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Wikipédia" aria-label="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Rechercher sur Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f"> <span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> </span> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Rechercher</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="Navigation utilisateur"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Précipitations</span></h1> <div class="tagline"> Hydrométéores formés dans les nuages et tombant sous forme liquide ou solide </div> </div> <nav 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open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Homonymie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375"></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour l’article homonyme, voir <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Précipitation">Précipitation</a>.</p> </div> </div> <p>Les <b>précipitations</b> désignent toutes les formes de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eau">eau</a> à l'état liquide ou solide provenant de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atmosph%C3%A8re_plan%C3%A9taire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atmosphère planétaire">atmosphère</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-MF-Prec_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MF-Prec-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ces <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrom%C3%A9t%C3%A9ore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrométéore">hydrométéores</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cristal_de_glace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cristal de glace">cristaux de glace</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forme_d%27une_goutte_de_pluie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forme d'une goutte de pluie">gouttelettes d'eau</a>), ayant été soumis à des processus de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Condensation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Condensation">condensation</a> et d'agrégation à l'intérieur des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuage">nuages</a>, sont devenus trop lourds pour demeurer en suspension dans l'atmosphère et tombent au sol ou s'évaporent en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virga">virga</a> avant de l'atteindre<sup id="cite_ref-MF-Prec_2-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MF-Prec-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-OMM_5-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-OMM-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les précipitations se caractérisent par trois principaux paramètres : leur volume, leur intensité et leur fréquence qui varient selon les lieux et les périodes (jours, mois ou années).</p> <div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive large"> <div class="entete" style="background-color:#E1E1E1;color:#000000"> <div> Précipitations </div> </div> <div> <div class="images" style="padding:2px 0"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:MeanMonthlyP.gif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MeanMonthlyP.gif/260px-MeanMonthlyP.gif" decoding="async" width="260" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MeanMonthlyP.gif/390px-MeanMonthlyP.gif 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MeanMonthlyP.gif/520px-MeanMonthlyP.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="744"></a></span> </div> <div class="legend"> Répartition mensuelle des précipitations sur Terre </div> </div> <table> <caption style="color:#000000;text-align:center;background-color:#E1E1E1"> Présentation </caption> <tbody> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Type</th> <td class=""> <div><span class="wd_p31">Type de phénomène météorologique <small>(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118733587" class="extiw" title="d:Q118733587"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Voir l'élément Wikidata correspondant">d</span></a>)</small><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257?uselang%3Dfr%23P31" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span></span> </div></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Partie de</th> <td class=""> <div><span class="wd_p361"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temps_(m%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Temps (météorologie)">Temps</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257?uselang%3Dfr%23P361" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="navbar noprint bordered navigation-not-searchable" style="border-top:1px solid #E1E1E1"><span class="plainlinks" style="text-align:left"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DPr%25C3%25A9cipitations%26veaction%3Dedit%26section%3D0">modifier</a> - <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DPr%25C3%25A9cipitations%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D0">modifier le code</a> - <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257" class="extiw" title="d:Q25257">modifier Wikidata</a></span><span style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Documentation du modèle"><img alt="Documentation du modèle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a></span></span></p> </div> <p>Par extension, le terme peut également être utilisé pour des phénomènes similaires sur d'autres <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plan%C3%A8te?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Planète">planètes</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Satellite_naturel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Satellite naturel">lunes</a> ayant une atmosphère.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pr%C3%A9cipitations_terrestres"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Précipitations terrestres</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Types"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Types</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mesure"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Mesure</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#M%C3%A9canismes_de_formation_des_pr%C3%A9cipitations"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Mécanismes de formation des précipitations</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Condensation"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Condensation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Coalescence"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Coalescence</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Effet_Bergeron"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Effet Bergeron</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Modes_de_formation_des_pr%C3%A9cipitations"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Modes de formation des précipitations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Organisation_spatiale"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Organisation spatiale</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pluviom%C3%A9trie"><span class="tocnumber">1.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Pluviométrie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#D%C3%A9position"><span class="tocnumber">1.5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Déposition</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Recherche"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Recherche</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ensemencement_naturel_et_artificiel"><span class="tocnumber">1.7</span> <span class="toctext">Ensemencement naturel et artificiel</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ensemencement_naturel"><span class="tocnumber">1.7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ensemencement naturel</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ensemencement_artificiel"><span class="tocnumber">1.7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Ensemencement artificiel</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pr%C3%A9cipitations_extraterrestres"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Précipitations extraterrestres</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mars"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Mars</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#V%C3%A9nus"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Vénus</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Titan"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Titan</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Autres_plan%C3%A8tes_et_satellites"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Autres planètes et satellites</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notes et références</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Voir_aussi"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Voir aussi</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliographie"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliographie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles_connexes"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Articles connexes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liens_externes"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Liens externes</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Précipitations_terrestres"><span id="Pr.C3.A9cipitations_terrestres"></span>Précipitations terrestres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipitations&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Précipitations terrestres" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipitations&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Types" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Type_de_precipitation_dans_un_blocage_air_froid.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Type_de_precipitation_dans_un_blocage_air_froid.svg/220px-Type_de_precipitation_dans_un_blocage_air_froid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 183px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Type_de_precipitation_dans_un_blocage_air_froid.svg/220px-Type_de_precipitation_dans_un_blocage_air_froid.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="183" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Type_de_precipitation_dans_un_blocage_air_froid.svg/330px-Type_de_precipitation_dans_un_blocage_air_froid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Type_de_precipitation_dans_un_blocage_air_froid.svg/440px-Type_de_precipitation_dans_un_blocage_air_froid.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Type de la précipitation selon la structure thermique (bleu sous zéro <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Degr%C3%A9_Celsius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Degré Celsius">degré Celsius</a> et rouge au-dessus) </figcaption> </figure> <p>La fréquence et la nature des précipitations dans une région géographique donnée sont des caractéristiques importantes de son <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climat">climat</a>. Elles contribuent de façon essentielle à la fertilité et à l'habitabilité des zones tempérées ou tropicales ; dans les zones polaires, elles aident au maintien des calottes glaciaires. La précipitation peut prendre les formes suivantes (parfois mélangées)<sup id="cite_ref-MF-Prec_2-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MF-Prec-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-OMM_5-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-OMM-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> :</p> <dl> <dt> Liquide </dt> </dl> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pluie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pluie">Pluie</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bruine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bruine">Bruine</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pluie_vergla%C3%A7ante?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pluie verglaçante">Pluie verglaçante</a>/<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bruine_vergla%C3%A7ante?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bruine verglaçante">Bruine verglaçante</a></li> </ul> <dl> <dt> Solide </dt> </dl> <div style="column-width:15em;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neige?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neige">Neige</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neige_en_grains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neige en grains">Neige en grains</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neige_roul%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neige roulée">Neige roulée</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gr%C3%A9sil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grésil">Grésil</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gr%C3%AAle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grêle">Grêle</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Granule_de_glace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Granule de glace">Granule de glace</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cristal_de_glace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cristal de glace">Cristal de glace</a></li> </ul> </div> <p>Dans les rapports d'observation météorologique, le type de précipitation s'accompagne d'une indication d'intensité (légère, modérée, ou forte), ainsi que d'une mesure de la visibilité au travers de la précipitation. Les rapports d'observations indiquent aussi le caractère temporel de la précipitation : si son intensité varie rapidement et s'accompagne d'éclaircies, la précipitation est appelée une <i>averse</i>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Mesure">Mesure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipitations&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Mesure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Les précipitations liquides s'évaluent en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hauteur_d%27eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hauteur d'eau">hauteur d'eau</a> équivalente sur une période donnée (exemples : <abbr class="abbr" title="millimètre">mm</abbr> par an, par mois, par jour). Alors qu'elles sont mesurées en millimètres (mm), les précipitations solides telles que la neige sont évaluées en centimètres (cm). Les précipitations peuvent aussi être exprimées en litres par mètre carré (<abbr class="abbr" title="litre par mètre carré">L/m<sup>2</sup></abbr>) d'équivalent liquide — les deux unités étant équivalentes en utilisant la densité de l'eau, ou de la neige fondue en eau — recueilli sur une surface d'un mètre carré<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Également, le <abbr class="abbr" title="millimètre">mm</abbr> de précipitations, soit <span class="nowrap">1 litre</span> par mètre carré, correspond à 10 <abbr class="abbr" title="mètre cube">m<sup>3</sup></abbr> ou 10 tonnes par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hectare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hectare">hectare</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Mécanismes_de_formation_des_précipitations"><span id="M.C3.A9canismes_de_formation_des_pr.C3.A9cipitations"></span>Mécanismes de formation des précipitations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipitations&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Mécanismes de formation des précipitations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Cycle_eau.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cycle_eau.png/330px-Cycle_eau.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="440"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cycle_eau.png/330px-Cycle_eau.png" data-width="330" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cycle_eau.png/495px-Cycle_eau.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Cycle_eau.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Condensation et coalescence sont importantes dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cycle_de_l%27eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cycle de l'eau">cycle de l'eau</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Physique_des_nuages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Physique des nuages">Physique des nuages</a>. </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Condensation">Condensation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipitations&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Condensation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article connexe : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Condensation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Condensation">Condensation</a>. </div> </div> <p>Les gouttes commencent à se former dans de l'air généralement au-dessus du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Point_de_fusion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Point de fusion">point de congélation</a> quand l'air soulevé devient légèrement <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sursaturation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sursaturation">sursaturé</a> par rapport à la température environnante. Pour cela il faut cependant des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_de_condensation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noyau de condensation">noyaux de condensation</a>, poussières ou grains de sel, sur lesquels la vapeur d'eau se dépose. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solution_(chimie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solution (chimie)">solution chimique</a> obtenue abaisse la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tension_de_surface?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tension de surface">tension de surface</a> nécessaire pour former une goutte<sup id="cite_ref-MF-1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MF-1-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il y a d'abord formation de très fines gouttes qui donnent le nuage. À mesure que ces gouttes montent, elles passent sous le point de congélation mais resteront généralement <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surfusion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surfusion">surfondues</a> lorsque leur température est comprise entre <span title="14 °F ou 263,2 K" style="cursor:help">−10</span> <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> et <span title="32 °F ou 273,2 K" style="cursor:help">0</span> <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-MF-1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MF-1-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En effet, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_glacig%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noyau glacigène">noyaux de congélation</a> sont beaucoup moins disponibles que les noyaux de condensation ce qui laisse beaucoup de temps durant l'ascension avant d'en rencontrer un et de transformer les gouttes en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cristal_de_glace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cristal de glace">cristaux de glace</a>.</p> <p>À mesure que les gouttelettes augmentent de diamètre, un second processus doit intervenir, la coalescence, afin d'atteindre un diamètre suffisant pour former des gouttes de pluie. En effet, les gouttelettes formées par condensation n'atteignent que quelques dizaines de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Microm%C3%A8tre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Micromètre">microns</a> dans le temps nécessaire habituellement pour donner de la pluie<sup id="cite_ref-MF-2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MF-2-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Coalescence">Coalescence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipitations&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Coalescence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article connexe : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coalescence_(physique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coalescence (physique)">Coalescence (physique)</a>. </div> </div> <p>La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coalescence_(physique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coalescence (physique)">coalescence</a> est l'amalgamation de deux ou plusieurs gouttelettes par collision pour en former une plus grosse. Les gouttelettes croissant à des vitesses différentes, selon la concentration de vapeur d'eau, elles se déplaceront à une vitesse différente qui est reliée à leur diamètre et au courant ascendant. Les plus grosses bougeant plus lentement captureront les plus petites en montant puis lorsqu'elles ne peuvent plus être soutenues par le courant, elles redescendront et poursuivront leur croissance de la même façon<sup id="cite_ref-MF-2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MF-2-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Effet_Bergeron">Effet Bergeron</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipitations&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Effet Bergeron" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Effet_Bergeron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Effet Bergeron">Effet Bergeron</a>. </div> </div> <p>L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Effet_Bergeron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Effet Bergeron">effet Bergeron</a>, de son découvreur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tor_Bergeron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tor Bergeron">Tor Bergeron</a>, est le plus efficace des processus de formation des gouttes de pluie ou de neige. Lorsque des cristaux de glace se forment finalement par congélation de gouttelettes, ils ont une pression de saturation moindre que celle des gouttelettes environnantes. Les gouttelettes s'évaporent donc et la vapeur d'eau va se déposer sur les cristaux<sup id="cite_ref-MF-3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MF-3-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Ces cristaux finiront également par tomber et entreront en coalescence avec d'autres pour former des flocons de neige. Ils captureront également par coalescence des gouttes ce qui les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Givre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Givre">givrera</a> si la température est sous zéro degré Celsius. Si la température de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atmosph%C3%A8re_terrestre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atmosphère terrestre">atmosphère</a> est partout sous zéro au-dessus du sol, on aura de la neige. Par contre, si le niveau de congélation n'est pas au sol ou s'il y a des couches au-dessus du zéro en altitude, on aura une variété de types de précipitations : pluie, pluie verglaçante, grésil, etc.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Modes_de_formation_des_précipitations"><span id="Modes_de_formation_des_pr.C3.A9cipitations"></span>Modes de formation des précipitations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipitations&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Modes de formation des précipitations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Steigungsregen.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Steigungsregen.jpg/200px-Steigungsregen.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="454"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Steigungsregen.jpg/200px-Steigungsregen.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Steigungsregen.jpg/300px-Steigungsregen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Steigungsregen.jpg/400px-Steigungsregen.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Précipitation orographique </figcaption> </figure> <p>Pour que des gouttelettes d'eau se forment et donnent un nuage puis de la précipitation, il faut un mécanisme pour amener l'air à saturation. À moins que l'air ne se refroidisse par un mécanisme d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Advection?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Advection">advection</a> d'air froid ou de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transfert_radiatif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transfert radiatif">transfert radiatif</a>, comme dans le cas de la formation du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brouillard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brouillard">brouillard</a>, c'est par soulèvement que cela se produit. Lorsque les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrom%C3%A9t%C3%A9ore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrométéore">hydrométéores</a> deviennent trop massifs pour être supportés par le mouvement vertical disponible, ils se mettent à tomber vers le sol. Outre leur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phase_(thermodynamique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phase (thermodynamique)">phase</a>, on distingue donc deux types de précipitations en fonction du mécanisme qui cause le mouvement vertical :</p> <ol> <li>Les précipitations <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stratiforme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stratiforme">stratiformes</a> qui viennent du soulèvement lent et à grande échelle de l'humidité qui se condense uniformément. Comme exemple : <ul> <li>les <i>précipitations <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89chelle_synoptique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Échelle synoptique">synoptiques</a></i>, causées par les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9pression_(m%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dépression (météorologie)">dépressions</a> des latitudes moyennes.</li> <li>les <i>précipitations côtières</i> qui ont lieu à proximité des littoraux et ont pour cause le soulèvement de l'air humide provenant de la mer par les aspérités du continent.</li> <li>les <i>précipitations orographiques</i> où le relief force les masses d'air à s'élever : les versants au vent sont alors très pluvieux, les versants sous le vent sont plus secs. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foehn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Foehn">foehn</a> est une illustration de ce phénomène.</li> </ul></li> <li>Les <i>précipitations <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convection_atmosph%C3%A9rique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Convection atmosphérique">convectives</a></i> résultent de la brusque élévation de masses d'air chargées d'humidité, par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pouss%C3%A9e_d%27Archim%C3%A8de?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poussée d'Archimède">poussée d'Archimède</a>, à cause de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gradient_thermique_adiabatique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Atmosph%C3%A8re_stable_et_atmosph%C3%A8re_instable" class="mw-redirect" title="Gradient thermique adiabatique">instabilité</a> de l'air. Comme exemple : <ul> <li>les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orage">orages</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Averse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Averse">averses</a> isolés ou organisés.</li> <li>les <i>précipitations des zones de convergence</i> où les orages se développent parce que l'air instable et humide peut se concentrer et convecter avec le réchauffement diurne. Par exemple, on retrouve cela dans la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zone_de_convergence_intertropicale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zone de convergence intertropicale">zone de convergence intertropicale</a> et à l'avant des fronts froids.</li> <li>les <i>précipitations cycloniques</i> où les précipitations convectives généralisées sont engendrées par l'organisation des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyclone_tropical?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyclone tropical">cyclones tropicaux</a>.</li> </ul></li> </ol> <p>Ces deux types de précipitations ne sont pas mutuellement exclusives cependant. En effet, il peut y avoir des zones instables dans une masse de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pluie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pluie">pluie</a> ou de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neige?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neige">neige</a> stratiforme ce qui donnera lieu à des averses plus fortes dans ces secteurs. De la même façon, on peut obtenir par soulèvement des conditions instables. Par exemple, des vents remontant une pente peuvent faire dépasser le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Niveau_de_convection_libre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Niveau de convection libre">niveau de convection libre</a> à la parcelle d'air soulevée et donner un orage.</p> <p>Un nuage engendrera en général des précipitations significatives lorsque son épaisseur dépasse 4 000 <abbr class="abbr" title="pieds"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pied_(unit%C3%A9)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pied (unité)">pieds</a></abbr> (1 200 <abbr class="abbr" title="mètre">m</abbr>)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En général, un nuage n'engendrera pas de précipitations si la densité d'eau liquide dans le nuage est inférieure à 0,5 <abbr class="abbr" title="gramme">g</abbr> / m³<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Organisation_spatiale">Organisation spatiale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipitations&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Organisation spatiale" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Les précipitations peuvent être organisées de différentes façons : en larges zones, en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bande_de_pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bande de précipitations">bande de précipitations</a> ou être isolées. Cela dépend de la stabilité de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masse_d%27air?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masse d'air">masse d'air</a>, des mouvements verticaux dans celle-ci et des effets locaux. Ainsi, à l'avant d'un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Front_chaud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Front chaud">front chaud</a>, les précipitations seront surtout stratiformes et couvriront plusieurs centaines de kilomètres de largeur et de profondeur. Par contre, devant un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Front_froid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Front froid">front froid</a> ou dans un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyclone_tropical?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyclone tropical">cyclone tropical</a>, les précipitations formeront de minces bandes qui peuvent s'étirer latéralement sur de grandes distances. Finalement, une averse ou un orage donnera des précipitations sur quelques kilomètres carrés à la fois, formant une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colonne_de_pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colonne de précipitations">colonne de précipitations</a> sous le nuage convectif.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Pluviométrie"><span id="Pluviom.C3.A9trie"></span>Pluviométrie</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipitations&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Pluviométrie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:World_precipitation_normals_for_1951-2000_(version_2020).gif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/World_precipitation_normals_for_1951-2000_%28version_2020%29.gif/220px-World_precipitation_normals_for_1951-2000_%28version_2020%29.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1270"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/World_precipitation_normals_for_1951-2000_%28version_2020%29.gif/220px-World_precipitation_normals_for_1951-2000_%28version_2020%29.gif" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/World_precipitation_normals_for_1951-2000_%28version_2020%29.gif/330px-World_precipitation_normals_for_1951-2000_%28version_2020%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/World_precipitation_normals_for_1951-2000_%28version_2020%29.gif/440px-World_precipitation_normals_for_1951-2000_%28version_2020%29.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Carte des normales mondiales de précipitations de 1951 à 2000 (version 2020) sur terre. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Precipitation_longterm_mean.gif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Precipitation_longterm_mean.gif/330px-Precipitation_longterm_mean.gif" decoding="async" width="330" height="189" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1361" data-file-height="781"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 189px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Precipitation_longterm_mean.gif/330px-Precipitation_longterm_mean.gif" data-width="330" data-height="189" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Precipitation_longterm_mean.gif/495px-Precipitation_longterm_mean.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Precipitation_longterm_mean.gif/660px-Precipitation_longterm_mean.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Variation mensuelle des précipitations, incluant les océans, grâce aux données terrestres et satellitaires. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pluviom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pluviométrie">Pluviométrie</a>. </div> </div> <p>La pluviométrie est l'étude des cumuls de pluie, de neige ou de toute autre forme d'eau grâce à des instruments de mesure <i>in situ</i> ou par télémétrie. Les accumulations à l'état solide viennent s'ajouter par alimentation à un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glacier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glacier">glacier</a> ou à un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Champ_de_neige?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Champ de neige">champ de neige</a> ; le contraire est l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ablation_(m%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ablation (météorologie)">ablation</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le cumul de précipitations liquides et solides est l'un des facteurs conditionnant le climat et par conséquent le développement des sociétés humaines et est souvent un enjeu <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9opolitique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Géopolitique">géopolitique</a>.</p> <p>Les précipitations se forment et tombent aussi en mer. Les océans, en raison de leur superficie, reçoivent plus de précipitations que la terre<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ils stockent environ 97 % de l'eau de la Terre et fournissent la grande majorité de l'eau évaporée qui entre dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cycle_de_l%27eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cycle de l'eau">cycle de l'eau</a>. Des changements importants pourraient avoir un impact sur la disponibilité de l'eau, la demande en eau et l'allocation de l'eau aux niveaux mondial et local<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Plusieurs instruments sont utilisés en pluviométrie, dont le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pluviom%C3%A8tre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pluviomètre">pluviomètre/pluviographe</a> est le plus connu. La mesure peut s'effectuer sous diverses unités, selon que le type de précipitations soit solide ou liquide, mais elle est ramenée en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A8tre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mètre">millimètre</a> d'équivalence en eau, autrement dit en litres par mètre carré de surface horizontale, pour fin de comparaison.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Déposition"><span id="D.C3.A9position"></span>Déposition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipitations&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Déposition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Deux types de dépositions peuvent être recueillis dans un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pluviom%C3%A8tre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pluviomètre">pluviomètre</a> mais ne forment rarement plus qu'une trace d'accumulation :</p> <ul> <li>le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brouillard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brouillard">brouillard</a> est un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuage">nuage</a> au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sol_(p%C3%A9dologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sol (pédologie)">sol</a> formé de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goutte_(physique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goutte (physique)">gouttelettes</a> ;</li> <li>la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ros%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rosée">rosée</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Givre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Givre">givre</a> sont la condensation sur des objets de l'excès de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vapeur_d%27eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vapeur d'eau">vapeur d'eau</a> de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atmosph%C3%A8re_terrestre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atmosphère terrestre">atmosphère</a> lorsque la température descend sous le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Point_de_ros%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Point de rosée">point de rosée</a> (saturation de plus de 100 %).</li> </ul> <p>Dans ces deux cas on ne peut parler de précipitations puisque les gouttelettes se forment ou se déposent sur le sol ou des objets sans tomber.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Recherche">Recherche</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipitations&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Recherche" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Selon Xuebin Zhang (2007) de la division de la détection et analyse du changement climatique d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Environnement_et_Changement_climatique_Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Environnement et Changement climatique Canada">Environnement et Changement climatique Canada</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toronto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canada">Canada</a>), l'homme des pays développés est le responsable direct de 50 à 85 % de l'augmentation des précipitations survenant aux latitudes tempérées (40-70° N)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il a ainsi analysé la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pluviom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pluviométrie">pluviométrie</a> par bandes de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latitude?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latitude">latitude</a> entre 1925 et 1999. La moyenne a augmenté de 62 <abbr class="abbr" title="millimètre">mm</abbr> dans les latitudes moyennes de l'hémisphère nord (États-Unis, Europe du Nord, Russie) contre une diminution de 98 <abbr class="abbr" title="millimètre">mm</abbr> en moyenne pour les contrées tropicales de l'hémisphère nord (Sahel, Shara). La part de l'homme a été confrontée à différents modèles (avec et sans émissions de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaz_%C3%A0_effet_de_serre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaz à effet de serre">gaz à effet de serre</a> et sols sulfatés) pour arriver à la conclusion citée ci-dessus. Le plus grave restant que les précipitations ont évolué plus rapidement que prévu, tout comme la hausse du niveau des mers. Les projections actuelles sous-évaluent ainsi les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Risques_climatiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Risques climatiques">risques climatiques</a> à long terme.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ensemencement_naturel_et_artificiel">Ensemencement naturel et artificiel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipitations&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Ensemencement naturel et artificiel" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Dans la nature divers processus participent à l'ensemencement de l’atmosphère, passivement et/ou par des espèces vivantes.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Ensemencement_naturel">Ensemencement naturel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipitations&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Ensemencement naturel" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>Le processus peut être purement physique : quand deux couches de nuages, dont la plus élevée est formée de cristaux de glace (type <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cirrus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cirrus">cirrus</a>), sont séparées par une couche sèche, des cristaux de glace peuvent tomber de la plus élevée. Ceux-ci se sublimeront en partie dans la couche sèche mais ceux qui restent serviront de noyaux glacigènes et mèneront à une augmentation du taux de précipitations dans la couche inférieure, exactement par le même principe que l'ensemencement artificiel<sup id="cite_ref-UQAM_19-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UQAM-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-AMS_20-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AMS-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>L'ensemencement peut aussi se faire par des molécules (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A%C3%A9rosol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aérosol">aérosols</a> biogéniques) émises par des végétaux marins (algues) ou terrestre (arbres). Plusieurs expériences récentes<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ont à nouveau attiré l'attention sur le rôle des arbres vis-à-vis de la pluie et du climat. Elles suggèrent que les études rétrospectives et prospective du climat pré-industriel devraient mieux en tenir compte, pour mieux comprendre les effets des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blooms_planctoniques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Blooms planctoniques">blooms planctoniques</a>, de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9forestation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Déforestation">déforestation</a> et parce que les nuages sont encore la première source d'incertitude dans la compréhension et modélisation de la manière dont les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89missions_anthropiques&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Émissions anthropiques (page inexistante)">émissions anthropiques</a> affectent l'atmosphère. Les terpènes dont l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%CE%91-pin%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-pinène">α-pinène</a> (composé volatil responsable de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odeur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Odeur">odeur</a> du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sapin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sapin">sapin</a> en forêt) en font partie, de même que les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C3%A9ta%C3%AFne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bétaïne">bétaïnes</a> relarguées dans l'atmosphère avec les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Embruns_marins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Embruns marins">embruns marins</a> par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplancton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phytoplancton">phytoplancton</a>. Depuis cinquante ans, divers auteurs dont <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Lovelock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Lovelock">James Lovelock</a> dans son <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hypoth%C3%A8se_Ga%C3%AFa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hypothèse Gaïa">hypothèse Gaïa</a> avancent qu'il y a là une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boucle_de_r%C3%A9troaction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Boucle de rétroaction">boucle de rétroaction</a> qui pourrait avoir été favorisée par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9lection_naturelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sélection naturelle">sélection naturelle</a> au cours de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89volution_(biologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évolution (biologie)">évolution</a> ; les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Algue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Algue">algues</a> et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arbre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arbre">arbres</a> semblent ainsi depuis des millions d'années contribuer à entretenir et stabiliser un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_du_climat_avant_1850?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Histoire du climat avant 1850">climat planétaire</a>, un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cycle_de_l%27eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cycle de l'eau">cycle de l'eau</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cycle_biog%C3%A9ochimique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cycle biogéochimique">des nutriments</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Azote?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Azote">azote</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phosphore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phosphore">phosphore</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soufre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soufre">soufre</a> notamment) qui leur est favorable<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Ensemencement_artificiel">Ensemencement artificiel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipitations&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Ensemencement artificiel" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ensemencement_des_nuages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ensemencement des nuages">Ensemencement des nuages</a>. </div> </div> <p>Des précipitations peuvent être déclenchées en dispersant sur un nuage de la poussière d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iodure_d%27argent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iodure d'argent">iodure d'argent</a>. Ceci est équivalent à introduire des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_glacig%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noyau glacigène">noyaux glacigènes</a> ce qui accélère la formation de cristaux de glace et amène l’<i>effet Bergeron</i> cité précédemment. C'est un moyen de limiter la taille des grêlons également en créant plus de compétition pour la vapeur d'eau disponible.</p> <p>La technique est très efficace en laboratoire, mais dans la nature, son efficacité est limitée selon Jean-Louis Brenguier, chef du groupe de météorologie expérimentale à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o-France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Météo-France">Météo-France</a>, à moins que l'on dépense des sommes très importantes pour suivre le nuage durant toute sa vie. Pourtant, cela n'empêche pas l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Agence_des_technologies_atmosph%C3%A9riques_russe&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Agence des technologies atmosphériques russe (page inexistante)">Agence des technologies atmosphériques russe</a> d'utiliser cette technique pour disperser des nuages au-dessus de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moscou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moscou">Moscou</a> lors de certaines fêtes et visites officielles ou encore pour limiter la quantité de neige<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Précipitations_extraterrestres"><span id="Pr.C3.A9cipitations_extraterrestres"></span>Précipitations extraterrestres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipitations&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Précipitations extraterrestres" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Lidar_Fall_Streaks.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Lidar_Fall_Streaks.jpg/220px-Lidar_Fall_Streaks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Lidar_Fall_Streaks.jpg/220px-Lidar_Fall_Streaks.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Lidar_Fall_Streaks.jpg/330px-Lidar_Fall_Streaks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Lidar_Fall_Streaks.jpg/440px-Lidar_Fall_Streaks.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Virga de cristaux de glace sur Mars notée par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lidar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lidar">lidar</a> de la sonde Phoenix </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Mars">Mars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipitations&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Mars" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atmosph%C3%A8re_de_Mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atmosphère de Mars">atmosphère de Mars</a> est très ténue, en majorité composée de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dioxyde_de_carbone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dioxyde de carbone">dioxyde de carbone</a> (95 %), de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diazote?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diazote">diazote</a> (3 %) et d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Argon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Argon">argon</a> (1,6 %), et contient des traces de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dioxyg%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dioxygène">dioxygène</a>, d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eau">eau</a>, et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9thane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Méthane">méthane</a>. Il existe des nuages d'eau et de dioxyde de carbone dont l'aspect est très proche de celui des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cirrus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cirrus">cirrus</a>. Certains nuages sont si fins qu'ils ne peuvent être aperçus que lorsqu'ils reflètent la lumière du Soleil dans l'obscurité. En ce sens, ils sont proches des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuage_noctulescent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuage noctulescent">nuages noctulescents</a> de la Terre. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phoenix_(sonde_spatiale)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phoenix (sonde spatiale)">sonde Phoenix</a> a noté des cristaux de glace tombant de ces nuages à 4 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr> d'altitude et se sublimant en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virga">virga</a> au-dessus de 2,5 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-NASA_27-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NASA-27"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>27<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Vénus"><span id="V.C3.A9nus"></span>Vénus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipitations&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Vénus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Dans l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atmosph%C3%A8re_de_V%C3%A9nus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Nuages" title="Atmosphère de Vénus">atmosphère de Vénus</a>, les pluies d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acide_sulfurique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acide sulfurique">acide sulfurique</a> (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) sont fréquentes mais n'atteignent jamais le sol (température de <span title="878 °F ou 743,2 K" style="cursor:help">470</span> <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>). Elles s'évaporent à cause de la chaleur avant d'atteindre la surface en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virga">virga</a><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_29-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BBC-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'acide sulfurique s'évapore vers <span title="572 °F ou 573,2 K" style="cursor:help">300</span> <abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> et se décompose en eau et en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dioxyde_de_soufre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dioxyde de soufre">dioxyde de soufre</a>. Depuis la couche nuageuse, entre 48 et 58 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr> d'altitude, ces gouttes d'acide rencontrent des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temp%C3%A9rature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Température">températures</a> telles qu'elles finissent par s'évaporer arrivées à environ 30 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr> d'altitude, retournant ensuite vers les nuages.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Titan">Titan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipitations&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Titan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Sur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atmosph%C3%A8re_de_Titan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Conditions_climatiques" title="Atmosphère de Titan">Titan</a>, le satellite de Saturne, c'est le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9thane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Méthane">méthane</a> qui subit un cycle similaire à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cycle_de_l%27eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cycle de l'eau">celui de l'eau sur Terre</a>. Celui-ci, à la température moyenne de Titan, se trouve à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tat_gazeux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="État gazeux">état gazeux</a>, mais l'atmosphère de Titan est détruite progressivement dans l'atmosphère supérieure. Les composés plus complexes du carbone, formés à partir du méthane, sont liquides à ces températures. Ces composés retombent sous la forme de pluies et forment des lacs de quelques mètres de profondeur, qui peuvent être couverts par des blocs de glace d'ammoniac.</p> <p>Les lacs s'évaporent mais aucun processus chimique ou physique (dans les conditions présentes sur Titan) n'autorise la retransformation de ces composés en méthane. La majeure partie du méthane doit donc être originaire de la surface ou des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cryovolcan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cryovolcan">cryovolcans</a> qui l'acheminent vers l'atmosphère où il se condense à nouveau et retombe sous la forme de pluies de méthane, en complétant le cycle. Ceci signifie qu'il doit y avoir un renouvellement du méthane dans l'atmosphère<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>30<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Le pôle Nord connaît beaucoup de précipitations - probablement de méthane ou d'éthane - en hiver. Lors du changement de saison, le sud connaît à son tour ces pluies. Ces pluies alimentent des lacs ou des mers de méthane ou d'éthane liquide au pôle.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Autres_planètes_et_satellites"><span id="Autres_plan.C3.A8tes_et_satellites"></span>Autres planètes et satellites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipitations&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Autres planètes et satellites" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>Il est possible en théorie de rencontrer de la virga d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ammoniac?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ammoniac">ammoniac</a> ou de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9thane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Méthane">méthane</a> sur les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9ante_gazeuse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Géante gazeuse">géantes gazeuses</a> comme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jupiter_(plan%C3%A8te)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jupiter (planète)">Jupiter</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neptune_(plan%C3%A8te)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neptune (planète)">Neptune</a>.</li> <li>Sur les planètes gazeuses, il pourrait exister des précipitations de diamant liquide dans certaines couches gazeuses de l'intérieur de la planète. Des scientifiques, dont le Kevin Baines du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> et de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_du_Wisconsin_%C3%A0_Madison?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Université du Wisconsin à Madison">université du Wisconsin à Madison</a>, ont émis cette hypothèse. De puissants éclairs frapperaient ainsi le méthane présent dans l'atmosphère et le transformeraient en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suie">suie</a>. Cette dernière tomberait sous l'effet de la gravité et se transformerait par paliers en morceaux de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Graphite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Graphite">graphite</a>, puis en diamants, sous l'effet de l'accroissement de la pression et de la température. Cette hypothèse ne fait pas l'unanimité et elle est difficile à prouver <i>in situ</i><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>31<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>Sur des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plan%C3%A8te_tellurique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Planète tellurique">planètes telluriques</a> surchauffées, il pourrait y avoir des pluies de roche ou de métal.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipitations&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/academie9/pr%25C3%25A9cipitation"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Précipitation</cite></a> », <span class="italique">Dictionnaire de l'Académie française, <abbr class="abbr" title="Neuvième">9<sup>e</sup></abbr> édition</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-08-01" data-sort-value="2017-08-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> août 2017</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-MF-Prec-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-MF-Prec_2-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-MF-Prec_2-1">b</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-MF-Prec_2-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227153329/http://www.meteofrance.fr/publications/glossaire?articleId%3D153276">Précipitation</a> »</span>, <i>Glossaire météorologique</i>, sur <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o-France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Météo-France">Météo-France</a></i> <small>(version du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-02-27" data-sort-value="2020-02-27">27 février 2020</time> sur <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_Archive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>)</small>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031131952/http://gdt.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/ficheOqlf.aspx?Id_Fiche%3D8489271"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Précipitations</cite></a> », <span class="italique">Grand dictionnaire</span>, sur <span class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Office_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Office québécois de la langue française">Office québécois de la langue française</a></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-10-30" data-sort-value="2014-10-30">30 octobre 2014</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/Pr%25C3%25A9cipitations"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Précipitations</cite></a> », <span class="italique">Lexicographie</span>, sur <span class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centre_national_de_ressources_textuelles_et_lexicales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales">Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales</a></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-10-30" data-sort-value="2014-10-30">30 octobre 2014</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-OMM-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-OMM_5-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-OMM_5-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_m%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologique_mondiale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation météorologique mondiale">Organisation météorologique mondiale</a>, <span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165408/http://www.eumetcal.org/euromet/glossary/precipi2.htm">Précipitation</a> »</span>, <i>Glossaire météorologique</i>, sur <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eumetcal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eumetcal">Eumetcal</a></i> <small>(version du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-03-03" data-sort-value="2016-03-03">3 mars 2016</time> sur <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_Archive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>)</small>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.meteo.be/fr/infos/dico-meteo/pluie"><cite style="font-style:normal;">IRM - Pluie</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">KMI</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-06-26" data-sort-value="2020-06-26">26 juin 2020</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.meteofrance.fr/publications/glossaire/152198-hauteur-de-precipitation"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Glossaire - hauteur de précipitation</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">meteofrance.fr</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-06-26" data-sort-value="2020-06-26">26 juin 2020</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Grosclaude1999"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gérard_Grosclaude1999">Gérard Grosclaude, <cite class="italique">L'eau. Tome 1. Milieu naturel et maîtrise</cite>, Quæ, <time>1999</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 81<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27eau.+Tome+1.+Milieu+naturel+et+ma%C3%AEtrise&rft.pub=Qu%C3%A6&rft.aulast=Grosclaude&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rft.date=1999&rft.pages=81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APr%C3%A9cipitations"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-MF-1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-MF-1_9-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-MF-1_9-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325150913/http://www.meteofrance.fr/publications/glossaire?articleId%3D149971">Condensation</a> »</span>, <i>Glossaire</i>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o-France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Météo-France">Météo-France</a> <small>(version du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-03-25" data-sort-value="2020-03-25">25 mars 2020</time> sur <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_Archive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>)</small>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-MF-2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-MF-2_10-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-MF-2_10-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124102124/http://www.meteofrance.fr/publications/glossaire?articleId%3D149949">Coalescence</a> »</span>, <i>Glossaire</i>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o-France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Météo-France">Météo-France</a> <small>(version du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-01-24" data-sort-value="2019-01-24">24 janvier 2019</time> sur <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_Archive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>)</small>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-MF-3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-MF-3_11-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.meteofrance.fr/publications/glossaire?articleId%3D149575"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Effet Bergeron</cite></a> », <span class="italique">Comprendre la météo</span>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o-France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Météo-France">Météo-France</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-07-30" data-sort-value="2014-07-30">30 juillet 2014</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.aviationweather.ws/029_Precipitation.php"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Precipitation</cite></a> » <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-06-18" data-sort-value="2014-06-18">18 juin 2014</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Aviation_Administration1975"><span class="ouvrage" id="Federal_Aviation_Administration1975"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Aviation Weather For Pilots and Flight Operations Personnel</cite>, <time>1975</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/AC%252000-6A%2520Chap%25204-6.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 43<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aviation+Weather+For+Pilots+and+Flight+Operations+Personnel&rft.au=Federal+Aviation+Administration&rft.date=1975&rft.pages=43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APr%C3%A9cipitations"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="CottonAnthes1989"><span class="ouvrage" id="William_CottonRichard_Anthes1989"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> William Cotton et Richard Anthes, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Storm and Cloud Dynamics</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 44, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Academic_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « International geophysics series », <time>1989</time>, 880 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-12-192530-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-12-192530-7"><span class="nowrap">0-12-192530-7</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 5<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storm+and+Cloud+Dynamics&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.aulast=Cotton&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Richard+Anthes&rft.date=1989&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=5&rft.tpages=880&rft.isbn=0-12-192530-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APr%C3%A9cipitations"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="météorologique_mondiale"><span class="ouvrage" id="Organisation_météorologique_mondiale"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_m%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologique_mondiale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation météorologique mondiale">Organisation météorologique mondiale</a>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.eumetcal.org/euromet/glossary/accumul2.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Accumulation</cite></a> », <span class="italique">Glossaire de la météorologie</span>, sur <span class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eumetcal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eumetcal">Eumetcal</a></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-10-17" data-sort-value="2013-10-17">17 octobre 2013</time>)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2023"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/207457/are-there-any-ways-to-move-rainfall-in-the-oceans-to-land"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Are there any ways to move rainfall in the oceans to land?</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">worldbuilding.stackexchange.com</span>, <time>2023</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-06-14" data-sort-value="2023-06-14">14 juin 2023</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kennedy2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Caitlyn_Kennedy2013"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Caitlyn Kennedy, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/featured-images/ocean-saltiness-provides-clues-precipitation-patterns"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Ocean Saltiness Provides Clues to Precipitation Patterns</cite></a> », NOAA, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-08-28" data-sort-value="2013-08-28">28 août 2013</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-06-14" data-sort-value="2023-06-14">14 juin 2023</time>)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="ZhangZwiersHegerlLambert2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="X._ZhangF._W._ZwiersG._C._HegerlF._H._Lambert2007"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> X. <span class="nom_auteur">Zhang</span>, F. W. <span class="nom_auteur">Zwiers</span>, G. C. <span class="nom_auteur">Hegerl</span>, F. H. <span class="nom_auteur">Lambert</span> et N. P. <span class="nom_auteur">Gillett</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Detection of human influence on 20th century precipitation trends</cite> », <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nature_(revue)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nature (revue)"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Nature</span></a></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 448,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-07" data-sort-value="2007-07">juillet 2007</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">461–465</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06025">10.1038/nature06025</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Detection+of+human+influence+on+20th+century+precipitation+trends&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=X.&rft.au=Zwiers%2C+F.+W.&rft.au=Hegerl%2C+G.+C.&rft.au=Lambert%2C+F.+H.&rft.au=Gillett%2C+N.+P.&rft.date=2007-07&rft.volume=448&rft.pages=461%E2%80%93465&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature06025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APr%C3%A9cipitations"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-UQAM-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-UQAM_19-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><cite class="italique">Les précipitations</cite>, Université du Québec à Montréal, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Météorologie générale » <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://pascal.sca.uqam.ca/~sca2626/Presentations/06-Precipitation51.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="chapitre(s)">chap.</abbr> 6<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+pr%C3%A9cipitations&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+%C3%A0+Montr%C3%A9al&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APr%C3%A9cipitations"></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-AMS-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-AMS_20-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Seeder-feeder"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Seeder–feeder</cite></a> », <span class="italique">Meteorology Glossary</span>, sur <span class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Meteorological_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Meteorological Society">American Meteorological Society</a></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-09-02" data-sort-value="2013-09-02">2 septembre 2013</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Geerts"><span class="ouvrage" id="B._Geerts"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> B. Geerts, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www-das.uwyo.edu/~geerts/cwx/notes/chap10/oro_rain.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Precipitation and orography</cite></a> », <span class="italique">Notes de cours</span>, sur <span class="italique">Université du Wyoming</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-09-02" data-sort-value="2013-09-02">2 septembre 2013</time>)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Kirkby, J. et al. Nature <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature17953">https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature17953</a> (2016).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Tröstl, J. et al. Nature <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v533/n7604/full/nature18271.html"><i>The role of low-volatility organic compounds in initial particle growth in the atmosphere</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature18271">https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature18271</a> (2016).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Bianchi, F. et al. (2016) <i>New particle formation in the free troposphere: A question of chemistry and timing </i> Science 352, 1109–1112 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/352/6289/1109">résumé</a>).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Davide Castelvecchi (2016) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nature.com/news/cloud-seeding-surprise-could-improve-climate-predictions-1.19971">Cloud-seeding surprise could improve climate predictions A molecule made by trees can seed clouds, suggesting that pre-industrial skies were less sunny than thought</a></i>. 25 Mao 2016</span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.attech.ru/increase_e.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Precipitation enhencement</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">Agence des technologies atmosphériques russe</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-09-01" data-sort-value="2013-09-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> septembre 2013</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-NASA_27-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lakdawalla2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Emily_Lakdawalla2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emily_Lakdawalla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emily Lakdawalla">Emily Lakdawalla</a>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2008/1666.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Phoenix Update, Sol 123: Press briefing with carbonates, clays, and snow!</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">The Planetary Society</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-09" data-sort-value="2008-09">septembre 2008</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-08-31" data-sort-value="2013-08-31">31 août 2013</time>)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080929.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">NASA Mars Lander Sees Falling Snow, Soil Data Suggest Liquid Past</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">NASA</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-09-29" data-sort-value="2008-09-29">29 septembre 2008</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-08-31" data-sort-value="2013-08-31">31 août 2013</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BBC_29-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rincon"><span class="ouvrage" id="Paul_Rincon"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Paul Rincon, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4335628.stm"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Planet Venus: Earth's 'evil twin'</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">BBC</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-07-27" data-sort-value="2014-07-27">27 juillet 2014</time>)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2005"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Results_from_Mars_Express_and_Huygens/SEMK1TULWFE_0.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Results from Mars Express and Huygens</cite></a> », <span class="italique">ESA-News</span>, sur <span class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agence_spatiale_europ%C3%A9enne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agence spatiale européenne">Agence spatiale européenne</a></span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2005-11-30" data-sort-value="2005-11-30">30 novembre 2005</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-07-27" data-sort-value="2014-07-27">27 juillet 2014</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Namias2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="David_Namias2013">David <span class="nom_auteur">Namias</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Science: de possibles "pluies de diamants" sur Saturne et Jupiter</cite> », <i>BFMTV</i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-10-15" data-sort-value="2013-10-15">15 octobre 2013</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.bfmtv.com/planete/science-possibles-pluies-diamants-saturne-jupiter-623980.html">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-07-28" data-sort-value="2014-07-28">28 juillet 2014</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Science%3A+de+possibles+%22pluies+de+diamants%22+sur+Saturne+et+Jupiter&rft.jtitle=BFMTV&rft.aulast=Namias&rft.aufirst=David&rft.date=2013-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfmtv.com%2Fplanete%2Fscience-possibles-pluies-diamants-saturne-jupiter-623980.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APr%C3%A9cipitations"></span></span></span>.</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipitations&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipitations&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>Byers H.R (1965) <i>Elements of Cloud Physics</i>. University of Chicago Press, 191 pp.</li> <li>Chan C.H & Perkins L.H (1989) Monitoring of trace organic contaminants in atmospheric precipitation. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 15(3), 465-475 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0380133089715021">résumé</a>).</li> <li>Czys R <i>& al.</i> (1996) <i>A physically based, nondimensional parameter for discriminating between locations of freezing rain and ice pellets</i>. Wea. Forecasting 11 591-598.</li> <li>Houghton D.D. (1985) <i>Handbook of Applied Meteorology</i>. Wiley Press, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York">New York</a>.</li> <li>Penn S (1957) <i>The prediction of snow versus rain</i>. Forecasting Guide No. 2, U.S. Weather Bureau, 29 pp.</li> <li>Rauber, R.M. <i>& al.</i> (2001) « A Synoptic Weather Pattern and Sounding-Based Climatology of Freezing Precipitation in the United States East of the Rocky Mountains ». <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Journal_of_Applied_Meteorology_and_Climatology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology">Journal of Applied Meteorology</a></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 40, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 10, <span class="nowrap"><abbr class="abbr" title="pages">pp.</abbr> 1724–1747</span></li> <li>Rogers R.R & M.K Yau (1989) <i>A Short Course in Cloud Physics</i>. <abbr class="abbr" title="Third" lang="en">3rd</abbr> Ed., Pergammon Press.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipitations&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyclog%C3%A9n%C3%A8se?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyclogénèse">Cyclogénèse</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Front_(m%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Front (météorologie)">Front (météorologie)</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masse_d%27air?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masse d'air">Masse d'air</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blocage_d%27air_froid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blocage d'air froid">Blocage d'air froid</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modification_du_temps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modification du temps">Modification du temps</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canon_anti-gr%C3%AAle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canon anti-grêle">canon anti-grêle</a> : pour tenter de perturber la formation de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gr%C3%AAle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grêle">grêle</a> au moyen d'ondes de choc ;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ensemencement_des_nuages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ensemencement des nuages">Ensemencement des nuages</a> : en injectant des noyaux de condensation pour favoriser la production de gouttelettes.</li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sipho%C3%AFde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siphoïde">Siphoïde</a> : système d'évacuation des eaux pluviales</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9vision_quantitative_de_pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prévision quantitative de précipitations">Prévision quantitative de précipitations</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simulation_de_pluie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simulation de pluie">Simulation de pluie</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Interception_des_pr%C3%A9cipitations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Interception des précipitations">Interception des précipitations</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipitations&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style> <div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Precipitation_(weather)?uselang%3Dfr">Précipitations</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li> </ul> </div> <ul> <li><span class="ouvrage"><cite class="italique">Les précipitations</cite>, Université du Québec à Montréal, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Météorologie générale » <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407070919/http://pascal.sca.uqam.ca/~sca2626/Presentations/06-Precipitation52.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="chapitre(s)">chap.</abbr> 6<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+pr%C3%A9cipitations&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+%C3%A0+Montr%C3%A9al&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APr%C3%A9cipitations"></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Baumgardt1999"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dan_Baumgardt1999"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Dan Baumgardt, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/arx/micrope.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Wintertime cloud microphysics review</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Weather_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a>, bureau de La Crosse</span>, <a 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href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9cipitations&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Pierre cb" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1730728830"> <span>Dernière modification le 4 novembre 2024, à 15:00</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Langues</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neerslag" title="Neerslag – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Neerslag" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2587%25D8%25B7%25D9%2588%25D9%2584" title="هطول – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هطول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitaci%25C3%25B3n_(meteorolox%25C3%25ADa)" title="Precipitación (meteoroloxía) – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Precipitación (meteoroloxía)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfer_ya%25C4%259F%25C4%25B1nt%25C4%25B1lar%25C4%25B1" title="Atmosfer yağıntıları – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Atmosfer yağıntıları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%25C4%2597tol%25C4%2593" title="Krėtolē – samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Krėtolē" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presipitasyon" title="Presipitasyon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Presipitasyon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2582%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2584%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B%25D1%258F_%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BA%25D1%2596" title="Атмасферныя ападкі – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Атмасферныя ападкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2582%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2584%25D1%258D%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B%25D1%258F_%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BA%25D1%2596" title="Атмасфэрныя ападкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Атмасфэрныя ападкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B6" title="Валеж – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Валеж" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%259C%25E1%2580%25B1%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%25B7%25E1%2580%259C%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25EA%25A9%25BB" title="လော့လင်ꩻ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="လော့လင်ꩻ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A4" title="বারিপাত – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বারিপাত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padavina" title="Padavina – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Padavina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitaci%25C3%25B3_atmosf%25C3%25A8rica" title="Precipitació atmosfèrica – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Precipitació atmosfèrica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D9%2586" title="بارین – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بارین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sr%25C3%25A1%25C5%25BEky" title="Srážky – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Srážky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2582%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2584%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0_%25C3%25A7%25C4%2583%25D0%25B2%25C4%2583%25D0%25BC%25C4%2595" title="Атмосфера çăвăмĕ – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Атмосфера çăвăмĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyodiad" title="Dyodiad – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dyodiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedb%25C3%25B8r" title="Nedbør – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nedbør" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederschlag" title="Niederschlag – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Niederschlag" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A5%25CE%25B5%25CF%2584%25CF%258C%25CF%2582" title="Υετός – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υετός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bon article"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Precipitation" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipita%25C4%25B5o" title="Precipitaĵo – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Precipitaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitaci%25C3%25B3n_(meteorolog%25C3%25ADa)" title="Precipitación (meteorología) – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Precipitación (meteorología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sademed" title="Sademed – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sademed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezipitazio_(meteorologia)" title="Prezipitazio (meteorologia) – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Prezipitazio (meteorologia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B4" title="بارش – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بارش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadanta" title="Sadanta – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sadanta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delslach" title="Delslach – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Delslach" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frasa%25C3%25ADocht" title="Frasaíocht – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Frasaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%2599%258D%25E6%25B0%25B4" title="降水 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="降水" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sileadh" title="Sileadh – gaélique écossais" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sileadh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélique écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitaci%25C3%25B3n_(meteorolox%25C3%25ADa)" title="Precipitación (meteoroloxía) – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Precipitación (meteoroloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_yv%25C3%25A1gagui_ho%2527%25C3%25A1va" title="Y yvágagui ho'áva – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Y yvágagui ho'áva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frassaghey" title="Frassaghey – mannois" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Frassaghey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%259E%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A7%25D7%25A2%25D7%2599%25D7%259D_%25D7%2590%25D7%2598%25D7%259E%25D7%2595%25D7%25A1%25D7%25A4%25D7%2599%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%259D" title="משקעים אטמוספיריים – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משקעים אטמוספיריים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25A3" title="वर्षण – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वर्षण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oborina" title="Oborina – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oborina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csapad%25C3%25A9k" title="Csapadék – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csapadék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2584%25D5%25A9%25D5%25B6%25D5%25B8%25D5%25AC%25D5%25B8%25D6%2580%25D5%25BF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B5%25D5%25AB%25D5%25B6_%25D5%25BF%25D5%25A5%25D5%25B2%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B4%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580" title="Մթնոլորտային տեղումներ – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մթնոլորտային տեղումներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presipitasi_(meteorologi)" title="Presipitasi (meteorologi) – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Presipitasi (meteorologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmiri_ozuzo" title="Mmiri ozuzo – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mmiri ozuzo" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluvo-quanto" title="Pluvo-quanto – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pluvo-quanto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%259Arkoma" title="Úrkoma – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Úrkoma" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitazione_(meteorologia)" title="Precipitazione (meteorologia) – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Precipitazione (meteorologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%2599%258D%25E6%25B0%25B4" title="降水 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="降水" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%25A4%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2598_%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A5%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2598" title="ატმოსფერული ნალექები – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ატმოსფერული ნალექები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeqziq" title="Azeqziq – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Azeqziq" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2582%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2584%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B%25D2%259B_%25D0%25B6%25D0%25B0%25D1%2583%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD-%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0%25D1%2588%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD" title="Атмосфералық жауын-шашын – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Атмосфералық жауын-шашын" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25B0%2595%25EC%2588%2598" title="강수 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="강수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixte" title="Nixte – kurde" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nixte" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodhans" title="Kodhans – cornique" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kodhans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2596%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD-%25D1%2587%25D0%25B0%25D1%2587%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD" title="Жаан-чачын – kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жаан-чачын" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praecipitatio" title="Praecipitatio – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Praecipitatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presipita" title="Presipita – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Presipita" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitazion" title="Precipitazion – lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Precipitazion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krituliai" title="Krituliai – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Krituliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krytuli" title="Krytuli – latgalien" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Krytuli" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="latgalien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokri%25C5%25A1%25C5%2586i" title="Nokrišņi – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nokrišņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2582%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2584%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5" title="Атмосфернай осадкатне – mokcha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Атмосфернай осадкатне" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25AE%25D0%25B6%25D0%25B2%25D3%25B1%25D0%25B4" title="Южвӱд – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Южвӱд" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B6%25D0%25B8" title="Врнежи – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Врнежи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2583%25D1%2580_%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581" title="Хур тунадас – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хур тунадас" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B5_(%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0)" title="वर्षाव (वायुचक्रशास्त्र) – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वर्षाव (वायुचक्रशास्त्र)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerpasan" title="Kerpasan – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerpasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%25BD%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2580%25E1%2580%25BB%25E1%2580%2581%25E1%2580%25BC%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B8" title="ရွာကျခြင်း – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရွာကျခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%258C_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%2582%25D1%258C" title="Вердень прыть – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Вердень прыть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedderslag" title="Nedderslag – bas-allemand" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nedderslag" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bas-allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neerslag" title="Neerslag – bas-saxon néerlandais" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Neerslag" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="bas-saxon néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neerslag_(atmosfeer)" title="Neerslag (atmosfeer) – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Neerslag (atmosfeer)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedb%25C3%25B8r" title="Nedbør – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nedbør" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedb%25C3%25B8r" title="Nedbør – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nedbør" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitacion_(meteorologia)" title="Precipitacion (meteorologia) – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Precipitacion (meteorologia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AC%25AC%25E0%25AC%25B0%25E0%25AD%258D%25E0%25AC%25B7%25E0%25AC%25A3" title="ବର୍ଷଣ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବର୍ଷଣ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opad_atmosferyczny" title="Opad atmosferyczny – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Opad atmosferyczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25DA%259A%25D8%25AA" title="اورښت – pachto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اورښت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pachto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipita%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o_(meteorologia)" title="Precipitação (meteorologia) – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Precipitação (meteorologia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urmamuq_yakukuna" title="Urmamuq yakukuna – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Urmamuq yakukuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipita%25C8%259Bie_(meteorologie)" title="Precipitație (meteorologie) – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Precipitație (meteorologie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2582%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2584%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8" title="Атмосферные осадки – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Атмосферные осадки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B4%25D1%2583%25D1%2588%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B_%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D1%258B" title="Воздушны опады – ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Воздушны опады" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25B1%25A1%25E1%25B1%259F%25E1%25B1%25B9%25E1%25B1%25B2%25E1%25B1%25A4" title="ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padavine" title="Padavine – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Padavine" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Precipitation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zr%25C3%25A1%25C5%25BEky" title="Zrážky – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zrážky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padavine" title="Padavine – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Padavine" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reshja" title="Reshja – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Reshja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5" title="Падавине – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Падавине" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederb%25C3%25B6rd" title="Nederbörd – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nederbörd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usimbishaji" title="Usimbishaji – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Usimbishaji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%258A%25E0%25AE%25B4%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AF%2581_(%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AF%2588%25E0%25AE%25AF%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25AF%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AF%258D)" title="பொழிவு (வானிலையியல்) – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொழிவு (வானிலையியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2588" title="Бориш – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бориш" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25AB%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B9%2589%25E0%25B8%25B3%25E0%25B8%259F%25E0%25B9%2589%25E0%25B8%25B2" title="หยาดน้ำฟ้า – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หยาดน้ำฟ้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%25C4%259F%25C4%25B1%25C5%259F" title="Yağış – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yağış" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2582%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2584%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596_%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8" title="Атмосферні опади – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Атмосферні опади" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25DA%25AF%25DB%258C" title="بارندگی – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بارندگی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera_yog%25CA%25BBinlari" title="Atmosfera yogʻinlari – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Atmosfera yogʻinlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%25C3%25A1ng_th%25E1%25BB%25A7y" title="Giáng thủy – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giáng thủy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%2599%258D%25E6%25B0%25B4" title="降水 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="降水" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%25A4%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2598_%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A5%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A4%25E1%2583%2598" title="ატმოსფერული ნოლექეფი – mingrélien" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ატმოსფერული ნოლექეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrélien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%2599%258D%25E6%25B0%25B4" title="降水 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="降水" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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