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mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Homonymie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375"></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour l’article homonyme, voir <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Précipitation">Précipitation</a>.</p> </div> </div> <p>En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chimie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chimie">chimie</a> et en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9tallurgie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Métallurgie">métallurgie</a>, un <b>précipité</b> est une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tat_polyphasique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="État polyphasique">phase dispersée hétérogène</a> dans une phase majoritaire. La formation d'un précipité est la <b>précipitation</b>. Le terme est aussi utilisé en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biochimie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biochimie">biochimie</a>, pour désigner la formation d'un agrégat <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Molécule">moléculaire</a>, par exemple d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anticorps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anticorps">anticorps</a>, qui <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9dimentation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sédimentation">sédimente</a> (ou est sédimenté par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centrifugation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Centrifugation">centrifugation</a>) au fond du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tube_%C3%A0_essai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tube à essai">tube</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Cobalt(II)hydroxide_precipitate.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cobalt%28II%29hydroxide_precipitate.png/220px-Cobalt%28II%29hydroxide_precipitate.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cobalt%2528II%2529hydroxide_precipitate.png/330px-Cobalt%2528II%2529hydroxide_precipitate.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cobalt%2528II%2529hydroxide_precipitate.png/440px-Cobalt%2528II%2529hydroxide_precipitate.png 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="674"></a> <figcaption> Formation d'un précipité d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydroxyde_de_cobalt(II)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydroxyde de cobalt(II)">hydroxyde de cobalt(II)</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>En chimie, cela désigne en général un cristal solide d'un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sel_(chimie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sel (chimie)">sel</a> ou un composé moléculaire dans un liquide<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les deux principales situations de formation d'un précipité sont lors (1) d'une réaction chimique dont un des produits est peu soluble dans le solvant de la réaction, ou (2) lors d'un changement de température. Cette définition exclut l'introduction d'un solide peu soluble dans l'eau comme certains ouvrages le préconisent pourtant<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>En métallurgie, cela peut en outre désigner la formation d'un cristal de composition donnée au sein d'un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alliage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alliage">alliage</a>. En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Météorologie">météorologie</a>, cela désigne la formation de gouttes d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eau">eau</a> ou de cristaux de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glace">glace</a> dans l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atmosph%C3%A8re_terrestre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atmosphère terrestre">atmosphère</a>, voir <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Précipitations">précipitations</a>.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Approche_en_chimie"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Approche en chimie</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Produit_de_solubilit%C3%A9"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Produit de solubilité</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#M%C3%A9canismes_de_pr%C3%A9cipitation"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Mécanismes de précipitation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Utilisations"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Utilisations</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Approche_en_mat%C3%A9riaux"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Approche en matériaux</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Solidification"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Solidification</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Germination"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Germination</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Croissance"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Croissance</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pr%C3%A9cipitation_en_phase_solide"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Précipitation en phase solide</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Germination_2"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Germination</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Croissance_2"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Croissance</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Coalescence"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Coalescence</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Approche_en_biochimie_/_immunochimie"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Approche en biochimie / immunochimie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Notes et références</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Voir_aussi"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Voir aussi</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles_connexes"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Articles connexes</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Approche_en_chimie">Approche en chimie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Approche en chimie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Produit_de_solubilité"><span id="Produit_de_solubilit.C3.A9"></span>Produit de solubilité</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Produit de solubilité" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Produit_de_solubilit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Produit de solubilité">Produit de solubilité</a>. </div> </div> <p>La présence d'un précipité stable résulte d'un équilibre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thermodynamique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thermodynamique">thermodynamique</a> entre la phase liquide (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solution_(chimie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solution (chimie)">solution</a>) et la phase solide (sel).</p> <p>On considère une solution, par exemple une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solution_aqueuse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solution aqueuse">solution aqueuse</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chlorure_de_sodium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chlorure de sodium">chlorure de sodium</a> NaCl (sel de cuisine). Si l'on met une faible quantité de sel dans l'eau, ce sel se <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solution_(chimie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solution (chimie)">dissout</a>. À partir d'une quantité <i>C</i><sub>s</sub> donnée, qui dépend de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temp%C3%A9rature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Température">température</a>, le sel ne se dissout plus : la solution est dite « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concentration_massique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concentration massique">saturée</a> ».</p> <p>Dans le cas où <i>C</i><sub>s</sub> croît avec la température, on peut avoir une dissolution d'un précipité par chauffage qui se reformera au refroidissement de la solution. Si <i>C</i> est la concentration de sel, alors :</p> <dl> <dd> <i>C</i> < <i>C</i><sub>s</sub>(<i>T</i>) : le sel est dissous ; </dd> <dd> <i>C</i> > <i>C</i><sub>s</sub>(<i>T</i>) : le sel précipite (saturation). </dd> </dl> <p>La solubilité peut croître ou décroître avec la température. Quand elle décroît, c'est en chauffant qu'un précipité peut se former. C'est le cas de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ac%C3%A9tate_de_calcium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acétate de calcium">acétate de calcium</a> ; 37,4 <abbr class="abbr" title="gramme">g</abbr>/<span title="0,000 1 m³ ou 3,381 4 fl.oz." style="cursor:help">100</span> <abbr class="abbr" title="millilitre">mL</abbr> (<span title="32 °F ou 273,2 K">0 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>) ; 34,7 <abbr class="abbr" title="gramme">g</abbr>/<span title="0,000 1 m³ ou 3,381 4 fl.oz." style="cursor:help">100</span> <abbr class="abbr" title="millilitre">mL</abbr> (<span title="68 °F ou 293,2 K">20 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>) ; 29,7 <abbr class="abbr" title="gramme">g</abbr>/<span title="0,000 1 m³ ou 3,381 4 fl.oz." style="cursor:help">100</span> <abbr class="abbr" title="millilitre">mL</abbr> (<span title="212 °F ou 373,2 K">100 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>). Cette évolution inverse de la solubilité avec la température arrive avec des composés ioniques dans l'eau, mais en aucun cas avec les composés moléculaires (par exemple en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chimie_organique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chimie organique">chimie organique</a>).</p> <p>La précipitation est notée comme une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89quation_chimique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Équation chimique">équation chimique</a> :</p> <dl> <dd> Na<sup>+</sup> + Cl<sup>−</sup> ↔ (NaCl)<sub>cr</sub> </dd> </dl> <p>où « Na<sup>+</sup> » et « Cl<sup>−</sup> » désignent les espèces dissociées (le sel dissous) et « (NaCl)<sub>cr</sub> » désigne le sel cristallisé. En général, on note l'espèce dissoute sans indice, et on place une flèche sous l'espèce cristallisée :</p> <dl> <dd> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Na+{+}Cl- <=> NaCl v}}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext> Na </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> + </mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> + </mo> </mrow> <msup> <mtext> Cl </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false"> ↽ </mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> − </mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false"> ⇀ </mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <mtext> NaCl </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false"> ↓ </mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle {\ce {Na+{+}Cl- <=> NaCl v}}} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/efbd0da8cd4b3abeeb403ff41ff57a9a6a462035" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:21.101ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Na+{+}Cl- <=> NaCl v}}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21.101ex;height: 3.009ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/efbd0da8cd4b3abeeb403ff41ff57a9a6a462035" data-alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Na+{+}Cl- <=> NaCl v}}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span> </dd> </dl> <p>Comme pour toute réaction d'équilibre, on peut définir une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constante_d%27%C3%A9quilibre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constante d'équilibre">constante d'équilibre</a> <i>K</i><sub>s</sub>, appelée <b>produit de solubilité</b> :</p> <dl> <dd> <i>K</i><sub>s</sub>(<i>T</i>) = [Na<sup>+</sup>]·[Cl<sup>−</sup>] </dd> <dd> (lorsqu'il y a précipitation) </dd> </dl> <p>et le potentiel de cette constante p<i>K</i><sub>s</sub> :</p> <dl> <dd> p<i>K</i><sub>s</sub> = –log (<i>K</i><sub>s</sub>) </dd> </dl> <p>L'utilisation du <i>K</i><sub>s</sub> est plus générale, car les ions Na<sup>+</sup> et Cl<sup>−</sup> peuvent provenir de plusieurs sels différents. Si les concentrations sont exprimées en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fraction_molaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fraction molaire">fraction molaire</a>, alors dans ce cas précis on a jusqu'à la précipitation</p> <dl> <dd> <i>C</i> = [Na<sup>+</sup>] = [Cl<sup>−</sup>] </dd> </dl> <p>soit</p> <dl> <dd> <i>K</i><sub>s</sub> = <i>C</i><sub>s</sub><sup>2</sup> </dd> </dl> <p>Dans le cas général, on a deux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ion">ions</a> A<sup><i>m</i>+</sup> et B<sup><i>n</i>−</sup> qui peuvent former un sel A<sub><i>n</i></sub>B<sub><i>m</i></sub> ; le produit de solubilité s'écrit :</p> <dl> <dd> <i>K</i><sub>s</sub> = [A<sup><i>m</i>+</sup>]<sup><i>n</i></sup>·[B<sup><i>n</i>−</sup>]<sup><i>m</i></sup> </dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Mécanismes_de_précipitation"><span id="M.C3.A9canismes_de_pr.C3.A9cipitation"></span>Mécanismes de précipitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Mécanismes de précipitation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Fairytale_warning.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/17px-Fairytale_warning.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/17px-Fairytale_warning.png" data-alt="" data-width="17" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/26px-Fairytale_warning.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/34px-Fairytale_warning.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell"> Cette section est vide, insuffisamment détaillée ou incomplète. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:EditPage/Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:EditPage/Précipité">Votre aide</a> est la bienvenue ! <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">Comment faire ?</a> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Utilisations">Utilisations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Utilisations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>La formation d'un précipité peut caractériser la présence d'une espèce en solution en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chimie_analytique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chimie analytique">chimie analytique</a>. C'est aussi le moyen de séparer une espèce présente dans un mélange, un ion métallique pour préparer le métal ou une espèce synthétisée à partir du mélange réactionnel.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Approche_en_matériaux"><span id="Approche_en_mat.C3.A9riaux"></span>Approche en matériaux</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Approche en matériaux" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>En métallurgie, et en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Science_des_mat%C3%A9riaux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Science des matériaux">science des matériaux</a> en général, on s'intéresse à deux phénomènes :</p> <ul> <li>la formation des premiers cristaux lors de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solidification?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solidification">solidification</a> ;</li> <li>la formation d'une nouvelle phase solide alors que l'on est déjà en phase solide.</li> </ul> <p>Dans les deux cas, la formation de cette phase hétérogène se fait en deux étapes :</p> <ul> <li>germination (parfois désigné par l'anglicisme « nucléation ») ;</li> <li>croissance.</li> </ul> <p>En phase solide, après la croissance des précipités, ces derniers peuvent continuer d'évoluer par coalescence. Enfin, il existe également un mode de précipitation particulier, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9composition_spinodale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Décomposition spinodale">décomposition spinodale</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Solidification">Solidification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Solidification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solidification?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solidification">Solidification</a>. </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Germination">Germination</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Germination" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Dans le cas de la solidification, la germination se fait en général lors du refroidissement.</p> <p>Prenons le cas d'un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corps_pur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corps pur">corps pur</a>. Pour une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pression?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pression">pression</a> <i>P</i> donnée, en dessous d'une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temp%C3%A9rature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Température">température</a> <i>T</i><sub>f</sub> donnée (le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Point_de_fusion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Point de fusion">point de fusion</a>, dépendant de la pression), seule la phase solide est stable, donc en théorie, la température reste stable à <i>T</i><sub>f</sub>(<i>P</i>) le temps que tout le liquide se solidifie (la solidification libère de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transfert_thermique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transfert thermique">chaleur</a>, la <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chaleur_latente?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaleur latente">chaleur latente</a> de fusion</i>, qui compense la diminution de température).</p> <p>Dans les faits, on assiste à de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surfusion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surfusion">surfusion</a> : les cristaux créés à <i>T</i><sub>f</sub> sont dissous par l'agitation thermique. Il faut que la température baisse suffisamment pour que ces microcristaux soient stables ; on peut amorcer la germination en mettant un inoculant (ce sont des grains ou atomes interstitiels amenés volontairement pour accélérer le processus de germination et rendre l'alliage plus résistant et plus dur; on parle aussi d'impuretés (des grains d'une composition différente qui ne fondent pas et qui vont former l'amorce des cristaux)). Ces impuretés améliorent les caractéristiques de l'alliage formé, car elles provoquent une formation plus élevée, et en plusieurs endroits, de germes qui eux donneront naissance aux grains.</p> <p>Thermodynamiquement, la création d'un cristal libère de l'énergie, mais en nécessite aussi du fait de la création d'une interface solide-liquide (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tension_superficielle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tension superficielle">tension superficielle</a>) ; pour que la germination se fasse, il faut que celle-ci soit favorable thermodynamiquement, c'est-à-dire que l'énergie libérée par la mise en ordre des atomes compense la tension superficielle.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Croissance">Croissance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Croissance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Fairytale_warning.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/17px-Fairytale_warning.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/17px-Fairytale_warning.png" data-alt="" data-width="17" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/26px-Fairytale_warning.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/34px-Fairytale_warning.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell"> Cette section est vide, insuffisamment détaillée ou incomplète. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:EditPage/Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:EditPage/Précipité">Votre aide</a> est la bienvenue ! <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">Comment faire ?</a> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Précipitation_en_phase_solide"><span id="Pr.C3.A9cipitation_en_phase_solide"></span>Précipitation en phase solide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Précipitation en phase solide" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>La précipitation en phase solide a lieu au sein d'un alliage. En général, on a un métal majoritaire M contenant une quantité minoritaire d'alliage A. Lorsque la concentration en élément d'alliage A est faible, on a une phase homogène constituée d'une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solution_solide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solution solide">solution solide</a> de A dans M (voir l'article <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9faut_ponctuel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Défaut ponctuel">Défaut ponctuel</a></i>).</p> <p>Lorsque la concentration de A dépasse une valeur limite <i>C</i><sub>s</sub>(<i>T</i>), il y a formation de cristaux d'un alliage stœchiométrique, en général ordonné, de M et de A : M<sub><i>m</i></sub>A<sub><i>a</i></sub> (<i>m</i> et <i>a</i> étant les proportions stœchiométriques). Ce faisant, l'alliage s'appauvrit en A, le processus s'arrête donc lorsque la concentration globale de A dans le M restant est devenue inférieure à <i>C</i><sub>s</sub>(<i>T</i>). Si A est aussi un métal, M<sub><i>m</i></sub>A<sub><i>a</i></sub> est appelé « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Interm%C3%A9tallique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermétallique">intermétallique</a> ».</p> <p>Si l'on augmente la température et que <i>C</i><sub>s</sub>(<i>T</i>) devient supérieur à la concentration de A dans la phase M, on assiste alors à une dissolution des précipités, toujours en phase solide.</p> <p>Par exemple, un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acier">acier</a> ou une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fonte_(m%C3%A9tallurgie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fonte (métallurgie)">fonte</a> est un alliage de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fer">fer</a> contenant une faible proportion de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbone">carbone</a>. Dans certaines conditions de température, il peut se former des précipités de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbure">carbure</a> Fe<sub>3</sub>C (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%A9mentite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cémentite">cémentite</a>)au sein de l'acier ou de la fonte.</p> <p>Le phénomène est en fait plus complexe, car il y a en général plusieurs éléments d'alliage qui influencent la stabilité des phases.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Germination_2">Germination</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Germination" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>La précipitation en phase solide se fait également lors d'un refroidissement lent (une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trempe_(m%C3%A9tallurgie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trempe (métallurgie)">trempe</a> peut empêcher la précipitation).</p> <p>Dans le cas des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alliage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alliage">alliages</a> d'aluminium, localement, la sursaturation en élément d'alliage provoque une mise en ordre des atomes qui viennent former une zone dite de « Guinier-Preston » ou « zone G-P ». Cette <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Zone_de_Guinier-Preston&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Zone de Guinier-Preston (page inexistante)">zone de Guinier-Preston</a> forme l'amorce de germe : ce n'est pas encore un cristal ordonné. Le mouvement des atomes de l'élément d'alliage a appauvri le mélange localement, et cet appauvrissement est compensé par une migration des atomes, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diffusion_de_la_mati%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diffusion de la matière">diffusion</a>. La zone de Guinier-Preston est donc alimentée en atomes d'élément d'alliage, et peut donc se transformer en germe.</p> <p>Comme dans le cas de la solidification, la tension superficielle fait que la germination a lieu en dessous de la température de dissolution du précipité.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Croissance_2">Croissance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Croissance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Fairytale_warning.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/17px-Fairytale_warning.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/17px-Fairytale_warning.png" data-alt="" data-width="17" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/26px-Fairytale_warning.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/34px-Fairytale_warning.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell"> Cette section est vide, insuffisamment détaillée ou incomplète. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:EditPage/Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:EditPage/Précipité">Votre aide</a> est la bienvenue ! <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">Comment faire ?</a> </div> </div> <p>La croissance désigne le grossissement, ou l'augmentation de taille des cristaux.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Coalescence">Coalescence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Coalescence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Fairytale_warning.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/17px-Fairytale_warning.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/17px-Fairytale_warning.png" data-alt="" data-width="17" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/26px-Fairytale_warning.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/34px-Fairytale_warning.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell"> Cette section est vide, insuffisamment détaillée ou incomplète. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:EditPage/Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:EditPage/Précipité">Votre aide</a> est la bienvenue ! <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">Comment faire ?</a> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Approche_en_biochimie_/_immunochimie"><span id="Approche_en_biochimie_.2F_immunochimie"></span>Approche en biochimie / immunochimie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Approche en biochimie / immunochimie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>La précipitation de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biomol%C3%A9cule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biomolécule">biomolécules</a>, particules ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cellule_(biologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cellule (biologie)">cellules</a>, leurs <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agr%C3%A9gat_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agrégat atomique">agrégats</a> ou leurs complexes avec d'autres composés résulte d'une perte de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solubilit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solubilité">solubilité</a> et d'une augmentation de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masse_mol%C3%A9culaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masse moléculaire">masse moléculaire</a> ou pondérale (<abbr class="abbr" title="Exemple">ex. :</abbr> formation de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Complexe_immun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Complexe immun">complexes antigènes/anticorps</a> ; agrégation de cellules (= <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agglutination_(biologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agglutination (biologie)">agglutination</a>) ; association de particules et cellules). Elle peut aussi résulter d'un changement de la composition du milieu (devenant de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polarit%C3%A9_(chimie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polarité (chimie)">polarité</a> opposée aux biomolécules, ou par changement de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Force_ionique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Force ionique">force ionique</a>), ou des caractéristiques des biomolécules (perte ou gain de groupes polaires par réaction chimique).</p> <p>La précipitation entre en jeu dans :</p> <ul> <li>les méthodes d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Extraction_(chimie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Extraction (chimie)">extraction</a> et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Purification_(chimie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Purification (chimie)">purification</a>, par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fractionnement_(chimie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fractionnement (chimie)">fractionnement</a> ;</li> <li>les techniques d'analyse comme l'immunodiffusion/précipitation (radiale, Ouchterlony, <abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>) très utilisées dans les tests sérologiques de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diagnostics_et_prophylaxie_de_la_grippe_aviaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Diagnostic_biologique" title="Diagnostics et prophylaxie de la grippe aviaire">diagnostic</a> : le composé à analyser (usuellement une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toxine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toxine">toxine</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cytokine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cytokine">cytokine</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>) diffuse dans un gel (<abbr class="abbr" title="Exemple">ex. :</abbr> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9lose?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gélose">gélose</a>) et précipite à une distance proportionnelle à sa <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concentration_massique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concentration massique">concentration</a> en se complexant à un anticorps qui lui est spécifique et présent dans le gel, ou un autre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ligand_(biologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ligand (biologie)">ligand</a> diffusant d'un autre puits. La technique <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Fused Rocked Immuno-Electrophoresis</span></i> réalise cela dans un gel soumis à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lectrophor%C3%A8se?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Électrophorèse">électrophorèse</a> ;</li> <li>les techniques d'analyse utilisant des cellules ou particules (agglutination) : les tests d'hémagglutination et inhibition de l'hémagglutination font réagir des anticorps ou des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lectine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lectine">lectines</a> avec des globules rouges qui agglutinent et sédimentent au fond du tube (<abbr class="abbr" title="Exemple">ex. :</abbr> test de Coombs) ; les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Test_de_diagnostic_rapide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Test de diagnostic rapide">tests de diagnostic rapides</a> font précipiter des particules d'or, des billes de latex ou de polystyrène, en solution ou sur une membrane ou migre par capillarité les réactifs ou l'échantillon ;</li> <li>l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Immunopr%C3%A9cipitation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Immunoprécipitation">immunoprécipitation</a> réalise une purification à partir de milieux complexes dans un but analytique.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Chemistry_(IUPAC)"><span class="ouvrage" id="The_International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_(IUPAC)">The International Union of Pure and Applied <span class="nom_auteur">Chemistry (IUPAC)</span>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/P04795"><cite style="font-style:normal;">IUPAC - precipitation (P04795)</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">goldbook.iupac.org</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-09-25" data-sort-value="2024-09-25">25 septembre 2024</time>)</small></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">P. Grécias et S Rédoglia, <i>Chimie MPSI, PTSI</i>, Compétences prépas, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Tec & Doc », <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 417, 2013, Lavoisier, Paris <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7430-1514-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7430-1514-5"><span class="nowrap">978-2-7430-1514-5</span></a>)</small>.</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style> <div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Solid_precipitation?uselang%3Dfr">Précipité</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipit%C3%A9&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chimie_des_solutions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chimie des solutions">Chimie des solutions</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solution_solide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solution solide">Solution solide</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nanotechnologies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanotechnologies">Nanotechnologies</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nanomat%C3%A9riaux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanomatériaux">Nanomatériaux</a></li> </ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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</div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Langues</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D8%25A8_(%25D9%2583%25D9%258A%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A1)" title="ترسيب (كيمياء) – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ترسيب (كيمياء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F_(%25D1%2585%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F)" title="Преципитация (химия) – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Преципитация (химия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitacija" title="Precipitacija – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Precipitacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitaci%25C3%25B3_qu%25C3%25ADmica" title="Precipitació química – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Precipitació química" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sr%25C3%25A1%25C5%25BEen%25C3%25AD_(chemie)" title="Srážení (chemie) – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Srážení (chemie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D3%25B2%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B2" title="Ӳкев – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ӳкев" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%25C3%25A4llung" title="Fällung – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fällung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259A%25CE%25B1%25CF%2584%25CE%25B1%25CE%25B2%25CF%258D%25CE%25B8%25CE%25B9%25CF%2583%25CE%25B7" title="Καταβύθιση – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καταβύθιση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry) – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Precipitation (chemistry)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitado_(kemio)" title="Precipitado (kemio) – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Precipitado (kemio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitado" title="Precipitado – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Precipitado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadestamine_(keemia)" title="Sadestamine (keemia) – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sadestamine (keemia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauspeatze" title="Hauspeatze – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hauspeatze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D9%2587%25E2%2580%258C%25D9%2586%25D8%25B4%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25DB%258C_(%25D8%25B4%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25DB%258C)" title="ته‌نشینی (شیمی) – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ته‌نشینی (شیمی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saostaminen_(kemia)" title="Saostaminen (kemia) – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saostaminen (kemia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deascadh_(ceimic)" title="Deascadh (ceimic) – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Deascadh (ceimic)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitaci%25C3%25B3n_(reacci%25C3%25B3n)" title="Precipitación (reacción) – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Precipitación (reacción)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25AA%25D7%2592%25D7%2595%25D7%2591%25D7%25AA_%25D7%25A9%25D7%2599%25D7%25A7%25D7%2595%25D7%25A2" title="תגובת שיקוע – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תגובת שיקוע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2585%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%25A3" title="अवक्षेपण – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अवक्षेपण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presipite" title="Presipite – créole haïtien" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Presipite" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="créole haïtien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksi_pengendapan" title="Reaksi pengendapan – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Reaksi pengendapan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipito" title="Precipito – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Precipito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitazione_(chimica)" title="Precipitazione (chimica) – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Precipitazione (chimica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B2%2588%25E6%25AE%25BF" title="沈殿 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="沈殿" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D1%2581%25D1%258B" title="Преципитация реакциясы – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Преципитация реакциясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%25B9%25A8%25EC%25A0%2584" title="침전 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="침전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siky" title="Siky – malgache" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Siky" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neerslag_(scheikunde)" title="Neerslag (scheikunde) – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Neerslag (scheikunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellingsreaksjon" title="Fellingsreaksjon – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fellingsreaksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellingsreaksjon" title="Fellingsreaksjon – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fellingsreaksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%25C4%2585canie" title="Strącanie – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Strącanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipita%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o_(qu%25C3%25ADmica)" title="Precipitação (química) – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Precipitação (química)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitare_(chimie)" title="Precipitare (chimie) – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Precipitare (chimie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259E%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B6%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5" title="Осаждение – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Осаждение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talog" title="Talog – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Talog" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_precipitation" title="Chemical precipitation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chemical precipitation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obarjanje" title="Obarjanje – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Obarjanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3" title="Талог – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Талог" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%25C3%25A9sipitasi" title="Présipitasi – soundanais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Présipitasi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="soundanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utf%25C3%25A4llning" title="Utfällning – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Utfällning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AF%2580%25E0%25AE%25B4%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AF%2581" title="வீழ்படிவு – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வீழ்படிவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%2585%25E0%25B0%25B5%25E0%25B0%2595%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B7%25E0%25B1%2587%25E0%25B0%25AA%25E0%25B0%25A3" title="అవక్షేపణ – télougou" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అవక్షేపణ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="télougou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2587%25C3%25B6kelme_(kimya)" title="Çökelme (kimya) – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çökelme (kimya)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BF%25D1%2596%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%25D1%2596%25D1%258F_(%25D1%2585%25D1%2596%25D0%25BC%25D1%2596%25D1%258F)" title="Преципітація (хімія) – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Преципітація (хімія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B9%25D9%2585%25D9%2584_%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D8%25A8" title="عمل ترسیب – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عمل ترسیب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25E1%25BA%25BFt_t%25E1%25BB%25A7a" title="Kết tủa – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kết tủa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B2%2589%25E6%25B7%2580" title="沉淀 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="沉淀" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B2%2589%25E6%25BE%25B1" title="沉澱 – chinois littéraire" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="沉澱" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="chinois littéraire" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%25C3%25AEm-t%25C3%25A9" title="Tîm-té – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tîm-té" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B2%2589%25E6%25BE%25B1" title="沉澱 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="沉澱" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 25 septembre 2024 à 12:31.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Le contenu est disponible sous licence 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