title="1986 Costa Rican general election">1986</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Carlos Manuel Castillo</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rolando_Araya_Monge" title="Rolando Araya Monge">Rolando Araya Monge</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Party_(Costa_Rica)" title="National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)">PLN</a> nominee for President of Costa Rica </b><br /><a href="/wiki/2006_Costa_Rican_general_election" title="2006 Costa Rican general election">2006</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Chinchilla" title="Laura Chinchilla">Laura Chinchilla</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Costa_Rica" title="Template:Presidents of Costa Rica"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Costa_Rica" title="Template talk:Presidents of Costa Rica"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Costa_Rica" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Costa Rica"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_and_heads_of_state_of_Costa_Rica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Costa_Rica" title="List of presidents of Costa Rica">Presidents</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Costa_Rica" title="List of heads of state of Costa Rica">heads of state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1825–1848</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Mora_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Juan Mora Fernández">Juan Mora Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rafael_Gallegos" title="José Rafael Gallegos">Gallegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braulio_Carrillo_Colina" title="Braulio Carrillo Colina">Carrillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Mora_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Joaquín Mora Fernández">Joaquín Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aguilar_Chac%C3%B3n" title="Manuel Aguilar Chacón">Aguilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braulio_Carrillo_Colina" title="Braulio Carrillo Colina">Carrillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Moraz%C3%A1n" title="Francisco Morazán">Morazán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Pinto_Soares" title="António Pinto Soares">Pinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Alfaro_Zamora" title="José María Alfaro Zamora">Alfaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Mar%C3%ADa_Oreamuno_Bonilla" title="Francisco María Oreamuno Bonilla">Oreamuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rafael_Gallegos" title="José Rafael Gallegos">Gallegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Alfaro_Zamora" title="José María Alfaro Zamora">Alfaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Castro_Madriz" title="José María Castro Madriz">Castro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After 1848</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Castro_Madriz" title="José María Castro Madriz">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Mora_Porras" title="Miguel Mora Porras">Miguel Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rafael_Mora_Porras" title="Juan Rafael Mora Porras">Juan Mora Porras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Montealegre" title="José María Montealegre">Montealegre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Jim%C3%A9nez_Zamora" title="Jesús Jiménez Zamora">Jiménez Zamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Castro_Madriz" title="José María Castro Madriz">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Jim%C3%A9nez_Zamora" title="Jesús Jiménez Zamora">Jiménez Zamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Carranza" title="Bruno Carranza">Carranza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Guardia_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Tomás Guardia Gutiérrez">Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniceto_Esquivel_S%C3%A1enz" title="Aniceto Esquivel Sáenz">Esquivel Sáenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Herrera_Zeled%C3%B3n" title="Vicente Herrera Zeledón">Herrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Guardia_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Tomás Guardia Gutiérrez">Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturnino_Lizano_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Saturnino Lizano Gutiérrez">Lizano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%B3spero_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Oreamuno" title="Próspero Fernández Oreamuno">Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Soto_Alfaro" title="Bernardo Soto Alfaro">Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Dur%C3%A1n_Cart%C3%ADn" title="Carlos Durán Cartín">Durán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Zeled%C3%B3n" title="José Joaquín Rodríguez Zeledón">Rodríguez Zeledón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Yglesias_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafael Yglesias Castro">Yglesias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascensi%C3%B3n_Esquivel_Ibarra" title="Ascensión Esquivel Ibarra">Esquivel Ibarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleto_Gonz%C3%A1lez_V%C3%ADquez" title="Cleto González Víquez">González Víquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Jim%C3%A9nez_Oreamuno" title="Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno">Jiménez Oreamuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Flores" title="Alfredo González Flores">González Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Tinoco_Granados" title="Federico Tinoco Granados">Tinoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Quir%C3%B3s_Segura" title="Juan Bautista Quirós Segura">Quirós</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Aguilar_Barquero" title="Francisco Aguilar Barquero">Aguilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Acosta_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Julio Acosta García">Acosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Jim%C3%A9nez_Oreamuno" title="Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno">Jiménez Oreamuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleto_Gonz%C3%A1lez_V%C3%ADquez" title="Cleto González Víquez">González Víquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Jim%C3%A9nez_Oreamuno" title="Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno">Jiménez Oreamuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_Cort%C3%A9s_Castro" title="León Cortés Castro">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_%C3%81ngel_Calder%C3%B3n_Guardia" title="Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia">Calderón Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Picado_Michalski" title="Teodoro Picado Michalski">Picado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Figueres_Ferrer" title="José Figueres Ferrer">Figueres Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otilio_Ulate_Blanco" title="Otilio Ulate Blanco">Ulate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Figueres_Ferrer" title="José Figueres Ferrer">Figueres Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Echandi_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Mario Echandi Jiménez">Echandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Orlich_Bolmarcich" title="Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich">Orlich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Trejos_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="José Joaquín Trejos Fernández">Trejos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Figueres_Ferrer" title="José Figueres Ferrer">Figueres Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Oduber_Quir%C3%B3s" title="Daniel Oduber Quirós">Oduber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Carazo_Odio" title="Rodrigo Carazo Odio">Carazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Alberto_Monge" title="Luis Alberto Monge">Monge</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arias</a></li> <li><a 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aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1901_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1901 Nobel Peace Prize">1901</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunant" title="Henry Dunant">Henry Dunant</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Passy" title="Frédéric Passy">Frédéric Passy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Ducommun" title="Élie Ducommun">Élie Ducommun</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_Gobat" title="Charles Albert Gobat">Charles Gobat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Randal_Cremer" title="Randal Cremer">Randal Cremer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Droit_International" title="Institut de Droit International">Institut de Droit International</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta" title="Ernesto Teodoro Moneta">Ernesto Moneta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Renault_(jurist)" title="Louis Renault (jurist)">Louis Renault</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Klas_Pontus_Arnoldson" title="Klas Pontus Arnoldson">Klas Arnoldson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Bajer" title="Fredrik Bajer">Fredrik Bajer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Beernaert" title="Auguste Beernaert">A. M. F. Beernaert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Henri_Balluet_d%27Estournelles_de_Constant" title="Paul Henri Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant">Paul Estournelles de Constant</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Bureau" title="International Peace Bureau">International Peace Bureau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Asser" title="Tobias Asser">Tobias Asser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hermann_Fried" title="Alfred Hermann Fried">Alfred Fried</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Henri_La_Fontaine" title="Henri La Fontaine">Henri La Fontaine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1914</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1915</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1918</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Léon Bourgeois</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Hjalmar Branting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lous_Lange" title="Christian Lous Lange">Christian Lange</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1923</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1924</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles Dawes</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Buisson" title="Ferdinand Buisson">Ferdinand Buisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Quidde" title="Ludwig Quidde">Ludwig Quidde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1928</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Nathan_S%C3%B6derblom" title="Nathan Söderblom">Nathan Söderblom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Butler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1932</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Angell" title="Norman Angell">Norman Angell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Ossietzky" title="Carl von Ossietzky">Carl von Ossietzky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Saavedra_Lamas" title="Carlos Saavedra Lamas">Carlos Saavedra Lamas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood">Robert Cecil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Nansen_International_Office_for_Refugees" title="Nansen International Office for Refugees">Nansen International Office for Refugees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1939</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1943</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Emily_Greene_Balch" title="Emily Greene Balch">Emily Balch</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Mott" title="John Mott">John Mott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Friends Service Council</a> / <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1948</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr" title="John Boyd Orr">John Boyd Orr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Jouhaux" title="Léon Jouhaux">Léon Jouhaux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1955</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1956</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Pire" title="Dominique Pire">Georges Pire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Noel-Baker" title="Philip Noel-Baker">Philip Noel-Baker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Luthuli" title="Albert Luthuli">Albert Luthuli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> / <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">League of Red Cross Societies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1964 Nobel Peace Prize">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1965_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1965 Nobel Peace Prize">1965</a>: <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575"><a href="/wiki/1966_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1966 Nobel Peace Prize">1966</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575"><a href="/wiki/1967_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1967 Nobel Peace Prize">1967</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1968_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1968 Nobel Peace Prize">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin" title="René Cassin">René Cassin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1969_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1969 Nobel Peace Prize">1969</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1970_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1970 Nobel Peace Prize">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1971_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1971 Nobel Peace Prize">1971</a>: <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1972</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1973 Nobel Peace Prize">1973</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Lê Đức Thọ">Lê Đức Thọ</a> (declined award)</i> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">Seán MacBride</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D" title="Eisaku Satō">Eisaku Satō</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Betty_Williams" title="Betty Williams">Betty Williams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mairead_Maguire" title="Mairead Maguire">Mairead Corrigan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_P%C3%A9rez_Esquivel" title="Adolfo Pérez Esquivel">Adolfo Pérez Esquivel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Garc%C3%ADa_Robles" title="Alfonso García Robles">Alfonso García Robles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War">International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Óscar Arias</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">UN Peacekeeping Forces</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs">Pugwash Conferences</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Filipe_Ximenes_Belo" title="Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo">Carlos Belo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta" title="José Ramos-Horta">José Ramos-Horta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">International Campaign to Ban Landmines</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jody_Williams" title="Jody Williams">Jody Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/John_Hume" title="John Hume">John Hume</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Trimble" title="David Trimble">David Trimble</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Nobel Peace Prize">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Nobel Peace Prize">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Nobel Peace Prize">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Nobel Peace Prize">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2005 Nobel Peace Prize">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Nobel Peace Prize">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grameen_Bank" title="Grameen Bank">Grameen Bank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2007 Nobel Peace Prize">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Nobel Peace Prize">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2010 Nobel Peace Prize">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2011 Nobel Peace Prize">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leymah_Gbowee" title="Leymah Gbowee">Leymah Gbowee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman" title="Tawakkol Karman">Tawakkol Karman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2013 Nobel Peace Prize">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2014 Nobel Peace Prize">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kailash_Satyarthi" title="Kailash Satyarthi">Kailash Satyarthi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2015 Nobel Peace Prize">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet" title="Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet">Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2016 Nobel Peace Prize">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2017 Nobel Peace Prize">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Abolish_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons">International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2018 Nobel Peace Prize">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Denis_Mukwege" title="Denis Mukwege">Denis Mukwege</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Murad" title="Nadia Murad">Nadia Murad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2019 Nobel Peace Prize">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Abiy Ahmed</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2020 Nobel Peace Prize">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2021 Nobel Peace Prize">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Muratov" title="Dmitry Muratov">Dmitry Muratov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2022 Nobel Peace Prize">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ales_Bialiatski" title="Ales Bialiatski">Ales Bialiatski</a> / <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Civil_Liberties_(human_rights_organization)" title="Center for Civil Liberties (human rights organization)">Center for Civil Liberties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2023 Nobel Peace Prize">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Narges_Mohammadi" title="Narges Mohammadi">Narges Mohammadi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2024 Nobel Peace Prize">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Hidankyo" title="Nihon Hidankyo">Nihon Hidankyo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1987_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1987_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1987 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1987_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1987 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this 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Cram">Donald J. Cram</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Lehn" title="Jean-Marie Lehn">Jean-Marie Lehn</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Pedersen" title="Charles J. Pedersen">Charles J. Pedersen</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1987_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1987 Nobel Prize in Literature">1987</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky">Joseph Brodsky</a> (Russia/United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Óscar Arias</a> (Costa Rica)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Johannes Georg Bednorz</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Karl Alexander Müller</a> (Switzerland)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Susumu Tonegawa</a> (Japan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert Solow</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1982_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1982 Nobel Prize winners">1982</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1983_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1983 Nobel Prize winners">1983</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1984_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1984 Nobel Prize winners">1984</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1985_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1985 Nobel Prize winners">1985</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1986_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1986 Nobel Prize winners">1986</a></dd> <dd><b>1987 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1988_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1988 Nobel Prize winners">1988</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1989_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1989 Nobel Prize winners">1989</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1990_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1990 Nobel Prize winners">1990</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1991_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1991 Nobel Prize winners">1991</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1992_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1992 Nobel Prize winners">1992</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#99d6ff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" title="Template:Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Prince or Princess of Asturias Award</a> for International Cooperation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Prince_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo">José López Portillo</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Enrique_V._Iglesias" title="Enrique V. Iglesias">Enrique V. Iglesias</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Belisario_Betancur" title="Belisario Betancur">Belisario Betancur</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Contadora_group" title="Contadora group">Contadora group</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Alfons%C3%ADn" title="Raúl Alfonsín">Raúl Alfonsín</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salamanca" title="University of Salamanca">University of Salamanca</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Coimbra" title="University of Coimbra">University of Coimbra</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Javier_P%C3%A9rez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Javier Pérez de Cuéllar">Javier Pérez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li>1988: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Óscar Arias</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher" title="Hans-Dietrich Genscher">Hans-Dietrich Genscher</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> (UNHCR)</li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">Frederik W. de Klerk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Protection_Force" title="United Nations Protection Force">United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Soares" title="Mário Soares">Mário Soares</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Guatemala">Government of Guatemala</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_National_Revolutionary_Unity" title="Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity">Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Emma_Bonino" title="Emma Bonino">Emma Bonino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olayinka_Koso-Thomas" title="Olayinka Koso-Thomas">Olayinka Koso-Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gra%C3%A7a_Machel" title="Graça Machel">Graça Machel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatiha_Boudiaf" title="Fatiha Boudiaf">Fatiha Boudiaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatana_Ishaq_Gailani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fatana Ishaq Gailani (page does not exist)">Fatana Ishaq Gailani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Somaly_Mam" title="Somaly Mam">Somaly Mam</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Duque" title="Pedro Duque">Pedro Duque</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiaki_Mukai" title="Chiaki Mukai">Chiaki Mukai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valeri_Polyakov" title="Valeri Polyakov">Valeri Polyakov</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Fernando Henrique Cardoso">Fernando Henrique Cardoso</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li>2002: The <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Antarctic_Research" title="Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research">Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a></li> <li>2004: The European Union's <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Programme" title="Erasmus Programme">Erasmus Programme</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" title="Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhi%C3%A7a_Centre_of_Health_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manhiça Centre of Health Research (page does not exist)">Manhiça Centre of Health Research</a> (Mozambique), <a href="/wiki/Ifakara_Health_Institute" title="Ifakara Health Institute">Ifakara Health Institute</a> (Tanzania), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaria_Research_and_Training_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malaria Research and Training Centre (page does not exist)">Malaria Research and Training Centre</a> (Mali), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kintampo_Health_Research_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kintampo Health Research Centre (page does not exist)">Kintampo Health Research Centre</a> (Ghana)</li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Transplantation_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Transplantation Society (page does not exist)">The Transplantation Society</a> and the Spanish <a href="/wiki/National_Transplant_Organization" title="National Transplant Organization">National Transplant Organization</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Drayton" title="Bill Drayton">Bill Drayton</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Society" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck Society</a> for the Advancement of Science</li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Program" title="Fulbright Program">Fulbright Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a></li> <li>2017: The <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_Society_of_America" title="Hispanic Society of America">Hispanic Society of America</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Amref_Health_Africa" title="Amref Health Africa">Amref Health Africa</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Sal_Khan" title="Sal Khan">Salman Khan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/GAVI" title="GAVI">Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Camfed" title="Camfed">Camfed, Campaign for Female Education</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Ellen_MacArthur" title="Ellen MacArthur">Ellen MacArthur</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Drugs_for_Neglected_Diseases_Initiative" title="Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative">Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative</a> (DNDi)</li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture</a> (OEI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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