CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Latin America - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"836369e2-0680-43b5-8107-295d94e45257","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Latin_America","wgTitle":"Latin America","wgCurRevisionId":1276152692,"wgRevisionId":1276152692,"wgArticleId":18524,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Articles containing Spanish-language text","Webarchive template other archives","CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)","CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from July 2022","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from November 2024", "Pages with too many statistics","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022","Articles needing additional references from April 2022","All articles needing additional references","Articles with excerpts","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from November 2021","Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2022","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2022","Articles needing cleanup from April 2022","All pages needing cleanup","Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from April 2022","Webarchive template archiveis links","Latin America","Country classifications"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Latin_America","wgRelevantArticleId":18524,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit": [],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":300000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q12585","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/1200px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/800px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/640px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Latin America - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Latin_America rootpage-Latin_America skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Latin+America" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Latin+America" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Latin+America" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Latin+America" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology and definitions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Etymology_and_definitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Etymology and definitions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Contemporary definitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subregions_and_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subregions_and_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Subregions and countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subregions_and_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-After_2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 After 2000 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inequality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inequality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Inequality </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Inequality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Inequality subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Inequality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standard_of_living" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_of_living"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Standard of living </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_of_living-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Life_expectancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_expectancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Life expectancy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_expectancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Largest cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race_and_ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Race and ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Migration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime_and_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime_and_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Crime and violence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime_and_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Public health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9.1 Water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproductive_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproductive_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9.2 Reproductive rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproductive_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HIV/AIDS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HIV/AIDS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9.3 HIV/AIDS </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HIV/AIDS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Size </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining_and_petroleum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining_and_petroleum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Mining and petroleum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining_and_petroleum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Manufacturing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.1 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.2 Other countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_blocs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_blocs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Trade blocs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Trade_blocs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Trade blocs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Trade_blocs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Music and dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Heritage_Sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Heritage_Sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 World Heritage Sites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Heritage_Sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Latin America</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 147 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-147" aria-hidden="true" > 147 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latyns-Amerika" title="Latyns-Amerika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Latyns-Amerika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8B%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%9C%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AB" title="ላቲን አሜሪካ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ላቲን አሜሪካ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="लैटिन अमरीका – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="लैटिन अमरीका" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أمريكا اللاتينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أمريكا اللاتينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Latina" title="America Latina – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="America Latina" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A1%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%A9%DC%90_%DC%A0%DC%90%DC%9B%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܐܡܪܝܩܐ ܠܐܛܝܢܝܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܡܪܝܩܐ ܠܐܛܝܢܝܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A8rica_latina" title="Amèrica latina – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Amèrica latina" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_Llatina" title="América Llatina – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="América Llatina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rika_Lat%C3%ADna" title="Amérika Latína – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Amérika Latína" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C4%B1n_Amerikas%C4%B1" title="Latın Amerikası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Latın Amerikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="لاتین آمریکا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لاتین آمریکا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_Amerika" title="Latino Amerika – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Latino Amerika" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="লাতিন আমেরিকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লাতিন আমেরিকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_B%C3%AD-chiu" title="Latin Bí-chiu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Latin Bí-chiu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Латин Америкаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Латин Америкаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лацінская Амерыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лацінская Амерыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лацінская Амэрыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лацінская Амэрыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Латинска Америка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Латинска Америка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateinamerika" title="Lateinamerika – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Lateinamerika" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinska_Amerika" title="Latinska Amerika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Latinska Amerika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Latin" title="Amerika Latin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Amerika Latin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A8rica_Llatina" title="Amèrica Llatina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Amèrica Llatina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Латинла Америка – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Латинла Америка" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikang_Latino" title="Amerikang Latino – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Amerikang Latino" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinsk%C3%A1_Amerika" title="Latinská Amerika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Latinská Amerika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Ladin" title="America Ladin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="America Ladin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinamerika" title="Latinamerika – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Latinamerika" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateinamerika" title="Lateinamerika – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lateinamerika" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="ल्याटिन अमेरिका – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="ल्याटिन अमेरिका" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladina-Ameerika" title="Ladina-Ameerika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ladina-Ameerika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Λατινική Αμερική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λατινική Αμερική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_Latina" title="América Latina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="América Latina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinameriko" title="Latinameriko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Latinameriko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_Latina" title="América Latina – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="América Latina" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinoamerika" title="Latinoamerika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Latinoamerika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آمریکای لاتین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آمریکای لاتین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Latin America" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%ADnamerika" title="Latínamerika – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Latínamerika" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rique_latine" title="Amérique latine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amérique latine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latynsk-Amearika" title="Latynsk-Amearika – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Latynsk-Amearika" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meirice%C3%A1_Laidineach" title="Meiriceá Laidineach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Meiriceá Laidineach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Ladjynagh" title="America Ladjynagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="America Ladjynagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimearaga-Laideannach" title="Aimearaga-Laideannach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Aimearaga-Laideannach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_Latina" title="América Latina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="América Latina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="拉丁美洲 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="拉丁美洲" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%ED%8B%B4%EC%95%84%EB%A9%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4" title="라틴아메리카 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라틴아메리카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Լատինական Ամերիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լատինական Ամերիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="लातिनी अमरीका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लातिनी अमरीका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinska_Amerika" title="Latinska Amerika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Latinska Amerika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin-Amerika" title="Latin-Amerika – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Latin-Amerika" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_nga_Amerika" title="Latin nga Amerika – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Latin nga Amerika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Latin" title="Amerika Latin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Amerika Latin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_latin" title="America latin – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="America latin" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Латинаг Америкæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Латинаг Америкæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilatin_America" title="Ilatin America – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ilatin America" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3manska_Amer%C3%ADka" title="Rómanska Ameríka – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rómanska Ameríka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Latina" title="America Latina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="America Latina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אמריקה הלטינית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמריקה הלטינית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rika_Latin" title="Amérika Latin – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Amérika Latin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95" title="ಲ್ಯಾಟಿನ್ ಅಮೇರಿಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲ್ಯಾಟಿನ್ ಅಮೇರಿಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ლათინური ამერიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლათინური ამერიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Латын Америкасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Латын Америкасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Latin" title="Amerika Latin – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Amerika Latin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_ya_Kilatini" title="Amerika ya Kilatini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Amerika ya Kilatini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanm%C3%A9rik_laten" title="Lanmérik laten – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lanmérik laten" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amer%C3%AEkaya_Lat%C3%AEn%C3%AE" title="Amerîkaya Latînî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Amerîkaya Latînî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Латын Америкасы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Латын Америкасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Latina" title="Amerika Latina – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Amerika Latina" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99" title="ອາເມລິກາລາຕິນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອາເມລິກາລາຕິນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Latina" title="America Latina – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="America Latina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C4%AB%C5%86amerika" title="Latīņamerika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Latīņamerika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%A4inamerika" title="Latäinamerika – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Latäinamerika" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotyn%C5%B3_Amerika" title="Lotynų Amerika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lotynų Amerika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latiens_Amerika" title="Latiens Amerika – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Latiens Amerika" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_latina" title="America latina – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="America latina" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/la%27ortu%27a" title="la'ortu'a – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="la'ortu'a" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin-Amerika" title="Latin-Amerika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Latin-Amerika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="ल्याटिन अमेरिका – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ल्याटिन अमेरिका" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Латинска Америка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Латинска Америка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Latina" title="Amerika Latina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Amerika Latina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95" title="ലാറ്റിൻ അമേരിക്ക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലാറ്റിൻ അമേരിക്ക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="लॅटिन अमेरिका – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लॅटिन अमेरिका" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ლათინური ამერიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლათინური ამერიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="امريكا اللاتينيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="امريكا اللاتينيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="لاتین آمریکا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لاتین آمریکا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Latin" title="Amerika Latin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Amerika Latin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_Latina" title="América Latina – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="América Latina" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Латин Америк – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Латин Америк" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80" title="လက်တင်အမေရိက – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လက်တင်အမေရိက" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latijns-Amerika" title="Latijns-Amerika – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Latijns-Amerika" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="ल्याटिन अमेरिका – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ल्याटिन अमेरिका" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="लातिन अमेरिका – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लातिन अमेरिका" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB" title="ラテンアメリカ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラテンアメリカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Латинан Америка – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Латинан Америка" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leten_Merika" title="Leten Merika – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Leten Merika" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin-Amerika" title="Latin-Amerika – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Latin-Amerika" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin-Amerika" title="Latin-Amerika – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Latin-Amerika" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Latina" title="America Latina – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="America Latina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotin_amerikasi" title="Lotin amerikasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lotin amerikasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਲਾਤੀਨੀ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਾਤੀਨੀ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="لاطینی امریکا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لاطینی امریکا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="لاتينه امريکا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لاتينه امريکا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latn_Amoerka" title="Latn Amoerka – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Latn Amoerka" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_Latin-a" title="América Latin-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="América Latin-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameryka_%C5%81aci%C5%84ska" title="Ameryka Łacińska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ameryka Łacińska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CE%BD_%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Λατινικήν Αμέρικα – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Λατινικήν Αμέρικα" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_Latina" title="América Latina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="América Latina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C4%B1n_Amerika" title="Latın Amerika – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Latın Amerika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Latin%C4%83" title="America Latină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="America Latină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Латинска Америка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Латинска Америка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Латинская Америка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Латинская Америка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A8rica_Latina" title="Amèrica Latina – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Amèrica Latina" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laitin_Americae" title="Laitin Americae – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Laitin Americae" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latienamerikoa" title="Latienamerikoa – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Latienamerikoa" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Latine" title="Amerika Latine – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Amerika Latine" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A8rica_latina" title="Amèrica latina – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Amèrica latina" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Latin America" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinsk%C3%A1_Amerika" title="Latinská Amerika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Latinská Amerika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinska_Amerika" title="Latinska Amerika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Latinska Amerika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81aci%C5%84sk%C5%8F_Ameryka" title="Łacińskŏ Ameryka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Łacińskŏ Ameryka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ئەمریکای لاتینی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەمریکای لاتینی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Латинска Америка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Латинска Америка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinska_Amerika" title="Latinska Amerika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Latinska Amerika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinalainen_Amerikka" title="Latinalainen Amerikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Latinalainen Amerikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinamerika" title="Latinamerika – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Latinamerika" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikang_Latino" title="Amerikang Latino – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Amerikang Latino" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="இலத்தீன் அமெரிக்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலத்தீன் அமெரிக்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamrikt_talatint" title="Tamrikt talatint – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamrikt talatint" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Латин Америкасы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Латин Америкасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="ลาตินอเมริกา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลาตินอเมริกา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Амрикои Лотинӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Амрикои Лотинӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Amerika" title="Latin Amerika – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Latin Amerika" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latyn_Amerikasy" title="Latyn Amerikasy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Latyn Amerikasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Латинська Америка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Латинська Америка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="لاطینی امریکا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لاطینی امریکا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A8rica_latina" title="Amèrica latina – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Amèrica latina" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_Latinh" title="Mỹ Latinh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mỹ Latinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladina-Ameeriga" title="Ladina-Ameeriga – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ladina-Ameeriga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Latina" title="Amerika Latina – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Amerika Latina" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="拉丁美洲 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="拉丁美洲" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A2" title="לאטיין-אמעריקע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לאטיין-אמעריקע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%E1%BA%B9%CC%81r%C3%ADk%C3%A0_L%C3%A1t%C3%ACn%C3%AC" title="Amẹ́ríkà Látìnì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Amẹ́ríkà Látìnì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="拉丁美洲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="拉丁美洲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Latine" title="Amerika Latine – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Amerika Latine" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luot%C4%ABnu_Amer%C4%97ka" title="Luotīnu Amerėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Luotīnu Amerėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="拉丁美洲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拉丁美洲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latyn%C9%99_Amerik%C9%99" title="Latynə Amerikə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Latynə Amerikə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12585#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Latin_America" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Latin_America">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Latin_America">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Latin_America" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Latin_America" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&oldid=1276152692" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Latin_America&id=1276152692&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLatin_America">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLatin_America">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Latin_America&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_Latina" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Latin_America" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Latin_America" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12585" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region of the Americas</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"LatAm" redirects here. For the Chilean multinational airline, see <a href="/wiki/LATAM" class="mw-redirect" title="LATAM">LATAM</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/LATAM_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="LATAM (disambiguation)">LATAM (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Latinoamérica" and "América Latina" redirect here. For the demonym, see <a href="/wiki/Latin_Americans" title="Latin Americans">Latin Americans</a>. For the song, see <a href="/wiki/Latinoam%C3%A9rica_(song)" title="Latinoamérica (song)">Latinoamérica (song)</a>. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/America_Latina_(film)" title="America Latina (film)">America Latina (film)</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Too_many_charts plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/X-office-spreadsheet.svg/40px-X-office-spreadsheet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/X-office-spreadsheet.svg/60px-X-office-spreadsheet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/X-office-spreadsheet.svg/80px-X-office-spreadsheet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTSTATS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTSTATS">too many charts, tables, or data that lack context or explanation</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit">cleaning them up</a> or elaborating them with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Prose" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Prose">prose text</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Latin America</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_America_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">20,111,457 km2 (7,765,077 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-worldbank-ruralenv-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 656,098,097 (2021 est.)<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-d-4">[a]</a> (3rd by political entity) (4th by continent)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population density</th><td class="infobox-data">31/km2 (80/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Total: <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $14.071 trillion (2024)<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.LATAM-5">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">4th</a>)</li> <li>Per capita: <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $21,684 (2024)<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.LATAM-5">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">63rd</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP (nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Total: <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $6.7 trillion (2024)<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.LATAM-5">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">4th</a>)</li> <li>Per capita: <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $10,042 (2024)<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.LATAM-5">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">81st</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>40% Mixed native American and European heritage (<a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a>)</li><li>29% European heritage (<a href="/wiki/White_Latin_Americans" title="White Latin Americans">White Latin Americans</a>)</li><li>19% Mixed African and European heritage (<a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a>)</li><li>6% <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li><li>5% <a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Latin_Americans" title="Afro–Latin Americans">Afro–Latin Americans</a></li><li>1% <a href="/wiki/Asian_Latin_Americans" title="Asian Latin Americans">Asian Latin Americans</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Americans" title="Latin Americans">Latin American</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="#Subregions_and_countries">20 or 21 countries</a><a href="#cite_note-c-6">[b]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /> <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /> <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/46px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /> <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/45px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>* </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dependencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>96.9% Indo-European <ul><li>95% <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> <ul><li>60% <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> (Castilian)</li> <li>31% <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li>2% <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haitian_creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian creole">Haitian creole</a></li> <li>2% <a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a></li> <li>0.05% <a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a></li></ul></li> <li>1.5% <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> <ul><li>1% <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and creoles</li> <li>0.45% <a href="/wiki/German_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="German languages">German</a></li> <li>0.07% <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li></ul></li> <li>0.04% <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li>0.04% <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>>1% <a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a> <ul><li>1% <a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guarani</a></li></ul></li> <li>1.1% <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></li> <li>0.90% <a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a> <ul><li>0.55% Eastern <ul><li>0.45% <a href="/wiki/Quichean_languages" title="Quichean languages">Quichean</a></li> <li>0.09% <a href="/wiki/Mamean_languages" title="Mamean languages">Mamean</a></li></ul></li> <li>0.25% Western <ul><li>0.19% <a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BColan_languages" title="Chʼolan languages">Cholan–Tzeltalan</a></li> <li>0.06% <a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCanjobalan_languages" title="Qʼanjobalan languages">Qʼanjobalan</a></li></ul></li> <li>0.10% <a href="/wiki/Yucatec_Maya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yucatec Maya">Yucatec</a></li></ul></li> <li>0.40% <a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li> <li>0.30% <a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a> <ul><li>0.25% <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a></li></ul></li> <li>0.30% <a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></li> <li>0.06% <a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></li> <li>0.06% <a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li>0.06% <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li>0.03% <a href="/wiki/Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li> <li>unknown <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zones</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9202:00" title="UTC−02:00">UTC−02:00</a><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> to <a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9208:00" title="UTC−08:00">UTC−08:00</a><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest cities</th><td class="infobox-data">Largest urban areas: 1. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> 2. <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> 3. <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> 4. <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> 5. <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 6. <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 7. <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 8. <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 9. <a href="/wiki/Belo_Horizonte" title="Belo Horizonte">Belo Horizonte</a><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> 10. <a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/UN_M49" title="UN M49">UN M49</a> code</th><td class="infobox-data"><code>419</code> – <a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a> <code>019</code> – <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> <code>001</code> – <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">World</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Latin America refers to a cultural region of the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> where <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> are predominantly spoken, primarily in the form of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> (excluding <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores islands</a>), and to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> dialects, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> (excluding <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>) and its creoles. There is no precise or official inclusion list. Latin America is defined according to cultural identity, not geography, and as such it includes countries in both North and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. Most countries south of the United States tend to be included: <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and the countries of <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. Despite being in the same geographical region, English- and Dutch-speaking countries are sometimes excluded (<a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Falkland islands">Falkland islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> In a narrower sense, it often refers to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spanish America</a> plus <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> Related terms are the narrower <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a>, which exclusively refers to Spanish-speaking nations, and the broader <a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero-America</a>, which includes all Iberic countries in the Americas and occasionally European countries like Spain and Portugal. The term Latin America was first introduced in 1856 at a Paris conference titled Initiative of America: Idea for a Federal Congress of the Republics (Iniciativa de la América. Idea de un Congreso Federal de las Repúblicas).<a href="#cite_note-bilbao_f-11">[9]</a> Chilean politician <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Bilbao" title="Francisco Bilbao">Francisco Bilbao</a> coined the term to unify countries with shared cultural and linguistic heritage. It gained further prominence during the 1860s under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>, whose government sought to justify France's intervention in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a>. Napoleon III extended the term to include French-speaking territories in the Americas, such as <a href="/wiki/French_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canada">French Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Louisiana" title="French Louisiana">French Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>, and the French Antillean Creole Caribbean islands (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>). This broader conceptualization aligned with France’s geopolitical ambitions to categorize these regions alongside the predominantly Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking countries of the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-Britton-12">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_definitions">Etymology and definitions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and definitions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> Research has shown that the idea that a part of the Americas has a linguistic and cultural affinity with the Romance cultures as a whole can be traced back to the 1830s, in the writing of the French <a href="/wiki/Saint-Simonianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Simonianism">Saint-Simonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Chevalier" title="Michel Chevalier">Michel Chevalier</a>, who postulated that a part of the Americas was inhabited by people of a "<a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Latin race</a>", and that it could, therefore, ally itself with "<a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Latin Europe</a>", ultimately overlapping the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>, in a struggle with "<a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Teutonic Europe</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo-Saxon America</a>" with its <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxonism_in_the_19th_century" title="Anglo-Saxonism in the 19th century">Anglo-Saxonism</a>, as well as "<a href="/wiki/Slavic_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic Europe">Slavic Europe</a>" with its <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mignolo-13">[11]</a> Scholarship has political origins of the term. Two Latin American historians, <a href="/wiki/Uruguayans" title="Uruguayans">Uruguayan</a> <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Ardao" title="Arturo Ardao">Arturo Ardao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chileans" title="Chileans">Chilean</a> <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Rojas_Mix" class="extiw" title="es:Miguel Rojas Mix">Miguel Rojas Mix</a>, found evidence that the term "Latin America" was used earlier than Phelan claimed, and the first use of the term was in fact in opposition to imperialist projects in the Americas. Ardao wrote about this subject in his book Génesis de la idea y el nombre de América latina (Genesis of the Idea and the Name of Latin America, 1980),<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> and Miguel Rojas Mix in his article "Bilbao y el hallazgo de América latina: Unión continental, socialista y libertaria" (Bilbao and the Finding of Latin America: a Continental, Socialist, and Libertarian Union, 1986).<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> As Michel Gobat points out in his article "The Invention of Latin America: A Transnational History of Anti-Imperialism, <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a>, and Race", "Arturo Ardao, Miguel Rojas Mix, and Aims McGuinness have revealed [that] the term 'Latin America' had already been used in 1856 by Central Americans and South Americans protesting US expansion into the Southern Hemisphere".<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> Edward Shawcross summarizes Ardao's and Rojas Mix's findings in the following way: "Ardao identified the term in a poem by a Colombian diplomat and intellectual resident in France, José María Torres Caicedo, published on 15 February 1857 in a French based Spanish-language newspaper, while Rojas Mix located it in a speech delivered in France by the radical liberal Chilean politician Francisco Bilbao in June 1856".<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> By the late 1850s, the term was being used in California (which had become a part of the United States), in local newspapers such as El Clamor Público by <a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">Californios</a> writing about América latina and latinoamérica, and identifying as <a href="/wiki/Latinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinos">Latinos</a> as the abbreviated term for their "hemispheric membership in la raza latina".<a href="#cite_note-Gutierrez-2016-18">[16]</a> The words "Latin" and "America" were first found to be combined in a printed work to produce the term "Latin America" in 1856 at a conference by the Chilean politician <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Bilbao" title="Francisco Bilbao">Francisco Bilbao</a> in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> The conference had the title "Initiative of the America. The idea for a Federal Congress of Republics."<a href="#cite_note-bilbao_f-11">[9]</a> The following year, Colombian writer <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Torres_Caicedo" class="extiw" title="es:José María Torres Caicedo">José María Torres Caicedo</a> also used the term in his poem "The Two Americas".<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> Two events related with the United States played a central role in both works. The first event happened less than a decade before the publication of Bilbao's and Torres Caicedo's works: the Invasion of Mexico or, in the US, the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>, after which the United States annexed more than half of Mexico's territory. The second event, the <a href="/wiki/Walker_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Walker affair">Walker affair</a>, which happened the same year that both works were written: the decision by US president <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> to recognize the regime recently established in <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> by American <a href="/wiki/William_Walker_(filibuster)" title="William Walker (filibuster)">William Walker</a> and his band of filibusters who ruled Nicaragua for nearly a year (1856–57) and attempted to reinstate slavery there, where it had been already abolished for three decades[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In both Bilbao's and Torres Caicedo's works, the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> (1846–48) and William Walker's expedition to Nicaragua are explicitly mentioned as examples of dangers for the region. For Bilbao, "Latin America" was not a geographical concept, as he excluded Brazil, Paraguay, and Mexico. Both authors also asked for the union of all Latin American countries as the only way to defend their territories against further foreign US interventions. Both also rejected European imperialism, claiming that the return of European countries to non-democratic forms of government was another danger for Latin American countries, and used the same word to describe the state of European politics at the time: "despotism." Several years later, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">French invasion of Mexico</a>, Bilbao wrote another work, "Emancipation of the Spirit in America", where he asked all Latin American countries to support the Mexican cause against France, and rejected French imperialism in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. He asked Latin American intellectuals to search for their "intellectual emancipation" by abandoning all French ideas, claiming that France was: "Hypocrite, because she [France] calls herself protector of the Latin race just to subject it to her exploitation regime; treacherous, because she speaks of freedom and nationality, when, unable to conquer freedom for herself, she enslaves others instead!" Therefore, as Michel Gobat puts it, the term Latin America itself had an "anti-imperial genesis," and their creators were far from supporting any form of imperialism in the region, or in any other place of the globe.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_definitions">Contemporary definitions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contemporary definitions">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Latin America is often used synonymously with Ibero-America ("Iberian America"), where the populations speak Spanish or Portuguese and the dominant religion is <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, the Spanish-speaking Caribbean territory of the United States, acquired from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> following its defeat in the 1898 <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish American War">Spanish American War</a>, is usually included. This definition excludes the predominantly Protestant English-speaking and Dutch-speaking regions, as well as French-speaking predominantly Catholic regions. <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, as well as several French overseas departments, are excluded from the definition.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a></li> <li>In another definition, Latin America designates the set of countries in the Americas where a Romance language (a language derived from Latin) predominates: Spanish, Portuguese, or French. Thus, it includes Mexico; most of Central and South America; and in the Caribbean, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti. Latin America then comprises all of the countries in the Americas that were once part of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">French Empires</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Torres-24">[22]</a> Puerto Rico, although not a sovereign nation, is often included.</li> <li>The term is sometimes used more broadly to refer to all of the Americas south of the United States,<a href="#cite_note-Torres-24">[22]</a> thus including <a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">the Guianas</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>); the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Caribbean" title="Commonwealth Caribbean">Anglophone Caribbean</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>); the <a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">Francophone Caribbean</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Caribbean" title="Dutch Caribbean">Dutch Caribbean</a>. This definition emphasizes a similar <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">socioeconomic</a> history of the region, which was characterized by formal or <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">informal colonialism</a>, rather than cultural aspects (see, for example, <a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">dependency theory</a>).<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> Some sources avoid this simplification by using the alternative phrase "<a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a>", as in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_the_Americas" title="United Nations geoscheme for the Americas">United Nations geoscheme for the Americas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> A number of academic area-studies programs and centers of <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_studies" title="Latin American studies">Latin American studies</a> are titled "Latin American and Caribbean" studies, such as the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ii.umich.edu/lacs">Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, University of Michigan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230224201732/https://ii.umich.edu/lacs">Archived</a> February 24, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://as.nyu.edu/content/nyu-as/as/research-centers/clacs.html">Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies (CLACS)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221017095240/https://as.nyu.edu/content/nyu-as/as/research-centers/clacs.html">Archived</a> October 17, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jsis.washington.edu/latinam/">Latin American and Caribbean Studies, The Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230224201320/https://jsis.washington.edu/latinam/">Archived</a> February 24, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Although the U.S. acquired a large swath of territory from the Spanish Empire and called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_borderlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanish borderlands (page does not exist)">Spanish borderlands</a> and nearly 20% of the U.S. population identifies as "Hispanic" (or "Latino"), the U.S. is generally not classified as being part of Latin America. However, the significant demographic is sometimes brought under the umbrella of Latin American studies, such as at University of Albany.</li></ul> The distinction between Latin America and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo-America</a> is a convention based on the predominant languages in the Americas by which Romance language- and English-speaking cultures are distinguished. Neither area is culturally or linguistically homogeneous; in substantial portions of Latin America (e.g., highland <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>), <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> cultures and, to a lesser extent, Amerindian languages, are predominant, and in other areas, the influence of African cultures is strong (e.g., the Caribbean basin – including parts of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>). The term's meaning is contested and not without controversy. Historian Mauricio Tenorio-Trillo explores at length the "allure and power" of the idea of Latin America. He remarks at the outset, "The idea of 'Latin America' ought to have vanished with the obsolescence of racial theory... But it is not easy to declare something dead when it can hardly be said to have existed," going on to say, "The term is here to stay, and it is important."<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> Following in the tradition of Chilean writer Francisco Bilbao, who excluded Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay from his early conceptualization of Latin America,<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> Chilean historian <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Eyzaguirre" title="Jaime Eyzaguirre">Jaime Eyzaguirre</a> has criticized the term Latin America for "disguising" and "diluting" the Spanish character of a region (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a>) with the inclusion of nations that, according to him, do not share the same pattern of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">conquest and colonization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_French_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of French speakers">Francophone</a> part of North America which includes <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> is generally excluded from the definition of Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> The primarily <a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/ABC_islands_(Leeward_Antilles)" title="ABC islands (Leeward Antilles)">ABC Islands</a> are also often excluded, Papiamento being a Portuguese-based creole.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subregions_and_countries">Subregions and countries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Subregions and countries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_America_regions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Latin_America_regions.svg/220px-Latin_America_regions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Latin_America_regions.svg/330px-Latin_America_regions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Latin_America_regions.svg/440px-Latin_America_regions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1250" /></a><figcaption>The four common subregions in Latin America</figcaption></figure>Latin America can be subdivided into several subregions based on geography, politics, <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean">democracy</a>, demographics and culture. The basic geographical subregions are North America, Central America, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and South America; the latter contains further politico-geographical subdivisions such as the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">the Guianas</a> and the Andean states. It may be subdivided on linguistic grounds into <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Spanish America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GeoSEP-34">[32]</a> The term "Latin America" is defined to mean parts of Americas south of the mainland of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a> where a Romance language (a language derived from Latin) predominates. Latin America are the countries and territories in the Americas which speak Spanish or Portuguese, with French being sometimes included. As is customary, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> is included and <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> (where French is spoken but not official language) are excluded from Latin America. <table class="sortable wikitable"> <caption>Latin America </caption> <tbody><tr> <th class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">Flag</a> </th> <th class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Arms</a> </th> <th>Country/Territory </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital(s)</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Name(s) in official language(s)</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population">Population</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(2023)<a href="#cite_note-TWFpopulation-35">[33]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by area">Area</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(km2)<a href="#cite_note-UN_area-36">[34]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population density">Density</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(people/km2) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zones</a> </th> <th>Subregion </th></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></td> <td>Argentina</td> <td style="text-align:right">46,621,847</td> <td style="text-align:right">2,780,400</td> <td style="text-align:right">17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9203:00" title="UTC−03:00">UTC/GMT –3 hours</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg/22px-Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg/34px-Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg/44px-Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1907" data-file-height="1723" /></a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre">Sucre</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a></td> <td>Bolivia; Buliwya; Wuliwya; Volívia</td> <td style="text-align:right">12,186,079</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,098,581</td> <td style="text-align:right">11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:00" title="UTC−04:00">UTC/GMT –4 hours</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="515" /></a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a></td> <td>Brasil</td> <td style="text-align:right">218,689,757</td> <td style="text-align:right">8,514,877</td> <td style="text-align:right">26 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9202:00" title="UTC−02:00">UTC/GMT –2 hours</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Noronha" title="Fernando de Noronha">Fernando de Noronha</a>) <a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9203:00" title="UTC−03:00">UTC/GMT –3 hours</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>) <a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:00" title="UTC−04:00">UTC/GMT –4 hours</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas</a>) <a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">UTC/GMT –5 hours</a> (<a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Chile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_Chile.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_Chile.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_Chile.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="388" /></a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a></td> <td>Chile</td> <td style="text-align:right">18,549,457</td> <td style="text-align:right">756,102</td> <td style="text-align:right">25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9203:00" title="UTC−03:00">UTC/GMT –3 hours</a> (Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica) <a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:00" title="UTC−04:00">UTC/GMT –4 hours</a> (Continental Chile) <a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9206:00" title="UTC−06:00">UTC/GMT –6 hours</a> (Easter Island)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="1153" /></a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a></td> <td>Colombia</td> <td style="text-align:right">49,336,454</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,141,748</td> <td style="text-align:right">43 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">UTC/GMT –5 hours</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Costa_Rica.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_Costa_Rica.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_Costa_Rica.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_Costa_Rica.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="905" /></a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9,_Costa_Rica" title="San José, Costa Rica">San José</a></td> <td>Costa Rica</td> <td style="text-align:right">5,256,612</td> <td style="text-align:right">51,100</td> <td style="text-align:right">103 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9206:00" title="UTC−06:00">UTC/GMT –6 hours</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="900" /></a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a></td> <td>Cuba</td> <td style="text-align:right">10,985,974</td> <td style="text-align:right">109,884</td> <td style="text-align:right">100 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">UTC/GMT –5 hours</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="336" /></a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></td> <td>República Dominicana</td> <td style="text-align:right">10,790,744</td> <td style="text-align:right">48,192</td> <td style="text-align:right">224 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:00" title="UTC−04:00">UTC/GMT –4 hours</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="960" /></a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a></td> <td>Ecuador</td> <td style="text-align:right">17,483,326</td> <td style="text-align:right">256,369</td> <td style="text-align:right">68 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">UTC/GMT –5 hours</a> (mainland Ecuador) <a href="/wiki/UTC-06:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-06:00">UTC/GMT –6 hours</a> (Galápagos Islands)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="571" /></a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a></td> <td>El Salvador</td> <td style="text-align:right">6,602,370</td> <td style="text-align:right">21,041</td> <td style="text-align:right">314 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9206:00" title="UTC−06:00">UTC/GMT –6 hours</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="826" /></a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">Guatemala City</a></td> <td>Guatemala</td> <td style="text-align:right">17,980,803</td> <td style="text-align:right">108,889</td> <td style="text-align:right">165 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9206:00" title="UTC−06:00">UTC/GMT –6 hours</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="710" /></a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tegucigalpa" title="Tegucigalpa">Tegucigalpa</a></td> <td>Honduras</td> <td style="text-align:right">9,571,352</td> <td style="text-align:right">112,492</td> <td style="text-align:right">85 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9206:00" title="UTC−06:00">UTC/GMT –6 hours</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="525" /></a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></td> <td>México</td> <td style="text-align:right">129,875,529</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,964,375</td> <td style="text-align:right">66 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">UTC/GMT –5 hours</a> (Zona Sureste) <a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9206:00" title="UTC−06:00">UTC/GMT –6 hours</a> (Zona Centro) <a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9207:00" title="UTC−07:00">UTC/GMT –7 hours</a> (Zona Pacífico) <a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9208:00" title="UTC−08:00">UTC/GMT –8 hours</a> (Zona Noroeste)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a></td> <td>Nicaragua</td> <td style="text-align:right">6,359,689</td> <td style="text-align:right">130,373</td> <td style="text-align:right">49 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9206:00" title="UTC−06:00">UTC/GMT -6 hours</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Panama.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Panama.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Panama.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Panama.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="761" /></a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a></td> <td>Panamá</td> <td style="text-align:right">4,404,108</td> <td style="text-align:right">75,417</td> <td style="text-align:right">58 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">UTC/GMT –5 hours</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610" /></a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Asunción">Asunción</a></td> <td>Paraguay; Tetã Paraguái</td> <td style="text-align:right">7,439,863</td> <td style="text-align:right">406,752</td> <td style="text-align:right">18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:00" title="UTC−04:00">UTC/GMT –4 hours</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Escudo_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA.svg/20px-Escudo_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Escudo_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA.svg/30px-Escudo_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Escudo_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA.svg/40px-Escudo_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="960" /></a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a></td> <td>Perú</td> <td style="text-align:right">32,440,172</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,285,216</td> <td style="text-align:right">25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">UTC/GMT –5 hours</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/45px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Puerto_Rico.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="1239" /></a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>*</td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a></td> <td>Puerto Rico</td> <td style="text-align:right">3,057,311</td> <td style="text-align:right">8,870</td> <td style="text-align:right">345 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:00" title="UTC−04:00">UTC/GMT –4 hours</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Uruguay.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Coat_of_arms_of_Uruguay.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Coat_of_arms_of_Uruguay.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Coat_of_arms_of_Uruguay.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="1153" /></a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a></td> <td>Uruguay</td> <td style="text-align:right">3,416,264</td> <td style="text-align:right">176,215</td> <td style="text-align:right">19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9203:00" title="UTC−03:00">UTC/GMT –3 hours</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="558" /></a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a></td> <td>Venezuela</td> <td style="text-align:right">30,518,260</td> <td style="text-align:right">912,050</td> <td style="text-align:right">33 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:30" title="UTC−04:30">UTC/GMT –4 hours</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th></th> <th>Total</th> <th></th> <th></th> <th style="text-align:right">641,565,971</th> <th style="text-align:right">19,958,943</th> <th style="text-align:right">32 </th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr></tbody></table> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <caption>French Caribbean (sometimes included) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">Flag</a> </th> <th class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Arms</a> </th> <th>Country/Territory </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital(s)</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Name(s) in official language(s)</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population">Population</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2023)<a href="#cite_note-TWFpopulation-35">[33]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by area">Area</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(km2)<a href="#cite_note-UN_area-36">[34]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population density">Density</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(people/km2) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zones</a> </th> <th>Subregion </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_French_Guiana,_according_to_the_original_displayed_at_the_Museum_Franconie,_at_Cayenne.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Coat_of_arms_of_French_Guiana%2C_according_to_the_original_displayed_at_the_Museum_Franconie%2C_at_Cayenne.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_French_Guiana%2C_according_to_the_original_displayed_at_the_Museum_Franconie%2C_at_Cayenne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Coat_of_arms_of_French_Guiana%2C_according_to_the_original_displayed_at_the_Museum_Franconie%2C_at_Cayenne.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_French_Guiana%2C_according_to_the_original_displayed_at_the_Museum_Franconie%2C_at_Cayenne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Coat_of_arms_of_French_Guiana%2C_according_to_the_original_displayed_at_the_Museum_Franconie%2C_at_Cayenne.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_French_Guiana%2C_according_to_the_original_displayed_at_the_Museum_Franconie%2C_at_Cayenne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="324" /></a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>*</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cayenne" title="Cayenne">Cayenne</a></td> <td>Guyane</td> <td style="text-align:right">297,449</td> <td style="text-align:right">83,534</td> <td style="text-align:right">4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9203:00" title="UTC−03:00">UTC/GMT –3 hours</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>*</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basse-Terre" title="Basse-Terre">Basse-Terre</a></td> <td>Guadeloupe</td> <td style="text-align:right">396,051</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,705</td> <td style="text-align:right">232 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:00" title="UTC−04:00">UTC/GMT –4 hours</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/46px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="716" /></a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a></td> <td>Haïti; Ayiti</td> <td style="text-align:right">11,470,261</td> <td style="text-align:right">27,750</td> <td style="text-align:right">413 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">UTC/GMT –5 hours</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag-of-Martinique.svg/23px-Flag-of-Martinique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag-of-Martinique.svg/35px-Flag-of-Martinique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag-of-Martinique.svg/45px-Flag-of-Martinique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>*</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort-de-France" title="Fort-de-France">Fort-de-France</a></td> <td>Martinique</td> <td style="text-align:right">368,796</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,128</td> <td style="text-align:right">327 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:00" title="UTC−04:00">UTC/GMT –4 hours</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_St_Barth%C3%A9l%C3%A9my_TOM_entire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Blason_St_Barth%C3%A9l%C3%A9my_TOM_entire.svg/20px-Blason_St_Barth%C3%A9l%C3%A9my_TOM_entire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Blason_St_Barth%C3%A9l%C3%A9my_TOM_entire.svg/30px-Blason_St_Barth%C3%A9l%C3%A9my_TOM_entire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Blason_St_Barth%C3%A9l%C3%A9my_TOM_entire.svg/40px-Blason_St_Barth%C3%A9l%C3%A9my_TOM_entire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1321" data-file-height="1187" /></a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a>*</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gustavia,_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Gustavia, Saint Barthélemy">Gustavia</a></td> <td>Saint-Barthélemy</td> <td id="cite_ref-pop2017_37-0" class="cite-bracket" style="text-align:right">10,861</td> <td style="text-align:right">25</td> <td style="text-align:right">434 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:00" title="UTC−04:00">UTC/GMT –4 hours</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Martin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Martin.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Martin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Martin.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Martin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Martin.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Martin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="675" /></a></div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a>*</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marigot,_Saint_Martin" title="Marigot, Saint Martin">Marigot</a></td> <td>Saint-Martin</td> <td style="text-align:right">35,334</td> <td style="text-align:right">54</td> <td style="text-align:right">654 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:00" title="UTC−04:00">UTC/GMT –4 hours</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th></th> <th>Total (French Caribbean)</th> <th></th> <th></th> <th style="text-align:right">12,578,752</th> <th style="text-align:right">114,196</th> <th style="text-align:right">110 </th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th></th> <th>Total (Latin America + French Caribbean)</th> <th></th> <th></th> <th style="text-align:right">654,144,723</th> <th style="text-align:right">20,073,139</th> <th style="text-align:right">33 </th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr></tbody></table> *: Not a sovereign state <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin_America" title="History of Latin America">History of Latin America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chichen_Itza_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Chichen_Itza_3.jpg/220px-Chichen_Itza_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Chichen_Itza_3.jpg/330px-Chichen_Itza_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Chichen_Itza_3.jpg/440px-Chichen_Itza_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9771" data-file-height="5197" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maya_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya Civilization">Mayan</a> UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichén Itzá">Chichén Itzá</a></figcaption></figure> Before the <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">arrival of Europeans</a> in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, the region was home to many indigenous peoples, including advanced civilizations, most notably from South: the <a href="/wiki/Olmec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmec">Olmec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muisca_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Muisca people">Muisca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inca_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca civilization">Inca</a>. The region came under control of the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, which established colonies, and imposed <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> and their languages. Both brought African <a href="/wiki/Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave">slaves</a> to their colonies as laborers, exploiting large, settled societies and their resources. The Spanish Crown regulated immigration, allowing only Christians to travel to the New World. The colonization process led to significant native population declines due to disease, forced labor, and violence. They imposed their culture, destroying native codices and artwork. Colonial-era religion played a crucial role in everyday life, with the Spanish Crown ensuring religious purity and aggressively prosecuting perceived deviations like witchcraft. In the early nineteenth century nearly all of areas of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spanish America</a> attained independence by armed struggle, with the exceptions of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, which had become a monarchy separate from Portugal, became a republic in the late nineteenth century. Political independence from European monarchies did not result in the abolition of black slavery in the new nations, it resulted in political and economic instability in Spanish America, immediately after independence. Yet, as regional <a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">Caudillos</a> started to rise in power nation nation-builders started to view themselves as more modern than their former European colonizers. Leaders began to shift away from aristocracy toward republicanism and democracy, which allowed all citizens, not just the Creole elites, to have a voice in politics. Politics helped unify many of the Latin American nations as all people, even illiterate people, would gather in their communities to talk about political ideals and how they should be used in their nation.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> Great Britain and the United States exercised significant influence in the post-independence era, resulting in a form of <a href="/wiki/Neo-colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-colonialism">neo-colonialism</a>, where political sovereignty remained in place, but foreign powers exercised considerable power in the economic sphere. Newly independent nations faced domestic and interstate conflicts, struggling with economic instability and social inequality. The 20th century brought U.S. intervention and the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>'s impact on the region, with revolutions in countries like Cuba influencing Latin American politics. The late 20th and early 21st centuries saw shifts towards left-wing governments, followed by conservative resurgences, and a recent resurgence of left-wing politics in several countries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_2000">After 2000</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: After 2000">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UNASUR-15SEP2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/UNASUR-15SEP2008.jpg/220px-UNASUR-15SEP2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/UNASUR-15SEP2008.jpg/330px-UNASUR-15SEP2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/UNASUR-15SEP2008.jpg/440px-UNASUR-15SEP2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1397" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/UNASUR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNASUR">UNASUR</a> summit in the Palacio de la Moneda, <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago de Chile">Santiago de Chile</a></figcaption></figure> In many countries in the early 2000s, left-wing political parties rose to power, known as the <a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">Pink tide</a>. The presidencies of <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> (1999–2013) in Venezuela, <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Lagos" title="Ricardo Lagos">Ricardo Lagos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Bachelet" title="Michelle Bachelet">Michelle Bachelet</a> in Chile, <a href="/wiki/Lula_da_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff" title="Dilma Rousseff">Dilma Rousseff</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers Party (Brazil)">Workers Party</a> (PT) in Brazil, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner" title="Néstor Kirchner">Néstor Kirchner</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner" title="Cristina Fernández de Kirchner">Cristina Fernández</a> in Argentina, <a href="/wiki/Tabar%C3%A9_V%C3%A1zquez" title="Tabaré Vázquez">Tabaré Vázquez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mujica" title="José Mujica">José Mujica</a> in Uruguay, <a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a> in Bolivia, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Daniel Ortega</a> in Nicaragua, <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Correa" title="Rafael Correa">Rafael Correa</a> in Ecuador, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Lugo" title="Fernando Lugo">Fernando Lugo</a> in Paraguay, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Zelaya" title="Manuel Zelaya">Manuel Zelaya</a> in Honduras (removed from power by a <a href="/wiki/2009_Honduran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2009 Honduran coup d'état">coup d'état</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Funes" title="Mauricio Funes">Mauricio Funes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salvador_S%C3%A1nchez_Cer%C3%A9n" title="Salvador Sánchez Cerén">Salvador Sánchez Cerén</a> in El Salvador are all part of this wave of left-wing politicians who often declare themselves <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_integration" title="Latin American integration">Latin Americanists</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Anti-Imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Imperialism">anti-imperialists</a>, often implying <a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism#Latin_America" title="Anti-Americanism">opposition to US</a> <a href="/wiki/Washington_consensus" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington consensus">policies towards the region</a>. An aspect of this has been the creation of the eight-member ALBA alliance, or "<a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas">The Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America</a>" (Spanish: Alianza Bolivariana para los Pueblos de Nuestra América) by some of these countries. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pro-Micheletti_demonstrators.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Pro-Micheletti_demonstrators.jpg/150px-Pro-Micheletti_demonstrators.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Pro-Micheletti_demonstrators.jpg/225px-Pro-Micheletti_demonstrators.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Pro-Micheletti_demonstrators.jpg/300px-Pro-Micheletti_demonstrators.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Honduran demonstrator holding a banner with a "don't turn left" sign, 2009</figcaption></figure> Following the pink tide, there was a <a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a> across Latin America. In Mexico, the rightwing <a href="/wiki/National_Action_Party_(Mexico)" title="National Action Party (Mexico)">National Action Party</a> (PAN) won the <a href="/wiki/2000_Mexican_general_election" title="2000 Mexican general election">presidential election of 2000</a> with its candidate <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Fox" title="Vicente Fox">Vicente Fox</a>, ending the 71-year rule of the <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a>. He was succeed six-years later by another conservative, <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Felipe Calderón">Felipe Calderón</a> (2006–2012), who attempted to crack down on the Mexican drug cartels and instigated the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a> . Several right-wing leaders rose to power, including Argentina's <a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Macri" title="Mauricio Macri">Mauricio Macri</a> and Brazil's <a href="/wiki/Michel_Temer" title="Michel Temer">Michel Temer</a>, following the impeachment of the country's first female president. In <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, the conservative <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Pi%C3%B1era" title="Sebastián Piñera">Sebastián Piñera</a> succeeded the socialist <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Bachelet" title="Michelle Bachelet">Michelle Bachelet</a> in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> In 2019, center-right <a href="/wiki/Luis_Lacalle_Pou" title="Luis Lacalle Pou">Luis Lacalle Pou</a> ended a 15-year leftist rule in Uruguay, after defeating the <a href="/wiki/Broad_Front_(Uruguay)" title="Broad Front (Uruguay)">Broad Front</a> candidate.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> Economically, the <a href="/wiki/2000s_commodities_boom" title="2000s commodities boom">2000s commodities boom</a> caused positive effects for many Latin American economies. Another trend was the rapidly increasing importance of their <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Latin America relations">relations with China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AFP2011-41">[39]</a> However, with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> beginning in 2008, there was an end to the commodity boom, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Economic_stagnation" title="Economic stagnation">economic stagnation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">recession</a> resulted in some countries. A number of left-wing governments of the Pink tide lost support. The worst-hit was Venezuela, which is facing severe <a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Bolivarian_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Crisis in Bolivarian Venezuela">social and economic upheaval</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Charges of against a major Brazilian conglomerate, <a href="/wiki/Odebrecht#Legal_problems" title="Odebrecht">Odebrecht</a>, has raised allegations of corruption across the region's governments (see <a href="/wiki/Operation_Car_Wash" title="Operation Car Wash">Operation Car Wash</a>). This bribery ring has become the largest corruption scandal in Latin American history.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> As of July 2017, the highest ranking politicians charged were former Brazilian President <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a>, who was arrested,<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> and former Peruvian presidents <a href="/wiki/Ollanta_Humala" title="Ollanta Humala">Ollanta Humala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo">Alejandro Toledo</a>, who fled to the United States and was extradited back to Peru.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> proved a political challenge for many unstable Latin American democracies, with scholars identifying a decline in civil liberties as a result of opportunistic emergency powers. This was especially true for countries with strong presidential regimes, such as <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inequality">Inequality</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Inequality">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_Latin_America" title="Wealth inequality in Latin America">Wealth inequality in Latin America</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth inequality">Wealth inequality</a> in Latin America and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> remains a serious issue despite strong economic growth and improved social indicators. A report released in 2013 by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a> entitled Inequality Matters: Report of the World Social Situation, observed that: 'Declines in the wage share have been attributed to the impact of labour-saving technological change and to a general weakening of labour market regulations and institutions.'<a href="#cite_note-:0-46">[44]</a> Such declines are likely to disproportionately affect individuals in the middle and bottom of the <a href="/wiki/Income_distribution" title="Income distribution">income distribution</a>, as they rely mostly on wages for income. In addition, the report noted that 'highly-unequal land distribution has created social and political tensions and is a source of <a href="/wiki/Economic_efficiency" title="Economic efficiency">economic inefficiency</a>, as small landholders frequently lack access to credit and other resources to increase <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a>, while big owners may not have had enough incentive to do so.<a href="#cite_note-:0-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> According to the United Nations <a href="/wiki/ECLAC" class="mw-redirect" title="ECLAC">ECLAC</a>, Latin America is the most unequal region in the world.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> Inequality in Latin America has deep historical roots in the <a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Latin European racially based Casta system</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> instituted in Latin America during colonial times that has been difficult to eradicate because of the differences between initial endowments and opportunities among social groups have constrained the poorest's <a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">social mobility</a>, thus causing poverty to transmit from generation to generation, and become a vicious cycle. Inequality has been reproduced and transmitted through generations because Latin American political systems allow a differentiated access on the influence that social groups have in the decision-making process, and it responds in different ways to the least favored groups that have less political representation and capacity of pressure.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> Recent <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic liberalisation">economic liberalisation</a> also plays a role as not everyone is <a href="/wiki/Equity_(economics)" title="Equity (economics)">equally capable</a> of taking advantage of its benefits.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> Differences in opportunities and endowments tend to be based on <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">race</a>, ethnicity, rurality, and <a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality" title="Gender inequality">gender</a>. Because inequality in gender and location are near-universal, race and ethnicity play a larger, more integral role in discriminatory practices in Latin America. The differences have a strong impact on the distribution of income, capital and political standing. One indicator of inequality is access to and quality of education. During the first phase of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> in Latin America, educational inequality was on the rise, peaking around the end of the 19th century. In comparison with other <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing regions</a>, Latin America then had the highest level of <a href="/wiki/Educational_inequality" title="Educational inequality">educational inequality</a>, which is certainly a contributing factor for its current general high inequality. During the 20th century, however, educational inequality started decreasing.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_of_living">Standard of living</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Standard of living">edit</a>]</div> Latin America has the highest levels of <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality">income inequality</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> The following table lists all the countries in Latin America indicating a valuation of the country's <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>, GDP at purchasing power parity per capita, measurement of inequality through the <a href="/wiki/Gini_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Gini index">Gini index</a>, measurement of poverty through the <a href="/wiki/Human_Poverty_Index" title="Human Poverty Index">Human Poverty Index</a>, a measure of extreme poverty based on people living on less than 1.25 dollars a day, <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a>, murder rates and a measurement of safety through the <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>. Green cells indicate the best performance in each category, and red the lowest. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"> <caption>Social and economic indicators for Latin American countries </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#ececec;"> <th>Country </th> <th><a href="/wiki/HDI" class="mw-redirect" title="HDI">HDI</a> (2019)<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> </th> <th>GDP (PPP) per capita in US$ (2015)<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> </th> <th>Real GDP growth % (2015) </th> <th>Income inequality Gini (2015)<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> </th> <th>Extreme poverty % <1.25 US$ (2011)<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> </th> <th>Youth literacy % (2015)<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> </th> <th>Life expectancy (2016)<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> </th> <th>Murder rate per 100,000 (2014)<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> </th> <th>Peace GPI (2016)<a href="#cite_note-vohgpi-62">[60]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> </td> <td>0.845 (VH) </td> <td>20,170 </td> <td>2.6 </td> <td>43.6 </td> <td>0.9 </td> <td>99.2 </td> <td>78 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>1.957 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> </td> <td>0.718 (H) </td> <td>6,421 </td> <td>4.1 </td> <td>46.6 </td> <td>14.0 </td> <td>99.4 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>12 (2012) </td> <td>2.038 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td>0.765 (H) </td> <td>15,690 </td> <td>−3.0 </td> <td>52.7 </td> <td>0.9 </td> <td>97.5 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>2.176 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> </td> <td>0.851 (VH) </td> <td>25,564 </td> <td>2.3 </td> <td>50.8 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>98.9 </td> <td>79 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>1.635<a href="#cite_note-vohgpi-62">[60]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> </td> <td>0.767 (H) </td> <td>13,794 </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>52.2<a href="#cite_note-socio-economic_policies-63">[61]</a> </td> <td>8.2 </td> <td>98.2 </td> <td>76 </td> <td>28 </td> <td>2.764 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> </td> <td>0.810 (VH) </td> <td>15,318 </td> <td>3.0 </td> <td>48.6 </td> <td>0.7 </td> <td>98.3 </td> <td>79 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>1.699 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>0.783 (H) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>100.0 </td> <td>79 </td> <td> </td> <td>2.057 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> </td> <td>0.756 (H) </td> <td>15,777 </td> <td>5.5 </td> <td>45.7 </td> <td>4.3 </td> <td>97.0 </td> <td>78 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>2.143 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /> <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> </td> <td>0.759 (H) </td> <td>11,168 </td> <td>−0.6 </td> <td>46.6 </td> <td>5.1 </td> <td>98.7 </td> <td>77 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>2.020 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /> <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> </td> <td>0.673 (M) </td> <td>8,293 </td> <td>2.3 </td> <td>41.8 </td> <td>15.1 </td> <td>96.0 </td> <td>75 </td> <td>64 </td> <td>2.237 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> </td> <td>0.663 (M) </td> <td>7,721 </td> <td>3.8 </td> <td>52.4 </td> <td>16.9 </td> <td>87.4 </td> <td>72 </td> <td>31 </td> <td>2.270 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> </td> <td>0.634 (M) </td> <td>4,861 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>57.4 </td> <td>23.3 </td> <td>95.9 </td> <td>71 </td> <td>75 </td> <td>2.237 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> </td> <td>0.779 (H) </td> <td>18,335 </td> <td>2.3 </td> <td>48.1 </td> <td>8.4 </td> <td>98.5 </td> <td>77 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>2.557 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> </td> <td>0.660 (M) </td> <td>4,972 </td> <td>4.0 </td> <td>45.7 </td> <td>15.8 </td> <td>87.0 </td> <td>73 </td> <td>8 (2019)<a href="#cite_note-Statistic_Yearbook_National_Police_2020-64">[62]</a> </td> <td>1.975 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> </td> <td>0.815 (VH) </td> <td>20,512 </td> <td>6.0 </td> <td>51.9 </td> <td>9.5 </td> <td>97.6 </td> <td>79 </td> <td>18 (2012) </td> <td>1.837 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /> <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> </td> <td>0.728 (H) </td> <td>8,671 </td> <td>3.0 </td> <td>48.0 </td> <td>5.1 </td> <td>98.6 </td> <td>77 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>2.037 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> </td> <td>0.777 (H) </td> <td>12,077 </td> <td>2.4 </td> <td>45.3 </td> <td>5.9 </td> <td>97.4 </td> <td>74 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>2.057 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> </td> <td>0.817 (VH) </td> <td>21,719 </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>41.3 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td>98.8 </td> <td>77 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>1.726 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> </td> <td>0.711 (H) </td> <td>15,892 </td> <td>−10.0 </td> <td>44.8 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>98.5 </td> <td>75 </td> <td>62 </td> <td>2.651 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Latin_Americans" title="Latin Americans">Latin Americans</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_America" title="Demographics of South America">Demographics of South America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afro-Latin_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Latin Americans">Afro-Latin Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Latin_Americans" title="Asian Latin Americans">Asian Latin Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Indigenous peoples of South America">Indigenous peoples of South America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White_Latin_Americans" title="White Latin Americans">White Latin Americans</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical populations</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1750 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">16,000,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1800 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">24,000,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.81%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1850 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">38,000,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.92%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1900 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">74,000,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.34%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1950 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">167,000,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.64%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">511,000,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.22%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2013 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">603,191,486</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.39%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/sixbillion/sixbilpart1.pdf">"UN report 2004 data" (PDF)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_expectancy">Life expectancy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Life expectancy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_in_the_Americas_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries in the Americas by life expectancy">List of countries in the Americas by life expectancy</a></div> List of countries by <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> at birth for 2022 according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wbg_total-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-wbg_male-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-wbg_female-67">[65]</a> This service doesn't provide data for French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Saint Barthélemy. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1233514072">.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers{counter-reset:rowNumber}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers tr::before{content:"";display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em;padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right;vertical-align:inherit}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.static-row-numbers-left tr::before{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.static-row-numbers-center tr::before{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers thead+tbody tr:first-child:not(.static-row-header):not(.static-row-numbers-norank)::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers tbody tr:not(:first-child):not(.static-row-header):not(.static-row-numbers-norank)::before{counter-increment:rowNumber;content:counter(rowNumber)}.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-text.static-row-numbers thead tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-text.static-row-numbers caption+tbody tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-text.static-row-numbers tbody:first-child tr:first-child::before{content:"No.";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-hash.static-row-numbers thead tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-hash.static-row-numbers caption+tbody tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-hash.static-row-numbers tbody:first-child tr:first-child::before{content:"#";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border:0 solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable thead+tbody tr:first-child:not(.static-row-header)::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tbody tr:not(:first-child):not(.static-row-header)::before{border-width:1px}body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border-color:#aaaaaa}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border-color:#c8ccd1}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border-color:rgba(84,89,93,.3)}.mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) tr::before{border:0 inset #202122}.mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) thead+tbody tr:first-child:not(.static-row-header)::before,.mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) tbody tr:not(:first-child):not(.static-row-header)::before{border-width:1px}body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) tr::before,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable):not(.mw-datatable) tr::before{border-color:#000000}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.mw-datatable:not(.wikitable) tr::before{border:0 solid #c8ccd1}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.mw-datatable:not(.wikitable) thead+tbody tr:first-child:not(.static-row-header)::before,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.mw-datatable:not(.wikitable) tbody tr:not(:first-child):not(.static-row-header)::before{border-width:1px}@media all and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border-left-width:1px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable thead tr:first-child::before,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable caption+tbody tr:first-child::before,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tbody:first-child tr:first-child::before{border-top-width:1px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tbody tr:last-child::before,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tfoot tr:last-child::before{border-bottom-width:1px}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1245584064">@media screen{html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort{padding-right:0.4em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.headerSort{padding-right:1px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort{padding-right:0.2em}html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort{padding-right:0.5em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable th.headerSort{background-position:center bottom 0.2em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable th.headerSort{background-position:right bottom 0.2em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable th.unsortable,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable th.unsortable,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable th.unsortable{padding-bottom:1em}html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable th.unsortable,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.unsortable,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.unsortable{padding-bottom:1.2em}html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.unsortable,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.unsortable,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.unsortable,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.unsortable,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.unsortable,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.unsortable{padding-bottom:0.8em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under.sortable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-right.sortable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-center.sortable thead tr:only-child::before{padding-bottom:0.9em}html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under.sortable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-right.sortable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-center.sortable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under.sortable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-right.sortable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-center.sortable thead tr:only-child::before{padding-bottom:0.8em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable th.ts-vertical-header.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable th.ts-vertical-header.unsortable,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.ts-vertical-header.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.ts-vertical-header.unsortable,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.ts-vertical-header.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.ts-vertical-header.unsortable{padding-top:0.4em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.ts-vertical-header.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.ts-vertical-header.unsortable,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.ts-vertical-header.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.ts-vertical-header.unsortable,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.ts-vertical-header.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.ts-vertical-header.unsortable{padding-top:1px}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable .ts-vertical-header>div,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable .ts-vertical-header>div,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable .ts-vertical-header>div{padding-top:4px}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable:not(.wikitable) .ts-vertical-header>div,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable:not(.wikitable) .ts-vertical-header>div,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable:not(.wikitable) .ts-vertical-header>div{padding-bottom:4px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable .ts-vertical-header>div,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable .ts-vertical-header>div,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable .ts-vertical-header>div{padding-top:2px}html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable .ts-vertical-header>div,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable .ts-vertical-header>div,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable .ts-vertical-header>div{padding-top:0}@media(pointer:coarse){html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort{background-position:center bottom 0.5em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort{background-position:right bottom 0.5em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable th.unsortable,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.unsortable,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.unsortable{padding-bottom:1.6em}html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable th.unsortable,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.unsortable,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.unsortable{padding-bottom:1.8em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before{padding-bottom:1.5em}html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before{padding-bottom:1.4em}}}</style> <table class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers sort-under" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr class="static-row-header" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;"> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">Countries & territories </th> <th colspan="4">2022 </th> <th colspan="9" style="border-left-width:2px;">Historical data </th> <th rowspan="2" style="border-left-width:2px; text-align:middle;">recovery from <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>: 2019→2022 </th></tr> <tr class="static-row-header" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;"> <th style="vertical-align:middle;width:4em;">All </th> <th style="vertical-align:middle;">Male </th> <th style="vertical-align:middle;">Female </th> <th style="vertical-align:middle; width:3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>Sex gap </th> <th style="border-left-width:2px; vertical-align:middle; width:4em; padding-left:1em;">2014 </th> <th style="text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">2014 →2019 </th> <th style="vertical-align:middle; width:3em;">2019 </th> <th style="text-align:left;">2019 →2020 </th> <th style="vertical-align:middle; width:3em;">2020 </th> <th style="text-align:left;">2020 →2021 </th> <th style="vertical-align:middle; width:3em;">2021 </th> <th style="text-align:left;">2021 →2022 </th> <th style="vertical-align:middle; width:3em;">2022 </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/45px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">79.72</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eaf3ff;">75.58</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fee7f6;">83.90</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fff8dc;">8.32</td> <td style="text-align:center; border-left-width:2px; padding-left:1em;">78.93</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.13</td> <td style="text-align:center;">79.06</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−1.02</td> <td style="text-align:center;">78.04</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">2.12</td> <td style="text-align:center;">80.16</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−0.44</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">79.72</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; border-left-width:2px; color:darkgreen;">0.66 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">79.52</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eaf3ff;">77.16</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fee7f6;">81.88</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fff8dc;">4.72</td> <td style="text-align:center; border-left-width:2px; padding-left:1em;">79.47</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.85</td> <td style="text-align:center;">80.33</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−0.95</td> <td style="text-align:center;">79.38</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−0.43</td> <td style="text-align:center;">78.94</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.58</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">79.52</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; border-left-width:2px; color:crimson;">−0.81 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">78.16</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eaf3ff;">75.79</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fee7f6;">80.56</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fff8dc;">4.77</td> <td style="text-align:center; border-left-width:2px; padding-left:1em;">77.85</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−0.24</td> <td style="text-align:center;">77.61</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−0.04</td> <td style="text-align:center;">77.57</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−3.88</td> <td style="text-align:center;">73.68</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">4.47</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">78.16</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; border-left-width:2px; color:darkgreen;">0.54 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">78.00</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eaf3ff;">74.15</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fee7f6;">81.69</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fff8dc;">7.54</td> <td style="text-align:center; border-left-width:2px; padding-left:1em;">77.37</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.14</td> <td style="text-align:center;">77.51</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.92</td> <td style="text-align:center;">78.43</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−2.99</td> <td style="text-align:center;">75.44</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">2.56</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">78.00</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; border-left-width:2px; color:darkgreen;">0.49 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /> <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">77.89</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eaf3ff;">75.31</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fee7f6;">80.48</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fff8dc;">5.17</td> <td style="text-align:center; border-left-width:2px; padding-left:1em;">76.62</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.67</td> <td style="text-align:center;">77.30</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−5.14</td> <td style="text-align:center;">72.15</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">1.52</td> <td style="text-align:center;">73.67</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">4.22</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">77.89</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; border-left-width:2px; color:darkgreen;">0.60 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">77.32</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eaf3ff;">74.76</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fee7f6;">80.04</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fff8dc;">5.27</td> <td style="text-align:center; border-left-width:2px; padding-left:1em;">78.77</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.65</td> <td style="text-align:center;">79.43</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−0.15</td> <td style="text-align:center;">79.28</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−2.25</td> <td style="text-align:center;">77.02</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.30</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">77.32</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; border-left-width:2px; color:crimson;">−2.11 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">76.83</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eaf3ff;">73.73</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fee7f6;">80.09</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fff8dc;">6.36</td> <td style="text-align:center; border-left-width:2px; padding-left:1em;">77.25</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.56</td> <td style="text-align:center;">77.81</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−1.15</td> <td style="text-align:center;">76.66</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−0.43</td> <td style="text-align:center;">76.22</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.60</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">76.83</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; border-left-width:2px; color:crimson;">−0.98 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">76.06</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eaf3ff;">72.85</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fee7f6;">79.28</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fff8dc;">6.43</td> <td style="text-align:center; border-left-width:2px; padding-left:1em;">76.75</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.53</td> <td style="text-align:center;">77.28</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−1.39</td> <td style="text-align:center;">75.89</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−0.50</td> <td style="text-align:center;">75.39</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.67</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">76.06</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; border-left-width:2px; color:crimson;">−1.22 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">74.83</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eaf3ff;">71.55</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fee7f6;">78.16</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fff8dc;">6.61</td> <td style="text-align:center; border-left-width:2px; padding-left:1em;">74.80</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−0.59</td> <td style="text-align:center;">74.20</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−4.07</td> <td style="text-align:center;">70.13</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.08</td> <td style="text-align:center;">70.21</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">4.62</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">74.83</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; border-left-width:2px; color:darkgreen;">0.63 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">74.61</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eaf3ff;">71.61</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fee7f6;">77.56</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fff8dc;">5.94</td> <td style="text-align:center; border-left-width:2px; padding-left:1em;">72.81</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">1.24</td> <td style="text-align:center;">74.05</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−2.26</td> <td style="text-align:center;">71.80</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">2.04</td> <td style="text-align:center;">73.84</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.78</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">74.61</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; border-left-width:2px; color:darkgreen;">0.56 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">74.17</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eaf3ff;">71.04</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fee7f6;">77.54</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fff8dc;">6.49</td> <td style="text-align:center; border-left-width:2px; padding-left:1em;">72.87</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.71</td> <td style="text-align:center;">73.58</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−0.69</td> <td style="text-align:center;">72.89</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−0.27</td> <td style="text-align:center;">72.61</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">1.56</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">74.17</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; border-left-width:2px; color:darkgreen;">0.59 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">73.66</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eaf3ff;">70.32</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fee7f6;">77.14</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fff8dc;">6.82</td> <td style="text-align:center; border-left-width:2px; padding-left:1em;">76.04</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.71</td> <td style="text-align:center;">76.75</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−1.98</td> <td style="text-align:center;">74.77</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−1.94</td> <td style="text-align:center;">72.83</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.83</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">73.66</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; border-left-width:2px; color:crimson;">−3.09 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">73.42</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eaf3ff;">70.30</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fee7f6;">76.60</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fff8dc;">6.30</td> <td style="text-align:center; border-left-width:2px; padding-left:1em;">74.31</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">1.03</td> <td style="text-align:center;">75.34</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−1.33</td> <td style="text-align:center;">74.01</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−1.26</td> <td style="text-align:center;">72.75</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.67</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">73.42</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; border-left-width:2px; color:crimson;">−1.91 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">73.39</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eaf3ff;">71.33</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fee7f6;">75.50</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fff8dc;">4.16</td> <td style="text-align:center; border-left-width:2px; padding-left:1em;">75.33</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.82</td> <td style="text-align:center;">76.16</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−2.49</td> <td style="text-align:center;">73.67</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−1.29</td> <td style="text-align:center;">72.38</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">1.01</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">73.39</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; border-left-width:2px; color:crimson;">−2.77 </td></tr> <tr class="static-row-header"> <td align="center">World</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">72.00</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eaf3ff;">69.60</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fee7f6;">74.53</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fff8dc;">4.93</td> <td style="text-align:center; border-left-width:2px; padding-left:1em;">71.88</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">1.10</td> <td style="text-align:center;">72.98</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−0.74</td> <td style="text-align:center;">72.24</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−0.92</td> <td style="text-align:center;">71.33</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.67</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">72.00</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; border-left-width:2px; color:crimson;">−0.98 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /> <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">71.47</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eaf3ff;">66.84</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fee7f6;">75.81</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fff8dc;">8.98</td> <td style="text-align:center; border-left-width:2px; padding-left:1em;">71.75</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.81</td> <td style="text-align:center;">72.56</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−1.50</td> <td style="text-align:center;">71.06</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−0.31</td> <td style="text-align:center;">70.75</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.73</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">71.47</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; border-left-width:2px; color:crimson;">−1.08 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">71.11</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eaf3ff;">66.88</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fee7f6;">75.66</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fff8dc;">8.78</td> <td style="text-align:center; border-left-width:2px; padding-left:1em;">72.85</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−0.69</td> <td style="text-align:center;">72.16</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−1.07</td> <td style="text-align:center;">71.09</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−0.54</td> <td style="text-align:center;">70.55</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.55</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">71.11</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; border-left-width:2px; color:crimson;">−1.06 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">70.73</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eaf3ff;">68.46</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fee7f6;">73.16</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fff8dc;">4.70</td> <td style="text-align:center; border-left-width:2px; padding-left:1em;">72.26</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.62</td> <td style="text-align:center;">72.88</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−1.42</td> <td style="text-align:center;">71.46</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−1.34</td> <td style="text-align:center;">70.12</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.60</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">70.73</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; border-left-width:2px; color:crimson;">−2.15 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /> <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">70.47</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eaf3ff;">67.64</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fee7f6;">73.57</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fff8dc;">5.93</td> <td style="text-align:center; border-left-width:2px; padding-left:1em;">72.88</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.74</td> <td style="text-align:center;">73.62</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−0.44</td> <td style="text-align:center;">73.18</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−2.92</td> <td style="text-align:center;">70.26</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.21</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">70.47</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; border-left-width:2px; color:crimson;">−3.15 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">68.67</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eaf3ff;">65.70</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fee7f6;">71.75</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fff8dc;">6.06</td> <td style="text-align:center; border-left-width:2px; padding-left:1em;">71.96</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">1.17</td> <td style="text-align:center;">73.13</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−1.33</td> <td style="text-align:center;">71.80</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−2.56</td> <td style="text-align:center;">69.24</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−0.56</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">68.67</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; border-left-width:2px; color:crimson;">−4.45 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">64.93</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eaf3ff;">62.27</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fee7f6;">67.91</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fff8dc;">5.64</td> <td style="text-align:center; border-left-width:2px; padding-left:1em;">67.16</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.68</td> <td style="text-align:center;">67.84</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−3.37</td> <td style="text-align:center;">64.47</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−0.84</td> <td style="text-align:center;">63.63</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">1.30</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">64.93</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; border-left-width:2px; color:crimson;">−2.91 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Largest cities">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:924px;max-width:924px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Latin American cities</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:SP_from_Altino_Arantes_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/SP_from_Altino_Arantes_Building.jpg/150px-SP_from_Altino_Arantes_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/SP_from_Altino_Arantes_Building.jpg/225px-SP_from_Altino_Arantes_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/SP_from_Altino_Arantes_Building.jpg/300px-SP_from_Altino_Arantes_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Vista_a%C3%A9rea_de_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico_desde_el_Auditorio_Nacional_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Vista_a%C3%A9rea_de_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico_desde_el_Auditorio_Nacional_10.jpg/150px-Vista_a%C3%A9rea_de_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico_desde_el_Auditorio_Nacional_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Vista_a%C3%A9rea_de_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico_desde_el_Auditorio_Nacional_10.jpg/225px-Vista_a%C3%A9rea_de_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico_desde_el_Auditorio_Nacional_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Vista_a%C3%A9rea_de_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico_desde_el_Auditorio_Nacional_10.jpg/300px-Vista_a%C3%A9rea_de_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico_desde_el_Auditorio_Nacional_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3997" data-file-height="2248" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Buenos_Aires_Puerto_Madero_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Buenos_Aires_Puerto_Madero_13.jpg/150px-Buenos_Aires_Puerto_Madero_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Buenos_Aires_Puerto_Madero_13.jpg/225px-Buenos_Aires_Puerto_Madero_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Buenos_Aires_Puerto_Madero_13.jpg/300px-Buenos_Aires_Puerto_Madero_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2792" data-file-height="1898" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:CostaneraCenter2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/CostaneraCenter2016.jpg/150px-CostaneraCenter2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/CostaneraCenter2016.jpg/225px-CostaneraCenter2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/CostaneraCenter2016.jpg/300px-CostaneraCenter2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3844" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg/150px-Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg/225px-Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg/300px-Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="808" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:BOG17.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/BOG17.png/150px-BOG17.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/BOG17.png/225px-BOG17.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/BOG17.png/300px-BOG17.png 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="768" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a></div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a> accelerated starting in the mid-twentieth century, especially in <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital cities</a>, or in the case of Brazil, traditional economic and political hubs founded in the colonial era. In Mexico, the rapid growth and modernization in country's north has seen the growth of <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Monterrey,_Mexico" title="Timeline of Monterrey, Mexico">Monterrey</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a>. The following is a list of the ten largest metropolitan areas in Latin America. Entries in "bold" indicate they are ranked the highest.<a href="#cite_note-brookingsgdp-68">[66]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>City</th> <th>Country</th> <th>2017 population</th> <th>2014 GDP (<a href="/wiki/GDP_(PPP)" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP (PPP)">PPP</a>, $million, USD)</th> <th>2014 GDP per capita, (USD) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mexico_City" title="Greater Mexico City">Mexico City</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> Mexico</td> <td>23,655,355</td> <td>$403,561</td> <td>$19,239 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Greater São Paulo">São Paulo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> Brazil</td> <td>23,467,354</td> <td>$430,510</td> <td>$20,650 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_Buenos_Aires" title="Greater Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td>15,564,354</td> <td>$315,885</td> <td>$23,606 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Greater Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> Brazil</td> <td>14,440,345</td> <td>$176,630</td> <td>$14,176 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lima_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Lima Metropolitan Area">Lima</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></td> <td>9,804,609</td> <td>$176,447</td> <td>$16,530 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Area_of_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Metropolitan Area of Bogotá">Bogotá</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></td> <td>7,337,449</td> <td>$209,150</td> <td>$19,497 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Metropolitan_Region" title="Santiago Metropolitan Region">Santiago</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Chile</td> <td>7,164,400</td> <td>$171,436</td> <td>$23,290 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_Belo_Horizonte" title="Greater Belo Horizonte">Belo Horizonte</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> Brazil</td> <td>6,145,800</td> <td>$95,686</td> <td>$17,635 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalajara Metropolitan Area">Guadalajara</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> Mexico</td> <td>4,687,700</td> <td>$80,656</td> <td>$17,206 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monterrey_Metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterrey Metropolitan area">Monterrey</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> Mexico</td> <td>4,344,200</td> <td>$122,896</td> <td>$28,290 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race_and_ethnicity">Race and ethnicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Race and ethnicity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Latin_America" title="Ethnic groups in Latin America">Ethnic groups in Latin America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_Latin_America" title="Race and ethnicity in Latin America">Race and ethnicity in Latin America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ignacio_Mar%C3%ADa_Barreda_-_Las_castas_mexicanas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ignacio_Mar%C3%ADa_Barreda_-_Las_castas_mexicanas.jpg/170px-Ignacio_Mar%C3%ADa_Barreda_-_Las_castas_mexicanas.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ignacio_Mar%C3%ADa_Barreda_-_Las_castas_mexicanas.jpg/255px-Ignacio_Mar%C3%ADa_Barreda_-_Las_castas_mexicanas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ignacio_Mar%C3%ADa_Barreda_-_Las_castas_mexicanas.jpg/340px-Ignacio_Mar%C3%ADa_Barreda_-_Las_castas_mexicanas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="1156" /></a><figcaption>Eighteenth-century Mexican Casta painting showing 16 castas hierarchically arranged. <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Maria_Barreda" title="Ignacio Maria Barreda">Ignacio Maria Barreda</a>, 1777. Real Academia Española de la Lengua, Madrid.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Latin_America" title="Special:EditPage/Latin America">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Latin American populations are diverse, with descendants of the Indigenous peoples, Europeans, Africans initially brought as slaves, and Asians, as well as new immigrants. Mixing of groups was a fact of life at contact of the Old World and the New, but colonial regimes established legal and social discrimination against non-white populations simply on the basis of perceived ethnicity and skin color. <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a> was usually linked to a person's racial category, with European-born Spaniards and Portuguese on top. During the colonial era, with a dearth initially of European women, European men and Indigenous women and African women produced what were considered mixed-race children. In Spanish America, the so-called Sociedad de <a href="/wiki/Castas" class="mw-redirect" title="Castas">castas</a> or Sistema de castas was constructed by white elites to try to rationalize the processes at work. In the sixteenth century the Spanish crown sought to protect Indigenous populations from exploitation by white elites for their labor and land. The crown created the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rep%C3%BAblica_de_indios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="República de indios (page does not exist)">República de indios</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_indios_en_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="es:República de indios en la Nueva España">es</a>] to paternalistically govern and protect Indigenous peoples. It also created the República de Españoles, which included not only European whites, but all non-Indigenous peoples, such as blacks, mulattoes, and mixed-race castas who were not dwelling in Indigenous communities. In the religious sphere, the Indigenous were deemed perpetual neophytes in the Catholic faith, which meant Indigenous men were not eligible to be ordained as Catholic priests; however, Indigenous were also excluded from the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a>. Catholics saw military conquest and religious conquest as two parts of the assimilation of Indigenous populations, suppressing Indigenous religious practices and eliminating the Indigenous priesthood. Some worship continued underground. Jews and other non-Catholics, such as Protestants (all called "Lutherans") were banned from settling and were subject to the Inquisition. Considerable mixing of populations occurred in cities, while the countryside was largely Indigenous. At independence in the early nineteenth century, in many places in Spanish America formal racial and legal distinctions disappeared, although slavery was not uniformly abolished. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_America_Ethnic_Distribution_by_Country.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Latin_America_Ethnic_Distribution_by_Country.png/300px-Latin_America_Ethnic_Distribution_by_Country.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Latin_America_Ethnic_Distribution_by_Country.png/450px-Latin_America_Ethnic_Distribution_by_Country.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Latin_America_Ethnic_Distribution_by_Country.png/600px-Latin_America_Ethnic_Distribution_by_Country.png 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="4500" /></a><figcaption>Map of ethno-racial distribution by country.</figcaption></figure> Significant black populations exist in Brazil and Spanish Caribbean islands such as Cuba and Puerto Rico and the circum-Caribbean mainland (Venezuela, Colombia, Panama), as long as in the southern part of South America and Central America (Honduras, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Ecuador, and Peru) a legacy of their use in plantations. All these areas also have significant white populations. In Brazil, coastal Indigenous peoples largely died out in the early sixteenth century, with Indigenous populations surviving far from cities, sugar plantations, and other European enterprises. Many mixed-race people in much of Latin America are tri-racial, usually of European, African, and Indigenous blood, where European (mostly Spanish/Portuguese) tends to be the strongest of the three. In most of Brazil and the Spanish Caribbean, the average ancestral mix is European and African blood, with much smaller amounts of indigenous blood. While the opposite is true in many mainland Spanish-speaking Latin American countries like Venezuela, Colombia, and Panama, where the average ancestral mix is of European and indigenous blood, with smaller amounts of African. But in Mexico, and other places in northern Central America and southern South America, mixed race people tend to be completely of European and indigenous blood. Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Brazil have dominant Mulatto/Triracial populations ("Pardo" in Brazil), in Brazil and Cuba, there is equally large white populations and smaller black populations, while Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico are more Mulatto/Triracial dominated, with significant black and white minorities. Parts of Central America and northern South America are more diverse in that they are dominated by Mestizos and whites but also have large numbers of Mulattos, blacks, and indigenous, especially Colombia, Venezuela, and Panama. The southern cone region, Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile are dominated by whites and mestizos. The rest of Latin America, including México, northern Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), and central South America (Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay), are dominated by mestizos but also have large white and indigenous minorities. The French Caribbean is dominated by blacks, but is sometimes not considered part of Latin America. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_immigrants_buenos_aires.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Italian_immigrants_buenos_aires.jpg/297px-Italian_immigrants_buenos_aires.jpg" decoding="async" width="297" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Italian_immigrants_buenos_aires.jpg/446px-Italian_immigrants_buenos_aires.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Italian_immigrants_buenos_aires.jpg/594px-Italian_immigrants_buenos_aires.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption>Italian immigrants arriving in Buenos Aires, during the <a href="/wiki/Great_European_immigration_wave_to_Argentina" title="Great European immigration wave to Argentina">great european immigration wave to Argentina</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the nineteenth century, a number of Latin American countries sought immigrants from Europe and Asia. With the abolition of black slavery in 1888, the Brazilian monarchy fell in 1889. By then, another source of cheap labor to work on coffee plantations was found in Japan. Chinese male immigrants arrived in Cuba, Mexico, Peru and elsewhere. With political turmoil in Europe during the mid-nineteenth century and widespread poverty, Germans, Spaniards, and Italians immigrated to Latin America in large numbers, welcomed by Latin American governments both as a source of labor as well as a way to increase the size of their white populations. In Argentina, many <a href="/wiki/Afro-Argentines" title="Afro-Argentines">Afro-Argentines</a> married Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> In twentieth-century Brazil, sociologist <a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Freyre" title="Gilberto Freyre">Gilberto Freyre</a> proposed that Brazil was a "<a href="/wiki/Racial_democracy" title="Racial democracy">racial democracy</a>", with less discrimination against blacks than in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> Even if a system of legal racial segregation was never implemented in Latin America, unlike the United States, subsequent research has shown that in Brazil there's discrimination against darker citizens, and that whites remain the elites in the country.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> In Mexico, the mestizo population was considered the true embodiment of "<a href="/wiki/La_raza_c%C3%B3smica" title="La raza cósmica">the cosmic race</a>", according to Mexican intellectual <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vasconcelos" title="José Vasconcelos">José Vasconcelos</a>, thus erasing other populations. There was considerable discrimination against Asians, with calls for the expulsion of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Mexico" title="Chinese immigration to Mexico">Chinese</a> in northern Mexico during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–1920) and racially motivated <a href="/wiki/Torre%C3%B3n_massacre" title="Torreón massacre">massacres</a>. In a number of Latin American countries, Indigenous groups have organized explicitly as Indigenous, to claim human rights and influence political power. With the passage of anti-colonial resolutions in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> and the signing of resolutions for Indigenous rights, the Indigenous are able to act to guarantee their existence within nation-states with legal <a href="/wiki/Standing" title="Standing">standing</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Latin_America" title="Special:EditPage/Latin America">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Placard_piemont%C3%A8is_a_San_Fransesch_an_Argentin-a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Placard_piemont%C3%A8is_a_San_Fransesch_an_Argentin-a.jpg/220px-Placard_piemont%C3%A8is_a_San_Fransesch_an_Argentin-a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Placard_piemont%C3%A8is_a_San_Fransesch_an_Argentin-a.jpg/330px-Placard_piemont%C3%A8is_a_San_Fransesch_an_Argentin-a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Placard_piemont%C3%A8is_a_San_Fransesch_an_Argentin-a.jpg/440px-Placard_piemont%C3%A8is_a_San_Fransesch_an_Argentin-a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Trilingual sign in San Francisco, Argentina, in <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine Spanish">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian language in Argentina">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-Most_Widely_Spoken_Native_Languages_in_Latin_America.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Map-Most_Widely_Spoken_Native_Languages_in_Latin_America.png/220px-Map-Most_Widely_Spoken_Native_Languages_in_Latin_America.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Map-Most_Widely_Spoken_Native_Languages_in_Latin_America.png/330px-Map-Most_Widely_Spoken_Native_Languages_in_Latin_America.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Map-Most_Widely_Spoken_Native_Languages_in_Latin_America.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Most widely spoken Native languages in Latin America: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>Quechua, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">Guaraní, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">Aymara, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">Náhuatl, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">Lenguas Mayas, Mapudungun</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> is the predominant language of Latin America. It is spoken as first language by about 60% of the population. <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> is spoken by about 30%, and about 10% speak other languages such as <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guaraní</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>. Portuguese is spoken mostly in Brazil, the largest and most populous country in the region. Spanish is the official language of most of the other countries and territories on the Latin American mainland, as well as in Cuba, Puerto Rico (where it is co-official with English), and the Dominican Republic. French is spoken in Haiti and in the French <a href="/wiki/Overseas_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas department">overseas departments</a> of <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">Guiana</a>. It is also spoken by some <a href="/wiki/Panamanians" title="Panamanians">Panamanians</a> of Afro-<a href="/wiki/Antilles" title="Antilles">Antillean</a> descent. Dutch is the official language in <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>. (As Dutch is a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic language</a>, the territories are not necessarily considered part of Latin America.) However, the native and co-official language of <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a> largely based on Portuguese and Spanish that has had a considerable influence from Dutch and other <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Portuguese-based creole languages</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Amerindian languages</a> are widely spoken in Peru, Guatemala, Bolivia, Paraguay and Mexico, and to a lesser degree, in Panama, Ecuador, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, and Chile. In other Latin American countries, the population of speakers of Indigenous languages tend to be very small or even non-existent, for example in Uruguay. Mexico is possibly contains more Indigenous languages than any other Latin American country, but the most-spoken Indigenous language there is Nahuatl. In Peru, <a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechua</a> is an official language, alongside Spanish and other Indigenous languages in the areas where they predominate. In Ecuador, while <a href="/wiki/Quichua" class="mw-redirect" title="Quichua">Quichua</a> holds no official status, it is a recognized language under the country's constitution; however, it is only spoken by a few groups in the country's highlands. In Bolivia, <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a>, Quechua and <a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guaraní language">Guaraní</a> hold official status alongside Spanish. Guaraní, like Spanish, is an official language of Paraguay, and is spoken by a majority of the population, which is, for the most part, bilingual, and it is co-official with Spanish in the Argentine province of <a href="/wiki/Corrientes" title="Corrientes">Corrientes</a>. In Nicaragua, Spanish is the official language, but on the country's Caribbean coast English and Indigenous languages such as <a href="/wiki/Miskito_language" title="Miskito language">Miskito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumo_languages" title="Sumo languages">Sumo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rama_language" title="Rama language">Rama</a> also hold official status. Colombia recognizes all Indigenous languages spoken within its territory as official, though fewer than 1% of its population are native speakers of these languages. <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> is one of the 62 Native languages spoken by Indigenous people in Mexico, which are officially recognized by the government as "national languages" along with Spanish. Other European languages spoken in Latin America include: English, by half of the current population in Puerto Rico, as well as in nearby countries that may or may not be considered Latin American, like <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, and spoken by descendants of British settlers in Argentina and Chile. German is spoken in southern Brazil, southern Chile, portions of Argentina, Venezuela and Paraguay; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_Brazil" title="Italian language in Brazil">Italian in Brazil</a>, Argentina, Venezuela, and Uruguay; <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> in southern Brazil and Argentina; and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, in southern Argentina.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> Non-European or Asian languages include Japanese in Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, and Paraguay, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> in Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Chile, Arabic in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, and Chile, and Chinese throughout South America. Countries like Venezuela, Argentina and Brazil have their own dialects or variations of German and Italian. In several nations, especially in the Caribbean region, <a href="/wiki/Creole_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Creole languages">creole languages</a> are spoken. The most widely-spoken creole language in Latin America and the Caribbean is <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a>, the predominant language of Haiti, derived primarily from French and certain West African tongues, with <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Amerindian</a>, English, Portuguese and Spanish influences as well. Creole languages of mainland Latin America, similarly, are derived from European languages and various African tongues. The aforementioned Papiamento, commonly spoken on the Dutch Caribbean <a href="/wiki/ABC_islands_(Leeward_Antilles)" title="ABC islands (Leeward Antilles)">ABC Islands</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Portuguese-based creole</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Garifuna_language" title="Garifuna language">Garifuna language</a> is spoken along the Caribbean coast in Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Belize, mostly by the <a href="/wiki/Garifuna_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Garifuna people">Garifuna people</a>, a mixed-race <a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo">Zambo</a> people who were the result of mixing between Indigenous Caribbeans and escaped Black slaves. Primarily an <a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan language</a>, it has influences from Caribbean and European languages. Archaeologists have deciphered over 15 pre-Columbian distinct writing systems from Mesoamerican societies. Ancient <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a> had the most sophisticated textually written language, but since texts were largely confined to the religious and administrative elite, traditions were passed down orally. Oral traditions also prevailed in other major Indigenous groups including, but not limited to the <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a> and other Nahuatl speakers, <a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechua</a> and Aymara of the Andean regions, the <a href="/wiki/K%27iche%27_people" class="mw-redirect" title="K'iche' people">Quiché</a> of Central America, the <a href="/wiki/Tupi-Guaran%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Tupi-Guaraní">Tupi-Guaraní</a> in today's Brazil, the <a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_people" title="Guaraní people">Guaraní</a> in Paraguay and the <a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a> in Chile.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latin_America" title="Religion in Latin America">Religion in Latin America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santuario_de_Las_Lajas,_Ipiales,_Colombia,_2015-07-21,_DD_21-23_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Santuario_de_Las_Lajas%2C_Ipiales%2C_Colombia%2C_2015-07-21%2C_DD_21-23_HDR.jpg/220px-Santuario_de_Las_Lajas%2C_Ipiales%2C_Colombia%2C_2015-07-21%2C_DD_21-23_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Santuario_de_Las_Lajas%2C_Ipiales%2C_Colombia%2C_2015-07-21%2C_DD_21-23_HDR.jpg/330px-Santuario_de_Las_Lajas%2C_Ipiales%2C_Colombia%2C_2015-07-21%2C_DD_21-23_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Santuario_de_Las_Lajas%2C_Ipiales%2C_Colombia%2C_2015-07-21%2C_DD_21-23_HDR.jpg/440px-Santuario_de_Las_Lajas%2C_Ipiales%2C_Colombia%2C_2015-07-21%2C_DD_21-23_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3958" data-file-height="2758" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Las_Lajas_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Lajas Sanctuary">Las Lajas Sanctuary</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, Department of <a href="/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o_Department" title="Nariño Department">Nariño</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_Arequipa,_Peru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Catedral_Arequipa%2C_Peru.jpg/220px-Catedral_Arequipa%2C_Peru.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Catedral_Arequipa%2C_Peru.jpg/330px-Catedral_Arequipa%2C_Peru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Catedral_Arequipa%2C_Peru.jpg/440px-Catedral_Arequipa%2C_Peru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="1377" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cathedral_of_Arequipa" title="Basilica Cathedral of Arequipa">Cathedral of Arequipa</a>, in Southern <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Catedral_1899.jpg/220px-Catedral_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Catedral_1899.jpg/330px-Catedral_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Catedral_1899.jpg/440px-Catedral_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Metropolitan_Cathedral" title="Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral">Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral</a>, where the remains of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">General José de San Martín</a> lie, the <a href="/wiki/Libertadores" title="Libertadores">Libertador</a> of Argentina, Chile and Perú.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jorge_Mario_Bergoglio_attended_a_salesian_school_between_1948_and_1949.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Jorge_Mario_Bergoglio_attended_a_salesian_school_between_1948_and_1949.jpg/220px-Jorge_Mario_Bergoglio_attended_a_salesian_school_between_1948_and_1949.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Jorge_Mario_Bergoglio_attended_a_salesian_school_between_1948_and_1949.jpg/330px-Jorge_Mario_Bergoglio_attended_a_salesian_school_between_1948_and_1949.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Jorge_Mario_Bergoglio_attended_a_salesian_school_between_1948_and_1949.jpg/440px-Jorge_Mario_Bergoglio_attended_a_salesian_school_between_1948_and_1949.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> at age 12 (fourth boy from the left in the third row from the top), Salesian College (c. 1948–1949), Buenos Aires, Argentina</figcaption></figure> The vast majority of Latin Americans are <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> (90%),<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> mostly Roman Catholics belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> About 70% of the Latin American population considers itself Catholic.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> In 2012 Latin America constitutes in absolute terms the second <a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">world's largest Christian population</a>, after Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Survey1-80">[78]</a> According to the detailed Pew multi-country survey in 2014, 69% of the Latin American population is Catholic and 19% is Protestant. Protestants are 26% in Brazil and over 40% in much of Central America. More than half of these are converts from Roman Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Religion_in_Latin_America-82">[80]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Religion in Latin America (2014)<a href="#cite_note-Religion_in_Latin_America-82">[80]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Catholic (%)</th> <th>Protestant (%)</th> <th>Irreligion (%)</th> <th>Other (%) </th></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay"><img alt="Paraguay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> </td> <td>89 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> </td> <td>81 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> </td> <td>79 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador"><img alt="Ecuador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> </td> <td>79 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia"><img alt="Bolivia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> </td> <td>77 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> </td> <td>76 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> </td> <td>73 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> </td> <td>71 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama"><img alt="Panama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> </td> <td>70 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> </td> <td>64 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> </td> <td>62 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td>61 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic"><img alt="Dominican Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> </td> <td>57 </td> <td>23 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico"><img alt="Puerto Rico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/45px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[sn 1]</a> </td> <td>56 </td> <td>33 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador"><img alt="El Salvador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></a> <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> </td> <td>50 </td> <td>36 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala"><img alt="Guatemala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> </td> <td>50 </td> <td>41 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua"><img alt="Nicaragua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> </td> <td>50 </td> <td>40 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras"><img alt="Honduras" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> </td> <td>46 </td> <td>41 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay"><img alt="Uruguay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> </td> <td>42 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>37 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <td style="text-align:left;">Total </td> <td>69 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Note: Puerto Rico is <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Political status of Puerto Rico">a territory</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration">Migration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Migration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_diaspora" title="Latin American diaspora">Latin American diaspora</a></div>The entire hemisphere was settled by migrants from Asia, Europe, and Africa. Native American populations settled throughout the hemisphere before the arrival of Europeans in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and the forced migration of slaves from Africa. In the post-independence period, a number of Latin American countries sought to attract European immigrants as a source of labor as well as to deliberately change the proportions of racial and ethnic groups within their borders. Chile, Argentina, and Brazil actively recruited labor from Catholic southern Europe, where populations were poor and sought better economic opportunities. Many nineteenth-century immigrants went to the United States and Canada, but a significant number arrived in Latin America. Although Mexico tried to attract immigrants, it largely failed.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> As black slavery was abolished in Brazil in 1888, coffee growers recruited Japanese migrants to work in coffee plantations. There is a significant population of Japanese descent in Brazil. Cuba and Peru recruited Chinese labor in the late nineteenth century. Some Chinese immigrants who were excluded from immigrating to the U.S. settled in northern Mexico. When the U.S. acquired its southwest by conquest in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_American_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican American War">Mexican American War</a>, Latin American populations did not cross the border to the U.S., the border crossed them. In the twentieth century there have been several types of migration. One is the movement of rural populations within a given country to cities in search of work, causing many Latin American cities to grow significantly. Another is international movement of populations, often fleeing repression or war. Other international migration is for economic reasons, often unregulated or undocumented. Mexicans immigrated to the U.S. during the violence of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–1920)<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> and the religious <a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a> (1926–29);<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> during World War II, Mexican men worked in the U.S. in the <a href="/wiki/Bracero_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracero program">bracero program</a>. Economic migration from Mexico followed the crash of the Mexican economy in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> Spanish refugees fled to Mexico following the fascist victory in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> (1936–38), with some 50,000 exiles finding refuge at the invitation of President <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Lázaro Cárdenas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> Following World War II a larger wave of refugees to Latin America, many of them Jews, settled in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, and Venezuela. Some were only transiting through the region, but others stayed and created communities.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> A number of Nazis escaped to Latin America, living under assumed names, in an attempt to avoid attention and prosecution. In the aftermath of the Cuban Revolution, middle class and elite Cubans moved to the U.S., particularly to Florida. Some fled Chile for the U.S. and Europe after the 1973 military coup.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> Colombians migrated to Spain and the United Kingdom during the region's political turmoil, compounded by the rise of <a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug trafficking">narcotrafficking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> During the Central American wars of the 1970s to the 1990s, many Salvadorans, Guatemalans, and Hondurans migrated to the U.S. to escape narcotrafficking, gangs, and poverty. As living conditions deteriorated in Venezuela under <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a>, many left for neighboring Colombia and Ecuador. In the 1990s, economic stress in Ecuador during the <a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9cada_Perdida" class="mw-redirect" title="La Década Perdida">La Década Perdida</a> triggered considerable migration to Spain and to the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> Some Latin American countries seek to strengthen links between migrants and their states of origin, while promoting their integration in the receiving state. These emigrant policies focus on the rights, obligations and opportunities for participation of emigrated citizens who already live outside the borders of the country of origin. Research on Latin America shows that the extension of policies towards migrants is linked to a focus on civil rights and state benefits that can positively influence integration in recipient countries. In addition, the tolerance of dual citizenship has spread more in Latin America than in any other region of the world.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Latin_America" title="Education in Latin America">Education in Latin America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_map_of_countries_by_literacy_rate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/World_map_of_countries_by_literacy_rate.svg/280px-World_map_of_countries_by_literacy_rate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/World_map_of_countries_by_literacy_rate.svg/420px-World_map_of_countries_by_literacy_rate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/World_map_of_countries_by_literacy_rate.svg/560px-World_map_of_countries_by_literacy_rate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>World map indicating literacy rate by country in 2015 (2015 CIA <a href="/wiki/World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="World Factbook">World Factbook</a>). Grey = no data.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AEXCNBA_1934-1984_-_Colegio_Nacional_de_Buenos_Aires,_frente,_desde_Bol%C3%ADvar_y_Moreno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/AEXCNBA_1934-1984_-_Colegio_Nacional_de_Buenos_Aires%2C_frente%2C_desde_Bol%C3%ADvar_y_Moreno.jpg/220px-AEXCNBA_1934-1984_-_Colegio_Nacional_de_Buenos_Aires%2C_frente%2C_desde_Bol%C3%ADvar_y_Moreno.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/AEXCNBA_1934-1984_-_Colegio_Nacional_de_Buenos_Aires%2C_frente%2C_desde_Bol%C3%ADvar_y_Moreno.jpg/330px-AEXCNBA_1934-1984_-_Colegio_Nacional_de_Buenos_Aires%2C_frente%2C_desde_Bol%C3%ADvar_y_Moreno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/AEXCNBA_1934-1984_-_Colegio_Nacional_de_Buenos_Aires%2C_frente%2C_desde_Bol%C3%ADvar_y_Moreno.jpg/440px-AEXCNBA_1934-1984_-_Colegio_Nacional_de_Buenos_Aires%2C_frente%2C_desde_Bol%C3%ADvar_y_Moreno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2015" data-file-height="2292" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Colegio_Nacional_de_Buenos_Aires" title="Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires">Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires</a>, one of the most prestigious schools in Latin America. Its alumni includes two <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel</a> laureates and four Presidents of Argentina.</figcaption></figure> Despite significant progress, education access and school completion remains unequal in Latin America. The region has made great progress in educational coverage; almost all children attend <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary school</a>, and access to <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary education</a> has increased considerably. Quality issues such as poor teaching methods, lack of appropriate equipment, and overcrowding exist throughout the region. These issues lead to adolescents dropping out of the educational system early. Most educational systems in the region have implemented various types of administrative and institutional reforms that have enabled reach for places and communities that had no access to education services in the early 1990s. School meal programs are also employed to expand access to education, and at least 23 countries in the Latin America and Caribbean region have large-scale school feeding activities, altogether reaching 88% of primary school-age children in the region.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> Compared to prior generations, Latin American youth have seen an increase in their levels of education. On average, they have completed two more years of school than their parents.<a href="#cite_note-Welti-95">[92]</a> However, there are still 23 million children in the region between the ages of 4 and 17 outside of the formal education system. Estimates indicate that 30% of preschool age children (ages 4–5) do not attend school, and for the most vulnerable populations, the poor and rural, this proportion exceeds 40 percent. Among primary school age children (ages 6 to 12), attendance is almost universal; however there is still a need to enroll five million more children in the primary education system. These children mostly live in remote areas, are Indigenous or Afro-descendants and live in extreme poverty.<a href="#cite_note-Survey-96">[93]</a> Among people between the ages of 13 and 17 years, only 80% are full-time students, and only 66% of these advance to secondary school. These percentages are lower among vulnerable population groups: only 75% of the poorest youth between the ages of 13 and 17 years attend school. Tertiary education has the lowest coverage, with only 70% of people between the ages of 18 and 25 years outside of the education system. Currently, more than half of low income or rural children fail to complete nine years of education.<a href="#cite_note-Survey-96">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime_and_violence">Crime and violence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Crime and violence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crime_and_violence_in_Latin_America" title="Crime and violence in Latin America">Crime and violence in Latin America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homicide_rates_per_100000_people_world,_UNODC_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Homicide_rates_per_100000_people_world%2C_UNODC_2012.jpg/280px-Homicide_rates_per_100000_people_world%2C_UNODC_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Homicide_rates_per_100000_people_world%2C_UNODC_2012.jpg/420px-Homicide_rates_per_100000_people_world%2C_UNODC_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Homicide_rates_per_100000_people_world%2C_UNODC_2012.jpg/560px-Homicide_rates_per_100000_people_world%2C_UNODC_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>2012 map of countries by <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_intentional_homicide_rate" title="List of countries by intentional homicide rate">homicide rate</a>. As of 2015, the Latin American countries with the highest rates were El Salvador (108.64 per 100,000 people), Honduras (63.75) and Venezuela (57.15). The countries with the lowest rates were Chile (3.59), Cuba (4.72) and Argentina (6.53).</figcaption></figure> Latin America and the Caribbean have been cited by numerous sources to be the most dangerous regions in the world.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> Studies have shown that Latin America contains the majority of the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_murder_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities by murder rate">most dangerous cities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> Crime and violence prevention and public security are now important issues for governments and citizens in Latin America and the Caribbean region. Homicide rates in Latin America are the highest in the world. From the early 1980s through the mid-1990s, homicide rates increased by 50 percent. Latin America and the Caribbean experienced more than 2.5 million murders between 2000 and 2017.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> There were a total of 63,880 murders in Brazil in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> The most frequent victims of such homicides are young men, 69 percent of them between the ages of 15 and 19. Countries in Latin America and the Caribbean with the highest homicide rate per year per 100,000 inhabitants in 2015 were: El Salvador 109, Honduras 64, Venezuela 57, Jamaica 43, Belize 34.4, <a href="/wiki/St._Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a> 34, Guatemala 34, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 31, <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">the Bahamas</a> 30, Brazil 26.7, Colombia 26.5, the Dominican Republic 22, <a href="/wiki/St._Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a> 22, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> 19, Mexico 16, Puerto Rico 16, Ecuador 13, <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> 13, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> 12, Bolivia 12, Nicaragua 12, Panama 11, <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 11, and Haiti 10.<a href="#cite_note-Homicide_Statistics_database.-101">[98]</a> Most of the countries with the highest homicide rates are in Africa and Latin America. Countries in Central America, like El Salvador and Honduras, top the list of homicides in the world.<a href="#cite_note-murder_rates2-102">[99]</a> Brazil has more overall <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicides</a> than any country in the world, at 50,108, accounting for one in 10 globally. Crime-related violence is the biggest threat to public health in Latin America, striking more victims than <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> or any other infectious disease.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> Countries with the lowest homicide rate per year per 100,000 inhabitants as of 2015 were: Chile 3, Peru 7, Argentina 7, Uruguay 8 and Paraguay 9.<a href="#cite_note-Homicide_Statistics_database.-101">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_health">Public health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Public health">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Healthy_life_expectancy_bar_chart_-Latin_America.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Healthy_life_expectancy_bar_chart_-Latin_America.png/220px-Healthy_life_expectancy_bar_chart_-Latin_America.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Healthy_life_expectancy_bar_chart_-Latin_America.png/330px-Healthy_life_expectancy_bar_chart_-Latin_America.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Healthy_life_expectancy_bar_chart_-Latin_America.png/440px-Healthy_life_expectancy_bar_chart_-Latin_America.png 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy in Latin America in 2019<a href="#cite_note-who-105">[102]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_aguas_corrientes_1890s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Palacio_aguas_corrientes_1890s.jpg/220px-Palacio_aguas_corrientes_1890s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Palacio_aguas_corrientes_1890s.jpg/330px-Palacio_aguas_corrientes_1890s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Palacio_aguas_corrientes_1890s.jpg/440px-Palacio_aguas_corrientes_1890s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Aguas_Corrientes" title="Palacio de Aguas Corrientes">Palace of Running Waters</a>, water pumping station and headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Obras_Sanitarias_de_la_Naci%C3%B3n" title="Obras Sanitarias de la Nación">Obras Sanitarias de la Nación</a> soon after being inaugurated in Buenos Aires, Argentina.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water">Water</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Water">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Latin_America" title="Water supply and sanitation in Latin America">Water supply and sanitation in Latin America</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Latin_America&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Latin_America" title="Water supply and sanitation in Latin America">Water supply and sanitation in Latin America</a> is characterized by insufficient access and in many cases by poor service quality, with detrimental impacts on <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> Water and <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> services are provided by a vast array of mostly local service providers under an often fragmented policy and regulatory framework. Financing of water and sanitation remains a serious challenge.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reproductive_rights">Reproductive rights</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Reproductive rights">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights_in_Latin_America" title="Reproductive rights in Latin America">Reproductive rights in Latin America</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reproductive_rights_in_Latin_America&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> Latin America is home to some of the few countries of the world with a complete ban on abortion and minimal policies on <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive rights</a>, but it also contains some of the most progressive reproductive rights movements in the world.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> With roots in indigenous groups, the issues of reproductive rights include abortion, sexual autonomy, reproductive healthcare, and access to contraceptive measures.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> Modern reproductive rights movements most notably include Marea Verde, which has led to much reproductive legislation reform.<a href="#cite_note-Reproductive_rights_in_Latin_America_Amnesty_International-2019-109">[106]</a> Cuba has acted as a trail-blazer towards more liberal reproductive laws for the rest of Latin America, while other countries like El Salvador and Honduras have tightened restrictions on reproductive rights.<a href="#cite_note-Reproductive_rights_in_Latin_America_GAPD-110">[107]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: HIV/AIDS">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Latin_America" title="HIV/AIDS in Latin America">HIV/AIDS in Latin America</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Latin_America&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> HIV/AIDS has been a public health concern for Latin America due to a remaining prevalence of the disease.<a href="#cite_note-HIV/AIDS_in_Latin_America_:0-111">[108]</a> In 2018 an estimated 2.2 million people had HIV in Latin America and the Caribbean, making the HIV prevalence rate approximately 0.4% in Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-HIV/AIDS_in_Latin_America_:0-111">[108]</a> Some demographic groups in Latin America have higher prevalence rates for HIV/ AIDS including men who have sex with men having a prevalence rate of 10.6%, and transgender women having one of the highest rates within the population with a prevalence rate of 17.7%.<a href="#cite_note-HIV/AIDS_in_Latin_America_:1-112">[109]</a> Female sex workers and drug users also have higher prevalence for the disease than the general population (4.9% and 1%-49.7% respectively).<a href="#cite_note-HIV/AIDS_in_Latin_America_:1-112">[109]</a> One aspect that has contributed to the higher prevalence of HIV/AIDS in LGBT+ groups in Latin America is the concept of <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HIV/AIDS_in_Latin_America_:0-111">[108]</a> Homophobia in Latin America has historically affected HIV service provision through under reported data and less priority through government programs.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> Antiretroviral treatment coverage has been high, with AIDS related deaths decreasing between 2007 and 2017 by 12%, although the rate of new infections has not seen a large decrease.<a href="#cite_note-HIV/AIDS_in_Latin_America_:0-111">[108]</a> The cost of antiretroviral medicines remain a barrier for some in Latin America, as well as country wide shortages of medicines and condoms.<a href="#cite_note-HIV/AIDS_in_Latin_America_:5-114">[111]</a> In 2017 77% of Latin Americans with HIV were aware of their HIV status.<a href="#cite_note-HIV/AIDS_in_Latin_America_:5-114">[111]</a> The prevention of HIV/AIDS in Latin America among groups with a higher prevalence such as men who have sex with men and transgender women, has been aided with educational outreach, condom distribution, and LGBT+ friendly clinics.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> Other main prevention methods include condom availability, education and outreach, HIV awareness, and mother-to-child transmission prevention.<a href="#cite_note-HIV/AIDS_in_Latin_America_:0-111">[108]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_economy" title="Latin American economy">Latin American economy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Size">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a>' <a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a> review of emerging economies, by 2050 the largest economies in the world will be as follows: China, United States, India, Japan, Germany, United Kingdom, Mexico and Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"> <caption>Population and economy size for Latin American countries </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#ececec;"> <th>Country </th> <th>Population<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-3">[3]</a> (2021, millions) </th> <th>GDP (nominal)<a href="#cite_note-knoema.com-117">[114]</a> (2019, millions US$) </th> <th>GDP (PPP) (2019, millions US$) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> </td> <td>45.3 </td> <td>445,469 </td> <td>903,542 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> </td> <td>12.1 </td> <td>42,401 </td> <td>94,392 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td>214.3 </td> <td>1,847,020 </td> <td>3,456,357 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> </td> <td>19.5 </td> <td>294,237 </td> <td>502,846 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> </td> <td>51.5 </td> <td>327,895 </td> <td>783,002 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> </td> <td>5.2 </td> <td>61,021 </td> <td>91,611 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>11.3 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> </td> <td>11.1 </td> <td>89,475 </td> <td>201,266 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /> <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> </td> <td>17.8 </td> <td>107,914 </td> <td>202,773 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /> <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> </td> <td>6.3 </td> <td>26,871 </td> <td>55,731 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> </td> <td>17.6 </td> <td>81,318 </td> <td>153,322 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> </td> <td>10.3 </td> <td>24,449 </td> <td>51,757 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> </td> <td>126.7 </td> <td>1,274,175 </td> <td>2,627,851 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> </td> <td>6.9 </td> <td>12,528 </td> <td>34,531 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> </td> <td>4.4 </td> <td>68,536 </td> <td>113,156 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /> <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> </td> <td>6.7 </td> <td>40,714 </td> <td>97,163 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> </td> <td>33.7 </td> <td>228,989 </td> <td>478,303 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> </td> <td>3.4 </td> <td>59,918 </td> <td>82,969 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> </td> <td>28.2 </td> <td>70,140 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Total </td> <td>577,8 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="#cite_note-knoema.com-117">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Latin_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Latin America">Agriculture in Latin America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SojaBrasnorte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/SojaBrasnorte.jpg/220px-SojaBrasnorte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/SojaBrasnorte.jpg/330px-SojaBrasnorte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/SojaBrasnorte.jpg/440px-SojaBrasnorte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybean</a> plantation in <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a>. In 2020, Brazil was the world's largest producer, with 130 million tons. Latin America produces half of the world's soybeans.</figcaption></figure> The four countries with the strongest agricultural sector in South America are Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Colombia. Currently:<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> <ul><li>Brazil is the world's largest producer of sugarcane, soy, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">oranges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Guaraná">guaraná</a>, <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A7a%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Açaí">açaí</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a>; is one of the top five producers of <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papaya" title="Papaya">papaya</a>, tobacco, <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beans">beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watermelon" title="Watermelon">watermelon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">lemon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yerba_mate" title="Yerba mate">yerba mate</a>; is one of the top ten world producers of <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">cashew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">avocado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangerine" title="Tangerine">tangerine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persimmon" title="Persimmon">persimmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guava" title="Guava">guava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomato</a>; and is one of the top 15 world producers of <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melon" title="Melon">melons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_fig" class="mw-redirect" title="Common fig">figs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">peaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">natural rubber</a>;</li> <li>Argentina is the world's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Yerba_mate" title="Yerba mate">yerba mate</a>; is one of the five largest producers in the world of soy, maize, <a href="/wiki/Sunflower_seed" title="Sunflower seed">sunflower seeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">lemons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">pears</a>, one of the 10 largest producers in the world of <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, grapes, <a href="/wiki/Artichoke" title="Artichoke">artichokes</a>, tobacco and cotton, and one of the 15 largest producers in the world of <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea">chickpeas</a>, sugarcane, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grapefruit" title="Grapefruit">grapefruit</a>;</li> <li>Chile is one of the five largest world producers of <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cranberry" title="Cranberry">cranberries</a>, and one of the ten largest world producers of grapes, apples, <a href="/wiki/Kiwifruit" title="Kiwifruit">kiwi</a>, peaches, <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">hazelnuts</a>, focusing on exporting high-value fruits;</li> <li>Colombia is one of the five largest producers in the world of coffee, <a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">avocados</a> and palm oil, and one of the ten largest producers in the world of sugarcane, bananas, <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>;</li> <li>Peru is the world's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">quinoa</a>; is one of the five largest producers of avocados, <a href="/wiki/Blueberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Blueberries">blueberry</a>, artichokes and <a href="/wiki/Asparagus" title="Asparagus">asparagus</a>; one of the ten largest producers in the world of coffee and <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>; one of the 15 largest producers in the world of <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a> and pineapples, and also has a large production of grapes, sugarcane, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, bananas, maize and <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>; its agriculture is considerably diversified;</li> <li>Paraguay is currently the 6th largest producer of soy in the world and entering the list of the 20 largest producers of maize and sugarcane.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a></li></ul> In Central America, the following stand out: <ul><li>Guatemala is one of the ten largest producers in the world of coffee, sugar cane, <a href="/wiki/Melon" title="Melon">melons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">natural rubber</a>, and one of the world's 15 largest producers of bananas and <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>;</li> <li>Honduras is one of the five largest producers of coffee in the world, and one of the ten largest producers of <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>;</li> <li>Costa Rica is the world's largest producer of pineapples;</li> <li>Dominican Republic is one of the world's top five producers of <a href="/wiki/Papaya" title="Papaya">papayas</a> and avocados, and one of the ten largest producers of <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>.</li> <li>Mexico is the world's largest producer of avocados, one of the world's top five producers of <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">lemons</a>, oranges, mangos, papayas, <a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">strawberries</a>, grapefruit, pumpkins and asparagus, and one of the world's 10 largest producers of sugar cane, maize, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>, tomatoes, <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconuts</a>, pineapple, melons and blueberries.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perdigao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Perdigao.jpg/220px-Perdigao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Perdigao.jpg/330px-Perdigao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Perdigao.jpg/440px-Perdigao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Truck of a meat company in Brazil. Latin America produces 25% of the world's beef and chicken meat.</figcaption></figure> Brazil is the world's largest exporter of <a href="/wiki/Chicken_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken meat">chicken meat</a>: 3.77 million tons in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> The country had the second largest herd of cattle in the world, 22.2% of the world herd. The country was the second largest producer of beef in 2019, responsible for 15.4% of global production.<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> It was also the third largest world producer of milk in 2018. This year[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>], the country produced 35.1 billion liters.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> In 2019, Brazil was the fourth largest pork producer in the world, with almost four million tons.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> In 2018, Argentina was the fourth largest producer of beef in the world, with a production of 3 million tons (behind only United States, Brazil and China). Uruguay is also a major meat producer. In 2018, it produced 589 thousand tons of beef.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> In the production of <a href="/wiki/Chicken_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken meat">chicken meat</a>, Mexico is among the ten largest producers in the world, Argentina among the 15 largest and Peru and Colombia among the 20 largest. In beef production, Mexico is one of the ten largest producers in the world and Colombia is one of the 20 largest producers. In the production of pork, Mexico is among the 15 largest producers in the world. In the production of <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>, Argentina is among the five largest producers in the world, Mexico among the ten largest and Brazil among the 15 largest. In terms of <a href="/wiki/Cow%27s_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow's milk">cow's milk</a> production, Mexico is among the 15 largest producers in the world and Argentina among the 20 largest.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining_and_petroleum">Mining and petroleum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mining and petroleum">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerro_ricco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cerro_ricco.jpg/220px-Cerro_ricco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cerro_ricco.jpg/330px-Cerro_ricco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cerro_ricco.jpg/440px-Cerro_ricco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cerro_Rico" title="Cerro Rico">Cerro Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD_Department" title="Potosí Department">Potosi</a>, Bolivia, still a major silver mine</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a> is one of the most important economic sectors in Latin America, especially for <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Chile" title="Mining in Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Peru">Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Bolivia" title="Mining in Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, whose economies are highly dependent on this sector. The continent has large productions of: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> (mainly in <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold mining in Peru">Peru</a>, Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_Brazil" title="Gold mining in Brazil">Brazil</a> and Argentina);<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> (mainly in Mexico, Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina);<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> (mainly in <a href="/wiki/Copper_mining_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper mining in Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper_mining_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper mining in Peru">Peru</a>, Mexico and Brazil);<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a> (Brazil, Peru and Chile);<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> (Peru, Mexico, Bolivia and Brazil);<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> (Chile, Peru and Mexico);<a href="#cite_note-pubs.usgs.gov-132">[129]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> (Chile, Argentina and Brazil);<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> (Peru, Mexico and Bolivia);<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Lead_Production_Statistics-134">[131]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a> (Brazil and Jamaica);<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> (Peru, Bolivia and Brazil);<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> (Brazil and Mexico);<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a> (Bolivia, Mexico, Guatemala and Ecuador);<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> (Brazil, Dominican Republic and Cuba);<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a> (Brazil);<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">rhenium</a> (Chile);<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> (Chile),<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> stands out in the extraction of <ul><li>iron ore (where it is the 2nd largest producer and exporter in the world—iron ore is usually one of the three export products that generate the greatest value in the country's <a href="/wiki/Trade_balance" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade balance">trade balance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a> (one of the five largest producers in the world)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> (one of the five largest producers in the world)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> (one of the largest producers in the world)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a> (98% of known world reserves) and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a></li></ul> In terms of gemstones, Brazil is the world's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">amethysts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">topaz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">agates</a> and one of the main producers of <a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">tourmaline</a>, emeralds, <a href="/wiki/Aquamarine_(gemstone)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquamarine (gemstone)">aquamarines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> contributes about a third of the world's <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> production.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> In addition, Chile was, in 2019, the world's largest producer of iodine<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">rhenium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> the second largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a><a href="#cite_note-USGS_Lithium_Production_Statistics-152">[149]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pubs.usgs.gov-132">[129]</a> the sixth largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>,<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Silver_Production_Statistics-153">[150]</a> the seventh largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Salt_Production_Statistics-154">[151]</a> the eighth largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>,<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> the thirteenth-largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> and the thirteenth largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> in the world. In 2019, Peru was the second largest world producer of copper<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Copper_Production_Statistics-158">[155]</a> and silver,<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Silver_Production_Statistics-153">[150]</a> 8th largest world producer of gold,<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Gold_Production_Statistics-159">[156]</a> third largest world producer of lead,<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Lead_Production_Statistics-134">[131]</a> second largest world producer of <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>,<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Zinc_Production_Statistics-160">[157]</a> fourth largest world producer of <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Tin_Production_Statistics-161">[158]</a> fifth largest world producer of <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>,<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Boron_Production_Statistics-162">[159]</a> and fourth largest world producer of molybdenum.<a href="#cite_note-pubs.usgs.gov-132">[129]</a> In 2019, Bolivia was the eighth largest world producer of silver;<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Silver_Production_Statistics-153">[150]</a> fourth largest world producer of boron;<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Boron_Production_Statistics-162">[159]</a> fifth largest world producer of <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>;<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> fifth largest world producer of <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>;<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Tin_Production_Statistics-161">[158]</a> sixth largest world producer of <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>;<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> seventh largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>,<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> and the eighth largest producer of lead.<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Lead_Production_Statistics-134">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> In 2019, Mexico was the world's largest producer of silver<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Silver_Production_Statistics-153">[150]</a> (representing almost 23% of world production, producing more than 200 million ounces in 2019);<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> ninth largest producer of gold,<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Gold_Production_Statistics-159">[156]</a> the eighth largest producer of copper,<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Copper_Production_Statistics-158">[155]</a> the world's fifth largest producer of lead,<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Lead_Production_Statistics-134">[131]</a> the world's sixth largest producer of zinc,<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Zinc_Production_Statistics-160">[157]</a> the world's fifth largest producer of molybdenum,<a href="#cite_note-pubs.usgs.gov-132">[129]</a> the world's third largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(chemical_element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (chemical element)">mercury</a>,<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> the world's fifth largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> the world's 13th largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> and the 23rd largest world producer of <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> It is also the eighth largest world producer of <a href="/wiki/Table_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Table salt">salt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Salt_Production_Statistics-154">[151]</a> In 2019, Argentina was the fourth largest world producer of lithium,<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Lithium_Production_Statistics-152">[149]</a> the ninth largest world producer of silver,<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Silver_Production_Statistics-153">[150]</a> the 17th largest world producer of gold<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Gold_Production_Statistics-159">[156]</a> and the seventh largest world producer of boron.<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Boron_Production_Statistics-162">[159]</a> Colombia is the world's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Emeralds" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeralds">emeralds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> In the production of gold, between 2006 and 2017, the country produced 15 tons per year until 2007, when its production increased significantly, breaking a record of 66.1 tons extracted in 2012. In 2017, it extracted 52.2 tons. The country is among the 25 largest gold producers in the world.<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> In the production of silver, in 2017 the country extracted 15,5 tons.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> In the production of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a>, Brazil was the tenth largest oil producer in the world in 2019, with 2.8 million barrels a day. Mexico was the twelfth largest, with 2.1 million barrels a day, Colombia in 20th place with 886 thousand barrels a day, Venezuela was the twenty-first place, with 877 thousand barrels a day, Ecuador in 28th with 531 thousand barrels a day and Argentina. 29th with 507 thousand barrels a day. Since Venezuela and Ecuador consume little oil and export most of their production, they are part of <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>. Venezuela had a big drop in production after 2015 (when it produced 2.5 million barrels a day), falling in 2016 to 2.2 million, in 2017 to 2 million, in 2018 to 1.4 million and in 2019 to 877 thousand, due to lack of investment.<a href="#cite_note-eia.gov-176">[173]</a> In the production of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, in 2018, Argentina produced 1,524 bcf (billions of cubic feet), Mexico produced 999, Venezuela 946, Brazil 877, Bolivia 617, Peru 451, Colombia 379.<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> In the production of <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, the continent had three of the 30 largest world producers in 2018: Colombia (12th), Mexico (24th) and Brazil (27th).<a href="#cite_note-bp.com-178">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Manufacturing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Planta_Braskem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Planta_Braskem.jpg/220px-Planta_Braskem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Planta_Braskem.jpg/330px-Planta_Braskem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Planta_Braskem.jpg/440px-Planta_Braskem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Braskem" title="Braskem">Braskem</a>, the largest Brazilian chemical industry</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EMS_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/EMS_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-EMS_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/EMS_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-EMS_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/EMS_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-EMS_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1293" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/EMS_(pharmaceuticals)" title="EMS (pharmaceuticals)">EMS</a>, the largest Brazilian pharmaceutical industry</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laminasdeacero002.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Laminasdeacero002.jpeg/220px-Laminasdeacero002.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Laminasdeacero002.jpeg/330px-Laminasdeacero002.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Laminasdeacero002.jpeg/440px-Laminasdeacero002.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Steel production by Acindar (<a href="/wiki/ArcelorMittal" title="ArcelorMittal">ArcelorMittal</a>) in <a href="/wiki/San_Nicol%C3%A1s_de_los_Arroyos" title="San Nicolás de los Arroyos">San Nicolás</a>, Argentina.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> annually lists the top manufacturing countries by total manufacturing value. According to the 2019 list: <ul><li>Mexico had the twelfth most valuable industry in the world (US$217.8 billion)</li> <li>Brazil the thirteenth largest (US$173.6 billion)</li> <li>Venezuela the thirtieth largest (US$58.2 billion, however, it depends on oil to reach this value)</li> <li>Argentina the 31st largest (US$57.7 billion)</li> <li>Colombia the 46th largest (US$35.4 billion)</li> <li>Peru the 50th largest (US$28.7 billion)</li> <li>Chile the 51st largest (US$28.3 billion).<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a></li></ul> In Latin America, few countries stand out in industrial activity: Brazil, Argentina, Mexico and, less prominently, Chile. Begun late, the industrialization of these countries received a great boost from World War II: this prevented the countries at war from buying the products they were used to importing and exporting what they produced. At that time, benefiting from the abundant local raw material, the low wages paid to the labor force and a certain specialization brought by immigrants, countries such as Brazil, Mexico and Argentina, as well as Venezuela, Chile, Colombia and Peru, were able to implement important industrial parks. In general, in these countries there are industries that require little capital and simple technology for their installation, such as the food processing and textile industries. The basic industries (steel, etc.) also stand out, as well as the metallurgical and mechanical industries.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">This paragraph needs citation(s)</a>] The industrial parks of Brazil, Mexico, Argentina and Chile, however, present much greater diversity and sophistication, producing advanced technology items. In the rest of Latin American countries, mainly in Central America, the processing industries of primary products for export predominate.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">This paragraph needs citation(s)</a>] In the <a href="/wiki/Food_industry" title="Food industry">food industry</a>, in 2019, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> was the second largest exporter of processed foods in the world.<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> In 2016, the country was the second largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">pulp</a> in the world and the eighth largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Footwear_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Footwear industry">footwear industry</a>, in 2019, Brazil ranked fourth among world producers.<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> In 2019, the country was the eighth largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicles">vehicles</a> and the ninth largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemical industry</a> of Brazil was the eighth largest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">textile industry</a>, Brazil, although it was among the five largest world producers in 2013, is very little integrated into world trade.<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> In the aviation sector, Brazil has <a href="/wiki/Embraer" title="Embraer">Embraer</a>, the third largest aircraft manufacturer in the world, behind <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Panama_Canal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/New_Panama_Canal.jpg/220px-New_Panama_Canal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/New_Panama_Canal.jpg/330px-New_Panama_Canal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/New_Panama_Canal.jpg/440px-New_Panama_Canal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_expansion_project" title="Panama Canal expansion project">Panama Canal expansion project</a>; New Agua Clara locks (Atlantic side)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Rafael_Urdaneta_Bridge_view_from_the_lake_to_Cabimas_side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/General_Rafael_Urdaneta_Bridge_view_from_the_lake_to_Cabimas_side.jpg/200px-General_Rafael_Urdaneta_Bridge_view_from_the_lake_to_Cabimas_side.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/General_Rafael_Urdaneta_Bridge_view_from_the_lake_to_Cabimas_side.jpg/300px-General_Rafael_Urdaneta_Bridge_view_from_the_lake_to_Cabimas_side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/General_Rafael_Urdaneta_Bridge_view_from_the_lake_to_Cabimas_side.jpg/400px-General_Rafael_Urdaneta_Bridge_view_from_the_lake_to_Cabimas_side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/General_Rafael_Urdaneta_Bridge" title="General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge">General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge</a></figcaption></figure> Transport in Latin America is basically carried out using the <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">road</a> mode, the most developed in the region. There is also a considerable infrastructure of <a href="/wiki/Ports" class="mw-redirect" title="Ports">ports</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airports" class="mw-redirect" title="Airports">airports</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">railway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">fluvial</a> sector, although it has potential, is usually treated in a secondary way. Brazil has more than 1.7 million km of <a href="/wiki/Roads" class="mw-redirect" title="Roads">roads</a>, of which 215,000 km are paved, and about 14,000 km are <a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">divided highways</a>. The two most important highways in the country are <a href="/wiki/BR-101" class="mw-redirect" title="BR-101">BR-101</a> and <a href="/wiki/BR-116" class="mw-redirect" title="BR-116">BR-116</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anuário_CNT_do_transporte_2018-197">[194]</a> Argentina has more than 600,000 km of roads, of which about 70,000 km are paved, and about 2,500 km are divided highways. The three most important highways in the country are <a href="/wiki/National_Route_9_(Argentina)" title="National Route 9 (Argentina)">Route 9</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Route_7_(Argentina)" title="National Route 7 (Argentina)">Route 7</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Route_14_(Argentina)" title="National Route 14 (Argentina)">Route 14</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anuário_CNT_do_transporte_2018-197">[194]</a> Colombia has about 210,000 km of roads, and about 2,300 km are divided highways.<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> Chile has about 82,000 km of roads, 20,000 km of which are paved, and about 2,000 km are divided highways. The most important highway in the country is the <a href="/wiki/Chile_Route_5" title="Chile Route 5">Route 5</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Highway" title="Pan-American Highway">Pan-American Highway</a>)<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> These 4 countries are the ones with the best road infrastructure and with the largest number of double-lane highways, in South America. The roadway network in Mexico has an extent of 366,095 km (227,481 mi),<a href="#cite_note-cis-200">[197]</a> of which 116,802 km (72,577 mi) are paved,<a href="#cite_note-sctroad-201">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> Of these, 10,474 km (6,508 mi) are multi-lane <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">expressways</a>: 9,544 km (5,930 mi) are four-lane highways and the rest have 6 or more lanes.<a href="#cite_note-sctroad-201">[198]</a> Due to the <a href="/wiki/Andes_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Andes Mountains">Andes Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Forest">Amazon Forest</a>, there have always been difficulties in implementing transcontinental or bioceanic highways. Practically the only route that existed was the one that connected Brazil to Buenos Aires, in Argentina and later to Santiago, in Chile. However, in recent years, with the combined effort of countries, new routes have started to emerge, such as Brazil-Peru (<a href="/wiki/Interoceanic_Highway" title="Interoceanic Highway">Interoceanic Highway</a>), and a new highway between Brazil, Paraguay, northern Argentina and northern Chile (<a href="/wiki/Central_Bi-Oceanic_railway" title="Central Bi-Oceanic railway">Bioceanic Corridor</a>).<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Sa%C3%BAde_dos_Portos_(7110638275).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/A_Sa%C3%BAde_dos_Portos_%287110638275%29.jpg/220px-A_Sa%C3%BAde_dos_Portos_%287110638275%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/A_Sa%C3%BAde_dos_Portos_%287110638275%29.jpg/330px-A_Sa%C3%BAde_dos_Portos_%287110638275%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/A_Sa%C3%BAde_dos_Portos_%287110638275%29.jpg/440px-A_Sa%C3%BAde_dos_Portos_%287110638275%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Port of Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil</figcaption></figure> There are more than 2,000 airports in Brazil. The country has the second largest number of airports in the world, behind only the United States. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo/Guarulhos_International_Airport" title="São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport">São Paulo International Airport</a>, located in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, is the largest and busiest in the country – the airport connects São Paulo to practically all major cities around the world. Brazil has 44 international airports, such as those in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro/Gale%C3%A3o_International_Airport" title="Rio de Janeiro/Galeão International Airport">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia_International_Airport" title="Brasília International Airport">Brasília</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belo_Horizonte_International_Airport" title="Belo Horizonte International Airport">Belo Horizonte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salgado_Filho_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Salgado Filho International Airport">Porto Alegre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herc%C3%ADlio_Luz_International_Airport" title="Hercílio Luz International Airport">Florianópolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marechal_Rondon_International_Airport" title="Marechal Rondon International Airport">Cuiabá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvador_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvador International Airport">Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recife/Guararapes%E2%80%93Gilberto_Freyre_International_Airport" title="Recife/Guararapes–Gilberto Freyre International Airport">Recife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortaleza_Airport" title="Fortaleza Airport">Fortaleza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m/Val-de-Cans_International_Airport" title="Belém/Val-de-Cans International Airport">Belém</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Gomes_International_Airport" title="Eduardo Gomes International Airport">Manaus</a>, among others. Argentina has important international airports such as <a href="/wiki/Ministro_Pistarini_International_Airport" title="Ministro Pistarini International Airport">Buenos Aires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingeniero_Aeron%C3%A1utico_Ambrosio_L.V._Taravella_International_Airport" title="Ingeniero Aeronáutico Ambrosio L.V. Taravella International Airport">Cordoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Carlos_de_Bariloche_Airport" title="San Carlos de Bariloche Airport">Bariloche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor_Francisco_Gabrielli_International_Airport" title="Governor Francisco Gabrielli International Airport">Mendoza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Miguel_de_G%C3%BCemes_International_Airport" title="Martín Miguel de Güemes International Airport">Salta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cataratas_del_Iguaz%C3%BA_International_Airport" title="Cataratas del Iguazú International Airport">Puerto Iguazú</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presidente_Per%C3%B3n_International_Airport" title="Presidente Perón International Airport">Neuquén</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ushuaia_%E2%80%93_Malvinas_Argentinas_International_Airport" title="Ushuaia – Malvinas Argentinas International Airport">Ushuaia</a>, among others. Chile has important international airports such as <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Merino_Ben%C3%ADtez_International_Airport" title="Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport">Santiago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Sabella_G%C3%A1lvez_International_Airport" title="Andrés Sabella Gálvez International Airport">Antofagasta</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Tepual_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="El Tepual Airport">Puerto Montt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presidente_Carlos_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_del_Campo_International_Airport" title="Presidente Carlos Ibáñez del Campo International Airport">Punta Arenas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diego_Aracena_International_Airport" title="Diego Aracena International Airport">Iquique</a>, among others. Colombia has important international airports such as <a href="/wiki/El_Dorado_International_Airport" title="El Dorado International Airport">Bogotá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_C%C3%B3rdova_International_Airport" title="José María Córdova International Airport">Medellín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafael_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_International_Airport" title="Rafael Núñez International Airport">Cartagena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Bonilla_Arag%C3%B3n_International_Airport" title="Alfonso Bonilla Aragón International Airport">Cali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Cortissoz_International_Airport" title="Ernesto Cortissoz International Airport">Barranquilla</a>, among others. Peru has important international airports such as <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Ch%C3%A1vez_International_Airport" title="Jorge Chávez International Airport">Lima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Velasco_Astete_International_Airport" title="Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport">Cuzco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rodr%C3%ADguez_Ball%C3%B3n_International_Airport" title="Rodríguez Ballón International Airport">Arequipa</a>. Other important airports are those in the capitals of Uruguay (<a href="/wiki/Carrasco_International_Airport" title="Carrasco International Airport">Montevideo</a>), Paraguay (<a href="/wiki/Silvio_Pettirossi_International_Airport" title="Silvio Pettirossi International Airport">Asunción</a>), Bolivia (<a href="/wiki/El_Alto_International_Airport" title="El Alto International Airport">La Paz</a>) and Ecuador (<a href="/wiki/Mariscal_Sucre_International_Airport" title="Mariscal Sucre International Airport">Quito</a>). The 10 busiest airports in South America in 2017 were: São Paulo-Guarulhos (Brazil), Bogotá (Colombia), São Paulo-Congonhas (Brazil), Santiago (Chile), Lima (Peru), Brasília (Brazil), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Buenos Aires-Aeroparque (Argentina), Buenos Aires-Ezeiza (Argentina), and Minas Gerais (Brazil).<a href="#cite_note-panrotas.com.br-203">[200]</a> There are 1,834 airports in Mexico, the third-largest number of airports by country in the world.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> The seven largest airports—which absorb 90% of air travel—are (in order of air traffic): <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_International_Airport" title="Mexico City International Airport">Mexico City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn_International_Airport" title="Cancún International Airport">Cancún</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_International_Airport" title="Guadalajara International Airport">Guadalajara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monterrey_International_Airport" title="Monterrey International Airport">Monterrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tijuana_International_Airport" title="Tijuana International Airport">Tijuana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acapulco_International_Airport" title="Acapulco International Airport">Acapulco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Licenciado_Gustavo_D%C3%ADaz_Ordaz_International_Airport" title="Licenciado Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport">Puerto Vallarta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mcx-205">[202]</a> Considering all of Latin America, the 10 busiest airports in 2017 were: Mexico City (Mexico), São Paulo-Guarulhos (Brazil), Bogotá (Colombia), Cancún (Mexico), São Paulo-Congonhas (Brazil), Santiago ( Chile), Lima (Peru), Brasilia (Brazil), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) and Tocumen (Panama).<a href="#cite_note-panrotas.com.br-203">[200]</a> About <a href="/wiki/Ports" class="mw-redirect" title="Ports">ports</a>, Brazil has some of the busiest ports in South America, such as <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Santos" title="Port of Santos">Port of Santos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Port of Rio de Janeiro">Port of Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Paranagu%C3%A1" title="Port of Paranaguá">Port of Paranaguá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Itaja%C3%AD" title="Port of Itajaí">Port of Itajaí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Rio_Grande" title="Port of Rio Grande">Port of Rio Grande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_S%C3%A3o_Francisco_do_Sul" title="Port of São Francisco do Sul">Port of São Francisco do Sul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suape_Port" title="Suape Port">Suape Port</a>. Argentina has ports such as <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Port of Buenos Aires">Port of Buenos Aires</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Rosario" title="Port of Rosario">Port of Rosario</a>. Chile has important ports in <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caldera,_Chile" title="Caldera, Chile">Caldera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mejillones" title="Mejillones">Mejillones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antofagasta" title="Antofagasta">Antofagasta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iquique" title="Iquique">Iquique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arica" title="Arica">Arica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Montt" title="Puerto Montt">Puerto Montt</a>. Colombia has important ports such as <a href="/wiki/Buenaventura,_Valle_del_Cauca" title="Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca">Buenaventura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartagena_Container_Terminal" title="Cartagena Container Terminal">Cartagena Container Terminal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Bolivar,_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Bolivar, Colombia">Puerto Bolivar</a>. Peru has important ports in <a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilo,_Peru" title="Ilo, Peru">Ilo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matarani" title="Matarani">Matarani</a>. The 15 busiest ports in South America are: Port of Santos (Brazil), Port of Bahia de Cartagena (Colombia), Callao (Peru), Guayaquil (Ecuador), Buenos Aires (Argentina), San Antonio (Chile), Buenaventura (Colombia), Itajaí (Brazil), Valparaíso (Chile), Montevideo (Uruguay), Paranaguá (Brazil), Rio Grande (Brazil), São Francisco do Sul (Brazil), Manaus (Brazil) and Coronel (Chile).<a href="#cite_note-cepal.org-206">[203]</a> The four major seaports concentrating around 60% of the merchandise traffic in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> are <a href="/wiki/Altamira,_Tamaulipas" title="Altamira, Tamaulipas">Altamira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veracruz,_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Veracruz, Veracruz">Veracruz</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manzanillo,_Colima" title="Manzanillo, Colima">Manzanillo</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas,_Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán">Lázaro Cárdenas</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. Considering all of Latin America, the 10 largest ports in terms of movement are: Colon (Panama), Santos (Brazil), Manzanillo (Mexico), Bahia de Cartagena (Colombia), Pacifico (Panama), Callao (Peru), Guayaquil (Ecuador), Buenos Aires (Argentina), San Antonio (Chile) and Buenaventura (Colombia).<a href="#cite_note-cepal.org-206">[203]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Brazil" title="Rail transport in Brazil">Brazilian railway network</a> has an extension of about 30,000 kilometers. It is basically used for transporting ores.<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Argentina" title="Rail transport in Argentina">Argentine rail network</a>, with 47,000 km of tracks, was one of the largest in the world and continues to be the most extensive in Latin America. It came to have about 100,000 km of rails, but the lifting of tracks and the emphasis placed on motor transport gradually reduced it. It has four different trails and international connections with Paraguay, Bolivia, Chile, Brazil and Uruguay. <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Chile">Chile</a> has almost 7,000 km of railways, with connections to Argentina, Bolivia and Peru. <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Colombia" title="Rail transport in Colombia">Colombia</a> has only about 3,500 km of railways.<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> Among the main Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Waterways" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterways">waterways</a>, two stand out: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrovia_Tiet%C3%AA-Paran%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrovia Tietê-Paraná (page does not exist)">Hidrovia Tietê-Paraná</a> (which has a length of 2,400 km, 1,600 on the Paraná River and 800 km on the Tietê River, draining agricultural production from the states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás and part of Rondônia, Tocantins and Minas General) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrovia_do_Solim%C3%B5es-Amazonas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrovia do Solimões-Amazonas (page does not exist)">Hidrovia do Solimões-Amazonas</a> (it has two sections: Solimões, which extends from Tabatinga to Manaus, with approximately 1600 km, and Amazonas, which extends from Manaus to Belém, with 1650 km. Almost entirely passenger transport from the Amazon plain is done by this waterway, in addition to practically all cargo transportation that is directed to the major regional centers of Belém and Manaus). In Brazil, this transport is still underutilized: the most important waterway stretches, from an economic point of view, are found in the Southeast and South of the country. Its full use still depends on the construction of locks, major dredging works and, mainly, of ports that allow intermodal integration. In <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, the waterway network is made up of the La Plata, Paraná, Paraguay and Uruguay rivers. The main river ports are <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A1rate,_Buenos_Aires" title="Zárate, Buenos Aires">Zárate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Campana_Partido" title="Campana Partido">Campana</a>. The port of Buenos Aires is historically the first in individual importance, but the area known as Up-River, which stretches along 67 km of the Santa Fé portion of the Paraná River, brings together 17 ports that concentrate 50% of the total exports of the country. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Energy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Brazil">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Brazil">Energy policy of Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Brazil" title="Renewable energy in Brazil">Renewable energy in Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ItaipuAerea2AAL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/ItaipuAerea2AAL.jpg/220px-ItaipuAerea2AAL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/ItaipuAerea2AAL.jpg/330px-ItaipuAerea2AAL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/ItaipuAerea2AAL.jpg/440px-ItaipuAerea2AAL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Itaipu_Dam" title="Itaipu Dam">Itaipu Dam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)" title="Paraná (state)">Paraná</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Energia_Eolica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Energia_Eolica.jpg/220px-Energia_Eolica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Energia_Eolica.jpg/330px-Energia_Eolica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Energia_Eolica.jpg/440px-Energia_Eolica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3467" data-file-height="2554" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind power</a> in <a href="/wiki/Parna%C3%ADba" title="Parnaíba">Parnaíba</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angra_dos_Reis_-_usinas_nucleares.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Angra_dos_Reis_-_usinas_nucleares.jpg/220px-Angra_dos_Reis_-_usinas_nucleares.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Angra_dos_Reis_-_usinas_nucleares.jpg/330px-Angra_dos_Reis_-_usinas_nucleares.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Angra_dos_Reis_-_usinas_nucleares.jpg/440px-Angra_dos_Reis_-_usinas_nucleares.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Angra_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Angra Nuclear Power Plant">Angra Nuclear Power Plant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Angra_dos_Reis" title="Angra dos Reis">Angra dos Reis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usina_solar_de_Pirapora_2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Usina_solar_de_Pirapora_2.gif/220px-Usina_solar_de_Pirapora_2.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Usina_solar_de_Pirapora_2.gif/330px-Usina_solar_de_Pirapora_2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Usina_solar_de_Pirapora_2.gif/440px-Usina_solar_de_Pirapora_2.gif 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pirapora_Solar_Complex" title="Pirapora Solar Complex">Pirapora Solar Complex</a>, the largest in Brazil and Latin America with a capacity of 321 MW</figcaption></figure> The Brazilian government has undertaken an ambitious program to reduce dependence on imported petroleum. Imports previously accounted for more than 70% of the country's oil needs but Brazil became self-sufficient in oil in 2006–2007. Brazil was the 10th largest oil producer in the world in 2019, with 2.8 million barrels / day. Production manages to supply the country's demand.<a href="#cite_note-eia.gov-176">[173]</a> In the beginning of 2020, in the production of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, the country exceeded 4 million <a href="/wiki/Barrels_of_oil_equivalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrels of oil equivalent">barrels of oil equivalent</a> per day, for the first time. In January this year, 3.168 million barrels of oil per day and 138.753 million cubic meters of natural gas were extracted.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> Brazil is one of the main world producers of <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric power</a>. In 2019, Brazil had 217 hydroelectric plants in operation, with an installed capacity of 98,581 MW, 60.16% of the country's energy generation.<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> In the total generation of electricity, in 2019 Brazil reached 170,000 megawatts of installed capacity, more than 75% from renewable sources (the majority, hydroelectric).<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a> In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Southeast Region, Brazil">Southeast Region</a> used about 50% of the load of the National Integrated System (SIN), being the main energy consuming region in the country. The region's installed electricity generation capacity totaled almost 42,500 MW, which represented about a third of Brazil's generation capacity. The <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">hydroelectric</a> generation represented 58% of the region's installed capacity, with the remaining 42% corresponding basically to the <a href="/wiki/Thermoelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermoelectric">thermoelectric</a> generation. São Paulo accounted for 40% of this capacity; Minas Gerais by about 25%; Rio de Janeiro by 13.3%; and Espírito Santo accounted for the rest. The <a href="/wiki/South_Region,_Brazil" title="South Region, Brazil">South Region</a> owns the <a href="/wiki/Itaipu_Dam" title="Itaipu Dam">Itaipu Dam</a>, which was the largest hydroelectric plant in the world for several years, until the inauguration of <a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> in China. It remains the second largest operating <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">hydroelectric</a> in the world. Brazil is the co-owner of the Itaipu Plant with <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>: the dam is located on the <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_River" title="Paraná River">Paraná River</a>, located on the border between countries. It has an installed generation capacity of 14 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">GW</a> for 20 generating units of 700 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">MW</a> each. <a href="/wiki/North_Region,_Brazil" title="North Region, Brazil">North Region</a> has large hydroelectric plants, such as <a href="/wiki/Belo_Monte_Dam" title="Belo Monte Dam">Belo Monte Dam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tucuru%C3%AD_Dam" title="Tucuruí Dam">Tucuruí Dam</a>, which produce much of the national energy. Brazil's hydroelectric potential has not yet been fully exploited, so the country still has the capacity to build several renewable energy plants in its territory.<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a> As of July 2022,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.org.br/paginas/conhecimento/acervo-digital/documentos-e-publicacoes">[ref]</a> according to ONS, total installed capacity of <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a> was 22 GW, with average <a href="/wiki/Capacity_factor" title="Capacity factor">capacity factor</a> of 58%.<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a> While the world average wind production capacity factors is 24.7%, there are areas in Northern Brazil, specially in Bahia State, where some wind farms record with average capacity factors over 60%;<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-46">[44]</a> the average capacity factor in the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">Northeast Region</a> is 45% in the coast and 49% in the interior.<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> In 2019, wind energy represented 9% of the energy generated in the country.<a href="#cite_note-cbie.com.br-219">[216]</a> In 2019, it was estimated that the country had an estimated wind power generation potential of around 522 GW (this, only onshore), enough energy to meet three times the country's current demand.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> In 2021 Brazil was the 7th country in the world in terms of installed wind power (21 GW),<a href="#cite_note-RENEWABLE_CAPACITY_STATISTICS_2021-222">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a> and the 4th largest producer of wind energy in the world (72 TWh), behind only China, USA and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-auto-224">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-RENEWABLE_CAPACITY_STATISTICS_2021-222">[219]</a> Nuclear energy accounts for about 4% of Brazil's electricity.<a href="#cite_note-uic-225">[222]</a> The nuclear power generation monopoly is owned by <a href="/wiki/Eletronuclear" class="mw-redirect" title="Eletronuclear">Eletronuclear (Eletrobrás Eletronuclear S/A)</a>, a wholly owned subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Eletrobr%C3%A1s" class="mw-redirect" title="Eletrobrás">Eletrobrás</a>. Nuclear energy is produced by <a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_reactors#Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nuclear reactors">two reactors</a> at <a href="/wiki/Angra_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Angra Nuclear Power Plant">Angra</a>. It is located at the Central Nuclear Almirante Álvaro Alberto (CNAAA) on the Praia de Itaorna in <a href="/wiki/Angra_dos_Reis" title="Angra dos Reis">Angra dos Reis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a>. It consists of two <a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">pressurized water reactors</a>, Angra I, with capacity of 657 MW, connected to the power grid in 1982, and Angra II, with capacity of 1,350 MW, connected in 2000. A third reactor, Angra III, with a projected output of 1,350 MW, is planned to be finished.<a href="#cite_note-merco-226">[223]</a> As of October 2022,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.org.br/paginas/conhecimento/acervo-digital/documentos-e-publicacoes">[ref]</a> according to ONS, total installed capacity of <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic solar">photovoltaic solar</a> was 21 GW, with average <a href="/wiki/Capacity_factor" title="Capacity factor">capacity factor</a> of 23%.<a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> Some of the most <a href="/wiki/Solar_irradiance" title="Solar irradiance">irradiated</a> Brazilian States are MG ("Minas Gerais"), BA ("Bahia") and GO ("Goiás"), which have indeed world <a href="/wiki/Solar_irradiance" title="Solar irradiance">irradiation</a> level records.<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> In 2019, solar power represented 1.27% of the energy generated in the country.<a href="#cite_note-cbie.com.br-219">[216]</a> In 2021, Brazil was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed solar power (13 GW),<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> and the 11th largest producer of solar energy in the world (16.8 TWh).<a href="#cite_note-auto-224">[221]</a> In 2020, Brazil was the 2nd largest country in the world in the production of energy through <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> (energy production from solid biofuels and renewable waste), with 15,2 GW installed.<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Other countries">edit</a>]</div> After Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> is the country in Latin America that most stands out in energy production. In 2020, the country was the 14th largest petroleum producer in the world, and in 2018 it was the 12th largest exporter. In natural gas, the country was, in 2015, the 21st largest producer in the world, and in 2007 it was the 29th largest exporter. Mexico was also the world's 24th largest producer of coal in 2018. In renewable energies, in 2020, the country ranked 14th in the world in terms of installed wind energy (8.1 GW), 20th in the world in terms of installed solar energy (5.6 GW) and 19th in the world in terms of installed hydroelectric power (12.6 GW). In third place, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> stands out: In 2020, the country was the 20th largest petroleum producer in the world, and in 2015 it was the 19th largest exporter. In natural gas, the country was, in 2015, the 40th largest producer in the world. Colombia's biggest highlight is in coal, where the country was, in 2018, the world's 12th largest producer and the 5th largest exporter. In renewable energies, in 2020, the country ranked 45th in the world in terms of installed wind energy (0.5 GW), 76th in the world in terms of installed solar energy (0.1 GW) and 20th in the world in terms of installed hydroelectric power (12.6 GW). <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, which was one of the world's largest oil producers (about 2.5 million barrels/day in 2015) and one of the largest exporters, due to its political problems, has had its production drastically reduced in recent years: in 2016, it dropped to 2.2 million, in 2017 to 2 million, in 2018 to 1.4 million and in 2019 to 877 thousand, reaching only 300,000 barrels/day at a given point. The country also stands out in hydroelectricity, where it was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed capacity in 2020 (16,5 GW). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torre_YPF.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Torre_YPF.JPG/220px-Torre_YPF.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Torre_YPF.JPG/330px-Torre_YPF.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Torre_YPF.JPG/440px-Torre_YPF.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/YPF" title="YPF">YPF</a> <a href="/wiki/Repsol-YPF_Tower" title="Repsol-YPF Tower">headquarters</a> in Buenos Aires, Argentina.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> was, in 2017, the 18th largest producer in the world, and the largest producer in Latin America, of natural gas, in addition to being the 28th largest oil producer; although the country has the Vaca Muerta field, which holds close to 16 billion barrels of technically recoverable shale oil, and is the second largest shale natural gas deposit in the world, the country lacks the capacity to exploit the deposit: it is necessary capital, technology and knowledge that can only come from offshore energy companies, who view Argentina and its erratic economic policies with considerable suspicion, not wanting to invest in the country. In renewable energies, in 2020, the country ranked 27th in the world in terms of installed wind energy (2.6 GW), 42nd in the world in terms of installed solar energy (0.7 GW) and 21st in the world in terms of installed hydroelectric power (11.3 GW). The country has great future potential for the production of wind energy in the Patagonia region. <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, although currently not a major energy producer, has great future potential for solar energy production in the Atacama Desert region. <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> stands out today in hydroelectric production thanks to the Itaipu Power Plant. <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> stand out in the production of natural gas, where they were, respectively, the 20th and 31st largest in the world in 2015. <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, because it consumes little energy, is part of OPEC and was the 27th largest oil producer in the world in 2020, being the 22nd largest exporter in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-bp.com-178">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-RENEWABLE_CAPACITY_STATISTICS_2021-222">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trade_blocs">Trade blocs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Trade blocs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banco_del_Sur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Banco_del_Sur.jpg/220px-Banco_del_Sur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Banco_del_Sur.jpg/330px-Banco_del_Sur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Banco_del_Sur.jpg/440px-Banco_del_Sur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1442" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Correa" title="Rafael Correa">Rafael Correa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner" title="Néstor Kirchner">Néstor Kirchner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristina Fernández">Cristina Fernández</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicanor_Duarte" title="Nicanor Duarte">Nicanor Duarte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> at the signing of the founding charter of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_South" title="Bank of the South">Bank of the South</a></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Latin_America" title="Special:EditPage/Latin America">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (April 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The major <a href="/wiki/Trade_bloc" title="Trade bloc">trade blocs</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Trade_agreement" title="Trade agreement">agreements</a>) in the region are the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Alliance" title="Pacific Alliance">Pacific Alliance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a>. Minor blocs or trade agreements are the <a href="/wiki/G3_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="G3 Free Trade Agreement">G3 Free Trade Agreement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_%E2%80%93_Central_America_Free_Trade_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican Republic – Central America Free Trade Agreement">Dominican Republic – Central America Free Trade Agreement</a> (DR-CAFTA), the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community</a> (CARICOM) and the <a href="/wiki/Andean_Community_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean Community of Nations">Andean Community of Nations</a> (CAN). However, major reconfigurations are taking place along opposing approaches to integration and trade; Venezuela has officially withdrawn from both the CAN and G3 and it has been formally admitted into the Mercosur (pending ratification from the Paraguayan legislature).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] The president-elect of Ecuador has manifested his intentions of following the same path. This bloc nominally opposes any Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the United States, although Uruguay has manifested its intention otherwise. Chile, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> and Mexico are the only four Latin American nations that have an FTA with the United States and Canada, both members of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> China's economic influence in Latin America increased substantially in the 21st century. Imports from China valued $8.3 billion in 2000, but by 2022 its value was $450 billion and had grown to be the largest trading partner of South America, as well as the second-largest for the broader Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-Council_on_Foreign_Relations-235">[232]</a> In particular, many of the investments are related to the <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a> or energy. China has also provided loans to several Latin American countries; this has raised concerns about the possibility of "<a href="/wiki/Debt-trap_diplomacy#CITEREFChina_Africa_Research_Initiative2022" title="Debt-trap diplomacy">debt traps</a>."<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-Council_on_Foreign_Relations-235">[232]</a> Specifically, Venezuela, Brazil, Ecuador, and Argentina received the most loans from China during 2005–2016.<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Tourism in Latin America and the Caribbean">Tourism in Latin America and the Caribbean</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cancun_aerial_photo_by_safa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Cancun_aerial_photo_by_safa.jpg/220px-Cancun_aerial_photo_by_safa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Cancun_aerial_photo_by_safa.jpg/330px-Cancun_aerial_photo_by_safa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Cancun_aerial_photo_by_safa.jpg/440px-Cancun_aerial_photo_by_safa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn" title="Cancún">Cancún</a>. Mexico is the most visited country in Latin America and 6th in the world.</figcaption></figure> Income from tourism is key to the economy of several Latin American countries.<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> Mexico is the only Latin American country to be ranked in the top 10 worldwide in the number of tourist visits. It received by far the largest number of international tourists, with 39.3 million visitors in 2017, followed by Argentina, with 6.7 million; then Brazil, with 6.6 million; Chile, with 6.5 million; Dominican Republic, with 6.2 million; Cuba with 4.3 million; Peru and Colombia with 4.0 million. The <a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Tourism Organization">World Tourism Organization</a> reports the following destinations as the top six tourism earners for the year 2017: Mexico, with US$21,333 million; the Dominican Republic, with US$7,178 million; Brazil, with US$6,024 million; Colombia, with US$4,773 million; Argentina, with US$4,687 million; and Panama, with US$4,258 million.<a href="#cite_note-WTO_Tourism_Highlights_2018_Edition-239">[236]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fitz_Roy_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Fitz_Roy_1.jpg/220px-Fitz_Roy_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Fitz_Roy_1.jpg/330px-Fitz_Roy_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Fitz_Roy_1.jpg/440px-Fitz_Roy_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fitz_Roy" title="Fitz Roy">Monte Fitz Roy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Argentine Patagonia</a></figcaption></figure> Places such as <a href="/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn" title="Cancún">Cancún</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riviera_Maya" title="Riviera Maya">Riviera Maya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza">Chichen Itza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabo_San_Lucas" title="Cabo San Lucas">Cabo San Lucas</a>, Mexico City, <a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Vallarta" title="Puerto Vallarta">Puerto Vallarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Guanajuato City">Guanajuato City</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Allende" title="San Miguel de Allende">San Miguel de Allende</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a> in Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Punta_Cana" title="Punta Cana">Punta Cana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> in Dominican Republic, <a href="/wiki/Punta_del_Este" title="Punta del Este">Punta del Este</a> in Uruguay, <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico" title="Ponce, Puerto Rico">Ponce</a> in Puerto Rico, Panama City in Panama, <a href="/wiki/Po%C3%A1s_Volcano_National_Park" title="Poás Volcano National Park">Poás Volcano National Park</a> in Costa Rica, <a href="/wiki/Vi%C3%B1a_del_Mar" title="Viña del Mar">Viña del Mar</a> in Chile, <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florian%C3%B3polis" title="Florianópolis">Florianópolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iguazu_Falls" title="Iguazu Falls">Iguazu Falls</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arma%C3%A7%C3%A3o_dos_B%C3%BAzios" title="Armação dos Búzios">Armação dos Búzios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombinhas" title="Bombinhas">Bombinhas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angra_dos_Reis" title="Angra dos Reis">Angra dos Reis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balne%C3%A1rio_Cambori%C3%BA" title="Balneário Camboriú">Balneário Camboriú</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraty" title="Paraty">Paraty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ipojuca" title="Ipojuca">Ipojuca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natal,_Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="Natal, Rio Grande do Norte">Natal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairu" title="Cairu">Cairu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortaleza" title="Fortaleza">Fortaleza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Itapema" title="Itapema">Itapema</a> in Brazil;<a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a> <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bariloche" title="Bariloche">Bariloche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salta" title="Salta">Salta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jujuy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jujuy">Jujuy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perito_Moreno_Glacier" title="Perito Moreno Glacier">Perito Moreno Glacier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valdes_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Valdes Peninsula">Valdes Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_among_the_Guaran%C3%AD#Jesuit_reductions_by_country" title="Jesuit missions among the Guaraní">Guarani Jesuit Missions in the cities of Misiones and Corrientes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ischigualasto_Provincial_Park" title="Ischigualasto Provincial Park">Ischigualasto Provincial Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ushuaia" title="Ushuaia">Ushuaia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a> in Argentina;<a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isla_Margarita" class="mw-redirect" title="Isla Margarita">Isla Margarita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angel_Falls" title="Angel Falls">Angel Falls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Roques_archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Roques archipelago">Los Roques archipelago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gran_Sabana" title="Gran Sabana">Gran Sabana</a> in Venezuela; <a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazca_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazca Lines">Nazca Lines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuzco" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco">Cuzco</a> in Peru; <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salar_de_Uyuni" title="Salar de Uyuni">Salar de Uyuni</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Missions_of_Chiquitos" title="Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos">Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos</a> in Bolivia; <a href="/wiki/Tayrona_National_Natural_Park" title="Tayrona National Natural Park">Tayrona National Natural Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Marta,_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Marta, Colombia">Santa Marta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cali" title="Cali">Cali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn" title="Medellín">Medellín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_(island)" title="San Andrés (island)">San Andrés</a> in Colombia, and the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a> in Ecuador. are popular among international visitors in the region. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American culture">Latin American culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Week_procession_Comayagua_Honduras_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Holy_Week_procession_Comayagua_Honduras_%281%29.jpg/220px-Holy_Week_procession_Comayagua_Honduras_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Holy_Week_procession_Comayagua_Honduras_%281%29.jpg/330px-Holy_Week_procession_Comayagua_Honduras_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Holy_Week_procession_Comayagua_Honduras_%281%29.jpg/440px-Holy_Week_procession_Comayagua_Honduras_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Roman Catholic Easter procession in <a href="/wiki/Comayagua" title="Comayagua">Comayagua</a>, Honduras</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicaragua_Mestizaje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Nicaragua_Mestizaje.jpg/170px-Nicaragua_Mestizaje.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Nicaragua_Mestizaje.jpg/255px-Nicaragua_Mestizaje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Nicaragua_Mestizaje.jpg/340px-Nicaragua_Mestizaje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption>Nicaraguan women wearing the <a href="/wiki/Mestizaje" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizaje">Mestizaje</a> costume, which is a traditional costume worn to dance the Mestizaje dance. The costume demonstrates the Spanish influence upon Nicaraguan clothing.<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Latin_America" title="Special:EditPage/Latin America">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit">converting this article</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available. (April 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Latin American culture is a mixture of many influences: <ul><li>Indigenous cultures of the people who inhabited the continent prior to European colonization. Ancient and advanced civilizations developed their own political, social and religious systems. The Maya, the Aztec and the Inca are examples of these. Indigenous legacies in music, dance, foods, arts and crafts, clothing, folk culture and traditions are strong in Latin America. Indigenous languages affected Spanish and Portuguese, giving rise to <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> like <a href="/wiki/Pampas" title="Pampas">pampa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taco" title="Taco">taco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamale" title="Tamale">tamale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cacique" title="Cacique">cacique</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">culture of Europe</a> was brought mainly by the colonial powers – the Spanish, Portuguese and French – between the 16th and 19th centuries. The most enduring European colonial influences are language, institutions, customs and Catholicism.</li> <li>Additional cultural influences came from the Europe during the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, due to growing immigration from Germany, Italy, France, Spain and Portugal; as well as artistic, ideological and technological developments of the time. Due to the impact of <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> ideals after the French revolution, a certain number of Iberian American countries decriminalized <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> after France and French territories in the Americas did so in 1791. Some of the countries that abolished sodomy laws or banned state interference in consensual adult sexuality in the 19th century were Dominican Republic (1822), Brazil (1824), Peru (1836), Mexico (1871), Paraguay (1880), Argentina (1887), Honduras (1899), Guatemala, and El Salvador. Today same-sex marriage is legal in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Uruguay, and French overseas departments. South America experienced waves of immigration of Europeans, especially Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese, Germans, Austrians, Poles, Ukrainians, French, Dutch, Russians, Croatians, Lithuanians, and Ashkenazi Jews. With the end of colonialism, French culture also exerted a direct influence in Latin America, especially in the realms of <a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">high culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independentism</a>, science and medicine.<a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a> This can be seen in the region's artistic traditions, including painting, literature, and music, and in the realms of science and politics.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Africa" title="Culture of Africa">African cultures</a>, whose presence stems from a long history of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>. People of African descent have influenced the ethno-scapes of Latin America and the Caribbean. This is manifested for instance in music, dance and religion, especially in countries like Brazil, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, and Cuba.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Asia" title="Culture of Asia">Asian cultures</a>, whose part of the presence derives from the long history of the <a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">coolies</a> who mostly arrived during the 19th and 20th centuries, most commonly Chinese workers in Peru and Venezuela, but also from Japanese and Korean immigration. especially headed to Brazil. This has greatly affected cuisine and other traditions including literature, art and lifestyles and politics. Asian influences have especially affected Brazil, Cuba, Panama and Peru.</li> <li>The influence of the United States and globalization is present throughout the region, with particular strength in northern Latin America, especially Puerto Rico, which is an American territory. Prior to 1959, Cuba, which fought for its independence with American aid in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, also had a close political and economic relationship with the United States. The United States also helped Panama become independent from Colombia and built the twenty-mile-long <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a> in Panama, which it held from 1903—the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> opened to transoceanic freight traffic in 1914—to 1999, when the <a href="/wiki/Torrijos-Carter_Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Torrijos-Carter Treaties">Torrijos-Carter Treaties</a> restored Panamanian control of the Canal Zone.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Art">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art" title="Latin American art">Latin American art</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_American_artists" title="List of Latin American artists">List of Latin American artists</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RiveraMuralNationalPalace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/RiveraMuralNationalPalace.jpg/220px-RiveraMuralNationalPalace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/RiveraMuralNationalPalace.jpg/330px-RiveraMuralNationalPalace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/RiveraMuralNationalPalace.jpg/440px-RiveraMuralNationalPalace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Diego_Rivera" title="Diego Rivera">Diego Rivera</a>'s mural depicting Mexico's history at the <a href="/wiki/National_Palace_(Mexico)" title="National Palace (Mexico)">National Palace in Mexico City</a></figcaption></figure>Beyond the tradition of Indigenous art, the development of Latin American visual art owed much to the influence of Spanish, Portuguese and French <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> painting, which in turn often followed the trends of the Italians. In general, artistic <a href="/wiki/Eurocentrism" title="Eurocentrism">Eurocentrism</a> began to wane in the early twentieth century with the increased appreciation for indigenous forms of representation.<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santiago_Martinez_Delgado_in_the_colombian_congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Santiago_Martinez_Delgado_in_the_colombian_congress.jpg/220px-Santiago_Martinez_Delgado_in_the_colombian_congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Santiago_Martinez_Delgado_in_the_colombian_congress.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption>Mural by <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Martinez_Delgado" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago Martinez Delgado">Santiago Martinez Delgado</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian Congress">Colombian Congress</a></figcaption></figure> From the early twentieth century, the art of Latin America was greatly inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivist Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a> The movement rapidly spread from Russia to Europe and then into Latin America. <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Torres_Garc%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Joaquín Torres García">Joaquín Torres García</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Rend%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Rendón">Manuel Rendón</a> have been credited with bringing the Constructivist Movement into Latin America from Europe.<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> An important artistic movement generated in Latin America is <a href="/wiki/Muralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Muralism">muralism</a> represented by <a href="/wiki/Diego_Rivera" title="Diego Rivera">Diego Rivera</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Alfaro_Siqueiros" title="David Alfaro Siqueiros">David Alfaro Siqueiros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Clemente_Orozco" title="José Clemente Orozco">José Clemente Orozco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rufino_Tamayo" title="Rufino Tamayo">Rufino Tamayo</a> in Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Martinez_Delgado" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago Martinez Delgado">Santiago Martinez Delgado</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Nel_G%C3%B3mez" title="Pedro Nel Gómez">Pedro Nel Gómez</a> in Colombia and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Berni" title="Antonio Berni">Antonio Berni</a> in Argentina. Some of the most impressive Muralista works can be found in Mexico, Colombia, New York City, San Francisco, Los Angeles and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. Painter <a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Frida Kahlo</a>, one of the most famous Mexican artists, painted about her own life and the Mexican culture in a style combining <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a>. Kahlo's work commands the highest selling price of all Latin American paintings.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> The Venezuelan <a href="/wiki/Armando_Rever%C3%B3n" title="Armando Reverón">Armando Reverón</a>, whose work begins to be recognized internationally, is one of the most important artists of the 20th century in South America; he is a precursor of <a href="/wiki/Arte_Povera" title="Arte Povera">Arte Povera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Happening" title="Happening">Happening</a>. In the 60s kinetic art emerged in Venezuela. Its main representatives are <a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Soto" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesús Soto">Jesús Soto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Cruz-Diez" title="Carlos Cruz-Diez">Carlos Cruz-Diez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Otero" title="Alejandro Otero">Alejandro Otero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gego" title="Gego">Gego</a>. Colombian sculptor and painter <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Botero" title="Fernando Botero">Fernando Botero</a> has gained regional and international recognition for his works which, on first examination, are noted for their exaggerated proportions and the corpulence of the human and animal figures.<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a> The Ecuadorian <a href="/wiki/Oswaldo_Guayasam%C3%ADn" title="Oswaldo Guayasamín">Oswaldo Guayasamín</a>, considered one of the most important and seminal artists in Ecuador and South America. In his life, he made over 13,000 paintings and held more than 180 exhibitions all over the world, including Paris, Barcelona, New York, Buenos Aires, Moscow, Prague, and Rome. He brought his unique style of expressionism and cubism to the collection of Ecuador artwork during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Anger" title="Age of Anger">Age of Anger</a> which relates to the period of the Cold War when the United States opposed communist presence in South America.<a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a> Social criticism of human and social inequality was central to his artwork.<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Film">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American cinema">Latin American cinema</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guadalajara_international_Film_Festival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Guadalajara_international_Film_Festival.jpg/220px-Guadalajara_international_Film_Festival.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Guadalajara_international_Film_Festival.jpg/330px-Guadalajara_international_Film_Festival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Guadalajara_international_Film_Festival.jpg/440px-Guadalajara_international_Film_Festival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_International_Film_Festival" title="Guadalajara International Film Festival">Guadalajara International Film Festival</a> is considered the most prestigious film festival in Latin America.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Latin_America" title="Special:EditPage/Latin America">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Latin American film is both rich and diverse. Historically, the main centers of production have been Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, and Cuba. Latin American film flourished after sound was introduced in cinema, which added a linguistic barrier to the export of Hollywood film south of the border.<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alejandro_Inarritu_Cannes_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Alejandro_Inarritu_Cannes_2017.jpg/170px-Alejandro_Inarritu_Cannes_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Alejandro_Inarritu_Cannes_2017.jpg/255px-Alejandro_Inarritu_Cannes_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Alejandro_Inarritu_Cannes_2017.jpg/340px-Alejandro_Inarritu_Cannes_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_I%C3%B1%C3%A1rritu" title="Alejandro González Iñárritu">Alejandro González Iñárritu</a> became the second Mexican director in a row to win both the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Academy Award for Best Director">Academy Award for Best Director</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_America_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Directors Guild of America Award">Directors Guild of America Award</a> for Best Director. He won his second <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Oscar</a> in 2016 for <a href="/wiki/The_Revenant_(2015_film)" title="The Revenant (2015 film)">The Revenant</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mexico" title="Cinema of Mexico">Mexican cinema</a> began in the silent era from 1896 to 1929 and flourished in the <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_the_cinema_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden age of the cinema of Mexico">Golden Era</a> of the 1940s. It boasted a huge industry comparable to <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> at the time, with stars such as <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_F%C3%A9lix" title="María Félix">María Félix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolores_del_R%C3%ADo" title="Dolores del Río">Dolores del Río</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Infante" title="Pedro Infante">Pedro Infante</a>. In the 1970s, Mexico was the location for many cult horror and action movies. More recently, films such as <a href="/wiki/Amores_Perros" class="mw-redirect" title="Amores Perros">Amores Perros</a> (2000) and <a href="/wiki/Y_tu_mam%C3%A1_tambi%C3%A9n" title="Y tu mamá también">Y tu mamá también</a> (2001) enjoyed box office and critical acclaim and propelled <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cuar%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso Cuarón">Alfonso Cuarón</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_I%C3%B1%C3%A1rritu" title="Alejandro González Iñárritu">Alejandro González Iñárritu</a> to the front rank of Hollywood directors. Iñárritu in 2010 directed <a href="/wiki/Biutiful" title="Biutiful">Biutiful</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birdman_(film)" title="Birdman (film)">Birdman</a> (2014), Alfonso Cuarón directed <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban_(film)" title="Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)">Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban</a> in 2004 and <a href="/wiki/Gravity_(2013_film)" title="Gravity (2013 film)">Gravity</a> in 2013. A close friend of both, <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro" title="Guillermo del Toro">Guillermo del Toro</a>, a top rank Hollywood director in Hollywood and Spain, directed <a href="/wiki/Pan%27s_Labyrinth" title="Pan's Labyrinth">Pan's Labyrinth</a> (2006) and produced <a href="/wiki/The_Orphanage_(2007_film)" title="The Orphanage (2007 film)">El Orfanato</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Carrera" title="Carlos Carrera">Carlos Carrera</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Crime_of_Father_Amaro_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Crime of Father Amaro (film)">The Crime of Father Amaro</a>), and screenwriter <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Arriaga" title="Guillermo Arriaga">Guillermo Arriaga</a> are also some of the best known modern Mexican film makers. <a href="/wiki/Rudo_y_Cursi" title="Rudo y Cursi">Rudo y Cursi</a> released in December (2008) in Mexico, was directed by <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Cuar%C3%B3n" title="Carlos Cuarón">Carlos Cuarón</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cristina,_elenco_y_Oscar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cristina%2C_elenco_y_Oscar.jpg/220px-Cristina%2C_elenco_y_Oscar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cristina%2C_elenco_y_Oscar.jpg/330px-Cristina%2C_elenco_y_Oscar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cristina%2C_elenco_y_Oscar.jpg/440px-Cristina%2C_elenco_y_Oscar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristina Fernández">Cristina Fernández</a> with the film director <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Campanella" title="Juan José Campanella">Juan José Campanella</a> and the cast of <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_in_Their_Eyes" title="The Secret in Their Eyes">The Secret in Their Eyes</a> (2009) with the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Argentina" title="Cinema of Argentina">Argentine cinema</a> has also been prominent since the first half of the 20th century and today averages over 60 full-length titles yearly. The industry suffered during the <a href="/wiki/Proceso_de_Reorganizaci%C3%B3n_Nacional" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceso de Reorganización Nacional">1976–1983 military dictatorship</a>; but re-emerged to produce the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a> winner <a href="/wiki/The_Official_Story" title="The Official Story">The Official Story</a> in 1985. A wave of imported US films again damaged the industry in the early 1990s, though it soon recovered, thriving even during the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_economic_crisis_(1999-2002)" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine economic crisis (1999-2002)">Argentine economic crisis</a> around 2001. Many Argentine movies produced during recent years have been internationally acclaimed, including <a href="/wiki/Nueve_reinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nueve reinas">Nueve reinas</a> (2000), <a href="/wiki/Son_of_the_Bride" title="Son of the Bride">Son of the Bride</a> (2001), <a href="/wiki/El_abrazo_partido" class="mw-redirect" title="El abrazo partido">El abrazo partido</a> (2004), <a href="/wiki/El_otro" class="mw-redirect" title="El otro">El otro</a> (2007), the 2010 Foreign Language <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a> winner <a href="/wiki/El_secreto_de_sus_ojos" class="mw-redirect" title="El secreto de sus ojos">El secreto de sus ojos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_Tales_(film)" title="Wild Tales (film)">Wild Tales</a> (2014) and <a href="/wiki/Argentina,_1985" title="Argentina, 1985">Argentina, 1985</a> (2022). <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Brazil" title="Cinema of Brazil">In Brazil</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a> movement created a particular way of making movies with critical and intellectual screenplays, clearer photography related to the light of the outdoors in a tropical landscape, and a political message. The modern Brazilian film industry has become more profitable inside the country, and some of its productions have received prizes and recognition in Europe and the United States, with movies such as <a href="/wiki/Central_do_Brasil_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central do Brasil (film)">Central do Brasil</a> (1999), <a href="/wiki/City_of_God_(2002_film)" title="City of God (2002 film)">Cidade de Deus</a> (2002) and <a href="/wiki/Tropa_de_Elite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropa de Elite">Tropa de Elite</a> (2007). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elenco_de_Una_Mujer_Fant%C3%A1stica_Premios_F%C3%A9nix_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Elenco_de_Una_Mujer_Fant%C3%A1stica_Premios_F%C3%A9nix_2017.jpg/220px-Elenco_de_Una_Mujer_Fant%C3%A1stica_Premios_F%C3%A9nix_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Elenco_de_Una_Mujer_Fant%C3%A1stica_Premios_F%C3%A9nix_2017.jpg/330px-Elenco_de_Una_Mujer_Fant%C3%A1stica_Premios_F%C3%A9nix_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Elenco_de_Una_Mujer_Fant%C3%A1stica_Premios_F%C3%A9nix_2017.jpg/440px-Elenco_de_Una_Mujer_Fant%C3%A1stica_Premios_F%C3%A9nix_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Cast of <a href="/wiki/A_Fantastic_Woman" title="A Fantastic Woman">A Fantastic Woman</a> on the red carpet at the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_de_la_Ciudad" title="Teatro de la Ciudad">Teatro de la Ciudad</a> (City Theatre). It was selected as the Chilean entry for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Best Foreign Language Film</a> where it won in the <a href="/wiki/90th_Academy_Awards" title="90th Academy Awards">90th Academy Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Premios_Óscar_Latinos-254">[251]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Cinema of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican cinema</a> has produced some notable films, such as <a href="/wiki/Una_Aventura_Llamada_Menudo" class="mw-redirect" title="Una Aventura Llamada Menudo">Una Aventura Llamada Menudo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Diaz_de_Doris" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Diaz de Doris">Los Diaz de Doris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Casi_Casi" class="mw-redirect" title="Casi Casi">Casi Casi</a>. An influx of Hollywood films affected the local film industry in Puerto Rico during the 1980s and 1990s, but several Puerto Rican films have been produced since and it has been recovering. <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cuba" title="Cinema of Cuba">Cuban cinema</a> has enjoyed much official support since the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban revolution">Cuban revolution</a> and important film-makers include <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Guti%C3%A9rrez_Alea" title="Tomás Gutiérrez Alea">Tomás Gutiérrez Alea</a>. <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan television">Venezuelan television</a> has also had a great impact in Latin America, is said that whilst "Venezuelan cinema began sporadically in the 1950s[, it] only emerged as a national-cultural movement in the mid-1970s" when it gained state support and auteurs could produce work. International co-productions with Latin America and Spain continued into this era and beyond, and Venezuelan films of this time were counted among the works of New Latin American Cinema. This period is known as Venezuela's Golden Age of cinema, having massive popularity even though it was a time of much social and political upheaval. One of the most famous Venezuelan films, even to date, is the 1976 film <a href="/wiki/Soy_un_delincuente" title="Soy un delincuente">Soy un delincuente</a> by <a href="/wiki/Clemente_de_la_Cerda" title="Clemente de la Cerda">Clemente de la Cerda</a>, which won the <a href="/wiki/Special_Jury_Prize_(Locarno_International_Film_Festival)" title="Special Jury Prize (Locarno International Film Festival)">Special Jury Prize</a> at the 1977 <a href="/wiki/Locarno_International_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Locarno International Film Festival">Locarno International Film Festival</a>. Soy un delincuente was one of nine films for which the state gave substantial funding to produce, made in the year after the Venezuelan state began giving financial support to cinema in 1975. The support likely came from increased oil wealth in the early 1970s, and the subsequent 1973 credit incentive policy. At the time of its production the film was the most popular film in the country, and took a decade to be usurped from this position, even though it was only one in a string of films designed to tell <a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">social realist</a> stories of struggle in the 1950s and '60s. Equally famous is the 1977 film <a href="/wiki/El_Pez_que_Fuma" title="El Pez que Fuma">El Pez que Fuma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A1n_Chalbaud" title="Román Chalbaud">Román Chalbaud</a>). In 1981 FONCINE (the Venezuelan Film Fund) was founded, and this year it provided even more funding to produce seventeen feature films. A few years later in 1983 with <a href="/wiki/Viernes_Negro" title="Viernes Negro">Viernes Negro</a>, oil prices dropped and Venezuela entered a depression which prevented such extravagant funding, but film production continued; more transnational productions occurred, many more with Spain due to Latin America's poor economic fortune in general, and there was some in new cinema, as well: <a href="/wiki/Fina_Torres" title="Fina Torres">Fina Torres</a>' 1985 <a href="/wiki/Oriana_(film)" title="Oriana (film)">Oriana</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Cam%C3%A9ra_d%27Or" title="Caméra d'Or">Caméra d'Or</a> Prize at the <a href="/wiki/1985_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="1985 Cannes Film Festival">1985 Cannes Film Festival</a> as the best first feature. Film production peaked in 1984–5,:37 with 1986 considered Venezuelan cinema's most successful year by the state, thanks to over 4 million admissions to national films, according to <a href="/wiki/Venezuelanalysis" title="Venezuelanalysis">Venezuelanalysis</a>. The Venezuelan capital of Caracas hosted the Ibero-American Forum on Cinematography Integration in 1989, from which the pan-continental IBERMEDIA was formed; a union which provides regional funding. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_literature" title="Latin American literature">Latin American literature</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Latin_America" title="Special:EditPage/Latin America">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (April 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_American_writers" title="List of Latin American writers">List of Latin American writers</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gabriela_Mistral-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gabriela_Mistral-01.jpg/175px-Gabriela_Mistral-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gabriela_Mistral-01.jpg/263px-Gabriela_Mistral-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gabriela_Mistral-01.jpg/350px-Gabriela_Mistral-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1705" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>Chilean poet <a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Mistral" title="Gabriela Mistral">Gabriela Mistral</a>, first Latin American to win a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>, in 1945</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gabogarciamarquez1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Gabogarciamarquez1.png" decoding="async" width="133" height="207" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="133" data-file-height="207" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a> Nobel Prize in Literature in 1982, primarily for his masterpiece, "One Hundred Years of Solitude" ("Cien años de soledad").</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paz0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Paz0.jpg/175px-Paz0.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Paz0.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a> Nobel Prize in Literature in 1990 for his influential body of work, which explored existential themes, Mexican identity, and the complexities of modernity</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miguel_Angel_Asturias.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Miguel_Angel_Asturias.jpg/175px-Miguel_Angel_Asturias.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Miguel_Angel_Asturias.jpg/263px-Miguel_Angel_Asturias.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Miguel_Angel_Asturias.jpg/350px-Miguel_Angel_Asturias.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1328" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias" title="Miguel Ángel Asturias">Miguel Ángel Asturias</a> received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1967 for his literary contributions, particularly for his novels that delve into the complexities of Latin American society and its indigenous cultures.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mario_Vargas_Llosa_(crop_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mario_Vargas_Llosa_%28crop_2%29.jpg/175px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa_%28crop_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mario_Vargas_Llosa_%28crop_2%29.jpg/263px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa_%28crop_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mario_Vargas_Llosa_%28crop_2%29.jpg/350px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa_%28crop_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="1291" /></a><figcaption>Peruvian <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a>, the winner of the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> and the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes_Prize" title="Miguel de Cervantes Prize">Miguel de Cervantes Prize</a>, among others</figcaption></figure> Pre-Columbian cultures were primarily oral, although the Aztecs and Maya, for instance, produced elaborate <a href="/wiki/Aztec_codices" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec codices">codices</a>. Oral accounts of mythological and religious beliefs were also sometimes recorded after the arrival of European colonizers, as was the case with the <a href="/wiki/Popol_Vuh" title="Popol Vuh">Popol Vuh</a>. Moreover, a tradition of oral narrative survives to this day, for instance among the <a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechua</a>-speaking population of Peru and the <a href="/wiki/K%27iche%27_people" class="mw-redirect" title="K'iche' people">Quiché (K'iche')</a> of Guatemala. From the very moment of Europe's discovery of the continents, early explorers and <a href="/wiki/Conquistadores" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquistadores">conquistadores</a> produced written accounts and crónicas of their experience – such as <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Columbus</a>'s letters or <a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</a>'s description of the conquest of Mexico. During the colonial period, written culture was often in the hands of the church, within which context <a href="/wiki/Sor_Juana_In%C3%A9s_de_la_Cruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz">Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz</a> wrote memorable poetry and philosophical essays. Towards the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th, a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Criollo_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Criollo (people)">criollo</a> literary tradition emerged, including the first novels such as Lizardi's <a href="/wiki/El_Periquillo_Sarniento" class="mw-redirect" title="El Periquillo Sarniento">El Periquillo Sarniento</a> (1816). The 19th century was a period of "foundational fictions" in critic Doris Sommer's words, novels in the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)" title="Naturalism (literature)">Naturalist</a> traditions that attempted to establish a sense of national identity, and which often focussed on the Indigenous question or the <a href="/wiki/Dichotomy" title="Dichotomy">dichotomy</a> of "civilization or barbarism" (for which see, say, <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Domingo Sarmiento</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Facundo" title="Facundo">Facundo</a> (1845), <a href="/wiki/Juan_Le%C3%B3n_Mera" title="Juan León Mera">Juan León Mera</a>'s Cumandá (1879), or <a href="/wiki/Euclides_da_Cunha" title="Euclides da Cunha">Euclides da Cunha</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Os_Sert%C3%B5es" title="Os Sertões">Os Sertões</a> (1902)). The 19th century also witnessed the realist work of <a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Machado de Assis</a>, who made use of surreal devices of metaphor and playful narrative construction, much admired by critic <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jorge_Luis_Borges_1951,_by_Grete_Stern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Jorge_Luis_Borges_1951%2C_by_Grete_Stern.jpg/220px-Jorge_Luis_Borges_1951%2C_by_Grete_Stern.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Jorge_Luis_Borges_1951%2C_by_Grete_Stern.jpg/330px-Jorge_Luis_Borges_1951%2C_by_Grete_Stern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Jorge_Luis_Borges_1951%2C_by_Grete_Stern.jpg/440px-Jorge_Luis_Borges_1951%2C_by_Grete_Stern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1410" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> in 1951</figcaption></figure> At the turn of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Modernismo" title="Modernismo">modernismo</a> emerged, a poetic movement whose founding text was Nicaraguan poet <a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Dar%C3%ADo" title="Rubén Darío">Rubén Darío</a>'s Azul (1888). This was the first Latin American literary movement to influence literary culture outside of the region, and was also the first truly Latin American literature, in that national differences were no longer so much at issue. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD" title="José Martí">José Martí</a>, for instance, though a Cuban patriot, also lived in Mexico and the United States and wrote for journals in Argentina and elsewhere. However, what really put Latin American literature on the global map was no doubt the literary <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Boom" title="Latin American Boom">boom</a> of the 1960s and 1970s, distinguished by daring and experimental novels (such as <a href="/wiki/Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar" title="Julio Cortázar">Julio Cortázar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hopscotch_(Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopscotch (Julio Cortázar novel)">Rayuela</a> (1963)) that were frequently published in Spain and quickly translated into English. The Boom's defining novel was <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a>'s <a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_Years_of_Solitude" title="One Hundred Years of Solitude">Cien años de soledad</a> (1967), which led to the association of Latin American literature with <a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">magic realism</a>, though other important writers of the period such as the Peruvian <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Fuentes" title="Carlos Fuentes">Carlos Fuentes</a> do not fit so easily within this framework. Arguably, the Boom's culmination was <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Augusto Roa Bastos">Augusto Roa Bastos</a>'s monumental Yo, el supremo (1974). In the wake of the Boom, influential precursors such as <a href="/wiki/Juan_Rulfo" title="Juan Rulfo">Juan Rulfo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alejo_Carpentier" title="Alejo Carpentier">Alejo Carpentier</a>, and above all <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> were also rediscovered. Contemporary literature in the region is vibrant and varied, ranging from the best-selling <a href="/wiki/Paulo_Coelho" title="Paulo Coelho">Paulo Coelho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Allende" title="Isabel Allende">Isabel Allende</a> to the more avant-garde and critically acclaimed work of writers such as <a href="/wiki/Diamela_Eltit" title="Diamela Eltit">Diamela Eltit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giannina_Braschi" title="Giannina Braschi">Giannina Braschi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Piglia" title="Ricardo Piglia">Ricardo Piglia</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Bola%C3%B1o" title="Roberto Bolaño">Roberto Bolaño</a>. There has also been considerable attention paid to the genre of <a href="/wiki/Testimony#Literature" title="Testimony">testimonio</a>, texts produced in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">subaltern</a> subjects such as <a href="/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a>. Finally, a new breed of chroniclers is represented by the more journalistic <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Monsiv%C3%A1is" title="Carlos Monsiváis">Carlos Monsiváis</a> and Pedro Lemebel. The region boasts six <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize winners</a>: in addition to the two Chilean poets <a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Mistral" title="Gabriela Mistral">Gabriela Mistral</a> (1945) and <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a> (1971), there is also the Guatemalan novelist <a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias" title="Miguel Ángel Asturias">Miguel Ángel Asturias</a> (1967), the Colombian writer <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a> (1982), the Mexican poet and essayist <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a> (1990), and the Peruvian novelist <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> (2010). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Music and dance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latin_America" title="Music of Latin America">Music of Latin America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_pop" title="Latin pop">Latin pop</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latin_dance" title="Latin dance">Latin dance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salsa_en_Cali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Salsa_en_Cali.jpg/170px-Salsa_en_Cali.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Salsa_en_Cali.jpg/255px-Salsa_en_Cali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Salsa_en_Cali.jpg/340px-Salsa_en_Cali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Salsa_(dance)" title="Salsa (dance)">Salsa</a> dancing in <a href="/wiki/Cali" title="Cali">Cali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></figcaption></figure> Latin America has produced many successful worldwide artists in terms of recorded global music sales. Among the most successful have been <a href="/wiki/Juan_Gabriel" title="Juan Gabriel">Juan Gabriel</a> (Mexico) only Latin American musician to have sold over 200 million records worldwide,<a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Estefan" title="Gloria Estefan">Gloria Estefan</a> (Cuba), <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Santana" title="Carlos Santana">Carlos Santana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Miguel" title="Luis Miguel">Luis Miguel</a> (Mexico) of whom have sold over 90 million records, <a href="/wiki/Shakira" title="Shakira">Shakira</a> (Colombia) and <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Vicente Fernández">Vicente Fernández</a> (Mexico) with over 50 million records sold worldwide. <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Iglesias" title="Enrique Iglesias">Enrique Iglesias</a>, although not a Latin American, has also contributed for the success of Latin music. Other notable successful mainstream acts through the years, include <a href="/wiki/RBD" title="RBD">RBD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celia_Cruz" title="Celia Cruz">Celia Cruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soda_Stereo" title="Soda Stereo">Soda Stereo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thal%C3%ADa" title="Thalía">Thalía</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Martin" title="Ricky Martin">Ricky Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Man%C3%A1" title="Maná">Maná</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Anthony" title="Marc Anthony">Marc Anthony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Arjona" title="Ricardo Arjona">Ricardo Arjona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selena" title="Selena">Selena</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Menudo_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menudo (band)">Menudo</a>. Latin Caribbean music, such as <a href="/wiki/Merengue_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Merengue (music)">merengue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bachata_(music)" title="Bachata (music)">bachata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salsa_music" title="Salsa music">salsa</a>, and more recently <a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">reggaeton</a>, from such countries as the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Panama, has been strongly influenced by African rhythms and melodies.<a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JarabeTapatio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/JarabeTapatio.jpg/170px-JarabeTapatio.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/JarabeTapatio.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Mexican dance <a href="/wiki/Jarabe_Tapat%C3%ADo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarabe Tapatío">Jarabe Tapatío</a></figcaption></figure> Another well-known Latin American musical genre includes the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_tango" title="Argentine tango">Argentine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_tango" title="Uruguayan tango">Uruguayan tango</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Gardel" title="Carlos Gardel">Carlos Gardel</a> as the greatest exponent), as well as the distinct <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_tango" title="Nuevo tango">nuevo tango</a>, a fusion of tango, <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_music" title="Acoustic music">acoustic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a> popularized by <a href="/wiki/Bandone%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandoneón">bandoneón</a> virtuoso <a href="/wiki/%C3%81stor_Piazzolla" class="mw-redirect" title="Ástor Piazzolla">Ástor Piazzolla</a>. <a href="/wiki/Samba" title="Samba">Samba</a>, North American <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="European classical music">European classical music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Choro" title="Choro">choro</a> combined to form <a href="/wiki/Bossa_nova" title="Bossa nova">bossa nova</a> in Brazil, popularized by guitarist <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Gilberto" title="João Gilberto">João Gilberto</a> with singer <a href="/wiki/Astrud_Gilberto" title="Astrud Gilberto">Astrud Gilberto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jazz_piano" title="Jazz piano">pianist</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Carlos_Jobim" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Carlos Jobim">Antonio Carlos Jobim</a>. Other influential Latin American sounds include the Antillean <a href="/wiki/Soca_music" title="Soca music">soca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso</a>, Dennery segment which is a style of Soca music developed in Saint Lucia in the early 2010s which came from Kuduro music, Zouk influence and Lucian drums alongside lyrics usually sung in French <a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole" title="Antillean Creole">Antillean Creole</a> Kwéyòl, Bouyon music is a mixture of Soca, Zouk, and traditional genres native to Dominica which is sung in French <a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole" title="Antillean Creole">Antillean Creole</a> and is one of the most popular musical genres in Dominica, the Honduran (Garifuna) <a href="/wiki/Punta" title="Punta">punta</a>, the Colombian <a href="/wiki/Cumbia" title="Cumbia">cumbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vallenato" title="Vallenato">vallenato</a>, the Chilean <a href="/wiki/Cueca" title="Cueca">cueca</a>, the Ecuadorian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boleros_music&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boleros music (page does not exist)">boleros</a>, the Haitian compas [ konpa] and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rockoleras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rockoleras (page does not exist)">rockoleras</a>, the Mexican <a href="/wiki/Ranchera" title="Ranchera">ranchera</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mariachi" title="Mariachi">mariachi</a> which is the epitome of Mexican soul, the Nicaraguan <a href="/wiki/Palo_de_Mayo" title="Palo de Mayo">palo de Mayo</a>, the Peruvian <a href="/wiki/Marinera" title="Marinera">marinera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tondero" title="Tondero">tondero</a>, the Uruguayan <a href="/wiki/Candombe" title="Candombe">candombe</a> and the various styles of music from pre-Columbian traditions that are widespread in the <a href="/wiki/Andean" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean">Andean</a> region. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carmen_Miranda_in_That_Night_in_Rio_(1941).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Carmen_Miranda_in_That_Night_in_Rio_%281941%29.jpg/170px-Carmen_Miranda_in_That_Night_in_Rio_%281941%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Carmen_Miranda_in_That_Night_in_Rio_%281941%29.jpg/255px-Carmen_Miranda_in_That_Night_in_Rio_%281941%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Carmen_Miranda_in_That_Night_in_Rio_%281941%29.jpg/340px-Carmen_Miranda_in_That_Night_in_Rio_%281941%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1770" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Brazilian singer <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Miranda" title="Carmen Miranda">Carmen Miranda</a> helped popularize <a href="/wiki/Samba" title="Samba">samba</a> internationally.</figcaption></figure> The classical composer <a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Heitor Villa-Lobos</a> (1887–1959) worked on the recording of Native musical traditions within his homeland of Brazil. The traditions of his homeland heavily influenced his classical works.<a href="#cite_note-258">[255]</a> Also notable is the recent work of the Cuban <a href="/wiki/Leo_Brouwer" title="Leo Brouwer">Leo Brouwer</a>, Uruguayan-American <a href="/wiki/Miguel_del_%C3%81guila" title="Miguel del Águila">Miguel del Águila</a>, guitar works of the Venezuelan <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Lauro" title="Antonio Lauro">Antonio Lauro</a> and the Paraguayan <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Barrios" title="Agustín Barrios">Agustín Barrios</a>. Latin America has also produced world-class classical performers such as the Chilean pianist <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Arrau" title="Claudio Arrau">Claudio Arrau</a>, Brazilian pianist <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Freire" title="Nelson Freire">Nelson Freire</a> and the Argentine pianist and conductor <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a>. Brazilian opera soprano <a href="/wiki/Bidu_Say%C3%A3o" title="Bidu Sayão">Bidu Sayão</a>, one of Brazil's most famous musicians, was a leading artist of the Metropolitan Opera in New York City from 1937 to 1952. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-Show-Buenos-Aires-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tango-Show-Buenos-Aires-01.jpg/170px-Tango-Show-Buenos-Aires-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tango-Show-Buenos-Aires-01.jpg/255px-Tango-Show-Buenos-Aires-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tango-Show-Buenos-Aires-01.jpg/340px-Tango-Show-Buenos-Aires-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>A couple dances <a href="/wiki/Tango_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tango (dance)">tango</a>.</figcaption></figure> Arguably, the main contribution to music entered through folklore, where the true soul of the Latin American and Caribbean countries is expressed. Musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Yma_S%C3%BAmac" class="mw-redirect" title="Yma Súmac">Yma Súmac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chabuca_Granda" title="Chabuca Granda">Chabuca Granda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atahualpa_Yupanqui" title="Atahualpa Yupanqui">Atahualpa Yupanqui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violeta_Parra" title="Violeta Parra">Violeta Parra</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Jara" title="Víctor Jara">Víctor Jara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Cafrune" title="Jorge Cafrune">Jorge Cafrune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Facundo_Cabral" title="Facundo Cabral">Facundo Cabral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercedes_Sosa" title="Mercedes Sosa">Mercedes Sosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Negrete" title="Jorge Negrete">Jorge Negrete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luiz_Gonzaga" title="Luiz Gonzaga">Luiz Gonzaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caetano_Veloso" title="Caetano Veloso">Caetano Veloso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susana_Baca" title="Susana Baca">Susana Baca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chavela_Vargas" title="Chavela Vargas">Chavela Vargas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Diaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Diaz">Simon Diaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julio_Jaramillo" title="Julio Jaramillo">Julio Jaramillo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toto_la_Momposina" class="mw-redirect" title="Toto la Momposina">Toto la Momposina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Gil" title="Gilberto Gil">Gilberto Gil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Beth%C3%A2nia" title="Maria Bethânia">Maria Bethânia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nana_Caymmi" title="Nana Caymmi">Nana Caymmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nara_Le%C3%A3o" title="Nara Leão">Nara Leão</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gal_Costa" title="Gal Costa">Gal Costa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ney_Matogrosso" title="Ney Matogrosso">Ney Matogrosso</a> as well as musical ensembles such as <a href="/wiki/Inti_Illimani" class="mw-redirect" title="Inti Illimani">Inti Illimani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Los_Kjarkas" title="Los Kjarkas">Los Kjarkas</a> are magnificent examples of the heights that this soul can reach. <a href="/wiki/Latin_pop" title="Latin pop">Latin pop</a>, including many forms of rock, is popular in Latin America today (see <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_rock_and_roll" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish language rock and roll">Spanish language rock and roll</a>).<a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a> A few examples are <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Tacuba" title="Café Tacuba">Café Tacuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soda_Stereo" title="Soda Stereo">Soda Stereo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Man%C3%A1" title="Maná">Maná</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Fabulosos_Cadillacs" title="Los Fabulosos Cadillacs">Los Fabulosos Cadillacs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rita_Lee" title="Rita Lee">Rita Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mutantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutantes">Mutantes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secos_e_Molhados" class="mw-redirect" title="Secos e Molhados">Secos e Molhados</a> <a href="/wiki/Legi%C3%A3o_Urbana" title="Legião Urbana">Legião Urbana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tit%C3%A3s" title="Titãs">Titãs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paralamas_do_Sucesso" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralamas do Sucesso">Paralamas do Sucesso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cazuza" title="Cazuza">Cazuza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bar%C3%A3o_Vermelho" title="Barão Vermelho">Barão Vermelho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skank_(band)" title="Skank (band)">Skank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miranda!" title="Miranda!">Miranda!</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS_(band)" title="CSS (band)">Cansei de Ser Sexy or CSS</a>, and Bajo Fondo. More recently, reggaeton, which blends Jamaican reggae and dancehall with Latin America genres such as <a href="/wiki/Bomba_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Bomba (Puerto Rico)">bomba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plena" title="Plena">plena</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>, is becoming more popular, in spite of the controversy surrounding its lyrics, dance steps (<a href="/wiki/Perreo" class="mw-redirect" title="Perreo">Perreo</a>) and music videos. It has become very popular among populations with a "migrant culture" influence – both Latino populations in the United States, such as southern Florida and New York City, and parts of Latin America where migration to the United States is common, such as Trinidad and Tobago, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, and Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Heritage_Sites">World Heritage Sites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: World Heritage Sites">edit</a>]</div> The following is a list of the ten countries with the most <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> in Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-list-261">[258]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Natural sites</th> <th>Cultural sites</th> <th>Mixed sites</th> <th>Total sites </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td>6</td> <td>28</td> <td>1</td> <td>35 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>7</td> <td>14</td> <td>0</td> <td>21 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>9</td> <td>2</td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>0</td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>7</td> <td>0</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>6</td> <td>0</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></td> <td>0</td> <td>6</td> <td>0</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></td> <td>3</td> <td>2</td> <td>0</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /> <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>0</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td>3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latin_America" title="Portal:Latin America">Latin America portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americas_(terminology)" title="Americas (terminology)">Americas (terminology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo-America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro-Latin_American_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly">Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero-America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a> (Amerindians)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_League_of_Nations" title="Latin America and the League of Nations">Latin America and the League of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latin America–United States relations">Latin America–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_integration" title="Latin American integration">Latin American integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_studies" title="Latin American studies">Latin American studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Studies_Association" title="Latin American Studies Association">Latin American Studies Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Americans" title="Latin Americans">Latin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_Americans" title="List of Latin Americans">List of Latin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Conference" title="Pan-American Conference">Pan-American Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Americanism" title="Pan-Americanism">Pan-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Latin_America" title="Freemasonry in Latin America">Freemasonry in Latin America</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-d-4"><a href="#cite_ref-d_4-0">^</a> Includes the population estimates for South American and Central American countries excluding Belize, Guyana, the United States, and Spanish, French and French Creole-speaking Caribbean countries and territories, as listed under "<a href="#Subregions_and_countries">Subregions and countries</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-c-6"><a href="#cite_ref-c_6-0">^</a> Not including non-sovereign states and English- or Dutch-speaking countries, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>; see <a href="#Contemporary_definitions">Contemporary definitions</a> section </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-worldbank-ruralenv-1"><a href="#cite_ref-worldbank-ruralenv_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/3.1">"World Development Indicators: Rural environment and land use"</a>. World Development Indicators, The World Bank. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617212909/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/3.1">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2016. Retrieved September 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Development+Indicators%2C+The+World+Bank&rft.atitle=World+Development+Indicators%3A+Rural+environment+and+land+use&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwdi.worldbank.org%2Ftable%2F3.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/">"World Population Prospects 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx">"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"</a> (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022%3A+Demographic+indicators+by+region%2C+subregion+and+country%2C+annually+for+1950-2100&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FFiles%2F1_Indicators%2520%28Standard%29%2FEXCEL_FILES%2F1_General%2FWPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.LATAM-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.LATAM_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.LATAM_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.LATAM_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.LATAM_5-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?a=1&c=001,205,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPRPPPPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+for+Selected+Countries+and+Subjects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2024%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fa%3D1%26c%3D001%2C205%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPRPPPPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2022%26ey%3D2029%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Dressing, David. "Latin America". <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Latin_American_History_and_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture">Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture</a>. v. 5, 390 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethell2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bethell, Leslie (August 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-latin-american-studies/article/abs/brazil-and-latin-america/AB33AE4B8B4496AA063B3F623020DF50">"Brazil and 'Latin America'"</a>. Journal of Latin American Studies. 42 (3): 457–485. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022216X1000088X">10.1017/S0022216X1000088X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-767X">1469-767X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Latin+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Brazil+and+%27Latin+America%27&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E457-%3C%2Fspan%3E485&rft.date=2010-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022216X1000088X&rft.issn=1469-767X&rft.aulast=Bethell&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-latin-american-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fbrazil-and-latin-america%2FAB33AE4B8B4496AA063B3F623020DF50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGistory2015" class="citation web cs1">Gistory (September 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@Gistory/is-brazil-part-of-latin-america-it-s-not-an-easy-question-e5b3cb7c9d89">"Is Brazil Part of Latin America? It's Not an Easy Question"</a>. Medium. Retrieved July 17, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=Is+Brazil+Part+of+Latin+America%3F+It%27s+Not+an+Easy+Question&rft.date=2015-09-17&rft.au=Gistory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40Gistory%2Fis-brazil-part-of-latin-america-it-s-not-an-easy-question-e5b3cb7c9d89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/Latin-America">"Latin America" definition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922035518/https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/Latin-America">Archived</a> September 22, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>, accessed May 20, 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-bilbao_f-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bilbao_f_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bilbao_f_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilbao1856" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bilbao, Francisco (June 22, 1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filosofia.org/aut/002/fbb1285.htm">"Iniciativa de la América. Idea de un Congreso Federal de las Repúblicas"</a> (in Spanish). París. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170917111216/http://www.filosofia.org/aut/002/fbb1285.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 17, 2017. Retrieved July 16, 2017 – via Proyecto Filosofía en español.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iniciativa+de+la+Am%C3%A9rica.+Idea+de+un+Congreso+Federal+de+las+Rep%C3%BAblicas&rft.place=Par%C3%ADs&rft.date=1856-06-22&rft.aulast=Bilbao&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filosofia.org%2Faut%2F002%2Ffbb1285.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britton-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Britton_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritton2013" class="citation book cs1">Britton, John A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MdQWAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17">Cables, Crises, and the Press: The Geopolitics of the New Information System in the Americas, 1866–1903</a>. UNM Press. pp. 16–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826353986" title="Special:BookSources/9780826353986"><bdi>9780826353986</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cables%2C+Crises%2C+and+the+Press%3A+The+Geopolitics+of+the+New+Information+System+in+the+Americas%2C+1866%E2%80%931903&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.pub=UNM+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780826353986&rft.aulast=Britton&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMdQWAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mignolo-13"><a href="#cite_ref-mignolo_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMignolo2005" class="citation book cs1">Mignolo, Walter (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vPacXtsWhewC">The Idea of Latin America</a>. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 77–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0086-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0086-1"><bdi>978-1-4051-0086-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Latin+America&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0086-1&rft.aulast=Mignolo&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvPacXtsWhewC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArdao1980" class="citation book cs1">Ardao, Arturo (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autoresdeluruguay.uy/biblioteca/Arturo_Ardao/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=ardao_-_genesis_de_la_idea_y_el_nombre_de_america_latina_gallegos_1980_.pdf">Genesis de la idea y el nombre de América Latina</a> (PDF). Caracas, Venezuela: Centro de Estudios Latinoamericanos Rómulo Gallegos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085645/http://www.autoresdeluruguay.uy/biblioteca/Arturo_Ardao/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=ardao_-_genesis_de_la_idea_y_el_nombre_de_america_latina_gallegos_1980_.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis+de+la+idea+y+el+nombre+de+Am%C3%A9rica+Latina&rft.place=Caracas%2C+Venezuela&rft.pub=Centro+de+Estudios+Latinoamericanos+R%C3%B3mulo+Gallegos&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Ardao&rft.aufirst=Arturo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.autoresdeluruguay.uy%2Fbiblioteca%2FArturo_Ardao%2Flib%2Fexe%2Ffetch.php%3Fmedia%3Dardao_-_genesis_de_la_idea_y_el_nombre_de_america_latina_gallegos_1980_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRojas_Mix1986" class="citation journal cs1">Rojas Mix, Miguel (1986). "Bilbao y el hallazgo de América latina: Unión continental, socialista y libertaria…". Caravelle. Cahiers du monde hispanique et luso-brésilien. 46 (1): 35–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fcarav.1986.2261">10.3406/carav.1986.2261</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-0152">0008-0152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caravelle.+Cahiers+du+monde+hispanique+et+luso-br%C3%A9silien&rft.atitle=Bilbao+y+el+hallazgo+de+Am%C3%A9rica+latina%3A+Uni%C3%B3n+continental%2C+socialista+y+libertaria%E2%80%A6&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fcarav.1986.2261&rft.issn=0008-0152&rft.aulast=Rojas+Mix&rft.aufirst=Miguel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGobat2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gobat, Michel (December 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fahr%2F118.5.1345">"The Invention of Latin America: A Transnational History of Anti-Imperialism, Democracy, and Race"</a>. The American Historical Review. 118 (5): 1345–1375. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fahr%2F118.5.1345">10.1093/ahr/118.5.1345</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8762">0002-8762</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163918139">163918139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Invention+of+Latin+America%3A+A+Transnational+History+of+Anti-Imperialism%2C+Democracy%2C+and+Race&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1345-%3C%2Fspan%3E1375&rft.date=2013-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163918139%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0002-8762&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fahr%2F118.5.1345&rft.aulast=Gobat&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fahr%252F118.5.1345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward2018" class="citation book cs1">Edward, Shawcross (February 6, 2018). France, Mexico and informal empire in Latin America, 1820–1867 : equilibrium in the New World. Cham, Switzerland. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319704647" title="Special:BookSources/9783319704647"><bdi>9783319704647</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1022266228">1022266228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France%2C+Mexico+and+informal+empire+in+Latin+America%2C+1820%E2%80%931867+%3A+equilibrium+in+the+New+World&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=120&rft.date=2018-02-06&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1022266228&rft.isbn=9783319704647&rft.aulast=Edward&rft.aufirst=Shawcross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Gutierrez-2016-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Gutierrez-2016_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutierrez2016" class="citation book cs1">Gutierrez, Ramon A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/GutierrezPp.1953Notes">"What's in a Name?"</a>. In Gutierrez, Ramon A.; Almaguer, Tomas (eds.). The New Latino Studies Reader: A Twenty-First-Century Perspective. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28484-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28484-5"><bdi>978-0-520-28484-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1043876740">1043876740</a>. <q>The word latinoamericano emerged in the years following the wars of independence in Spain's former colonies [...] By the late 1850s, californios were writing in newspapers about their membership in América latina (Latin America) and latinoamerica, calling themselves Latinos as the shortened name for their hemispheric membership in la raza latina (the Latin race). Reprinting an 1858 opinion piece by a correspondent in Havana on race relations in the Americas, El Clamor Publico of Los Angeles surmised that 'two rival races are competing with each other ... the Anglo Saxon and the Latin one [la raza latina].' </q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+Name%3F&rft.btitle=The+New+Latino+Studies+Reader%3A+A+Twenty-First-Century+Perspective&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1043876740&rft.isbn=978-0-520-28484-5&rft.aulast=Gutierrez&rft.aufirst=Ramon+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FGutierrezPp.1953Notes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100327183033/http://www.clarin.com/diario/2005/05/16/opinion/o-01901.htm">"América latina o Sudamérica?, por Luiz Alberto Moniz Bandeira, Clarín, 16 de mayo de 2005"</a>. Clarin.com. May 16, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarin.com/diario/2005/05/16/opinion/o-01901.htm">the original</a> on March 27, 2010. Retrieved April 23, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Am%C3%A9rica+latina+o+Sudam%C3%A9rica%3F%2C+por+Luiz+Alberto+Moniz+Bandeira%2C+Clar%C3%ADn%2C+16+de+mayo+de+2005&rft.pub=Clarin.com&rft.date=2005-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarin.com%2Fdiario%2F2005%2F05%2F16%2Fopinion%2Fo-01901.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosé_María_Torres_Caicedo1856" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">José María Torres Caicedo (September 26, 1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filosofia.org/hem/185/18570215.htm">"Las dos Américas"</a> (in Spanish). Venice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170722121227/http://www.filosofia.org/hem/185/18570215.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2013 – via Proyecto Filosofía en español.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Las+dos+Am%C3%A9ricas&rft.place=Venice&rft.date=1856-09-26&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa+Torres+Caicedo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filosofia.org%2Fhem%2F185%2F18570215.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilbao" class="citation web cs1">Bilbao, Francisco. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.franciscobilbao.cl/1909/article-81905.html">"Emancipación del espíritu de América"</a>. Francisco Bilbao Barquín, 1823–1865, Chile. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170916074142/http://www.franciscobilbao.cl/1909/article-81905.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2017. Retrieved July 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Francisco+Bilbao+Barqu%C3%ADn%2C+1823%E2%80%931865%2C+Chile&rft.atitle=Emancipaci%C3%B3n+del+esp%C3%ADritu+de+Am%C3%A9rica&rft.aulast=Bilbao&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.franciscobilbao.cl%2F1909%2Farticle-81905.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRAE2005" class="citation book cs1">RAE (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/dpdI/SrvltConsulta?lema=iberoam%C3%A9rica">Diccionario Panhispánico de Dudas</a>. Madrid: Santillana Educación. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8429406239" title="Special:BookSources/8429406239"><bdi>8429406239</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100404154750/http://buscon.rae.es/dpdI/SrvltConsulta?lema=iberoam%C3%A9rica">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2010. Retrieved October 15, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionario+Panhisp%C3%A1nico+de+Dudas&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Santillana+Educaci%C3%B3n&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=8429406239&rft.au=RAE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuscon.rae.es%2FdpdI%2FSrvltConsulta%3Flema%3Diberoam%25C3%25A9rica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRangel1977" class="citation book cs1">Rangel, Carlos (1977). The Latin Americans: Their Love-Hate Relationship with the United States. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 3–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-148795-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-148795-0"><bdi>978-0-15-148795-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Latin+Americans%3A+Their+Love-Hate+Relationship+with+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-15-148795-0&rft.aulast=Rangel&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkidmorePeter_H._Smith2005" class="citation book cs1">Skidmore, Thomas E.; Peter H. Smith (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernlatinameri0006skid/page/1">Modern Latin America</a> (6th ed.). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernlatinameri0006skid/page/1">1–10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517013-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517013-9"><bdi>978-0-19-517013-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Latin+America&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=1-10&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517013-9&rft.aulast=Skidmore&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rft.au=Peter+H.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernlatinameri0006skid%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torres-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Torres_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torres_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorres2013" class="citation book cs1">Torres, George (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MX5BXxjwV9cC&pg=PR17">Encyclopedia of Latin American Popular Music</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. xvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313087943" title="Special:BookSources/9780313087943"><bdi>9780313087943</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Latin+American+Popular+Music&rft.pages=xvii&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780313087943&rft.aulast=Torres&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMX5BXxjwV9cC%26pg%3DPR17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButland1960" class="citation book cs1">Butland, Gilbert J. (1960). Latin America: A Regional Geography. New York: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 115–188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-12658-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-12658-5"><bdi>978-0-470-12658-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+America%3A+A+Regional+Geography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E188&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-470-12658-5&rft.aulast=Butland&rft.aufirst=Gilbert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDozer1962" class="citation book cs1">Dozer, Donald Marquand (1962). Latin America: An Interpretive History. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 1–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87918-049-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87918-049-8"><bdi>0-87918-049-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+America%3A+An+Interpretive+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=0-87918-049-8&rft.aulast=Dozer&rft.aufirst=Donald+Marquand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzulc1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tad_Szulc" title="Tad Szulc">Szulc, Tad</a> (1965). Latin America. New York Times Company. pp. 13–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-689-10266-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-689-10266-6"><bdi>0-689-10266-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+America&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.pub=New+York+Times+Company&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=0-689-10266-6&rft.aulast=Szulc&rft.aufirst=Tad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlien1973" class="citation book cs1">Olien, Michael D. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/latinamericansco0000olie/page/1">Latin Americans: Contemporary Peoples and Their Cultural Traditions</a>. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/latinamericansco0000olie/page/1">1–5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-086251-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-086251-9"><bdi>978-0-03-086251-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+Americans%3A+Contemporary+Peoples+and+Their+Cultural+Traditions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1-5&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+and+Winston&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-03-086251-9&rft.aulast=Olien&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flatinamericansco0000olie%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1984" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jan Knippers, ed. (1984). Latin America: Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction. Boulder: Westview Press. pp. 362–378. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86531-213-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86531-213-5"><bdi>978-0-86531-213-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+America%3A+Its+Problems+and+Its+Promise%3A+A+Multidisciplinary+Introduction&rft.place=Boulder&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E362-%3C%2Fspan%3E378&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-86531-213-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1986" class="citation book cs1">Burns, E. Bradford (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/latinamericaconc00burn/page/224">Latin America: A Concise Interpretive History</a> (4th ed.). New York: Prentice-Hall. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/latinamericaconc00burn/page/224">224–227</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-524356-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-524356-5"><bdi>978-0-13-524356-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+America%3A+A+Concise+Interpretive+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=224-227&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-13-524356-5&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=E.+Bradford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flatinamericaconc00burn%2Fpage%2F224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkidmorePeter_H._Smith2005" class="citation book cs1">Skidmore, Thomas E.; Peter H. Smith (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernlatinameri0006skid/page/351">Modern Latin America</a> (6th ed.). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernlatinameri0006skid/page/351">351–355</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517013-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517013-9"><bdi>978-0-19-517013-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Latin+America&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=351-355&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517013-9&rft.aulast=Skidmore&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rft.au=Peter+H.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernlatinameri0006skid%2Fpage%2F351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm">Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100417070721/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm">Archived</a> April 17, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, UN Statistics Division. Accessed on line May 23, 2009. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regnf.htm">French</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101224062835/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regnf.htm">Archived</a> December 24, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/0,,menuPK:258559~pagePK:158889~piPK:146815~theSitePK:258554,00.html">Latin America and the Caribbean</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501014724/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/0,,menuPK:258559~pagePK:158889~piPK:146815~theSitePK:258554,00.html">Archived</a> May 1, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="The World Bank">The World Bank</a>. Retrieved July 17, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140311080444/http://lanic.utexas.edu/subject/countries/">"Country Directory. Latin American Network Information Center-University of Texas at Austin"</a>. Lanic.utexas.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lanic.utexas.edu/subject/countries/">the original</a> on March 11, 2014. Retrieved December 9, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Directory.+Latin+American+Network+Information+Center-University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft.pub=Lanic.utexas.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flanic.utexas.edu%2Fsubject%2Fcountries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Mauricio Tenorio-Trillo, Latin America: The Allure and Power of an Idea. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2017, 1, 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Francisco Bilbao, La América en peligro, Buenos Aires: Impr. de Berheim y Boeno 1862, 14, 23, quoted in Tenorio-Trillo, Latin America, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGongórade_la_TailleVial" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gongóra, Alvaro; de la Taille, Alexandrine; <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Vial_Correa" title="Gonzalo Vial Correa">Vial, Gonzalo</a>. Jaime Eyzaguirre en su tiempo (in Spanish). Zig-Zag. p. 223.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaime+Eyzaguirre+en+su+tiempo&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Zig-Zag&rft.aulast=Gong%C3%B3ra&rft.aufirst=Alvaro&rft.au=de+la+Taille%2C+Alexandrine&rft.au=Vial%2C+Gonzalo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reflexions.uliege.be/cms/c_15746/en/south-america-latin-america">"South America, Latin America"</a>. Reflexions. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="University of Liège">University of Liège</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124133830/https://www.reflexions.uliege.be/cms/c_15746/en/south-america-latin-america">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2022. Retrieved November 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reflexions&rft.atitle=South+America%2C+Latin+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reflexions.uliege.be%2Fcms%2Fc_15746%2Fen%2Fsouth-america-latin-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300471435">"Language and education in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao"</a>. ResearchGate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240925235144/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300471435_Language_and_education_in_Aruba_Bonaire_and_Curacao">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2024. Retrieved December 16, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=Language+and+education+in+Aruba%2C+Bonaire+and+Cura%C3%A7ao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F300471435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GeoSEP-34"><a href="#cite_ref-GeoSEP_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaría_Alejandra_Acosta_GarciaGonzálezMa._de_Lourdes_RomeroReza2011" class="citation book cs1">María Alejandra Acosta Garcia; González, Sheridan; Ma. de Lourdes Romero; Reza, Luis; Salinas, Araceli (June 2011). "Three". Geografía, Quinto Grado [Geography, Fifth Grade] (Second ed.). Mexico City: Secretaría de Educación Pública [Secretariat of Public Education]. pp. 75–83 – via Comisión Nacional de Libros de Texto Gratuitos (CONALITEG).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Three&rft.btitle=Geograf%C3%ADa%2C+Quinto+Grado+%5BGeography%2C+Fifth+Grade%5D&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Secretar%C3%ADa+de+Educaci%C3%B3n+P%C3%BAblica+%5BSecretariat+of+Public+Education%5D&rft.date=2011-06&rft.au=Mar%C3%ADa+Alejandra+Acosta+Garcia&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+Sheridan&rft.au=Ma.+de+Lourdes+Romero&rft.au=Reza%2C+Luis&rft.au=Salinas%2C+Araceli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TWFpopulation-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TWFpopulation_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TWFpopulation_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentral_Intelligence_Agency2023" class="citation web cs1">Central Intelligence Agency (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/population/country-comparison/">"The World Factbook – Country Comparisons: Population"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210106121651/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/population/country-comparison/">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved June 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Country+Comparisons%3A+Population&rft.date=2023&rft.au=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffield%2Fpopulation%2Fcountry-comparison%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_area-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_area_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_area_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm">"United Nations Statistics Division – Demographic and Social Statistics"</a>. unstats.un.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171015114145/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved July 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unstats.un.org&rft.atitle=United+Nations+Statistics+Division+%E2%80%93+Demographic+and+Social+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fdemographic%2Fproducts%2Fdyb%2Fdyb2012.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pop2017-37"><a href="#cite_ref-pop2017_37-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4265429/ensemble.pdf">Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2017</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201005055240/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4265429/ensemble.pdf">Archived</a> October 5, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques" title="Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques">INSEE</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sanders, James E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/latin_american_research_review/v046/46.2.sanders.html">"The Vanguard of the Atlantic World: Contesting Modernity in Nineteenth-Century Latin America"</a>. Latin American Research Review. 46 (2): 104–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flar.2011.0030">10.1353/lar.2011.0030</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1542-4278">1542-4278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Research+Review&rft.atitle=The+Vanguard+of+the+Atlantic+World%3A+Contesting+Modernity+in+Nineteenth-Century+Latin+America&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E104-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Flar.2011.0030&rft.issn=1542-4278&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fcontent%2Fcrossref%2Fjournals%2Flatin_american_research_review%2Fv046%2F46.2.sanders.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOspina2018" class="citation news cs1">Ospina, Jose (October 28, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/is-there-a-right-wing-surge-in-south-america/a-45874897">"Is there a right-wing surge in South America?"</a>. DW. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221231011210/https://www.dw.com/en/is-there-a-right-wing-surge-in-south-america/a-45874897">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2022. Retrieved December 10, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Is+there+a+right-wing+surge+in+South+America%3F&rft.date=2018-10-28&rft.aulast=Ospina&rft.aufirst=Jose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fis-there-a-right-wing-surge-in-south-america%2Fa-45874897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20191129-conservative-lacalle-pou-wins-uruguay-presidential-election-ending-15-years-of-leftist-rule">"Conservative Lacalle Pou wins Uruguay presidential election, ending 15 years of leftist rule"</a>. France 24. November 29, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220613023807/https://www.france24.com/en/20191129-conservative-lacalle-pou-wins-uruguay-presidential-election-ending-15-years-of-leftist-rule">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Conservative+Lacalle+Pou+wins+Uruguay+presidential+election%2C+ending+15+years+of+leftist+rule&rft.date=2019-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20191129-conservative-lacalle-pou-wins-uruguay-presidential-election-ending-15-years-of-leftist-rule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFP2011-41"><a href="#cite_ref-AFP2011_41-0">^</a> Jordi Zamora. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130124212149/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ggNqQ5G8UFErmAEw71Y-u51P8_Eg?docId=CNG.e829052752a5436e909ab280ad561af6.671">"China's double-edged trade with Latin America"</a>. September 3, 2011. AFP. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaseyZarate2017" class="citation news cs1">Casey, Nicholas; Zarate, Andrea (February 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/13/world/americas/peru-colombia-venezuela-brazil-odebrecht-scandal.html">"Corruption Scandals With Brazilian Roots Cascade Across Latin America"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170613234240/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/13/world/americas/peru-colombia-venezuela-brazil-odebrecht-scandal.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2017. Retrieved June 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Corruption+Scandals+With+Brazilian+Roots+Cascade+Across+Latin+America&rft.date=2017-02-13&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Zarate%2C+Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F02%2F13%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fperu-colombia-venezuela-brazil-odebrecht-scandal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreoniLondoñoDarlington2018" class="citation news cs1">Andreoni, Manuela; Londoño, Ernesto; Darlington, Shasta (April 7, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/07/world/americas/brazil-lula-surrenders-luiz-inacio-lula-da-silva-.html">"Ex-President 'Lula' of Brazil Surrenders to Serve 12-Year Jail Term"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180407223333/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/07/world/americas/brazil-lula-surrenders-luiz-inacio-lula-da-silva-.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ex-President+%27Lula%27+of+Brazil+Surrenders+to+Serve+12-Year+Jail+Term&rft.date=2018-04-07&rft.aulast=Andreoni&rft.aufirst=Manuela&rft.au=Londo%C3%B1o%2C+Ernesto&rft.au=Darlington%2C+Shasta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F04%2F07%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fbrazil-lula-surrenders-luiz-inacio-lula-da-silva-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world/mexico-americas/la-fg-peru-humala-20170714-story.html">"Another former Peruvian president is sent to jail, this time as part of growing corruption scandal"</a>. Los Angeles Times. July 14, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220324032925/https://www.latimes.com/world/mexico-americas/la-fg-peru-humala-20170714-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved July 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Another+former+Peruvian+president+is+sent+to+jail%2C+this+time+as+part+of+growing+corruption+scandal&rft.date=2017-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld%2Fmexico-americas%2Fla-fg-peru-humala-20170714-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiffen2020" class="citation journal cs1">Weiffen, Brigitte (December 1, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/democratic-theory/7/2/dt070208.xml">"Latin America and COVID-19: Political Rights and Presidential Leadership to the Test"</a>. Democratic Theory. 7 (2): 61–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3167%2Fdt.2020.070208">10.3167/dt.2020.070208</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2332-8894">2332-8894</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121043824/https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/democratic-theory/7/2/dt070208.xml">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democratic+Theory&rft.atitle=Latin+America+and+COVID-19%3A+Political+Rights+and+Presidential+Leadership+to+the+Test&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=2020-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3167%2Fdt.2020.070208&rft.issn=2332-8894&rft.aulast=Weiffen&rft.aufirst=Brigitte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberghahnjournals.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fdemocratic-theory%2F7%2F2%2Fdt070208.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002325/232555e.pdf">Rethinking Education: Towards a global common good?</a> (PDF). UNESCO. 2015. pp. 24, Box 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100088-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100088-1"><bdi>978-92-3-100088-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113020635/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002325/232555e.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 13, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Education%3A+Towards+a+global+common+good%3F&rft.pages=24%2C+Box+1&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-92-3-100088-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0023%2F002325%2F232555e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/publications/world-social-situation-2013.html">Report on World Social Situation 2013: Inequality Matters</a>. United Nations. 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-130322-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1-130322-3"><bdi>978-92-1-130322-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525113848/http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/publications/world-social-situation-2013.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved June 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+on+World+Social+Situation+2013%3A+Inequality+Matters.&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-92-1-130322-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fdevelopment%2Fdesa%2Fpublications%2Fworld-social-situation-2013.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201202652/http://www.cepal.org/cgi-bin/getProd.asp?xml=/publicaciones/xml/7/42797/P42797.xml&xsl=/dds/tpl/p9f.xsl&base=/ddpe/tpl-i/top-bottom.xslt">Protección social inclusiva en América Latina. Una mirada integral, un enfoque de derechos</a> [Inclusive social protection in Latin America. An integral look, a focus on rights]. United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (UNECLAC). March 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789210545556" title="Special:BookSources/9789210545556"><bdi>9789210545556</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cepal.org/cgi-bin/getProd.asp?xml=/publicaciones/xml/7/42797/P42797.xml&xsl=/dds/tpl/p9f.xsl&base=/ddpe/tpl-i/top-bottom.xslt">the original</a> on February 1, 2014. Retrieved August 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protecci%C3%B3n+social+inclusiva+en+Am%C3%A9rica+Latina.+Una+mirada+integral%2C+un+enfoque+de+derechos&rft.pub=United+Nations+Economic+Commission+for+Latin+America+and+the+Caribbean+%28UNECLAC%29&rft.date=2011-03&rft.isbn=9789210545556&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cepal.org%2Fcgi-bin%2FgetProd.asp%3Fxml%3D%2Fpublicaciones%2Fxml%2F7%2F42797%2FP42797.xml%26xsl%3D%2Fdds%2Ftpl%2Fp9f.xsl%26base%3D%2Fddpe%2Ftpl-i%2Ftop-bottom.xslt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNutini,_HugoIsaac2009" class="citation book cs1">Nutini, Hugo; Isaac, Barry (2009). Social Stratification in central Mexico 1500–2000. University of Texas Press. p. 55. <q>There are basically four operational categories that may be termed ethnic or even racial in Mexico today: (1) güero or blanco (white), denoting European and Near East extraction; (2) criollo (creole), meaning light mestizo in this context but actually of varying complexion; (3) mestizo, an imprecise category that includes many phenotypic variations; and (4) indio, also an imprecise category. These are nominal categories, and neither güero/blanco nor criollo is a widely used term (see Nutini 1997: 230). Nevertheless, there is a popular consensus in Mexico today that these four categories represent major sectors of the nation and that they can be arranged into a rough hierarchy: whites and creoles at the top, a vast population of mestizos in the middle, and Indians (perceived as both a racial and an ethnic component) at the bottom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Stratification+in+central+Mexico+1500%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Nutini%2C+Hugo&rft.au=Isaac%2C+Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeed1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Seed" title="Patricia Seed">Seed, Patricia</a> (1988). To Love, Honor, and Obey in Colonial Mexico: conflicts over Marriage Choice, 1574–1821. Stanford: Stanford University. pp. 21–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2159-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-2159-9"><bdi>0-8047-2159-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Love%2C+Honor%2C+and+Obey+in+Colonial+Mexico%3A+conflicts+over+Marriage+Choice%2C+1574%E2%80%931821&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-8047-2159-9&rft.aulast=Seed&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Francisco H. Ferreira et al. Inequality in Latin America: Breaking with History?, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesBaker" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Nicola; Baker, Hayley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090719000422/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=1011&title=untangling-links-trade-poverty-gender">"Untangling links between trade, poverty and gender"</a>. ODI Briefing Papers 38, March 2008. Overseas Development Institute (ODI). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=1011&title=untangling-links-trade-poverty-gender">the original</a> on July 19, 2009. Retrieved April 15, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ODI+Briefing+Papers+38%2C+March+2008&rft.atitle=Untangling+links+between+trade%2C+poverty+and+gender&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft.au=Baker%2C+Hayley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odi.org.uk%2Fresources%2Fdetails.asp%3Fid%3D1011%26title%3Duntangling-links-trade-poverty-gender&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatenMumme2010" class="citation journal cs1">Baten, Jörg; Mumme, Christina (2010). "Globalization and educational inequality during the 18th to 20th centuries: Latin America in global comparison". Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History. 28 (2): 279–305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS021261091000008X">10.1017/S021261091000008X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10016%2F21558">10016/21558</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51961447">51961447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Iberian+and+Latin+American+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Globalization+and+educational+inequality+during+the+18th+to+20th+centuries%3A+Latin+America+in+global+comparison&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E279-%3C%2Fspan%3E305&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10016%2F21558&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51961447%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS021261091000008X&rft.aulast=Baten&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rft.au=Mumme%2C+Christina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaten,_Jörg2016" class="citation book cs1">Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 148f. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107507180" title="Special:BookSources/9781107507180"><bdi>9781107507180</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Global+Economy.+From+1500+to+the+Present.&rft.pages=148f&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781107507180&rft.au=Baten%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNations" class="citation journal cs1">Nations, United. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/data">"UNDP HDI 2020"</a>. UNDP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101102154237/http://hdr.undp.org/en/data">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2010. Retrieved December 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UNDP&rft.atitle=UNDP+HDI+2020&rft.aulast=Nations&rft.aufirst=United&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fdata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://knoema.com/sijweyg/gdp-per-capita-ranking-2015-data-and-charts">"GDP per Capita Ranking 2015 – Data and Charts"</a>. Knoema. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506215827/http://knoema.com/sijweyg/gdp-per-capita-ranking-2015-data-and-charts">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Knoema&rft.atitle=GDP+per+Capita+Ranking+2015+%E2%80%93+Data+and+Charts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fknoema.com%2Fsijweyg%2Fgdp-per-capita-ranking-2015-data-and-charts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120515163938/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table3.pdf">"Human Development Report 2011"</a> (PDF). Table 3: Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 15, 2012. Retrieved August 8, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Table+3%3A+Inequality-adjusted+Human+Development+Index&rft.atitle=Human+Development+Report+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fmedia%2FHDR_2011_EN_Table3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120911013222/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table5.pdf">"Human Development Report 2011"</a> (PDF). Table 5: Multidimensional Poverty Index. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table5.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 11, 2012. Retrieved August 8, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Table+5%3A+Multidimensional+Poverty+Index&rft.atitle=Human+Development+Report+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fmedia%2FHDR_2011_EN_Table5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160802154845/http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Documents/literacy-statistics-trends-1985-2015.pdf">"ADULT AND YOUTH LITERACY: National, regional and global trends, 1985-2015"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Documents/literacy-statistics-trends-1985-2015.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 2, 2016. Retrieved January 2, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ADULT+AND+YOUTH+LITERACY%3A+National%2C+regional+and+global+trends%2C+1985-2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uis.unesco.org%2FEducation%2FDocuments%2Fliteracy-statistics-trends-1985-2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geoba.se/population.php?pc=world&type=15">"Geoba.se: Gazetteer – The World – Life Expectancy – Top 100+ By Country (2016)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161120052840/http://www.geoba.se/population.php?pc=world&type=15">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geoba.se%3A+Gazetteer+%E2%80%93+The+World+%E2%80%93+Life+Expectancy+%E2%80%93+Top+100%2B+By+Country+%282016%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geoba.se%2Fpopulation.php%3Fpc%3Dworld%26type%3D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/VC.IHR.PSRC.P5?locations=ZJ&year_high_desc=false">"Homicide Statistics 2014"</a>. Murder rate per 100,000 inhabitants. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202145918/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/VC.IHR.PSRC.P5?locations=ZJ&year_high_desc=false">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved February 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Murder+rate+per+100%2C000+inhabitants&rft.atitle=Homicide+Statistics+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FVC.IHR.PSRC.P5%3Flocations%3DZJ%26year_high_desc%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vohgpi-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vohgpi_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vohgpi_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visionofhumanity.org/indexes/global-peace-index/">"Global Rankings"</a>. Vision of Humanity. Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP). July 24, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190619080402/http://visionofhumanity.org/indexes/global-peace-index/">Archived</a> from the original on June 19, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vision+of+Humanity&rft.atitle=Global+Rankings&rft.date=2020-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisionofhumanity.org%2Findexes%2Fglobal-peace-index%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-socio-economic_policies-63"><a href="#cite_ref-socio-economic_policies_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/condiciones_vida/pobreza/bol_pobreza_15_.pdf">"socio-economic policies"</a> (PDF). dane.gov.co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306045647/http://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/condiciones_vida/pobreza/bol_pobreza_15_.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=socio-economic+policies&rft.pub=dane.gov.co&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dane.gov.co%2Ffiles%2Finvestigaciones%2Fcondiciones_vida%2Fpobreza%2Fbol_pobreza_15_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Statistic_Yearbook_National_Police_2020-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Statistic_Yearbook_National_Police_2020_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.policia.gob.ni/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Polic%C3%ADa-Nacional-ANUARIO-2019-para-web.pdf">"Statistic yearbook"</a> (PDF). policica.gob.ni. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128070346/https://www.policia.gob.ni/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Polic%C3%ADa-Nacional-ANUARIO-2019-para-web.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistic+yearbook&rft.pub=policica.gob.ni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.policia.gob.ni%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F03%2FPolic%25C3%25ADa-Nacional-ANUARIO-2019-para-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wbg_total-65"><a href="#cite_ref-wbg_total_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN">"Life expectancy at birth, total"</a>. The World Bank Group. May 30, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210202140034/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2021. Retrieved June 16, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+expectancy+at+birth%2C+total&rft.pub=The+World+Bank+Group&rft.date=2024-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSP.DYN.LE00.IN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wbg_male-66"><a href="#cite_ref-wbg_male_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.MA.IN">"Life expectancy at birth, male"</a>. The World Bank Group. May 30, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210311024618/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.MA.IN">Archived</a> from the original on March 11, 2021. Retrieved June 16, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+expectancy+at+birth%2C+male&rft.pub=The+World+Bank+Group&rft.date=2024-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSP.DYN.LE00.MA.IN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wbg_female-67"><a href="#cite_ref-wbg_female_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.FE.IN">"Life expectancy at birth, female"</a>. The World Bank Group. May 30, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312055808/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.FE.IN">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2021. Retrieved June 16, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+expectancy+at+birth%2C+female&rft.pub=The+World+Bank+Group&rft.date=2024-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSP.DYN.LE00.FE.IN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brookingsgdp-68"><a href="#cite_ref-brookingsgdp_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/">"Global Metro Monitor 2014"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>. January 22, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107040203/https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Metro+Monitor+2014&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2015-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fresearch%2Fglobal-metro-monitor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Andrews, George Reid. 1980. The Afro-Argentines of Buenos Aires, 1800–1900, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Gilberto Freyre. The Masters and the Slaves: A Study in the Development of Brazilian Civilization. Samuel Putnam (trans.). Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Skidmore" title="Thomas Skidmore">Thomas E. Skidmore</a>. Black into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1974. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="/wiki/France_Winddance_Twine" title="France Winddance Twine">France Winddance Twine</a> Racism in a Racial Democracy: The Maintenance of White Supremacy in Brazil,(1997) Rutgers University Press </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A1163503">"Reference for Welsh language in southern Argentina, Welsh immigration to Patagonia"</a>. Bbc.co.uk. July 22, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110312033518/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A1163503">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reference+for+Welsh+language+in+southern+Argentina%2C+Welsh+immigration+to+Patagonia&rft.pub=Bbc.co.uk&rft.date=2008-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdna%2Fh2g2%2FA1163503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1stclassargentina.com/tours/WelshImmigration.html">"The Welsh Immigration to Argentina"</a>. 1stclassargentina.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319080522/http://www.1stclassargentina.com/tours/WelshImmigration.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1stclassargentina.com&rft.atitle=The+Welsh+Immigration+to+Argentina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1stclassargentina.com%2Ftours%2FWelshImmigration.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170917174822/http://andesceltig.com/">"Reference for Welsh language in southern Argentina, Welsh immigration to Patagonia"</a>. Andesceltig.com. September 29, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andesceltig.com/">the original</a> on September 17, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reference+for+Welsh+language+in+southern+Argentina%2C+Welsh+immigration+to+Patagonia&rft.pub=Andesceltig.com&rft.date=2009-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andesceltig.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeade2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Meade" title="Teresa Meade">Meade, Teresa A.</a> (2016). History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present (2nd ed.). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-77248-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-77248-5"><bdi>978-1-118-77248-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Modern+Latin+America%3A+1800+to+the+Present&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pages=13&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-118-77248-5&rft.aulast=Meade&rft.aufirst=Teresa+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121221010337/http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-christians.aspx">"Christians"</a>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. December 18, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-christians.aspx">the original</a> on December 21, 2012. Retrieved May 13, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Christians&rft.date=2012-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2Fglobal-religious-landscape-christians.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181220203407/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html">"CIA – The World Factbook – Field Listing – Religions"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html">the original</a> on December 20, 2018. Retrieved March 17, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Field+Listing+%E2%80%93+Religions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2122.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Fraser, Barbara J., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0503707.htm">In Latin America, Catholics down, church's credibility up, poll says</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050628212330/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0503707.htm">Archived</a> June 28, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Web Archives Catholic News Service June 23, 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-Survey1-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Survey1_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170125173538/https://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf">"The Global Religious Landscape"</a> (PDF). Pewforum.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 25, 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Global+Religious+Landscape&rft.pub=Pewforum.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2Ffiles%2F2014%2F01%2Fglobal-religion-full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Alec Ryrie, "The World's Local Religion" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/alec-ryrie/worlds-local-religion">History Today (2017) online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922033834/http://www.historytoday.com/alec-ryrie/worlds-local-religion">Archived</a> September 22, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Religion_in_Latin_America-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Religion_in_Latin_America_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Religion_in_Latin_America_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2014/11/13/religion-in-latin-america/">"Religion in Latin America, Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. November 13, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210821110257/https://www.pewforum.org/2014/11/13/religion-in-latin-america/">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+in+Latin+America%2C+Widespread+Change+in+a+Historically+Catholic+Region&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2014-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2014%2F11%2F13%2Freligion-in-latin-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Burden, David K. La Idea Salvadora: Immigration and Colonization Politics in Mexico, 1821–1857. University of California, Santa Barbara, 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Gutmann, Myron P., et al. "The demographic impact of the Mexican Revolution in the United States." Austin: Population Research Center, University of Texas (2000) </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Young, Julia G. "Cristero Diaspora: Mexican Immigrants, The US Catholic Church, and Mexico's <a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a>, 1926–29." The Catholic Historical Review (2012): 271–300. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Durand, Jorge, and Douglas S. Massey. "Mexican migration to the United States: A critical review." Latin American Research Review 27.2 (1992): 3–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Sánchez-Albornoz, Nicolás. "The Spanish Exiles in Mexico and Beyond." Exile and the politics of exclusion in the Americas (2012) </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Adams, Jacqueline. Introduction: Jewish Refugees' Lives in Latin America after Persecution and Impoverishment in Europe. Comparative Cultural Studies: European and Latin American Perspectives 11: 5–17, 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Wright, Thomas C., and Rody Oñate Zúniga. "Chilean political exile." <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Perspectives" title="Latin American Perspectives">Latin American Perspectives</a> 34.4 (2007): 31–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Bermudez, Anastasia. "The "diaspora politics" of Colombian migrants in the UK and Spain." International Migration 49.3 (2011): 125–143. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Bertoli, Simone, Jesús Fernández-Huertas Moraga, and Francesc Ortega. "Immigration policies and the Ecuadorian exodus." The World Bank Economic Review 25.1 (2011): 57–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedroza,_L.Palop,_P.Hoffmann,_B.2018" class="citation web cs1">Pedroza, L.; Palop, P.; Hoffmann, B. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190509092619/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/sites/default/files/md_pdf/emigrant-policies-LatinAmerica-and-theCaribbean.pdf">"Emigrant Policies in Latin America and the Caribbean: FLASCO-Chile"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.giga-hamburg.de/sites/default/files/md_pdf/emigrant-policies-LatinAmerica-and-theCaribbean.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 9, 2019. Retrieved May 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emigrant+Policies+in+Latin+America+and+the+Caribbean%3A+FLASCO-Chile.&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Pedroza%2C+L.&rft.au=Palop%2C+P.&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.giga-hamburg.de%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmd_pdf%2Femigrant-policies-LatinAmerica-and-theCaribbean.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Global Child Nutrition Foundation (GCNF). 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gcnf.org/global-reports/">School Meal Programs Around the World: Results from the 2021 Global Survey of School Meal Programs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129061612/https://gcnf.org/global-reports/">Archived</a> January 29, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. GCNF: Seattle. </li> <li id="cite_note-Welti-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Welti_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelti2002" class="citation book cs1">Welti, Carlos (2002). "Adolescents in Latin America: Facing the Future with Skepticism". In Brown, B. (ed.). The World's Youth: Adolescence in Eight Regions of the Globe ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521006058" title="Special:BookSources/0521006058"><bdi>0521006058</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adolescents+in+Latin+America%3A+Facing+the+Future+with+Skepticism&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Youth%3A+Adolescence+in+Eight+Regions+of+the+Globe&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+U.K.&rft.edition=%5BOnline-Ausg.%5D.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0521006058&rft.aulast=Welti&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Survey-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Survey_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Survey_96-1">b</a> [BID/EDU Stakeholder Survey 1993/2003, February 8, 2011] </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024043050/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/142442/latin-america-most-dangerous-world-region-in-terms-of-violence-calderon-.html">Latin America the Most Dangerous Region in terms of Violence</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/142442/latin-america-most-dangerous-world-region-in-terms-of-violence-calderon-.html">the original</a> on October 24, 2012, retrieved August 28, 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+America+the+Most+Dangerous+Region+in+terms+of+Violence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkishweekly.net%2Fnews%2F142442%2Flatin-america-most-dangerous-world-region-in-terms-of-violence-calderon-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4404176.stm">"Latin America: Crisis behind bars"</a>. BBC News. November 16, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170908172128/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4404176.stm">Archived</a> from the original on September 8, 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Latin+America%3A+Crisis+behind+bars&rft.date=2005-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F4404176.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/400-murders-a-day-the-crisis-of-latin-america-1537455390">"Latin America Is the Murder Capital of the World"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. September 20, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323151839/https://www.wsj.com/articles/400-murders-a-day-the-crisis-of-latin-america-1537455390">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2023. Retrieved July 26, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Latin+America+Is+the+Murder+Capital+of+the+World&rft.date=2018-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2F400-murders-a-day-the-crisis-of-latin-america-1537455390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/10/world/americas/brazil-murder-rate-record.html">"A Year of Violence Sees Brazil's Murder Rate Hit Record High"</a>. The New York Times. August 10, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816111814/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/10/world/americas/brazil-murder-rate-record.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Year+of+Violence+Sees+Brazil%27s+Murder+Rate+Hit+Record+High&rft.date=2018-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F08%2F10%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fbrazil-murder-rate-record.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Homicide_Statistics_database.-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Homicide_Statistics_database._101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Homicide_Statistics_database._101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/VC.IHR.PSRC.P5?locations=ZJ&year_high_desc=false">"Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people)"</a>. UN Office on Drugs and Crime's International Homicide Statistics database. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922100402/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/VC.IHR.PSRC.P5?locations=ZJ&year_high_desc=false">Archived</a> from the original on September 22, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intentional+homicides+%28per+100%2C000+people%29&rft.pub=UN+Office+on+Drugs+and+Crime%27s+International+Homicide+Statistics+database.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FVC.IHR.PSRC.P5%3Flocations%3DZJ%26year_high_desc%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-murder_rates2-102"><a href="#cite_ref-murder_rates2_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-06-27/map-here-are-countries-worlds-highest-murder-rates">"Map: Here are countries with the world's highest murder rates"</a>. UN Office on Drugs and Crime's International Homicide Statistics database. June 27, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170201131042/https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-06-27/map-here-are-countries-worlds-highest-murder-rates">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2017. Retrieved February 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Map%3A+Here+are+countries+with+the+world%27s+highest+murder+rates&rft.pub=UN+Office+on+Drugs+and+Crime%27s+International+Homicide+Statistics+database.&rft.date=2016-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pri.org%2Fstories%2F2016-06-27%2Fmap-here-are-countries-worlds-highest-murder-rates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213142246/http://usinfo.state.gov/dhr/Archive/2005/Apr/21-965427.html">"Crime Hinders Development, Democracy in Latin America, U.S. Says – US Department of State"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usinfo.state.gov/dhr/Archive/2005/Apr/21-965427.html">the original</a> on February 13, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crime+Hinders+Development%2C+Democracy+in+Latin+America%2C+U.S.+Says+%E2%80%93+US+Department+of+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusinfo.state.gov%2Fdhr%2FArchive%2F2005%2FApr%2F21-965427.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriceno-LeonVillavecesConcha-Eastman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Briceno-Leon, R.; Villaveces, A.; Concha-Eastman, A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100601042340/http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/37/4/751">""Understanding the uneven distribution of the incidence of homicide in Latin America""</a>. International Journal of Epidemiology. 37 (4): 751–757. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fije%2Fdyn153">10.1093/ije/dyn153</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18653511">18653511</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/37/4/751">the original</a> on June 1, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=%22Understanding+the+uneven+distribution+of+the+incidence+of+homicide+in+Latin+America%22&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E751-%3C%2Fspan%3E757&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fije%2Fdyn153&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18653511&rft.aulast=Briceno-Leon&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Villaveces%2C+A.&rft.au=Concha-Eastman%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fije.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F37%2F4%2F751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> International Journal of Epidemiology </li> <li id="cite_note-who-105"><a href="#cite_ref-who_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.688">"Life expectancy and Healthy life expectancy, data by country"</a>. World Health Organization. December 4, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+expectancy+and+Healthy+life+expectancy%2C+data+by+country&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2022-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Fgho%2Fdata%2Fnode.main.688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnestini2011" class="citation journal cs1">Onestini, Maria (February 6, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/07900627.2010.537244?needAccess=true">"Water Quality and Health in Poor Urban Areas of Latin America"</a>. International Journal of Water Resources Development. 27: 219–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07900627.2010.537244">10.1080/07900627.2010.537244</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154427438">154427438</a> – via Taylor & Francis Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Water+Resources+Development&rft.atitle=Water+Quality+and+Health+in+Poor+Urban+Areas+of+Latin+America&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E219-%3C%2Fspan%3E226&rft.date=2011-02-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07900627.2010.537244&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154427438%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Onestini&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1080%2F07900627.2010.537244%3FneedAccess%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-41005517">"Chile abortion: Court approves easing total ban"</a>. BBC News. August 21, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Chile+abortion%3A+Court+approves+easing+total+ban&rft.date=2017-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-41005517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reproductiverights.org/our-regions/latin-america-caribbean/">"Latin America and the Caribbean"</a>. Center for Reproductive Rights. November 8, 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Reproductive+Rights&rft.atitle=Latin+America+and+the+Caribbean&rft.date=2023-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freproductiverights.org%2Four-regions%2Flatin-america-caribbean%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reproductive_rights_in_Latin_America_Amnesty_International-2019-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Reproductive_rights_in_Latin_America_Amnesty_International-2019_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/impact/2019/08/the-green-wave/">"Why we continue to march towards legal abortion in Argentina"</a>. Amnesty International. August 8, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=Why+we+continue+to+march+towards+legal+abortion+in+Argentina&rft.date=2019-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fimpact%2F2019%2F08%2Fthe-green-wave%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reproductive_rights_in_Latin_America_GAPD-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Reproductive_rights_in_Latin_America_GAPD_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abortion-policies.srhr.org/">"GAPD - The Global Abortion Policies Database - The Global Abortion Policies Database is designed to strengthen global efforts to eliminate unsafe abortion"</a>. Retrieved October 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GAPD+-+The+Global+Abortion+Policies+Database+-+The+Global+Abortion+Policies+Database+is+designed+to+strengthen+global+efforts+to+eliminate+unsafe+abortion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabortion-policies.srhr.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HIV/AIDS_in_Latin_America_:0-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HIV/AIDS_in_Latin_America_:0_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HIV/AIDS_in_Latin_America_:0_111-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HIV/AIDS_in_Latin_America_:0_111-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HIV/AIDS_in_Latin_America_:0_111-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HIV/AIDS_in_Latin_America_:0_111-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-around-world/latin-america/overview">"HIV and AIDS in Latin America the Caribbean regional overview"</a>. Avert. July 21, 2015. Retrieved November 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Avert&rft.atitle=HIV+and+AIDS+in+Latin+America+the+Caribbean+regional+overview&rft.date=2015-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avert.org%2Fprofessionals%2Fhiv-around-world%2Flatin-america%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HIV/AIDS_in_Latin_America_:1-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HIV/AIDS_in_Latin_America_:1_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HIV/AIDS_in_Latin_America_:1_112-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcíaBayerCárcamo2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_J._Garcia" class="mw-redirect" title="Patricia J. Garcia">García, Patricia J</a>; Bayer, Angela; Cárcamo, César P (June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4136548">"The Changing Face of HIV in Latin America and the Caribbean"</a>. Current HIV/AIDS Reports. 11 (2): 146–157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11904-014-0204-1">10.1007/s11904-014-0204-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1548-3568">1548-3568</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4136548">4136548</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24824881">24824881</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+HIV%2FAIDS+Reports&rft.atitle=The+Changing+Face+of+HIV+in+Latin+America+and+the+Caribbean&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E146-%3C%2Fspan%3E157&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4136548%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1548-3568&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24824881&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11904-014-0204-1&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=Patricia+J&rft.au=Bayer%2C+Angela&rft.au=C%C3%A1rcamo%2C+C%C3%A9sar+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4136548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-social-issues/homophobia">"Homophobia and HIV"</a>. Avert. July 20, 2015. Retrieved November 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Avert&rft.atitle=Homophobia+and+HIV&rft.date=2015-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avert.org%2Fprofessionals%2Fhiv-social-issues%2Fhomophobia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HIV/AIDS_in_Latin_America_:5-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HIV/AIDS_in_Latin_America_:5_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HIV/AIDS_in_Latin_America_:5_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2018/global-aids-update">"Miles to go—closing gaps, breaking barriers, righting injustices"</a>. www.unaids.org. Retrieved November 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unaids.org&rft.atitle=Miles+to+go%E2%80%94closing+gaps%2C+breaking+barriers%2C+righting+injustices&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unaids.org%2Fen%2Fresources%2Fdocuments%2F2018%2Fglobal-aids-update&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilva-SantistebanEngde_la_IglesiaFalistocco2016" class="citation journal cs1">Silva-Santisteban, Alfonso; Eng, Shirley; de la Iglesia, Gabriela; Falistocco, Carlos; Mazin, Rafael (July 17, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4949309">"HIV prevention among transgender women in Latin America: implementation, gaps and challenges"</a>. Journal of the International AIDS Society. 19 (3Suppl 2): 20799. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7448%2FIAS.19.3.20799">10.7448/IAS.19.3.20799</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1758-2652">1758-2652</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4949309">4949309</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27431470">27431470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+AIDS+Society&rft.atitle=HIV+prevention+among+transgender+women+in+Latin+America%3A+implementation%2C+gaps+and+challenges&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3Suppl+2&rft.pages=20799&rft.date=2016-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4949309%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1758-2652&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27431470&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7448%2FIAS.19.3.20799&rft.aulast=Silva-Santisteban&rft.aufirst=Alfonso&rft.au=Eng%2C+Shirley&rft.au=de+la+Iglesia%2C+Gabriela&rft.au=Falistocco%2C+Carlos&rft.au=Mazin%2C+Rafael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4949309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100331050553/http://www.chicagobooth.edu/alumni/clubs/pakistan/docs/next11dream-march%20%2707-goldmansachs.pdf">"The N-11: More Than an Acronym"</a> (PDF). Appendix II: Projections in Detail. Goldman Sachs Economic Research. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagobooth.edu/alumni/clubs/pakistan/docs/next11dream-march%20%2707-goldmansachs.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 31, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Appendix+II%3A+Projections+in+Detail&rft.atitle=The+N-11%3A+More+Than+an+Acronym&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagobooth.edu%2Falumni%2Fclubs%2Fpakistan%2Fdocs%2Fnext11dream-march%2520%252707-goldmansachs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-knoema.com-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-knoema.com_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-knoema.com_117-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=47&pr.y=1&sy=2019&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=311%2C336%2C213%2C263%2C314%2C268%2C313%2C343%2C316%2C273%2C339%2C278%2C218%2C283%2C223%2C288%2C228%2C293%2C233%2C361%2C238%2C362%2C321%2C364%2C243%2C366%2C248%2C369%2C253%2C298%2C328%2C299%2C258&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP&grp=0&a=">"GDP 2019, some Latin American countries"</a>. IMF WEO Database. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803022106/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=47&pr.y=1&sy=2019&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=311%2C336%2C213%2C263%2C314%2C268%2C313%2C343%2C316%2C273%2C339%2C278%2C218%2C283%2C223%2C288%2C228%2C293%2C233%2C361%2C238%2C362%2C321%2C364%2C243%2C366%2C248%2C369%2C253%2C298%2C328%2C299%2C258&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP&grp=0&a=">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved February 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF+WEO+Database&rft.atitle=GDP+2019%2C+some+Latin+American+countries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2019%2F02%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fpr.x%3D47%26pr.y%3D1%26sy%3D2019%26ey%3D2019%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26c%3D311%252C336%252C213%252C263%252C314%252C268%252C313%252C343%252C316%252C273%252C339%252C278%252C218%252C283%252C223%252C288%252C228%252C293%252C233%252C361%252C238%252C362%252C321%252C364%252C243%252C366%252C248%252C369%252C253%252C298%252C328%252C299%252C258%26s%3DNGDPD%252CPPPGDP%26grp%3D0%26a%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/">"Latin America production in 2020, by FAO"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latin+America+production+in+2020%2C+by+FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffaostat%2Fen%2F%23data%2FQCL%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/">"South American countries production in 2018, by FAO"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2016. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+American+countries+production+in+2018%2C+by+FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffaostat%2Fen%2F%23data%2FQC%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aviculturaindustrial.com.br/imprensa/conheca-os-3-paises-que-desafiam-o-brasil-nas-exportacoes-de-frango/20200122-093443-o532">"Conheça os 3 países que desafiam o Brasil nas exportações de frango"</a>. Avicultura Industrial. January 22, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814020818/https://www.aviculturaindustrial.com.br/imprensa/conheca-os-3-paises-que-desafiam-o-brasil-nas-exportacoes-de-frango/20200122-093443-o532">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Avicultura+Industrial&rft.atitle=Conhe%C3%A7a+os+3+pa%C3%ADses+que+desafiam+o+Brasil+nas+exporta%C3%A7%C3%B5es+de+frango&rft.date=2020-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aviculturaindustrial.com.br%2Fimprensa%2Fconheca-os-3-paises-que-desafiam-o-brasil-nas-exportacoes-de-frango%2F20200122-093443-o532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farmnews.com.br/mercado/maiores-exportadores-de-carne-de-frango/">"maiores exportadores de carne de frango entre os anos de 2015 e 2019"</a>. May 30, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190601220250/http://www.farmnews.com.br/mercado/maiores-exportadores-de-carne-de-frango/">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=maiores+exportadores+de+carne+de+frango+entre+os+anos+de+2015+e+2019&rft.date=2019-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.farmnews.com.br%2Fmercado%2Fmaiores-exportadores-de-carne-de-frango%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beefpoint.com.br/ibge-rebanho-de-bovinos-tinha-21823-milhoes-de-cabecas-em-2016/">"IBGE: rebanho de bovinos tinha 218,23 milhões de cabeças em 2016"</a>. September 29, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509124542/https://www.beefpoint.com.br/ibge-rebanho-de-bovinos-tinha-21823-milhoes-de-cabecas-em-2016/">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBGE%3A+rebanho+de+bovinos+tinha+218%2C23+milh%C3%B5es+de+cabe%C3%A7as+em+2016&rft.date=2017-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beefpoint.com.br%2Fibge-rebanho-de-bovinos-tinha-21823-milhoes-de-cabecas-em-2016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917042822/https://agronewsbrazil.com.br/brasil-e-o-3o-maior-produtor-de-leite-do-mundo-superando-o-padrao-europeu-em-alguns-municipios/">"Brasil é o 3º maior produtor de leite do mundo, superando o padrão Europeu em alguns municípios"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agronewsbrazil.com.br/brasil-e-o-3o-maior-produtor-de-leite-do-mundo-superando-o-padrao-europeu-em-alguns-municipios/">the original</a> on September 17, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brasil+%C3%A9+o+3%C2%BA+maior+produtor+de+leite+do+mundo%2C+superando+o+padr%C3%A3o+Europeu+em+alguns+munic%C3%ADpios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagronewsbrazil.com.br%2Fbrasil-e-o-3o-maior-produtor-de-leite-do-mundo-superando-o-padrao-europeu-em-alguns-municipios%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.farmnews.com.br/mercado/principais-paises-produtores-de-carne-suina/">"principais países produtores de carne suína entre 2017 e a estimativa para 2019"</a>. July 23, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816082805/https://www.farmnews.com.br/mercado/principais-paises-produtores-de-carne-suina/">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=principais+pa%C3%ADses+produtores+de+carne+su%C3%ADna+entre+2017+e+a+estimativa+para+2019&rft.date=2019-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.farmnews.com.br%2Fmercado%2Fprincipais-paises-produtores-de-carne-suina%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QL/">"Argentina production in 2018, by FAO"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QL/">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2016. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Argentina+production+in+2018%2C+by+FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffaostat%2Fen%2F%23data%2FQL%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QL/">"Producción de carne y leche, por FAO"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201016050347/http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QL/">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Producci%C3%B3n+de+carne+y+leche%2C+por+FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffaostat%2Fes%2F%23data%2FQL%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/">"mcs2021 /mcs2021-gold.pdf USGS Gold Production Statistics"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210615031507/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/">Archived</a> from the original on June 15, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=mcs2021+%2Fmcs2021-gold.pdf+USGS+Gold+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-silver.pdf">"Production statistics of USGS Silver"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515082301/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-silver.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 15, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Production+statistics+of+USGS+Silver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-silver.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf">"Copper production statistics for the USGS"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copper+production+statistics+for+the+USGS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-copper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iron-ore.pdf">"Production statistics of USGS iron ore"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iron-ore.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Production+statistics+of+USGS+iron+ore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-iron-ore.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf">"Zinc production statistics from USGS"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zinc+production+statistics+from+USGS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-zinc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pubs.usgs.gov-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pubs.usgs.gov_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pubs.usgs.gov_132-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pubs.usgs.gov_132-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pubs.usgs.gov_132-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf">"USGS Molybdenum Production Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Molybdenum+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-molybdenum.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf">"USGS lithium production statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+lithium+production+statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-lithium.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS_Lead_Production_Statistics-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Lead_Production_Statistics_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Lead_Production_Statistics_134-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Lead_Production_Statistics_134-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Lead_Production_Statistics_134-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf">"USGS Lead Production Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515091715/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 15, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Lead+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-lead.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-bauxite-alumina.pdf">"USGS Bauxite Production Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211208035529/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-bauxite-alumina.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 8, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Bauxite+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-bauxite-alumina.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf">"USGS tin production statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813153917/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+tin+production+statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-tin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-manganese.pdf">"Manganese production statistics from the USGS"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625143322/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-manganese.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manganese+production+statistics+from+the+USGS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-manganese.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-antimony.pdf">"USGS antimony production statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-antimony.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+antimony+production+statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-antimony.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-nickel.pdf">"USGS Nickel Production Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-nickel.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Nickel+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-nickel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-niobium.pdf">"USGS Niobium Production Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-niobium.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Niobium+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-niobium.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-rhenium.pdf">"USGS rhenium production statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210621074425/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-rhenium.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 21, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+rhenium+production+statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-rhenium.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iodine.pdf">"USGS iodine production statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625191455/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iodine.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+iodine+production+statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-iodine.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.br/anm/pt-br/pagina-inicial">"ANM"</a>. gov.br Agência Nacional de Mineração. July 31, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804161841/https://www.gov.br/anm/pt-br/pagina-inicial">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.br+Ag%C3%AAncia+Nacional+de+Minera%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=ANM&rft.date=2023-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.br%2Fanm%2Fpt-br%2Fpagina-inicial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://noticias.r7.com/brasil/brasil-extrai-cerca-de-2-gramas-de-ouro-por-habitante-em-5-anos-29062019">"Brasil extrai cerca de 2 gramas de ouro por habitante em 5 anos"</a>. R7.com. June 29, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200712095924/https://noticias.r7.com/brasil/brasil-extrai-cerca-de-2-gramas-de-ouro-por-habitante-em-5-anos-29062019">Archived</a> from the original on July 12, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=R7.com&rft.atitle=Brasil+extrai+cerca+de+2+gramas+de+ouro+por+habitante+em+5+anos&rft.date=2019-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnoticias.r7.com%2Fbrasil%2Fbrasil-extrai-cerca-de-2-gramas-de-ouro-por-habitante-em-5-anos-29062019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Economia_Negocios/0,,MUL190262-9356,00-VOTORANTIM+METAIS+ADQUIRE+RESERVAS+DE+ZINCO+DA+MASA.html">"G1 > Economia e Negócios – NOTÍCIAS – Votorantim Metais adquire reservas de zinco da Masa"</a>. g1.globo.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118205757/http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Economia_Negocios/0,,MUL190262-9356,00-VOTORANTIM+METAIS+ADQUIRE+RESERVAS+DE+ZINCO+DA+MASA.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=g1.globo.com&rft.atitle=G1+%3E+Economia+e+Neg%C3%B3cios+%E2%80%93+NOT%C3%8DCIAS+%E2%80%93+Votorantim+Metais+adquire+reservas+de+zinco+da+Masa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2FNoticias%2FEconomia_Negocios%2F0%2C%2CMUL190262-9356%2C00-VOTORANTIM%2BMETAIS%2BADQUIRE%2BRESERVAS%2BDE%2BZINCO%2BDA%2BMASA.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2019/12/12/niobio-g1-visita-em-mg-complexo-industrial-do-maior-produtor-do-mundo.ghtml">"Nióbio: G1 visita em MG complexo industrial do maior produtor do mundo"</a>. G1. December 12, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212144838/https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2019/12/12/niobio-g1-visita-em-mg-complexo-industrial-do-maior-produtor-do-mundo.ghtml">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=G1&rft.atitle=Ni%C3%B3bio%3A+G1+visita+em+MG+complexo+industrial+do+maior+produtor+do+mundo&rft.date=2019-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2Feconomia%2Fnoticia%2F2019%2F12%2F12%2Fniobio-g1-visita-em-mg-complexo-industrial-do-maior-produtor-do-mundo.ghtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cprm.gov.br/publique/Redes-Institucionais/Rede-de-Bibliotecas---Rede-Ametista/Algumas-Gemas-Classicas-1104.html">"Serviço Geológico do Brasil"</a>. cprm.gov.br. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190906194936/http://www.cprm.gov.br/publique/Redes-Institucionais/Rede-de-Bibliotecas---Rede-Ametista/Algumas-Gemas-Classicas-1104.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cprm.gov.br&rft.atitle=Servi%C3%A7o+Geol%C3%B3gico+do+Brasil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cprm.gov.br%2Fpublique%2FRedes-Institucionais%2FRede-de-Bibliotecas---Rede-Ametista%2FAlgumas-Gemas-Classicas-1104.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://noticias.band.uol.com.br/noticias/100000911432/rio-grande-do-sul-o-maior-exportador-de-pedras-preciosas-do-brasil.html">"Rio Grande do Sul: o maior exportador de pedras preciosas do Brasil"</a>. Band.com.br. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180502153003/https://noticias.band.uol.com.br/noticias/100000911432/rio-grande-do-sul-o-maior-exportador-de-pedras-preciosas-do-brasil.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2018. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Band.com.br&rft.atitle=Rio+Grande+do+Sul%3A+o+maior+exportador+de+pedras+preciosas+do+Brasil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnoticias.band.uol.com.br%2Fnoticias%2F100000911432%2Frio-grande-do-sul-o-maior-exportador-de-pedras-preciosas-do-brasil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf">"Copper production in 2019 by USGS"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copper+production+in+2019+by+USGS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-copper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iodine.pdf">"USGS Iodine Production Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625191455/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iodine.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Iodine+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-iodine.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-rhenium.pdf">"USGS Rhenium Production Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210621074425/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-rhenium.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 21, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Rhenium+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-rhenium.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS_Lithium_Production_Statistics-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Lithium_Production_Statistics_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Lithium_Production_Statistics_152-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf">"USGS Lithium Production Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Lithium+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-lithium.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS_Silver_Production_Statistics-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Silver_Production_Statistics_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Silver_Production_Statistics_153-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Silver_Production_Statistics_153-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Silver_Production_Statistics_153-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Silver_Production_Statistics_153-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-silver.pdf">"USGS Silver Production Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515082301/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-silver.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 15, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Silver+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-silver.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS_Salt_Production_Statistics-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Salt_Production_Statistics_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Salt_Production_Statistics_154-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-salt.pdf">"USGS Salt Production Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-salt.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Salt+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-salt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-potash.pdf">"USGS Potash Product ion Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-potash.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Potash+Product+ion+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-potash.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-sulfur.pdf">"USGS Sulfur Production Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-sulfur.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Sulfur+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-sulfur.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iron-ore.pdf">"USGS Iron Ore Production Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iron-ore.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Iron+Ore+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-iron-ore.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS_Copper_Production_Statistics-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Copper_Production_Statistics_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Copper_Production_Statistics_158-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf">"USGS Copper Production Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Copper+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-copper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS_Gold_Production_Statistics-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Gold_Production_Statistics_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Gold_Production_Statistics_159-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Gold_Production_Statistics_159-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf">"USGS Gold Production Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Gold+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-gold.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS_Zinc_Production_Statistics-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Zinc_Production_Statistics_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Zinc_Production_Statistics_160-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf">"USGS Zinc Production Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Zinc+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-zinc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS_Tin_Production_Statistics-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Tin_Production_Statistics_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Tin_Production_Statistics_161-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf">"USGS Tin Production Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813153917/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Tin+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-tin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS_Boron_Production_Statistics-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Boron_Production_Statistics_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Boron_Production_Statistics_162-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Boron_Production_Statistics_162-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf">"USGS Boron Production Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718104325/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 18, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Boron+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-boron.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-antimony.pdf">"USGS Antimony Production Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-antimony.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Antimony+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-antimony.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tungsten.pdf">"USGS Tungsten Production Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210705141418/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tungsten.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 5, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Tungsten+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-tungsten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf">"USGS ZincProduction Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+ZincProduction+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-zinc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2013" class="citation web cs1">Campbell, Keith (June 21, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miningweekly.com/article/the-state-of-mining-in-south-america-an-overview-2013-06-21">"The state of mining in South America – an overview"</a>. Miningweekly.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201207073436/https://www.miningweekly.com/article/the-state-of-mining-in-south-america-an-overview-2013-06-21">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+state+of+mining+in+South+America+%E2%80%93+an+overview&rft.pub=Miningweekly.com&rft.date=2013-06-21&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miningweekly.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-state-of-mining-in-south-america-an-overview-2013-06-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anm.gov.br/dnpm/publicacoes/serie-estatisticas-e-economia-mineral/anuario-mineral/anuario-mineral-brasileiro/amb_2018_ano_base_2017">"Anuário Mineral Brasileiro 2018"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200709020214/http://www.anm.gov.br/dnpm/publicacoes/serie-estatisticas-e-economia-mineral/anuario-mineral/anuario-mineral-brasileiro/amb_2018_ano_base_2017">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anu%C3%A1rio+Mineral+Brasileiro+2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anm.gov.br%2Fdnpm%2Fpublicacoes%2Fserie-estatisticas-e-economia-mineral%2Fanuario-mineral%2Fanuario-mineral-brasileiro%2Famb_2018_ano_base_2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scsegusp.com/single-post/2020/05/14/Minera%C3%A7%C3%A3o-no-M%C3%A9xico-ser%C3%A1-reiniciada-na-pr%C3%B3xima-semana">"La minería en México se reiniciará la próxima semana"</a>. May 14, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125132143/https://www.scsegusp.com/single-post/2020/05/14/minera%C3%A7%C3%A3o-no-m%C3%A9xico-ser%C3%A1-reiniciada-na-pr%C3%B3xima-semana">Archived</a> from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+miner%C3%ADa+en+M%C3%A9xico+se+reiniciar%C3%A1+la+pr%C3%B3xima+semana&rft.date=2020-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scsegusp.com%2Fsingle-post%2F2020%2F05%2F14%2FMinera%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o-no-M%25C3%25A9xico-ser%25C3%25A1-reiniciada-na-pr%25C3%25B3xima-semana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-mercury.pdf">"USGS Mercury Production Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220307084311/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-mercury.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Mercury+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-mercury.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-bismuth.pdf">"USGS Bismuth Production Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221022151458/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-bismuth.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 22, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Bismuth+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-bismuth.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-manganese.pdf">"USGS Manganese Production Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625143322/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-manganese.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Manganese+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-manganese.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-phosphate.pdf">"USGS Phosphate Production Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502135915/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-phosphate.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 2, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Phosphate+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-phosphate.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2012/10/121025_colombia_esmeraldas_ru">"Colombian emeralds"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221174300/https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2012/10/121025_colombia_esmeraldas_ru">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colombian+emeralds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fportuguese%2Fnoticias%2F2012%2F10%2F121025_colombia_esmeraldas_ru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/colombia/gold-production">"Gold production in Colombia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816022625/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/colombia/gold-production">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gold+production+in+Colombia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceicdata.com%2Fen%2Findicator%2Fcolombia%2Fgold-production&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/colombia/silver-production">"Silver production in Colombia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816150027/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/colombia/silver-production">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silver+production+in+Colombia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceicdata.com%2Fen%2Findicator%2Fcolombia%2Fsilver-production&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eia.gov-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eia.gov_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eia.gov_176-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production?pd=5&p=0000000000000000000000000000000000vg&u=0&f=A&v=mapbubble&a=-&i=none&vo=value&&t=C&g=00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001&l=249-ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvnvvvs0008&s=94694400000&e=1546300800000">"Production of Crude Oil including Lease Condensate 2019"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304103613/https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production?pd=5&p=0000000000000000000000000000000000vg&u=0&f=A&v=mapbubble&a=-&i=none&vo=value&t=C&g=00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001&l=249-ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvnvvvs0008&s=94694400000&e=1546300800000">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Production+of+Crude+Oil+including+Lease+Condensate+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Finternational%2Fdata%2Fworld%2Fpetroleum-and-other-liquids%2Fannual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production%3Fpd%3D5%26p%3D0000000000000000000000000000000000vg%26u%3D0%26f%3DA%26v%3Dmapbubble%26a%3D-%26i%3Dnone%26vo%3Dvalue%26%26t%3DC%26g%3D00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001%26l%3D249-ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvnvvvs0008%26s%3D94694400000%26e%3D1546300800000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/natural-gas/dry-natural-gas-production?pd=3002&p=00g&u=0&f=A&v=mapbubble&a=-&i=none&vo=value&&t=C&g=00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001&l=249-ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvnvvvs0008&s=315532800000&e=1546300800000">"Natural Gas production"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019114317/https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/natural-gas/dry-natural-gas-production?pd=3002&p=00g&u=0&f=A&v=mapbubble&a=-&i=none&vo=value&&t=C&g=00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001&l=249-ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvnvvvs0008&s=315532800000&e=1546300800000">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Natural+Gas+production&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Finternational%2Fdata%2Fworld%2Fnatural-gas%2Fdry-natural-gas-production%3Fpd%3D3002%26p%3D00g%26u%3D0%26f%3DA%26v%3Dmapbubble%26a%3D-%26i%3Dnone%26vo%3Dvalue%26%26t%3DC%26g%3D00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001%26l%3D249-ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvnvvvs0008%26s%3D315532800000%26e%3D1546300800000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bp.com-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bp.com_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bp.com_178-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html">"Statistical Review of World Energy 2018"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151012042030/https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2015. Retrieved June 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistical+Review+of+World+Energy+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bp.com%2Fen%2Fglobal%2Fcorporate%2Fenergy-economics%2Fstatistical-review-of-world-energy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true">"Manufacturing, value added (current US$)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107135049/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manufacturing%2C+value+added+%28current+US%24%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNV.IND.MANF.CD%3Fmost_recent_value_desc%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alimentosprocessados.com.br/industria-na-sociedade-brasileira.php">"Alimentos Processados | A indústria de alimentos e bebidas na sociedade brasileira atual"</a>. alimentosprocessados.com.br. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180325142658/https://alimentosprocessados.com.br/industria-na-sociedade-brasileira.php">Archived</a> from the original on March 25, 2018. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alimentosprocessados.com.br&rft.atitle=Alimentos+Processados+%26%23124%3B+A+ind%C3%BAstria+de+alimentos+e+bebidas+na+sociedade+brasileira+atual&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falimentosprocessados.com.br%2Findustria-na-sociedade-brasileira.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2020/02/18/faturamento-da-industria-de-alimentos-cresceu-67percent-em-2019.ghtml">"Faturamento da indústria de alimentos cresceu 6,7% em 2019"</a>. G1. February 18, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200219171658/https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2020/02/18/faturamento-da-industria-de-alimentos-cresceu-67percent-em-2019.ghtml">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=G1&rft.atitle=Faturamento+da+ind%C3%BAstria+de+alimentos+cresceu+6%2C7%25+em+2019&rft.date=2020-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2Feconomia%2Fnoticia%2F2020%2F02%2F18%2Ffaturamento-da-industria-de-alimentos-cresceu-67percent-em-2019.ghtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/economia/noticia/2020-02/industria-de-alimentos-e-bebidas-faturaram-r-6999-bi-em-2019">"Indústria de alimentos e bebidas faturou R$699,9 bi em 2019"</a>. Agência Brasil. February 18, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200219032930/https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/economia/noticia/2020-02/industria-de-alimentos-e-bebidas-faturaram-r-6999-bi-em-2019">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ag%C3%AAncia+Brasil&rft.atitle=Ind%C3%BAstria+de+alimentos+e+bebidas+faturou+R%24699%2C9+bi+em+2019&rft.date=2020-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagenciabrasil.ebc.com.br%2Feconomia%2Fnoticia%2F2020-02%2Findustria-de-alimentos-e-bebidas-faturaram-r-6999-bi-em-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://valor.globo.com/empresas/noticia/2020/02/21/producao-nacional-de-celulose-cai-66percent-em-2019-aponta-iba.ghtml">"Produção nacional de celulose cai 6,6% em 2019, aponta Ibá"</a>. Valor Econômico. February 21, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200221134709/https://valor.globo.com/empresas/noticia/2020/02/21/producao-nacional-de-celulose-cai-66percent-em-2019-aponta-iba.ghtml">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Valor+Econ%C3%B4mico&rft.atitle=Produ%C3%A7%C3%A3o+nacional+de+celulose+cai+6%2C6%25+em+2019%2C+aponta+Ib%C3%A1&rft.date=2020-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvalor.globo.com%2Fempresas%2Fnoticia%2F2020%2F02%2F21%2Fproducao-nacional-de-celulose-cai-66percent-em-2019-aponta-iba.ghtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012095718/https://www.celuloseonline.com.br/sabe-qual-e-o-estado-brasileiro-que-mais-produz-madeira-nao-e-sao-paulo/">"Sabe qual é o estado brasileiro que mais produz Madeira?"</a>. October 9, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.celuloseonline.com.br/sabe-qual-e-o-estado-brasileiro-que-mais-produz-madeira-nao-e-sao-paulo/">the original</a> on October 12, 2017. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sabe+qual+%C3%A9+o+estado+brasileiro+que+mais+produz+Madeira%3F&rft.date=2017-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.celuloseonline.com.br%2Fsabe-qual-e-o-estado-brasileiro-que-mais-produz-madeira-nao-e-sao-paulo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://g1.globo.com/espirito-santo/noticia/sao-mateus-e-o-6-maior-produtor-de-madeira-em-tora-para-papel-e-celulose-no-pais-diz-ibge.ghtml">"São Mateus é o 6º maior produtor de madeira em tora para papel e celulose no país, diz IBGE"</a>. G1. September 28, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614215127/https://g1.globo.com/espirito-santo/noticia/sao-mateus-e-o-6-maior-produtor-de-madeira-em-tora-para-papel-e-celulose-no-pais-diz-ibge.ghtml">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=G1&rft.atitle=S%C3%A3o+Mateus+%C3%A9+o+6%C2%BA+maior+produtor+de+madeira+em+tora+para+papel+e+celulose+no+pa%C3%ADs%2C+diz+IBGE&rft.date=2017-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2Fespirito-santo%2Fnoticia%2Fsao-mateus-e-o-6-maior-produtor-de-madeira-em-tora-para-papel-e-celulose-no-pais-diz-ibge.ghtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://g1.globo.com/sp/ribeirao-preto-franca/noticia/2019/07/14/industrias-calcadistas-em-franca-sp-registram-queda-de-40percent-nas-vagas-de-trabalho-em-6-anos.ghtml">"Indústrias calçadistas em Franca, SP registram queda de 40% nas vagas de trabalho em 6 anos"</a>. G1. July 14, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190714205803/https://g1.globo.com/sp/ribeirao-preto-franca/noticia/2019/07/14/industrias-calcadistas-em-franca-sp-registram-queda-de-40percent-nas-vagas-de-trabalho-em-6-anos.ghtml">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=G1&rft.atitle=Ind%C3%BAstrias+cal%C3%A7adistas+em+Franca%2C+SP+registram+queda+de+40%25+nas+vagas+de+trabalho+em+6+anos&rft.date=2019-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2Fsp%2Fribeirao-preto-franca%2Fnoticia%2F2019%2F07%2F14%2Findustrias-calcadistas-em-franca-sp-registram-queda-de-40percent-nas-vagas-de-trabalho-em-6-anos.ghtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDigital" class="citation web cs1">Digital, Agência Maya: Criação de Sites e Marketing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fenac.com.br/producao-de-calcados-deve-crescer-3-em-2019">"Fenac – Centro de Eventos e Negócios | Produção de calçados deve crescer 3% em 2019"</a>. fenac.com.br. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191101151709/http://www.fenac.com.br/producao-de-calcados-deve-crescer-3-em-2019">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fenac.com.br&rft.atitle=Fenac+%E2%80%93+Centro+de+Eventos+e+Neg%C3%B3cios+%26%23124%3B+Produ%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+cal%C3%A7ados+deve+crescer+3%25+em+2019&rft.aulast=Digital&rft.aufirst=Ag%C3%AAncia+Maya%3A+Cria%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+Sites+e+Marketing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fenac.com.br%2Fproducao-de-calcados-deve-crescer-3-em-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200422064032/https://www.abicalcados.com.br/noticia/abicalcados-apresenta-relatorio-setorial-2019">"Abicalçados apresenta Relatório Setorial 2019"</a>. abicalcados.com.br. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abicalcados.com.br/noticia/abicalcados-apresenta-relatorio-setorial-2019">the original</a> on April 22, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=abicalcados.com.br&rft.atitle=Abical%C3%A7ados+apresenta+Relat%C3%B3rio+Setorial+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abicalcados.com.br%2Fnoticia%2Fabicalcados-apresenta-relatorio-setorial-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220415014352/https://www.fazcomex.com.br/blog/exportacao-de-calcados-saiba-mais/">"Exportação de Calçados: Saiba mais"</a>. February 27, 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fazcomex.com.br/blog/exportacao-de-calcados-saiba-mais/">the original</a> on April 15, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exporta%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+Cal%C3%A7ados%3A+Saiba+mais&rft.date=2020-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fazcomex.com.br%2Fblog%2Fexportacao-de-calcados-saiba-mais%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComércio2020" class="citation web cs1">Comércio, Diário do (January 24, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diariodocomercio.com.br/livre/minas-gerais-produz-323-do-aco-nacional-em-2019/">"Minas Gerais produz 32,3% do aço nacional em 2019"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614182655/https://diariodocomercio.com.br/livre/minas-gerais-produz-323-do-aco-nacional-em-2019/">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minas+Gerais+produz+32%2C3%25+do+a%C3%A7o+nacional+em+2019&rft.date=2020-01-24&rft.aulast=Com%C3%A9rcio&rft.aufirst=Di%C3%A1rio+do&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiariodocomercio.com.br%2Flivre%2Fminas-gerais-produz-323-do-aco-nacional-em-2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/o-novo-mapa-das-montadoras/">"O novo mapa das montadoras, que agora rumam para o interior do País"</a>. March 8, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190308152711/https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/o-novo-mapa-das-montadoras/">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O+novo+mapa+das+montadoras%2C+que+agora+rumam+para+o+interior+do+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.date=2019-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.istoedinheiro.com.br%2Fo-novo-mapa-das-montadoras%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://g1.globo.com/rj/sul-do-rio-costa-verde/noticia/industria-automobilistica-do-sul-do-rio-impulsiona-superavit-na-economia.ghtml">"Indústria automobilística do Sul do Rio impulsiona superavit na economia"</a>. G1. July 12, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719091817/https://g1.globo.com/rj/sul-do-rio-costa-verde/noticia/industria-automobilistica-do-sul-do-rio-impulsiona-superavit-na-economia.ghtml">Archived</a> from the original on July 19, 2017. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=G1&rft.atitle=Ind%C3%BAstria+automobil%C3%ADstica+do+Sul+do+Rio+impulsiona+superavit+na+economia&rft.date=2017-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2Frj%2Fsul-do-rio-costa-verde%2Fnoticia%2Findustria-automobilistica-do-sul-do-rio-impulsiona-superavit-na-economia.ghtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.pwc.com.br/pt/publicacoes/setores-atividade/assets/quimico-petroquimico/2013/pwc-chemicals-port-13.pdf">"Indústria Química no Brasil"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pwc.com.br/pt/publicacoes/setores-atividade/assets/quimico-petroquimico/2013/pwc-chemicals-port-13.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 9, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ind%C3%BAstria+Qu%C3%ADmica+no+Brasil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pwc.com.br%2Fpt%2Fpublicacoes%2Fsetores-atividade%2Fassets%2Fquimico-petroquimico%2F2013%2Fpwc-chemicals-port-13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/br/Documents/energy-resources/Deloitte-Abiquim-Setor-Quimico-Relatorio.pdf">"Estudo de 2018"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/br/Documents/energy-resources/Deloitte-Abiquim-Setor-Quimico-Relatorio.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estudo+de+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.deloitte.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2FDeloitte%2Fbr%2FDocuments%2Fenergy-resources%2FDeloitte-Abiquim-Setor-Quimico-Relatorio.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economia.uol.com.br/noticias/estadao-conteudo/2020/02/03/producao-nacional-da-industria-de-quimicos-cai-57-em-2019-diz-abiquim.htm">"Produção nacional da indústria de químicos cai 5,7% em 2019, diz Abiquim"</a>. economia.uol.com.br. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614230629/https://economia.uol.com.br/noticias/estadao-conteudo/2020/02/03/producao-nacional-da-industria-de-quimicos-cai-57-em-2019-diz-abiquim.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=economia.uol.com.br&rft.atitle=Produ%C3%A7%C3%A3o+nacional+da+ind%C3%BAstria+de+qu%C3%ADmicos+cai+5%2C7%25+em+2019%2C+diz+Abiquim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomia.uol.com.br%2Fnoticias%2Festadao-conteudo%2F2020%2F02%2F03%2Fproducao-nacional-da-industria-de-quimicos-cai-57-em-2019-diz-abiquim.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619042050/https://www.bnb.gov.br/documents/80223/2509338/textil_16_2017%28V2%29.pdf/063d7521-342f-e81e-232a-e251964fa1c3">"Industria Textil no Brasil"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bnb.gov.br/documents/80223/2509338/textil_16_2017%28V2%29.pdf/063d7521-342f-e81e-232a-e251964fa1c3">the original</a> on June 19, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Industria+Textil+no+Brasil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnb.gov.br%2Fdocuments%2F80223%2F2509338%2Ftextil_16_2017%2528V2%2529.pdf%2F063d7521-342f-e81e-232a-e251964fa1c3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anuário_CNT_do_transporte_2018-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anuário_CNT_do_transporte_2018_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anuário_CNT_do_transporte_2018_197-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br/2018/">"Anuário CNT do transporte 2018"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012349/http://anuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br/2018/">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anu%C3%A1rio+CNT+do+transporte+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br%2F2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mintransporte.gov.co/descargar.php?idFile=14090">"Transporte en Cifras Estadísticas 2015"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127090803/https://www.mintransporte.gov.co/descargar.php?idFile=14090">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transporte+en+Cifras+Estad%C3%ADsticas+2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mintransporte.gov.co%2Fdescargar.php%3FidFile%3D14090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapas.mop.cl/cc2017/Cuadernillo/Cuadernillo_2017.pdf">"Carta Caminera 2017"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414172426/http://www.mapas.mop.cl/cc2017/Cuadernillo/Cuadernillo_2017.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carta+Caminera+2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapas.mop.cl%2Fcc2017%2FCuadernillo%2FCuadernillo_2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cis-200"><a href="#cite_ref-cis_200-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/">CIA – The World Factbook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126164719/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico">Archived</a> January 26, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on December 20, 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-sctroad-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sctroad_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sctroad_201-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dgaf.sct.gob.mx/fileadmin/EST_BASICA/EST_BASICA_2005/EST2005_12INFRA.pdf">Infraestructura Carretera</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070716114353/http://dgaf.sct.gob.mx/fileadmin/EST_BASICA/EST_BASICA_2005/EST2005_12INFRA.pdf">Archived</a> July 16, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. México. Retrieved January 13, 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> With data from <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-panrotas.com.br-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-panrotas.com.br_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-panrotas.com.br_203-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.panrotas.com.br/aviacao/aeroportos/2018/10/brasil-tem-9-dos-maiores-aeroportos-da-america-latina_159919.html">"Brasil tem 9 dos maiores aeroportos da América Latina"</a>. October 29, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111125631/https://www.panrotas.com.br/aviacao/aeroportos/2018/10/brasil-tem-9-dos-maiores-aeroportos-da-america-latina_159919.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brasil+tem+9+dos+maiores+aeroportos+da+Am%C3%A9rica+Latina&rft.date=2018-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.panrotas.com.br%2Faviacao%2Faeroportos%2F2018%2F10%2Fbrasil-tem-9-dos-maiores-aeroportos-da-america-latina_159919.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2053rank.html">Ranking on the number of airports per country</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180119190550/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2053rank.html">Archived</a> January 19, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. CIA Factbook </li> <li id="cite_note-mcx-205"><a href="#cite_ref-mcx_205-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcx.es/turismo/infopais/mexico/Mexico.htm#D.-%20Infr">Infrastructuras</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090202171017/http://www.mcx.es/turismo/infopais/mexico/Mexico.htm#D.-%20Infr">Archived</a> February 2, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Información de México. Ministerio de Industria, Turismo y Comercio de España. </li> <li id="cite_note-cepal.org-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cepal.org_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cepal.org_206-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/news/files/actividad_portuaria_2018.pdf">"Port Activity of Latin America and the Caribbean 2018"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114132759/https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/news/files/actividad_portuaria_2018.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Port+Activity+of+Latin+America+and+the+Caribbean+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cepal.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fnews%2Ffiles%2Factividad_portuaria_2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brazil/">"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence"</a>. July 12, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812124129/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brazil/">Archived</a> from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%94+Central+Intelligence&rft.date=2022-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fbrazil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mintransporte.gov.co/Servicios/Estadisticas/DIAGNOSTICO_TRANSPORTE_2008.pdf">"Diagnostico Transporte"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307192918/https://www.mintransporte.gov.co/Servicios/Estadisticas/DIAGNOSTICO_TRANSPORTE_2008.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diagnostico+Transporte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mintransporte.gov.co%2FServicios%2FEstadisticas%2FDIAGNOSTICO_TRANSPORTE_2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220091405/http://www.anp.gov.br/noticias/5628-producao-de-petroleo-e-gas-no-brasil-ultrapassa-4-milhoes-de-boe-d-pela-primeira-vez">"Produção de petróleo e gás no Brasil ultrapassa 4 milhões de boe/d pela primeira vez"</a>. anp.gov.br. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anp.gov.br/noticias/5628-producao-de-petroleo-e-gas-no-brasil-ultrapassa-4-milhoes-de-boe-d-pela-primeira-vez">the original</a> on February 20, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=anp.gov.br&rft.atitle=Produ%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+petr%C3%B3leo+e+g%C3%A1s+no+Brasil+ultrapassa+4+milh%C3%B5es+de+boe%2Fd+pela+primeira+vez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anp.gov.br%2Fnoticias%2F5628-producao-de-petroleo-e-gas-no-brasil-ultrapassa-4-milhoes-de-boe-d-pela-primeira-vez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cbie.com.br/artigos/quantas-usinas-geradoras-de-energia-temos-no-brasil/">"How many power plants do we have in Brazil?"</a>. April 5, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031005818/https://cbie.com.br/artigos/quantas-usinas-geradoras-de-energia-temos-no-brasil/">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+many+power+plants+do+we+have+in+Brazil%3F&rft.date=2019-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcbie.com.br%2Fartigos%2Fquantas-usinas-geradoras-de-energia-temos-no-brasil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193140/https://www.aneel.gov.br/sala-de-imprensa-exibicao/-/asset_publisher/XGPXSqdMFHrE/content/brasil-alcanca-170-mil-megawatts-de-capacidade-instalada-em-2019/656877?inheritRedirect=false">"Brasil alcança 170 mil megawatts de capacidade instalada em 2019"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aneel.gov.br/sala-de-imprensa-exibicao/-/asset_publisher/XGPXSqdMFHrE/content/brasil-alcanca-170-mil-megawatts-de-capacidade-instalada-em-2019/656877?inheritRedirect=false">the original</a> on April 13, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brasil+alcan%C3%A7a+170+mil+megawatts+de+capacidade+instalada+em+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aneel.gov.br%2Fsala-de-imprensa-exibicao%2F-%2Fasset_publisher%2FXGPXSqdMFHrE%2Fcontent%2Fbrasil-alcanca-170-mil-megawatts-de-capacidade-instalada-em-2019%2F656877%3FinheritRedirect%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180401075849/http://www.energiaeambiente.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/IEMA-AGUA_vFinal.pdf">"IEMA (Instituto de Energia e Meio Ambiente),2016.Série TERMOELETRICIDADE EM FOCO: Uso de água em termoelétricas"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.energiaeambiente.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/IEMA-AGUA_vFinal.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IEMA+%28Instituto+de+Energia+e+Meio+Ambiente%29%2C2016.S%C3%A9rie+TERMOELETRICIDADE+EM+FOCO%3A+Uso+de+%C3%A1gua+em+termoel%C3%A9tricas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.energiaeambiente.org.br%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F11%2FIEMA-AGUA_vFinal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.bndes.gov.br/bib/jspui/bitstream/1408/4401/1/O%20BNDES%20e%20a%20quest%C3%A3o%20energ%C3%A9tica%20e%20logistica%20na%20Regi%C3%A3o%20Sudeste_5_P.pdf">"O BNDES e a questão energética e logística da Região Sudeste"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200709090411/https://web.bndes.gov.br/bib/jspui/bitstream/1408/4401/1/O%20BNDES%20e%20a%20quest%c3%a3o%20energ%c3%a9tica%20e%20logistica%20na%20Regi%c3%a3o%20Sudeste_5_P.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 9, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O+BNDES+e+a+quest%C3%A3o+energ%C3%A9tica+e+log%C3%ADstica+da+Regi%C3%A3o+Sudeste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.bndes.gov.br%2Fbib%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F1408%2F4401%2F1%2FO%2520BNDES%2520e%2520a%2520quest%25C3%25A3o%2520energ%25C3%25A9tica%2520e%2520logistica%2520na%2520Regi%25C3%25A3o%2520Sudeste_5_P.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060519000659/http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/hybiggest.html">"Power: World's biggest hydroelectric facility"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/hybiggest.html">the original</a> on May 19, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Power%3A+World%27s+biggest+hydroelectric+facility&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fga.water.usgs.gov%2Fedu%2Fhybiggest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.org.br/AcervoDigitalDocumentosEPublicacoes/Boletim%20Mensal%20de%20Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20E%C3%B3lica%202021-02.pdf">"Boletim Mensal de Geração Eólica Fevereiro/2021"</a> (PDF) (in Portuguese). Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico – ONS. February 20, 2021. pp. 6, 14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410221330/http://www.ons.org.br/AcervoDigitalDocumentosEPublicacoes/Boletim%20Mensal%20de%20Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20E%C3%B3lica%202021-02.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boletim+Mensal+de+Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o+E%C3%B3lica+Fevereiro%2F2021&rft.pages=6%2C+14&rft.pub=Operador+Nacional+do+Sistema+El%C3%A9trico+%E2%80%93+ONS&rft.date=2021-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.org.br%2FAcervoDigitalDocumentosEPublicacoes%2FBoletim%2520Mensal%2520de%2520Gera%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o%2520E%25C3%25B3lica%25202021-02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://megawhat.energy/news/147158/eolica-supera-22-gw-em-operacao-no-brasil">"Eólica supera 22 GW em operação no Brasil"</a> (in Brazilian Portuguese). Megawhar. July 21, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315014248/https://megawhat.energy/news/147158/eolica-supera-22-gw-em-operacao-no-brasil">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2023. Retrieved August 2, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=E%C3%B3lica+supera+22+GW+em+opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o+no+Brasil&rft.pub=Megawhar&rft.date=2022-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmegawhat.energy%2Fnews%2F147158%2Feolica-supera-22-gw-em-operacao-no-brasil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181007223102/http://www.brasil.gov.br/noticias/infraestrutura/2014/12/brasil-e-o-pais-com-melhor-fator-de-aproveitamento-da-energia-eolica">"Brasil é o país com melhor fator de aproveitamento da energia eólica"</a>. Governo do Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brasil.gov.br/noticias/infraestrutura/2014/12/brasil-e-o-pais-com-melhor-fator-de-aproveitamento-da-energia-eolica">the original</a> on October 7, 2018. Retrieved October 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Governo+do+Brasil&rft.atitle=Brasil+%C3%A9+o+pa%C3%ADs+com+melhor+fator+de+aproveitamento+da+energia+e%C3%B3lica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brasil.gov.br%2Fnoticias%2Finfraestrutura%2F2014%2F12%2Fbrasil-e-o-pais-com-melhor-fator-de-aproveitamento-da-energia-eolica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-233/topico-520/Boletim_2020_Q1.pdf">"Boletim Trimestral de Energia Eólica – Junho de 2020"</a> (PDF) (in Brazilian Portuguese). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Empresa_de_Pesquisa_Energ%C3%A9tica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Empresa de Pesquisa Energética (page does not exist)">Empresa de Pesquisa Energética</a>. June 23, 2020. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210811053611/https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-233/topico-520/Boletim_2020_Q1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boletim+Trimestral+de+Energia+E%C3%B3lica+%E2%80%93+Junho+de+2020&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Empresa+de+Pesquisa+Energ%C3%A9tica&rft.date=2020-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epe.gov.br%2Fsites-pt%2Fpublicacoes-dados-abertos%2Fpublicacoes%2FPublicacoesArquivos%2Fpublicacao-233%2Ftopico-520%2FBoletim_2020_Q1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbie.com.br-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cbie.com.br_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbie.com.br_219-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cbie.com.br/artigos/quantas-usinas-geradoras-de-energia-temos-no-brasil/">"Quantas usinas geradoras de energia temos no Brasil?"</a>. April 5, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031005818/https://cbie.com.br/artigos/quantas-usinas-geradoras-de-energia-temos-no-brasil/">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quantas+usinas+geradoras+de+energia+temos+no+Brasil%3F&rft.date=2019-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcbie.com.br%2Fartigos%2Fquantas-usinas-geradoras-de-energia-temos-no-brasil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/ventos-promissores-a-caminho/">"Ventos promissores a caminho"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129102108/https://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/ventos-promissores-a-caminho/">Archived</a> from the original on November 29, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ventos+promissores+a+caminho&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevistapesquisa.fapesp.br%2Fventos-promissores-a-caminho%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200814221022/http://www2.ctee.com.br/brazilwindpower/2016/zpublisher/materia/?url=potencial-eolico-onshore-brasileiro-pode-ser-de-880-gw-indica-estudo-20161026">"Brazilian onshore wind potential could be 880 GW, study indicates"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ctee.com.br/brazilwindpower/2016/zpublisher/materia/?url=potencial-eolico-onshore-brasileiro-pode-ser-de-880-gw-indica-estudo-20161026">the original</a> on August 14, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazilian+onshore+wind+potential+could+be+880+GW%2C+study+indicates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ctee.com.br%2Fbrazilwindpower%2F2016%2Fzpublisher%2Fmateria%2F%3Furl%3Dpotencial-eolico-onshore-brasileiro-pode-ser-de-880-gw-indica-estudo-20161026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RENEWABLE_CAPACITY_STATISTICS_2021-222">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RENEWABLE_CAPACITY_STATISTICS_2021_222-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RENEWABLE_CAPACITY_STATISTICS_2021_222-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RENEWABLE_CAPACITY_STATISTICS_2021_222-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2021.pdf">"Renewable capacity statistics 2021"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210827043106/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2021.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 27, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Renewable+capacity+statistics+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irena.org%2F-%2Fmedia%2FFiles%2FIRENA%2FAgency%2FPublication%2F2021%2FApr%2FIRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf">"Global wind statistics"</a> (PDF). IRENA. April 22, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IRENA&rft.atitle=Global+wind+statistics&rft.date=2022-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irena.org%2F-%2Fmedia%2FFiles%2FIRENA%2FAgency%2FPublication%2F2022%2FApr%2FIRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-224">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_224-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_224-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchieRoserRosado2022" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Ritchie" title="Hannah Ritchie">Ritchie, Hannah</a>; <a href="/wiki/Max_Roser" title="Max Roser">Roser, Max</a>; Rosado, Pablo (October 27, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy">"Energy"</a>. Our World in Data. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804120952/https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved October 27, 2022 – via ourworldindata.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Energy&rft.date=2022-10-27&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft.au=Roser%2C+Max&rft.au=Rosado%2C+Pablo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Frenewable-energy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-uic-225"><a href="#cite_ref-uic_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208105204/http://www.uic.com.au/nip95.htm">"Nuclear Power in Brazil. Briefing Paper # 95"</a>. Uranium Information Centre. May 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uic.com.au/nip95.htm">the original</a> on February 8, 2007. Retrieved May 19, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Power+in+Brazil.+Briefing+Paper+%23+95&rft.pub=Uranium+Information+Centre&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uic.com.au%2Fnip95.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-merco-226"><a href="#cite_ref-merco_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070219171559/http://www.mercopress.com/Detalle.asp?NUM=9036">"Brazil plans to build seven nuclear reactors"</a>. Mecropress. October 23, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercopress.com/Detalle.asp?NUM=9036">the original</a> on February 19, 2007. Retrieved May 19, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazil+plans+to+build+seven+nuclear+reactors&rft.pub=Mecropress&rft.date=2006-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercopress.com%2FDetalle.asp%3FNUM%3D9036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://canalenergia.com.br/noticias/53228183/solar-atinge-21-gw-e-r-1086-bi-em-investimentos-no-brasil">"Solar atinge 21 GW e R$ 108,6 bi em investimentos no Brasil"</a>. canalenergia.com.br. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230401111703/https://www.canalenergia.com.br/noticias/53228183/solar-atinge-21-gw-e-r-1086-bi-em-investimentos-no-brasil">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2023. Retrieved October 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=canalenergia.com.br&rft.atitle=Solar+atinge+21+GW+e+R%24+108%2C6+bi+em+investimentos+no+Brasil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcanalenergia.com.br%2Fnoticias%2F53228183%2Fsolar-atinge-21-gw-e-r-1086-bi-em-investimentos-no-brasil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181007223213/http://sharenergy.com.br/quais-melhores-regioes-brasil-para-geracao-de-energia-fotovoltaica/">"Quais as melhores regiões do Brasil para geração de energia fotovoltaica? – Sharenergy"</a>. Sharenergy (in Brazilian Portuguese). February 3, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sharenergy.com.br/quais-melhores-regioes-brasil-para-geracao-de-energia-fotovoltaica/">the original</a> on October 7, 2018. Retrieved October 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sharenergy&rft.atitle=Quais+as+melhores+regi%C3%B5es+do+Brasil+para+gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+energia+fotovoltaica%3F+%E2%80%93+Sharenergy&rft.date=2017-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsharenergy.com.br%2Fquais-melhores-regioes-brasil-para-geracao-de-energia-fotovoltaica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.org.br/AcervoDigitalDocumentosEPublicacoes/Boletim%20Mensal%20de%20Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20Solar%202020-09.pdf">"Boletim Mensal de Geração Solar Fotovoltaica Setembro/2020"</a> (PDF) (in Portuguese). Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico – ONS. October 13, 2020. pp. 6, 13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201102012240/http://www.ons.org.br/AcervoDigitalDocumentosEPublicacoes/Boletim%20Mensal%20de%20Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20Solar%202020-09.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 2, 2020. Retrieved October 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boletim+Mensal+de+Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Solar+Fotovoltaica+Setembro%2F2020&rft.pages=6%2C+13&rft.pub=Operador+Nacional+do+Sistema+El%C3%A9trico+%E2%80%93+ONS&rft.date=2020-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.org.br%2FAcervoDigitalDocumentosEPublicacoes%2FBoletim%2520Mensal%2520de%2520Gera%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o%2520Solar%25202020-09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf">"RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2022"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved October 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RENEWABLE+CAPACITY+STATISTICS+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irena.org%2F-%2Fmedia%2FFiles%2FIRENA%2FAgency%2FPublication%2F2022%2FApr%2FIRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2021.pdf">"RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2021 page 41"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210827043106/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2021.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 27, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RENEWABLE+CAPACITY+STATISTICS+2021+page+41&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irena.org%2F-%2Fmedia%2FFiles%2FIRENA%2FAgency%2FPublication%2F2021%2FApr%2FIRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production">"Annual production of oil and other liquids"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200627013533/https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+production+of+oil+and+other+liquids&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Finternational%2Fdata%2Fworld%2Fpetroleum-and-other-liquids%2Fannual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2014.pdf">IEA. Key World Energy Statistics 2014. Natural Gas.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021020232/http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2014.pdf">Archived</a> October 21, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Access date – January 17, 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2249rank.">"html CIA. The World Factbook. Natural gas – production"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=html+CIA.+The+World+Factbook.+Natural+gas+%E2%80%93+production.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2249rank.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Council_on_Foreign_Relations-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Council_on_Foreign_Relations_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Council_on_Foreign_Relations_235-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/china-influence-latin-america-argentina-brazil-venezuela-security-energy-bri#chapter-title-0-1">"China's Growing Influence in Latin America"</a>. Council on Foreign Relations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220505174838/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/china-influence-latin-america-argentina-brazil-venezuela-security-energy-bri#chapter-title-0-1">Archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=China%27s+Growing+Influence+in+Latin+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fbackgrounder%2Fchina-influence-latin-america-argentina-brazil-venezuela-security-energy-bri%23chapter-title-0-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-02-22/china-faces-creditor-trap-in-lending-to-latin-america-q-a">"China Faces 'Creditor Trap' in Lending to Latin America: Q&A"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>. February 22, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220505174839/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-02-22/china-faces-creditor-trap-in-lending-to-latin-america-q-a">Archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=China+Faces+%27Creditor+Trap%27+in+Lending+to+Latin+America%3A+Q%26A&rft.date=2022-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2022-02-22%2Fchina-faces-creditor-trap-in-lending-to-latin-america-q-a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaisotti2022" class="citation book cs1">Baisotti, Pablo (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3998/mpub.12105185">New Global Cities in Latin America and Asia: Welcome to the Twenty-First Century</a>. University of Michigan Press. p. 324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3998%2Fmpub.12105185">10.3998/mpub.12105185</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472902743" title="Special:BookSources/9780472902743"><bdi>9780472902743</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3998/mpub.12105185">10.3998/mpub.12105185</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220518174253/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3998/mpub.12105185">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2022. Retrieved May 18, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Global+Cities+in+Latin+America+and+Asia%3A+Welcome+to+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3998%2Fmpub.12105185%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3998%2Fmpub.12105185&rft.isbn=9780472902743&rft.aulast=Baisotti&rft.aufirst=Pablo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3998%2Fmpub.12105185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltés" class="citation web cs1">Altés, Carmen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=984876">"El turismo en América Latina y el Caribe y la experiencia del BID"</a> [Tourism in Latin America and the Caribbean and the experience of the IDB]. Ingresos directos por turismo internacional. Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118124254/http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=984876">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved May 3, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ingresos+directos+por+turismo+internacional&rft.atitle=El+turismo+en+Am%C3%A9rica+Latina+y+el+Caribe+y+la+experiencia+del+BID&rft.aulast=Alt%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Carmen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidbdocs.iadb.org%2Fwsdocs%2Fgetdocument.aspx%3Fdocnum%3D984876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WTO_Tourism_Highlights_2018_Edition-239"><a href="#cite_ref-WTO_Tourism_Highlights_2018_Edition_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284419876">UNWTO Tourism Highlights 2018 Edition</a>. World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). 2018. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18111%2F9789284419876">10.18111/9789284419876</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789284419876" title="Special:BookSources/9789284419876"><bdi>9789284419876</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240334031">240334031</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190926073837/https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284419876">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2019. Retrieved September 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UNWTO+Tourism+Highlights+2018+Edition&rft.pub=World+Tourism+Organization+%28UNWTO%29&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240334031%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18111%2F9789284419876&rft.isbn=9789284419876&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-unwto.org%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.18111%2F9789284419876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.br/turismo/pt-br/acesso-a-informacao/acoes-e-programas/observatorio/anuario-estatistico/anuario-estatistico-de-turismo-2021-ano-base-2020/anuario-estatistico-de-turismo-2021-ano-base-2020_divulgacao-compactado.pdf">"ANUÁRIO ESTATÍSTICO DE TURISMO 2021 BRASIL"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221001141952/https://www.gov.br/turismo/pt-br/acesso-a-informacao/acoes-e-programas/observatorio/anuario-estatistico/anuario-estatistico-de-turismo-2021-ano-base-2020/anuario-estatistico-de-turismo-2021-ano-base-2020_divulgacao-compactado.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 1, 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ANU%C3%81RIO+ESTAT%C3%8DSTICO+DE+TURISMO+2021+BRASIL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.br%2Fturismo%2Fpt-br%2Facesso-a-informacao%2Facoes-e-programas%2Fobservatorio%2Fanuario-estatistico%2Fanuario-estatistico-de-turismo-2021-ano-base-2020%2Fanuario-estatistico-de-turismo-2021-ano-base-2020_divulgacao-compactado.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDestape2021" class="citation web cs1">Destape, El (December 10, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eldestapeweb.com/turismo/turismo/los-10-destinos-mas-visitados-de-argentina-segun-los-portales-de-turismo-2021121014100">"Los 10 destinos más visitados de Argentina según los portales de turismo"</a>. www.eldestapeweb.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221001141952/https://www.eldestapeweb.com/turismo/turismo/los-10-destinos-mas-visitados-de-argentina-segun-los-portales-de-turismo-2021121014100">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eldestapeweb.com&rft.atitle=Los+10+destinos+m%C3%A1s+visitados+de+Argentina+seg%C3%BAn+los+portales+de+turismo&rft.date=2021-12-10&rft.aulast=Destape&rft.aufirst=El&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eldestapeweb.com%2Fturismo%2Fturismo%2Flos-10-destinos-mas-visitados-de-argentina-segun-los-portales-de-turismo-2021121014100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vianica.com/go/specials/19-traditional-nicaraguan-costumes.html">"Traditional Nicaraguan Costumes: Mestizaje Costume"</a>. ViaNica.com. Retrieved November 21, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ViaNica.com&rft.atitle=Traditional+Nicaraguan+Costumes%3A+Mestizaje+Costume&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vianica.com%2Fgo%2Fspecials%2F19-traditional-nicaraguan-costumes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStepan1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Stepan" title="Nancy Stepan">Stepan, Nancy Leys</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NuUxkMC1ePYC">"The Hour of Eugenics": Race, Gender, and Nation in Latin America</a>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. in passim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9795-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9795-7"><bdi>978-0-8014-9795-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The+Hour+of+Eugenics%22%3A+Race%2C+Gender%2C+and+Nation+in+Latin+America&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pages=in+passim&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-9795-7&rft.aulast=Stepan&rft.aufirst=Nancy+Leys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNuUxkMC1ePYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiannelli2021" class="citation web cs1">Giannelli, Anthony (April 28, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://magazine.artland.com/decolonizing-identity-through-latin-american-visual-art/">"Decolonizing Identity through Latin American Visual Art"</a>. Artland Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220702051920/https://magazine.artland.com/decolonizing-identity-through-latin-american-visual-art/">Archived</a> from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved July 2, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artland+Magazine&rft.atitle=Decolonizing+Identity+through+Latin+American+Visual+Art&rft.date=2021-04-28&rft.aulast=Giannelli&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmagazine.artland.com%2Fdecolonizing-identity-through-latin-american-visual-art%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerez-Barreiro1994" class="citation journal cs1">Perez-Barreiro, Gabriel (December 1994). "Constructivism in Latin America". University of Essex Collection of Latin American Art.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Essex+Collection+of+Latin+American+Art&rft.atitle=Constructivism+in+Latin+America&rft.date=1994-12&rft.aulast=Perez-Barreiro&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/museoreinasofia/docs/kobro_ing">"Kobro and Strzemiński. Avant-Garde Prototypes"</a>. Issuu. November 29, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503112733/https://issuu.com/museoreinasofia/docs/kobro_ing">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2019. Retrieved May 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Issuu&rft.atitle=Kobro+and+Strzemi%C5%84ski.+Avant-Garde+Prototypes&rft.date=2017-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fmuseoreinasofia%2Fdocs%2Fkobro_ing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070620174806/http://www.artknowledgenews.com/Frida_Kahlo_Roots_%245.6_Million_Record-at-Sothebys.html">"Frida Kahlo "Roots" Sets $5.6 Million Record at Sotheby's"</a>. Art Knowledge News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artknowledgenews.com/Frida_Kahlo_Roots_$5.6_Million_Record-at-Sothebys.html">the original</a> on June 20, 2007. Retrieved September 23, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frida+Kahlo+%22Roots%22+Sets+%245.6+Million+Record+at+Sotheby%27s&rft.pub=Art+Knowledge+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artknowledgenews.com%2FFrida_Kahlo_Roots_%245.6_Million_Record-at-Sothebys.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNotimex_/_El_Siglo_De_Torreón2012" class="citation web cs1">Notimex / El Siglo De Torreón (April 1, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/725150.fernando-botero-el-gran-artista-de-latinoamerica.html">"Fernando Botero, el gran artista de Latinoamérica"</a>. Elsiglodetorreon.com.mx. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525114048/https://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/725150.fernando-botero-el-gran-artista-de-latinoamerica.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fernando+Botero%2C+el+gran+artista+de+Latinoam%C3%A9rica&rft.pub=Elsiglodetorreon.com.mx&rft.date=2012-04-01&rft.au=Notimex+%2F+El+Siglo+De+Torre%C3%B3n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx%2Fnoticia%2F725150.fernando-botero-el-gran-artista-de-latinoamerica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061921/http://www.revistaenie.clarin.com/arte/pintura/Fernando-Botero-MNBA_0_934106624.html">"Fernando Botero, el aprendiz eterno"</a>. Revistaenie.clarin.com. October 6, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revistaenie.clarin.com/arte/pintura/Fernando-Botero-MNBA_0_934106624.html">the original</a> on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 9, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fernando+Botero%2C+el+aprendiz+eterno&rft.pub=Revistaenie.clarin.com&rft.date=2013-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revistaenie.clarin.com%2Farte%2Fpintura%2FFernando-Botero-MNBA_0_934106624.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForero2005" class="citation news cs1">Forero, Juan (May 8, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/08/international/americas/08botero.html">"'Great Crime' at Abu Ghraib Enrages and Inspires an Artist"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716035202/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/08/international/americas/08botero.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Great+Crime%27+at+Abu+Ghraib+Enrages+and+Inspires+an+Artist&rft.date=2005-05-08&rft.aulast=Forero&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F05%2F08%2Finternational%2Famericas%2F08botero.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecuador.com/blog/oswaldo-guayasamin/">"Oswaldo Guayasamin"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122223334/https://www.ecuador.com/blog/oswaldo-guayasamin/">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oswaldo+Guayasamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecuador.com%2Fblog%2Foswaldo-guayasamin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.passporttheworld.com/life-art-famous-ecuadorian-painter-oswaldo-guayasamin/">"The life and art of famous Ecuadorian painter Oswaldo Guayasamín"</a>. February 10, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122223330/https://www.passporttheworld.com/life-art-famous-ecuadorian-painter-oswaldo-guayasamin/">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+life+and+art+of+famous+Ecuadorian+painter+Oswaldo+Guayasam%C3%ADn&rft.date=2020-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.passporttheworld.com%2Flife-art-famous-ecuadorian-painter-oswaldo-guayasamin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> Paul A. Schroeder Rodriguez. Latin American Cinema: A Comparative History (University of California Press; 2016) studies 50 films since the silent era. </li> <li id="cite_note-Premios_Óscar_Latinos-254"><a href="#cite_ref-Premios_Óscar_Latinos_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacherbas2017" class="citation web cs1">Bacherbas (September 11, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://premiososcarlatinos.wordpress.com/2017/09/12/los-latinos-al-oscar-2018-chile/">"Los latinos al Óscar 2018: Chile"</a>. Premios Óscar Latinos. Retrieved September 11, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Premios+%C3%93scar+Latinos&rft.atitle=Los+latinos+al+%C3%93scar+2018%3A+Chile&rft.date=2017-09-11&rft.au=Bacherbas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpremiososcarlatinos.wordpress.com%2F2017%2F09%2F12%2Flos-latinos-al-oscar-2018-chile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-juan-gabriel-20160828-snap-story.html">"Juan Gabriel, superstar Mexican singer, dies at 66"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190530071725/https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-juan-gabriel-20160828-snap-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 30, 2019. Retrieved August 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Juan+Gabriel%2C+superstar+Mexican+singer%2C+dies+at+66&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Flocal%2Fobituaries%2Fla-me-juan-gabriel-20160828-snap-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashburne" class="citation web cs1">Washburne, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetsalsa.com/university_of_salsa/clave/clave_roots.htm">"Clave: The African Roots of Salsa"</a>. University of Salsa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060507215444/http://www.planetsalsa.com/university_of_salsa/clave/clave_roots.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2006. Retrieved May 23, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clave%3A+The+African+Roots+of+Salsa&rft.pub=University+of+Salsa&rft.aulast=Washburne&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetsalsa.com%2Funiversity_of_salsa%2Fclave%2Fclave_roots.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060506015313/http://www.caravanmusic.com/GuideLatinMusic.htm">"Guide to Latin Music"</a>. Caravan Music. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caravanmusic.com/GuideLatinMusic.htm">the original</a> on May 6, 2006. Retrieved May 23, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Latin+Music&rft.pub=Caravan+Music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caravanmusic.com%2FGuideLatinMusic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060811081605/http://www.cesil.com/0998/enbass09.htm">"Heitor Villa-Lobos"</a>. Leadership Medica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cesil.com/0998/enbass09.htm">the original</a> on August 11, 2006. Retrieved May 23, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heitor+Villa-Lobos&rft.pub=Leadership+Medica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cesil.com%2F0998%2Fenbass09.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050830190254/http://www.pub.umich.edu/daily/1999/sep/09-28-99/arts/arts6.html">"Latin music returns to America with wave of new pop starlets"</a>. The Michigan Daily. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pub.umich.edu/daily/1999/sep/09-28-99/arts/arts6.html">the original</a> on August 30, 2005. Retrieved May 23, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Michigan+Daily&rft.atitle=Latin+music+returns+to+America+with+wave+of+new+pop+starlets&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pub.umich.edu%2Fdaily%2F1999%2Fsep%2F09-28-99%2Farts%2Farts6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.today.com/popculture/daddy-yankee-leads-reggaeton-charge-wbna9410287">"Daddy Yankee leads the reggaeton charge"</a>. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525114307/http://www.today.com/popculture/daddy-yankee-leads-reggaeton-charge-wbna9410287">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Daddy+Yankee+leads+the+reggaeton+charge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.today.com%2Fpopculture%2Fdaddy-yankee-leads-reggaeton-charge-wbna9410287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-list-261"><a href="#cite_ref-list_261-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list">World Heritage List</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210314170923/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list">Archived</a> March 14, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, UNESCO World Heritage Sites official sites. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Latin_America" class="extiw" title="commons:Latin America">Latin America</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Latin_America" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Latin America">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Latin_America" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Latin America">Latin America</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Latin_America#Q12585" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Latin America">Latin America</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iadb.org/en/topics/education/education-initiative-in-latin-america,6887.html">IDB Education Initiative</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171113141600/http://www.iadb.org/en/topics/education/education-initiative-in-latin-america,6887.html">Archived</a> November 13, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lacli.info/">Latin American, Caribbean, Latinx, and Iberian Free Online Resources (LACLI)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.lanic.utexas.edu/">Latin American Network Information Center</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071224222810/http://lanic.utexas.edu/">Archived</a> December 24, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ladb.unm.edu/">Latin America Data Base</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190719054102/http://ladb.unm.edu/">Archived</a> July 19, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wola.org/">Washington Office on Latin America</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116125035/https://www.wola.org/">Archived</a> January 16, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coha.org/">Council on Hemispheric Affairs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091121074246/http://www.coha.org/">Archived</a> November 21, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://codigosdebarras.net/">Codigos De Barra</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907185735/http://www.codigosdebarras.net/">Archived</a> September 7, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20080908155853/http%3A//www.infolatam.com/">Infolatam. Information and analysis of Latin America</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Web Archives (archived September 8, 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/farmingsystems/FarmingMaps/LAC/09/LC/index.html">Map of Land Cover: Latin America and Caribbean (FAO)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081001095642/http://www.fao.org/farmingsystems/FarmingMaps/LAC/09/LC/index.html">Archived</a> October 1, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090323/dangl">Lessons From Latin America</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090310163750/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090323/dangl">Archived</a> March 10, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Benjamin Dangl, The Nation, March 4, 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100624120221/http://knightcenter.utexas.edu/blog/?q=en%2Fnode%2F4318">Keeping Latin America on the World News Agenda – Interview with Michael Reid of The Economist</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived June 24, 2010)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121214185340/http://www.csupomona.edu/~jmvadi/454/The%20Cold%20War.html">Cold War in Latin America, CSU Pomona University</a> at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> (archived December 14, 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/macmillan/lais/cold-war-resources.html">Latin America Cold War Resources, Yale University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117164825/http://www.yale.edu/macmillan/lais/cold-war-resources.html">Archived</a> January 17, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~jidoming/images/jid_uslatin.PDF">Latin America Cold War, Harvard University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309153730/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~jidoming/images/jid_uslatin.PDF">Archived</a> March 9, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://larc.ucalgary.ca/">Latin American Research Centre, University of Calgary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130128230157/http://larc.ucalgary.ca/">Archived</a> January 28, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latin_America_articles199" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_America_topics" title="Template:Latin America topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_America_topics" title="Template talk:Latin America topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_America_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin America topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latin_America_articles199" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Latin America</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin_America" title="History of Latin America">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_the_Americas" title="Decolonization of the Americas">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_integration" title="Latin American integration">Latin American integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Latin_America" title="Great Depression in Latin America">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_debt_crisis" title="Latin American debt crisis">Debt crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Latin_America" title="Catholic Church in Latin America">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_history_of_Latin_America" title="Environmental history of Latin America">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_libraries_in_Latin_America" title="History of libraries in Latin America">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin_American_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Latin American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Latin_America" title="Military history of Latin America">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Latin_America" title="Witchcraft in Latin America">Brujería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">Slavery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Foreign relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" title="Australia–Latin America relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" title="Canada–Latin America relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Latin America relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" title="India–Latin America relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" title="Ireland–Latin America relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Latin_America_Conference" title="Italy–Latin America Conference">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" title="Japan–Latin America relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_League_of_Nations" title="Latin America and the League of Nations">League of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" title="South Korea–Latin America relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Latin America–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latin America–United States relations">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Latin_America" title="List of regions of Latin America">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_drug_legalization" title="Latin American drug legalization">Drug legalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism_in_Latin_America" title="Falangism in Latin America">Falangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_involvement_in_international_peacekeeping" title="Latin American involvement in international peacekeeping">International peacekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Liberalism and conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">Pink tide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_economy" title="Latin American economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Latin_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Latin America">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroecology_in_Latin_America" title="Agroecology in Latin America">Agroecology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_the_Americas" title="Central banks and currencies of the Americas">Central banks and currencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges_in_the_Americas" title="List of stock exchanges in the Americas">Stock exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Latin_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism in Latin America">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Latin_America" title="Water supply and sanitation in Latin America">Water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_Latin_America" title="Wealth inequality in Latin America">Wealth inequality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_and_violence_in_Latin_America" title="Crime and violence in Latin America">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latin_America" title="Illegal drug trade in Latin America">Illegal drug trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Latin_America" title="Education in Latin America">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_studies" title="Latin American studies">Latin American studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Latin_America" title="Etiquette in Latin America">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Latin_America" title="Feminism in Latin America">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Latin_America" title="HIV/AIDS in Latin America">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_Latin_America" title="Race and ethnicity in Latin America">Race and ethnicity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Latin_America" title="Culture of Latin America">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art" title="Latin American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American cinema">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_American_films" title="List of Latin American films">Films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cuisine" title="Latin American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_dance" title="Latin dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_literature" title="Latin American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Latin_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Latin America">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latin_America" title="Music of Latin America">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latin_America" title="Religion in Latin America">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Latin_America" title="Television in Latin America">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_broadcasting_companies_in_Latin_America" title="List of broadcasting companies in Latin America">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telenovela" title="Telenovela">Telenovela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Latin_America" title="Video games in Latin America">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Latin_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Latin America">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_American_countries_by_population" title="List of Latin American countries by population">Countries by population</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_American_cities_by_population" title="List of Latin American cities by population">Cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Latin_America" title="Ethnic groups in Latin America">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Spanish language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Americans" title="Latin Americans">Latin Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_Americans" title="List of Latin Americans">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Latin_America" title="Category:Latin America">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latin_America" title="Portal:Latin America">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pan-Americanism85" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pan-Americanism" title="Template:Pan-Americanism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pan-Americanism" title="Template talk:Pan-Americanism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-Americanism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-Americanism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pan-Americanism85" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Americanism" title="Pan-Americanism">Pan-Americanism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_the_Americas" title="Decolonization of the Americas">Decolonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_integration" title="Latin American integration">Latin American integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_integration" title="North American integration">North American integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patria_Grande" title="Patria Grande">Patria Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n" title="Lucas Alamán">Lucas Alamán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_of_Women" title="Inter-American Commission of Women">Inter-American Commission of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change_in_Latin_America" title="United States involvement in regime change in Latin America">United States involvement in regime change in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Cooperation_Treaty_Organization" title="Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization">Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean Community (CAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States" title="Association of Caribbean States">Association of Caribbean States (ACS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community (CARICOM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Integration_System" title="Central American Integration System">Central American Integration System (SICA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contadora_group" title="Contadora group">Contadora group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contadora_support_group" title="Contadora support group">Contadora support group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_the_Progress_and_Integration_of_South_America" title="Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America">Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America (PROSUR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Economic_System" title="Latin American Economic System">Latin American Economic System (SELA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Integration_Association" title="Latin American Integration Association">Latin American Integration Association (ALADI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_Group" title="Lima Group">Lima Group (LG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States (OAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States" title="Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States">Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Alliance" title="Pacific Alliance">Pacific Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocaribe" title="Petrocaribe">Petrocaribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Group" title="Rio Group">Rio Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean">United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC, CEPAL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Pirate_Party" title="United States Pirate Party">United States Pirate Party (USPP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_passport" title="Andean passport">Andean passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARICOM_passport" title="CARICOM passport">CARICOM passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARICOM_Single_Market_and_Economy" title="CARICOM Single Market and Economy">CARICOM Single Market and Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARIPASS" title="CARIPASS">CARIPASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America-4_Border_Control_Agreement" title="Central America-4 Border Control Agreement">Central America-4 Border Control Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America-4_passport" title="Central America-4 passport">Central America-4 passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Caribbean_Currency_Union" title="Eastern Caribbean Currency Union">Eastern Caribbean Currency Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_the_Integration_of_the_Regional_Infrastructure_of_South_America" title="Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America">Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America (IIRSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interoceanic_Highway" title="Interoceanic Highway">Interoceanic Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUCRE" title="SUCRE">SUCRE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Parliament" title="Andean Parliament">Andean Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_South" title="Bank of the South">Bank of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Court_of_Justice" title="Caribbean Court of Justice">Caribbean Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Development_Bank" title="Caribbean Development Bank">Caribbean Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Parliament" title="Central American Parliament">Central American Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAF_%E2%80%93_Development_Bank_of_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="CAF – Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean">Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean (CAF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Development_Bank" title="Inter-American Development Bank">Inter-American Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Parliament" title="Latin American Parliament">Latin American Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur_Parliament" title="Mercosur Parliament">Mercosur Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Parliament" title="South American Parliament">South American Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_area" title="Free trade area">Free trade areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Free_Trade_Association" title="Caribbean Free Trade Association">Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARIFORUM" title="CARIFORUM">CARIFORUM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Central_America_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement">Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Partnership_Agreements" title="Economic Partnership Agreements">Economic Partnership Agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Trade_Area_of_the_Americas" title="Free Trade Area of the Americas">Free Trade Area of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G3_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="G3 Free Trade Agreement">G3 Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Americanism#Congresses_and_conferences" title="Pan-Americanism">Pan-American Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions550" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template talk:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions550" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s primary <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">subregions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">Worlds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Under" title="Down Under">Down Under</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three/Four Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Water Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">submerged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">Tectonic plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean Rim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_regions" title="Category:Global regions">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">Global East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#The_Heartland" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Global Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Global Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Global Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Global Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Global Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Global West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template:Continents of Earth">Continents of Earth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas">List of seas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth">Physical Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12585#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1846" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12585#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1846" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12585#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3834151433038256420005">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1245945/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtmpd9KCwwvcb6rygDH4q">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4074032-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85074879">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569304">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129767&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4575388">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=7644">Greece</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/1625">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007555782205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/028923">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044549">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&oldid=1276152692">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&oldid=1276152692</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Latin_America" title="Category:Latin America">Latin America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Country_classifications" title="Category:Country classifications">Country classifications</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_other_archives" title="Category:Webarchive template other archives">Webarchive template other archives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt)" title="Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)">CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Brazilian_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt-br)" title="Category:CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)">CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2022" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2022">Articles with dead external links from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_November_2024" title="Category:Use mdy dates from November 2024">Use mdy dates from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_too_many_statistics" title="Category:Pages with too many statistics">Pages with too many statistics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_April_2022" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2022">Articles needing additional references from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_November_2021" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from November 2021">Vague or ambiguous time from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_July_2022" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2022">Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_October_2022" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2022">Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_cleanup_from_April_2022" title="Category:Articles needing cleanup from April 2022">Articles needing cleanup from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup" title="Category:All pages needing cleanup">All pages needing cleanup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_sections_that_need_to_be_turned_into_prose_from_April_2022" title="Category:Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from April 2022">Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links" title="Category:Webarchive template archiveis links">Webarchive template archiveis links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 February 2025, at 05:19 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latin_America&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Latin America</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 147 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-qcv8q","wgBackendResponseTime":155,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.235","walltime":"3.740","ppvisitednodes":{"value":43449,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":814429,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":50283,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":71,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":950091,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2896.159 1 -total"," 37.70% 1091.784 3 Template:Reflist"," 21.92% 634.940 174 Template:Cite_web"," 6.55% 189.633 3 Template:Excerpt"," 6.54% 189.414 1 Template:Infobox_continent"," 6.39% 185.077 1 Template:Infobox"," 5.09% 147.281 29 Template:Cite_book"," 4.89% 141.681 1 Template:Sort_under"," 4.34% 125.787 1 Template:Latin_America_topics"," 4.25% 122.973 1 Template:Region_topics"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.494","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19429839,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","320","20.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","13.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","200","12.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","160","10.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","80","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","3.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","3.8"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","3.8"],["chunk \u003CModule:Citation/CS1\u003E","60","3.8"],["[others]","280","17.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-786d8bd985-tzgq6","timestamp":"20250217052001","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Latin America","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Latin_America","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q12585","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q12585","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-12-06T10:05:38Z","dateModified":"2025-02-17T05:19:58Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/63\/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg","headline":"region of the Americas where Romance languages are primarily spoken"}</script> </body> </html>