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<span>Botany</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Botany-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Botany subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Botany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Natural distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saponins_and_oxalic_acid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saponins_and_oxalic_acid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Saponins and oxalic acid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saponins_and_oxalic_acid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultivation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Climate requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sowing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sowing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sowing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sowing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Soil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harvesting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvesting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Harvesting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harvesting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Price" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Price"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Price</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Price-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_rising_demand_on_growers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_rising_demand_on_growers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Effects of rising demand on growers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_rising_demand_on_growers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Nations_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>United Nations recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>As food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kosher_certification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kosher_certification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Kosher certification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kosher_certification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Cultural History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Quinoa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7" title="كينوا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كينوا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenopodium_quinoa" title="Chenopodium quinoa – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chenopodium quinoa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenopodium_quinoa" title="Chenopodium quinoa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chenopodium quinoa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiwra" title="Jiwra – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jiwra" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinoa" title="Kinoa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kinoa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Киноа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Киноа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Quinoa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenopodium_quinoa" title="Chenopodium quinoa – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Chenopodium quinoa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merl%C3%ADk_%C4%8Dilsk%C3%BD" title="Merlík čilský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Merlík čilský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Quinoa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Quinoa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1iili_hanemalts" title="Tšiili hanemalts – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tšiili hanemalts" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%B1" title="Κινόα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κινόα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenopodium_quinoa" title="Chenopodium quinoa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chenopodium quinoa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvinoo" title="Kvinoo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kvinoo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinoa" title="Kinoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kinoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A2" title="کینوآ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کینوآ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Quinoa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Quinoa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%80%B4%EB%85%B8%EC%95%84" title="퀴노아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="퀴노아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="क्विन्वा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्विन्वा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvinoja" title="Kvinoja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kvinoja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinoa" title="Kinoa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kinoa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADn%C3%B3a" title="Kínóa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kínóa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenopodium_quinoa" title="Chenopodium quinoa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chenopodium quinoa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94" title="קינואה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קינואה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Quinoa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE" title="ಕೀನೋವಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೀನೋವಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Quinoa" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90" title="კინოა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კინოა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenopodium_quinoa" title="Chenopodium quinoa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chenopodium quinoa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivin%C4%97_balanda" title="Bolivinė balanda – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bolivinė balanda" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinoa" title="Kinoa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kinoa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7" title="كينوا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كينوا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuinoa" title="Kuinoa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kuinoa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinoa_(plant)" title="Quinoa (plant) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Quinoa (plant)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%8C%E3%82%A2" title="キヌア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キヌア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinoa" title="Kinoa – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kinoa" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Quinoa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Quinoa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Quinoa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komosa_ry%C5%BCowa" title="Komosa ryżowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Komosa ryżowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quinoa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Quinoa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinwa" title="Kinwa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kinwa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Киноа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Киноа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Quinoa" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuinoa" title="Kuinoa – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kuinoa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Quinoa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvinoja" title="Kvinoja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kvinoja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinoa" title="Kinoa – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kinoa" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinoa" title="Kinoa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kinoa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvinoa" title="Kvinoa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kvinoa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Quinoa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Quinoa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE" title="கினோவா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கினோவா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2" title="คีนวา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คีนวา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinoa" title="Kinoa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kinoa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Кіноа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кіноа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%AAm_m%E1%BA%A1ch" title="Diêm mạch – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Diêm mạch" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenopodium_quinoa" title="Chenopodium quinoa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Chenopodium quinoa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%9C%E9%BA%A6" title="藜麦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="藜麦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the album by Tangerine Dream, see <a href="/wiki/Quinoa_(album)" title="Quinoa (album)">Quinoa (album)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Quinoa </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Reismelde.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Reismelde.jpg/220px-Reismelde.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Reismelde.jpg/330px-Reismelde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Reismelde.jpg/440px-Reismelde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="1284" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Chenopodium" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caryophyllales" title="Caryophyllales">Caryophyllales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranthaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium" title="Chenopodium"><i>Chenopodium</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>C. quinoa</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Chenopodium quinoa</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig_Willdenow" title="Carl Ludwig Willdenow">Willd.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Quinoa_Distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Quinoa_Distribution.png/220px-Quinoa_Distribution.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Quinoa_Distribution.png/330px-Quinoa_Distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Quinoa_Distribution.png/440px-Quinoa_Distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1759" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Natural distribution in red, Cultivation in green </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;"> <ul><li><i>Chenopodium canihua</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Orator_F._Cook" title="Orator F. Cook">O.F. Cook</a></small></li> <li><i>Chenopodium ccoyto</i> <small><a href="/wiki/John_Torrey" title="John Torrey">Torr.</a></small></li> <li><i>Chenopodium ccuchi-huila</i> <small><a href="/wiki/John_Torrey" title="John Torrey">Torr.</a></small></li> <li><i>Chenopodium chilense</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Hendrik_Persoon" title="Christiaan Hendrik Persoon">Pers.</a></small> <a href="/wiki/Validly_published_name" title="Validly published name">nom. inval.</a></li> <li><i>Chenopodium guinoa</i> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Johann_Krocker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Johann Krocker (page does not exist)">Krock.</a></small></li> <li><i>Chenopodium nuttalliae</i> <small><a href="/wiki/William_Edwin_Safford" title="William Edwin Safford">Saff.</a></small></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Quinoa</b> (<i><b>Chenopodium quinoa</b></i>; <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a> <i><span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu">kinwa</i></span></i> or <i><span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu">kinuwa</i></span></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a flowering plant in the <a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">amaranth family</a>. It is a herbaceous <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual plant</a> grown as a <a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">crop</a> primarily for its edible <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>; the seeds are rich in <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>, <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">dietary minerals</a> in amounts greater than in many grains.<sup id="cite_ref-FAOquinoaancientcrop_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOquinoaancientcrop-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quinoa is not a <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grass</a> but rather a <a href="/wiki/Pseudocereal" title="Pseudocereal">pseudocereal</a> <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botanically related</a> to <a href="/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">spinach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amaranth" title="Amaranth">amaranth</a> (<i>Amaranthus</i> spp.), and originated in the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andean region</a> of northwestern South America.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first used to feed livestock 5,200–7,000 years ago, and for human consumption 3,000–4,000 years ago in the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a> basin of Peru and Bolivia.<sup id="cite_ref-Quinoa:_Production,_Consumption_and_Social_Value_in_Historical_Context_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quinoa:_Production,_Consumption_and_Social_Value_in_Historical_Context-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plant thrives at high elevations and produces seeds that are rich in protein.<sup id="cite_ref-leonard_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leonard-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost all production in the Andean region is done by small farms and associations. Its cultivation has spread to more than 70 countries, including Kenya, India, the United States and European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO2013_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of increased popularity and consumption in North America, Europe, and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>, quinoa crop prices tripled between 2006 and 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-amrc_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amrc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_nomenclature">Etymology and nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinoa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The species <i>Chenopodium quinoa</i> was first described by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig_Willdenow" title="Carl Ludwig Willdenow">Carl Ludwig Willdenow</a> (1765–1812),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnéWilldenow17971301_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnéWilldenow17971301-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a German botanist who studied plants from South America, brought back by explorers <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Bonpland" title="Aimé Bonpland">Aimé Bonpland</a>. </p><p>The genus name <i>Chenopodium</i> is composed of two words coming from the Greek χήν,-νός, <i>goose</i> and πόδῖον, <i>podion</i> "little foot", or "goose foot", because of the resemblance of the leaves with the trace of a goose's foot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailly19352136_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailly19352136-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Specific_epithet_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific epithet (botany)">specific epithet</a> <i>quinoa</i> is a borrowing from the Spanish <i>quinua</i> or <i>quinoa</i>, itself derived from <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a> <i>kinuwa</i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Incas</a> nicknamed quinoa <i>chisiya mama</i>, which in Quechua means "mother of all grains".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumo2013859_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECumo2013859-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Botany">Botany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinoa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Botany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QuinoaGrains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/QuinoaGrains.jpg/220px-QuinoaGrains.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/QuinoaGrains.jpg/330px-QuinoaGrains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/QuinoaGrains.jpg/440px-QuinoaGrains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>Quinoa seeds</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Description">Description</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinoa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Chenopodium quinoa</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Dicotyledon" title="Dicotyledon">dicotyledonous</a> <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual plant</a>, usually about 1–2 m (3–7 ft) high. It has broad, generally powdery, hairy, lobed leaves, normally arranged <a href="/wiki/Alternate_leaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternate leaf">alternately</a>. The woody central <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stem</a> is branched or unbranched depending on the variety and may be green, red or purple. The flowering <a href="/wiki/Panicle" title="Panicle">panicles</a> arise from the top of the plant or from <a href="/wiki/Leaf_axils" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf axils">leaf axils</a> along the stem. Each panicle has a central axis from which a secondary axis emerges either with flowers (amaranthiform) or bearing a tertiary axis carrying the flowers (glomeruliform).<sup id="cite_ref-Lost_crops_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lost_crops-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are small, incomplete, sessile flowers of the same colour as the sepals, and both pistillate and perfect forms occur. Pistillate flowers are generally located at the proximal end of the glomeruli and the perfect ones at the distal end of it. A perfect flower has five sepals, five anthers and a superior ovary, from which two to three stigmatic branches emerge.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The green <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(plants)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovary (plants)">hypogynous</a> flowers have a simple <a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">perianth</a> and are generally <a href="/wiki/Self-Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-Fertilization">self-fertilizing</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lost_crops_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lost_crops-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though cross-pollination occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the natural environment, <a href="/wiki/Betalain" title="Betalain">betalains</a> serve to attract animals to generate a greater rate of pollination and ensure, or improve, seed dissemination.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fruits (seeds) are about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in) in diameter and of various colors — from white to red or black, depending on the <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In regards to the "newly" developed salinity resistance of <i>C.<span class="nowrap"> </span>quinoa</i>, some studies have concluded that accumulation of organic osmolytes plays a dual role for the species. They provide osmotic adjustment, in addition to protection against oxidative stress of the photosynthetic structures in developing leaves. Studies also suggested that reduction in stomatal density in reaction to salinity levels represents an essential instrument of defence to optimize water use efficiency under the given conditions to which it may be exposed.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_distribution">Natural distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinoa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Natural distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Chenopodium quinoa</i> is believed to have been domesticated in the Peruvian Andes from wild or weed populations of the same species.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are non-cultivated quinoa plants (<i>Chenopodium quinoa</i> var. <i>melanospermum</i>) that grow in the area it is cultivated; these may either be related to wild predecessors, or they could be descendants of cultivated plants.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinoa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nutrition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Quinoa, uncooked</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,539 kJ (368 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">64.2 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fibre</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">7.0 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">6.1 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">Monounsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.6 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">Polyunsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">3.3 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">14.1 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A equiv.</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 1 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">30%</div> 0.36 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">25%</div> 0.32 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">10%</div> 1.52 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">29%</div> 0.49 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">46%</div> 184 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">13%</div> 70 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">16%</div> 2.4 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 47 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Copper_in_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper in health">Copper</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">66%</div> 0.590 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">26%</div> 4.6 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">47%</div> 197 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">87%</div> 2.0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">37%</div> 457 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">19%</div> 563 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium_in_biology" title="Selenium in biology">Selenium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">15%</div> 8.5 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 5 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">28%</div> 3.1 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">13.3 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/168874/nutrients">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Quinoa, cooked</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">503 kJ (120 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">21.3 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fibre</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">2.8 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">1.92 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">Monounsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.529 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">Polyunsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.078 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">4.4 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A equiv.</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">9%</div> 0.107 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">8%</div> 0.11 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.412 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 0.123 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">11%</div> 42 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 23 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 0.63 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 17 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Copper_in_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper in health">Copper</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">21%</div> 0.192 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">8%</div> 1.49 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">15%</div> 64 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">27%</div> 0.631 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">12%</div> 152 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 172 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium_in_biology" title="Selenium in biology">Selenium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 2.8 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 7 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">10%</div> 1.09 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">72 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/168917/nutrients">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Raw, uncooked quinoa is 13% water, 64% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrates">carbohydrates</a>, 14% <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, and 6% <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a>. Nutritional evaluations indicate that a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">100 g (<span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> oz) serving of raw quinoa seeds has a <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a> of 1,539 kJ (368 kcal) and is a rich source (20% or higher of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a>, DV) of protein, <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>, several <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a>, including 46%<span class="nowrap"> </span>DV for <a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">folate</a>, and for several <a href="/wiki/Dietary_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary minerals">dietary minerals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biological_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesium in biological systems">magnesium</a> (55%<span class="nowrap"> </span>DV), <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> (95%<span class="nowrap"> </span>DV), <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> (65%<span class="nowrap"> </span>DV), and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> (33%<span class="nowrap"> </span>DV) (table). </p><p>After boiling, which is the typical preparation for eating the seeds, many nutritional evaluations change. Although a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">100 g (<span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> oz) serving of cooked quinoa increases to 72% water, most nutritional evaluations are reduced, such as, 21% carbohydrates, 4% protein, and 2% fat,<sup id="cite_ref-johnson_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnson-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the food energy of cooked quinoa is reduced to 503 kJ (120 kcal). Although similarly reduced, cooked quinoa remains a rich source of the dietary minerals manganese (30%<span class="nowrap"> </span>DV) and phosphorus (22%<span class="nowrap"> </span>DV). However, cooked quinoa is reduced to being just a moderate source (10–19%<span class="nowrap"> </span>DV) of dietary fiber and folate (11%), as well as of the dietary minerals iron (11%), magnesium (18%), and zinc (11%). (table). </p><p>Quinoa is <a href="/wiki/Gluten-free" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluten-free">gluten-free</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FAOquinoaancientcrop_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOquinoaancientcrop-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because quinoa has a high concentration of <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a> and is a good source of many <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a>, has versatility in preparation, and a potential for increased yields in controlled environments,<sup id="cite_ref-AbugochJames2009_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AbugochJames2009-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has been selected as an experimental crop in <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Ecological_Life_Support_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Controlled Ecological Life Support System">Controlled Ecological Life Support System</a> for long-duration human occupied <a href="/wiki/Space_flight" class="mw-redirect" title="Space flight">space flights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_quinoa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Red_quinoa.png/220px-Red_quinoa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Red_quinoa.png/330px-Red_quinoa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Red_quinoa.png/440px-Red_quinoa.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Red quinoa, cooked</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landscape_with_Chenopodium_quinoa_Cachilaya_Bolivia_Lake_Titicaca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Landscape_with_Chenopodium_quinoa_Cachilaya_Bolivia_Lake_Titicaca.jpg/220px-Landscape_with_Chenopodium_quinoa_Cachilaya_Bolivia_Lake_Titicaca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Landscape_with_Chenopodium_quinoa_Cachilaya_Bolivia_Lake_Titicaca.jpg/330px-Landscape_with_Chenopodium_quinoa_Cachilaya_Bolivia_Lake_Titicaca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Landscape_with_Chenopodium_quinoa_Cachilaya_Bolivia_Lake_Titicaca.jpg/440px-Landscape_with_Chenopodium_quinoa_Cachilaya_Bolivia_Lake_Titicaca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption><i>Chenopodium quinoa</i> near Cachilaya, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a>, Bolivia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Saponins_and_oxalic_acid">Saponins and oxalic acid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinoa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Saponins and oxalic acid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In their natural state, the seeds have a coating that contains bitter-tasting <a href="/wiki/Saponin" title="Saponin">saponins</a>, making them <a href="/wiki/Unpalatable" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpalatable">unpalatable</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lost_crops_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lost_crops-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jarvis_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jarvis-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the grain sold commercially has been processed to remove this coating. This bitterness has beneficial effects during cultivation, as it deters birds and, therefore, the plant requires minimal protection.<sup id="cite_ref-AlternativeFieldCropsManual_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlternativeFieldCropsManual-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genetic control of bitterness involves quantitative <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">inheritance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jarvis_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jarvis-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although lowering the saponin content through <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a> to produce sweeter, more palatable varieties is complicated by ≈10% <a href="/wiki/Cross-pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-pollination">cross-pollination</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Quinoa_saponin_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quinoa_saponin-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is a major goal of quinoa <a href="/wiki/Breeding_program" title="Breeding program">breeding programs</a>, which may include <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jarvis_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jarvis-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Toxicity_category_rating" title="Toxicity category rating">toxicity category rating</a> of the saponins in quinoa treats them as mild eye and respiratory irritants and as a low gastrointestinal irritant.<sup id="cite_ref-johnson_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnson-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Biopesticides_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biopesticides-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In South America, these saponins have many uses, including as a detergent for clothing and washing, and as a <a href="/wiki/Folk_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk medicine">folk medicine</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antiseptic</a> for skin injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-johnson_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnson-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, the leaves and stems of all species of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium" title="Chenopodium">Chenopodium</a></i> and related genera of the family <a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranthaceae</a>, including quinoa, contain high levels of <a href="/wiki/Oxalic_acid" title="Oxalic acid">oxalic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oxalic_acid_quinoa_leaves_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxalic_acid_quinoa_leaves-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinoa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_requirements">Climate requirements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinoa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The plant's growth is highly variable due to the number of different subspecies, varieties and <a href="/wiki/Landrace" title="Landrace">landraces</a> (domesticated plants or animals adapted to the environment in which they originated). However, it is generally undemanding and altitude-hardy; it is grown from coastal regions to over 4,000 m (13,000 ft) in the Andes near the equator, with most of the cultivars being grown between 2,500 m (8,200 ft) and 4,000 m (13,000 ft). Depending on the variety, optimal growing conditions are in cool climates with temperatures that vary between −4 °C (25 °F) during the night to near 35 °C (95 °F) during the day. Some cultivars can withstand lower temperatures without damage. Light frosts normally do not affect the plants at any stage of development, except during flowering. Midsummer frosts during flowering, a frequent occurrence in the Andes, lead to sterilization of the pollen. Rainfall requirements are highly variable between the different cultivars, ranging from 300 to 1,000 mm (12 to 39 in) during the <a href="/wiki/Growing_season" title="Growing season">growing season</a>. Growth is optimal with well-distributed rainfall during early growth and no rain during seed maturation and harvesting.<sup id="cite_ref-Lost_crops_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lost_crops-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinoa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quinoa has been cultivated in the United States, primarily in the high elevation <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Valley" title="San Luis Valley">San Luis Valley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> where it was introduced in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this high-altitude desert valley, maximum summer temperatures rarely exceed 30 °C (86 °F) and night temperatures are about 7 °C (45 °F). In the 2010s, experimental production was attempted in the <a href="/wiki/Palouse" title="Palouse">Palouse</a> region of Eastern Washington,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and farmers in <a href="/wiki/Western_Washington" title="Western Washington">Western Washington</a> began producing the crop. The <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_University" title="Washington State University">Washington State University</a> <a href="/wiki/Skagit_River" title="Skagit River">Skagit River Valley</a> research facility near <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon,_Washington" title="Mount Vernon, Washington">Mount Vernon</a> grew thousands of its own experimental varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Puget Sound region's climate is similar to that of coastal Chile where the crop has been grown for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the short growing season, North American cultivation requires short-maturity varieties, typically of Bolivian origin. Quinoa is planted in <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> where a variety developed and bred specifically for the high-altitude <a href="/wiki/Snake_River_Plain" title="Snake River Plain">Snake River Plain</a> is the largest planted variety in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinoa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several countries within Europe have successfully grown quinoa on a commercial scale.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southern England, Holland and Denmark all have significant production. <sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sowing">Sowing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinoa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sowing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quinoa requires a significant amount of precipitation in order to germinate, therefore the traditional sowing date in Peru was between September and November. To increase the chance that more crops survive it would be advantageous to split up the sowing date among the plants. Traditionally quinoa was sowed by broadcast, in rows or grooves, or by broadcast and then making rows. Soil preparation should occur before sowing, and weeding should come soon after sowing the seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">Rotation</a> is used in its Andean native range. Rotation is common with <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a> including <i><a href="/wiki/Lupinus_mutabilis" title="Lupinus mutabilis">Lupinus mutabilis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang-et-al-2018_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-et-al-2018-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rasmussen-et-al-2003_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasmussen-et-al-2003-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, quinoa rotation happens in plots called aynoqas. These are made up of different sized plots in different zones, and each family unit would own plots in different areas. The aynoqas allowed for better crop yield, agricultural and ecological sustainability, and food security within communities. <sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soil">Soil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinoa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Soil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quinoa plants do best in sandy, well-drained soils with a low nutrient content, moderate salinity, and a <a href="/wiki/Soil_pH" title="Soil pH">soil pH</a> of 6 to<span class="nowrap"> </span>8.5. The <a href="/wiki/Seedbed" title="Seedbed">seedbed</a> must be well prepared and drained to avoid waterlogging.<sup id="cite_ref-AlternativeFieldCropsManual_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlternativeFieldCropsManual-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quinoa has gained attention for its adaptability to contrasting environments such as saline soils, nutrient-poor soils and drought stressed marginal agroecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinoa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> of quinoa was sequenced in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-jarvis_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jarvis-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through traditional selective breeding and, potentially, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a>, the plant is being modified to have higher <a href="/wiki/Crop_yield" title="Crop yield">crop yield</a>, improved tolerance to heat and <a href="/wiki/Biotic_stress" title="Biotic stress">biotic stress</a>, and greater sweetness through saponin inhibition.<sup id="cite_ref-jarvis_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jarvis-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvesting">Harvesting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinoa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Harvesting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, quinoa grain is harvested by hand, and only rarely by machine, because the extreme variability of the maturity period of most quinoa cultivars complicates mechanization. Harvest needs to be precisely timed to avoid high seed losses from shattering, and different panicles on the same plant mature at different times.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Crop_yield" title="Crop yield">crop yield</a> in the Andean region (often around 3 t/ha up to 5 t/ha) is comparable to wheat yields. In the United States, varieties have been selected for uniformity of maturity and are mechanically harvested using conventional small grain combines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Processing">Processing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinoa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The plants are allowed to stand until the stalks and seeds have dried out and the grain has reached a moisture content below 10%. Handling involves <a href="/wiki/Threshing" title="Threshing">threshing</a> the seedheads from the <a href="/wiki/Chaff" title="Chaff">chaff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winnowing" title="Winnowing">winnowing</a> the seed to remove the <a href="/wiki/Husk" title="Husk">husk</a>. Before storage, the seeds need to be dried in order to avoid <a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">germination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lost_crops_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lost_crops-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was traditionally done manually, which is labour-intensive.<sup id="cite_ref-Bazile2014_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bazile2014-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinoa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:left; width:13em; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Quinoa production – 2022 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ddf; width:75%;">Country </th> <th style="background:#ddf; width:25%;"><small>(<a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">Tonnes</a>)</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Peru</td> <td>113,376 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span>Bolivia</td> <td>44,707 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></span></span> </span>Ecuador</td> <td>883 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>World</b></td> <td><b>158,985</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><small>Source: <a href="/wiki/FAOSTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FAOSTAT">FAOSTAT</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a><sup id="cite_ref-faostat_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2020, world production of quinoa was 175,188 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, led by Peru and Bolivia with 97% of the total when combined (table).<sup id="cite_ref-faostat_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Price">Price</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinoa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Price"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the early 21st century when quinoa became more commonly consumed in North America, Europe, and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> where it was not typically grown, the crop value increased.<sup id="cite_ref-Collyns_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collyns-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2006 and 2013, quinoa crop prices tripled.<sup id="cite_ref-amrc_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amrc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, the average price was US$3,115 per tonne with some varieties selling as high as $8,000 per tonne.<sup id="cite_ref-Collyns_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collyns-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This compares with <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> prices of about US$340 per tonne, making wheat about 10% of the value of quinoa. The resulting effect on traditional production regions in Peru and Bolivia also influenced new commercial quinoa production elsewhere in the world, such as the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Ernest_Small_2013_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ernest_Small_2013-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 176">: 176 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2013, quinoa was being cultivated in some 70 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO2013_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of expanding production outside the Andean highlands native for quinoa, the price plummeted starting in early 2015 and remained low for years.<sup id="cite_ref-nacla_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nacla-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2018 to 2019, quinoa production in Peru declined by 22%.<sup id="cite_ref-faostat_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some refer to this as the "quinoa bust" because of the devastation the price fall caused for farmers and industry.<sup id="cite_ref-nacla_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nacla-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_rising_demand_on_growers">Effects of rising demand on growers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinoa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Effects of rising demand on growers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peru_Chenopodium_quinoa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Peru_Chenopodium_quinoa.jpg/220px-Peru_Chenopodium_quinoa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Peru_Chenopodium_quinoa.jpg/330px-Peru_Chenopodium_quinoa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Peru_Chenopodium_quinoa.jpg/440px-Peru_Chenopodium_quinoa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Farmer_field_school" title="Farmer field school">Farmer field school</a> on crop husbandry and quinoa production, near <a href="/wiki/Puno" title="Puno">Puno</a>, Peru</figcaption></figure> <p>Rising quinoa prices over the period of 2006 to 2017 may have reduced the affordability of quinoa to traditional consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-complicated_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-complicated-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ernest_Small_2013_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ernest_Small_2013-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 176–77">: 176–77 </span></sup> However, a 2016 study using Peru's Encuesta Nacional de Hogares found that rising quinoa prices during 2004–2013 led to net economic benefits for producers,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other commentary indicated similar conclusions,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including for women specifically.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_Kasterine-2016_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander_Kasterine-2016-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been suggested that as quinoa producers rise above <a href="/wiki/Subsistence" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsistence">subsistence-level income</a>, they switch their own consumption to <a href="/wiki/Processed_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Processed foods">Western processed foods</a> which are often less healthy than a traditional, quinoa-based diet, whether because quinoa is held to be worth too much to keep for oneself and one's family, or because processed foods have higher status despite their poorer <a href="/wiki/Nutritional_value" title="Nutritional value">nutritional value</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-complicated_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-complicated-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ernest_Small_2013_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ernest_Small_2013-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 176–77">: 176–77 </span></sup> Efforts are being made in some areas to distribute quinoa more widely and ensure that farming and poorer populations have access to it and have an understanding of its nutritional importance, including use in free <a href="/wiki/School_Breakfast_Program" title="School Breakfast Program">school breakfasts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_provision" class="mw-redirect" title="Government provision">government provisions</a> distributed to pregnant and nursing women in need.<sup id="cite_ref-complicated_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-complicated-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of wider social consequences, research on traditional producers in Bolivia has emphasised a complex picture. The degree to which individual producers benefit from the global quinoa boom depends on its <a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">mode of production</a>, for example through producer associations and co-operatives such as the Asociación Nacional de Productores de Quinua (founded in the 1970s), contracting through vertically integrated private firms, or wage labor.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State regulation and enforcement may promote a shift to <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash-cropping</a> among some farmers and a shift toward <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence production</a> among others, while enabling many <a href="/wiki/Urban_refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban refugees">urban refugees</a> to return to <a href="/wiki/Working_the_land" class="mw-redirect" title="Working the land">working the land</a>, outcomes with complex and varied social effects.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The growth of quinoa consumption outside of its indigenous region has raised concerns over <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a> of the original consumers, unsustainably <a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">intensive farming</a> of the crop, expansion of farming into otherwise marginal agricultural lands with concurrent loss of the natural environment, threatening both the sustainability of producer agriculture and the biodiversity of quinoa.<sup id="cite_ref-Ernest_Small_2013_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ernest_Small_2013-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_Kasterine-2016_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander_Kasterine-2016-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have found that smallholder traditional farming of quinoa, specifically in the Andean region of Peru has significantly less of an environmental impact in carbon produced, than the modern industrial quinoa production.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>World demand for quinoa is sometimes presented in the media particularly as being caused by rising <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">veganism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but one academic has commented that despite the drawbacks of quinoa, meat production in most cases is still less sustainable than quinoa.<sup id="cite_ref-Ernest_Small_2013_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ernest_Small_2013-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 177">: 177 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinoa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nations_recognition">United Nations recognition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinoa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: United Nations recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_Logo_for_the_International_Year_of_Quinoa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of the International Year of Quinoa, 2013"><img alt="Logo of the International Year of Quinoa, 2013" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9f/Official_Logo_for_the_International_Year_of_Quinoa.jpg/150px-Official_Logo_for_the_International_Year_of_Quinoa.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9f/Official_Logo_for_the_International_Year_of_Quinoa.jpg/225px-Official_Logo_for_the_International_Year_of_Quinoa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9f/Official_Logo_for_the_International_Year_of_Quinoa.jpg/300px-Official_Logo_for_the_International_Year_of_Quinoa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="246" /></a><figcaption>Logo of the International Year of Quinoa, 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> declared 2013 as the "<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="International_Year_of_Quinoa"></span><span class="vanchor-text">International Year of Quinoa</span></span>",<sup id="cite_ref-UN_Resolution_66/221._International_Year_of_Quinoa,_2013_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_Resolution_66/221._International_Year_of_Quinoa,_2013-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-International_Year_of_Quinoa,_2013_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Year_of_Quinoa,_2013-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in recognition of the ancestral practices of the <a href="/wiki/Andean" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean">Andean</a> people, who have preserved it as a food for present and future generations, through knowledge and practices of living in harmony with nature. The objective was to draw the world's attention to the role that quinoa could play in providing <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutrition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> eradication in support of achieving <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a>. Some academic commentary emphasized that quinoa production could have ecological and social drawbacks in its native regions, and that these problems needed to be tackled.<sup id="cite_ref-Ernest_Small_2013_52-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ernest_Small_2013-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_food">As food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinoa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: As food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The increasing demand for quinoa is partially due to the attention it received as a food that may help alleviate <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food insecurity</a> in some world regions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quinoa is high in <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a>, which makes it a possible alternative to meat for vegetarians and vegans, and for people who are <a href="/wiki/Lactose_intolerance" title="Lactose intolerance">lactose intolerant</a>. It also has high concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">dietary minerals</a>. Quinoa does not contain <a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">gluten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these qualities may have improved the market to economically privileged people in North America, possibly increasing the price of quinoa.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kosher_certification">Kosher certification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinoa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Kosher certification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quinoa is used in the Jewish community as a substitute for the <a href="/wiki/Chametz" title="Chametz">leavened grains</a> that are forbidden during the <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a> certification organizations refuse to certify it as being kosher for Passover, citing reasons including its resemblance to prohibited grains or fear of cross-contamination of the product from nearby fields of prohibited grain or during packaging.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in December 2013 the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Union" title="Orthodox Union">Orthodox Union</a>, the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Kosher_certification_agency" title="Kosher certification agency">kosher certification agency</a>, announced it would begin certifying quinoa as kosher for Passover.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinoa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calca_Peru-_Quinoa_seller_at_mercado_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Calca_Peru-_Quinoa_seller_at_mercado_II.jpg/220px-Calca_Peru-_Quinoa_seller_at_mercado_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Calca_Peru-_Quinoa_seller_at_mercado_II.jpg/330px-Calca_Peru-_Quinoa_seller_at_mercado_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Calca_Peru-_Quinoa_seller_at_mercado_II.jpg/440px-Calca_Peru-_Quinoa_seller_at_mercado_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption>Quinoa seller at market in <a href="/wiki/Calca,_Peru" title="Calca, Peru">Calca, Peru</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Quinoa is an <a href="/wiki/Allotetraploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotetraploid">allotetraploid</a> plant, containing two full sets of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a> from two different species which hybridised with each other at one time. According to a 1979 study, its presumed ancestor is either <i><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_berlandieri" title="Chenopodium berlandieri">Chenopodium berlandieri</a></i>, from North America, or the Andean species <i>Ch. hircinum</i>, although more recent studies, in 2011, even suggest Old World relatives. On the other hand, morphological features relate <i>Ch.<span class="nowrap"> </span>quinoa</i> of the Andes and <a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_nuttalliae" title="Chenopodium nuttalliae"><i>Ch. nuttalliae</i></a> of Mexico. Some studies have suggested that both species may have been derived from the same wild type. A weedy quinoa, <i>Ch.<span class="nowrap"> </span>quinoa</i> var. <i>melanospermum</i>, is known from South America, but no equivalent closely related to <i>Ch.<span class="nowrap"> </span>nutalliae</i> has been reported from Mexico so far.<sup id="cite_ref-Bazile2014_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bazile2014-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies regarding the genetic diversity of quinoa suggest that it may have passed through at least three bottleneck genetic events, with a possible fourth expected: </p> <ul><li>The first occurred when the species was created, as its two <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a> ancestors underwent a hybridization followed by chromosome doubling, this new species was genetically isolated from its parent species, and thus lost a great deal of genetic diversity. These ancestors are still not known, but are <i>not</i> the higher altitude crop species <i><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_pallidicaule" title="Chenopodium pallidicaule">Chenopodium pallidicaule</a></i> (cañahua), a diploid.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A second bottleneck may have occurred when quinoa was domesticated from its unknown but possible wild <a href="/wiki/Tetraploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraploid">tetraploid</a> form. It might have been domesticated twice: once in the high Andes and a second time in the Chilean and Argentinean lowlands.</li> <li>A third bottleneck can be considered "political", and has lasted more than 400 years, from the Spanish conquest of the new continent until the present time. During this phase quinoa has been replaced with <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, marginalized from production processes possibly due to its important medicinal, social and religious roles for the indigenous populations of South America, but also because it is very difficult to process (dehusk) compared with maize.</li> <li>In the 21st century, a fourth bottleneck event may occur, as traditional farmers migrate from rural zones to urban centers, which exposes quinoa to the risk of further <a href="/wiki/Genetic_erosion" title="Genetic erosion">genetic erosion</a>. Better breeding may also result in loss of genetic diversity, as breeders would be expected to reduce unwanted alleles to produce uniform cultivars, but cross-breeding between local landraces has and will likely produce high-diversity cultivars.<sup id="cite_ref-Bazile2014_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bazile2014-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Over the last 5,000<span class="nowrap"> </span>years the biogeography of <i>Ch. quinoa</i> has changed greatly, mainly by human influence, convenience and preference. It has changed not only in the area of distribution, but also in regards to the climate this plant was originally adapted to, in contrast to the climates on which it is able to successfully grow in now. In a process started by a number of pre-Inca South American indigenous cultures, people in Chile have been adapting quinoa to salinity and other forms of stress over the last 3,000<span class="nowrap"> </span>years.<sup id="cite_ref-Bazile2014_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bazile2014-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quinoa is also cultivated, since an early date, near the coast of <a href="/wiki/Norte_Grande" title="Norte Grande">northern Chile</a>, where it was grown by the <a href="/wiki/Chinchorro_culture" title="Chinchorro culture">Chinchorro culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPardoPizarro2015148_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardoPizarro2015148-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ch. quinoa</i> was brought to the lowlands of south-central Chile at an early date from the Andean highlands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPardoPizarro2015147_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardoPizarro2015147-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPardoPizarro2015148_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardoPizarro2015148-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Varieties in the lowlands of south-central Chile derive directly from ancestral cultivars which then evolved in parallel to those of the highlands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPardoPizarro2015147_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardoPizarro2015147-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that the introduction of <i>Ch. quinoa</i> occurred before highland varieties with <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">floury</a> <a href="/wiki/Perisperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Perisperm">perisperm</a> emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPardoPizarro2015147_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardoPizarro2015147-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPardoPizarro2015148_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardoPizarro2015148-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are wide discrepancies in the suggested dates of introduction, one study suggests c. 1000 BC as the introduction date while another suggests 600–1100 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPardoPizarro2015148_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardoPizarro2015148-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In colonial times the plant is known to have been cultivated as far south as the <a href="/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago" title="Chiloé Archipelago">Chiloé Archipelago</a> and the shores of <a href="/wiki/Nahuel_Huapi_Lake" title="Nahuel Huapi Lake">Nahuel Huapi Lake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPardoPizarro2015147_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardoPizarro2015147-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Chilo%C3%A9" title="Cuisine of Chiloé">cuisine of Chiloé</a> included bread made of Quinoa until at least the mid-19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPardoPizarro2015150_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardoPizarro2015150-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Chile it had almost disappeared by the early 1940s; as of 2015 the crop is mostly grown in three areas by only some 300 smallholder farmers. Each of these areas is different: indigenous small-scale growers near the border with Bolivia who grow many types of Bolivian forms, a few farmers in the central region who exclusively grow a white-seeded variety and generally market their crops through a well-known cooperative, and in the south by women in home gardens in <a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a> reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-Bazile2014_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bazile2014-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Amaranthaceae became abundant in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Pacucha" title="Lake Pacucha">Lake Pacucha</a>, Peru, the lake was fresh, and the lack of Amaranthaceae taxa strongly indicates droughts which turned the lake into a <a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">saltmarsh</a>. Based on the pollen associated with soil manipulation, this is an area of the Andes where domestication of <i>C.<span class="nowrap"> </span>quinoa</i> became popular, although it was not the only one. It was domesticated in various geographical zones. With this, morphological adaptations began to happen until having five <a href="/wiki/Ecotype" title="Ecotype">ecotypes</a> today. Quinoa's genetic diversity illustrates that it was and is a vital crop.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphyMatanguihan201514_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphyMatanguihan201514-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Andean agronomists and nutrition scientists began researching quinoa in the early twentieth century, and it became the subject of much interest among researchers involved in <a href="/wiki/Neglected_and_underutilized_crop" title="Neglected and underutilized crop">neglected and underutilized crop</a> studies in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-McDonell_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonell-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, the international community became increasingly interested in quinoa and it entered a boom and bust economic cycle that would last for over ten years. Between 2004 and 2011, quinoa became a more interesting commodity and global excitement for it increased. At this point, Bolivia and Peru were the only major producers of quinoa. In 2013, there was an extreme increase in imports of quinoa by the United States, Canada and various European countries. In 2016, growth began to slow. Imports were still increasing but at a slower rate and quinoa prices declined as other countries began producing it.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2015, over 75 countries were producing quinoa, as opposed to only eight countries in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Particularly for the high variety of Chilean landraces, in addition to how the plant has adapted to different latitudes, this crop is now potentially cultivable almost anywhere in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Bazile2014_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bazile2014-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_History">Cultural History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinoa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cultural History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quinoa is an important food for the Indigenous people of the Andean <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechua</a> communities.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, it was consumed as a subsistence food, which was devalued by the Spanish when they colonized the region.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish noticed that quinoa was consumed everyday and as a part of special ceremonies, so they decided it could grant power to people and threatened their conquest. Because of this they targeted it for extinction and significantly reduced the range where quinoa was grown.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the Indigenous communities, growing quinoa represented food security and well-being, and it was involved in almost every meal of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinoa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quinoa_size.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Quinoa size in millimeters"><img alt="Profile of Quinoa Seed on Millimeter Ruler" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Quinoa_size.jpg/120px-Quinoa_size.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Quinoa_size.jpg/180px-Quinoa_size.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Quinoa_size.jpg/240px-Quinoa_size.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1001" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Quinoa size in millimeters</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dev_black_seed_in_quinoa_flower.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Developing black quinoa seed"><img alt="Developing black quinoa seed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Dev_black_seed_in_quinoa_flower.JPG/120px-Dev_black_seed_in_quinoa_flower.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Dev_black_seed_in_quinoa_flower.JPG/180px-Dev_black_seed_in_quinoa_flower.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Dev_black_seed_in_quinoa_flower.JPG/240px-Dev_black_seed_in_quinoa_flower.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1219" data-file-height="1184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Developing black quinoa seed</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quinoa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Quinoa seeds"><img alt="Quinoa seeds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Quinoa.jpg/120px-Quinoa.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Quinoa.jpg/180px-Quinoa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Quinoa.jpg/240px-Quinoa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="324" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Quinoa seeds</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chenopodium_quinoa_before_flowering.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Quinoa plant before flowering"><img alt="Quinoa plant before flowering" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Chenopodium_quinoa_before_flowering.jpg/80px-Chenopodium_quinoa_before_flowering.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Chenopodium_quinoa_before_flowering.jpg/120px-Chenopodium_quinoa_before_flowering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Chenopodium_quinoa_before_flowering.jpg/160px-Chenopodium_quinoa_before_flowering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Quinoa plant before flowering</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quinoa_flower.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Quinoa flower"><img alt="Quinoa flower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Quinoa_flower.JPG/120px-Quinoa_flower.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Quinoa_flower.JPG/180px-Quinoa_flower.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Quinoa_flower.JPG/240px-Quinoa_flower.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1767" data-file-height="1555" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Quinoa flower</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Camino_a_Puno_Golpeando_quinoa.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Threshing quinoa in Peru"><img alt="Threshing quinoa in Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Camino_a_Puno_Golpeando_quinoa.JPG/120px-Camino_a_Puno_Golpeando_quinoa.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Camino_a_Puno_Golpeando_quinoa.JPG/180px-Camino_a_Puno_Golpeando_quinoa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Camino_a_Puno_Golpeando_quinoa.JPG/240px-Camino_a_Puno_Golpeando_quinoa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Threshing quinoa in Peru</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chenopodium_quinoa0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Quinoa plant in Bolivia"><img alt="Quinoa plant in Bolivia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Chenopodium_quinoa0.jpg/120px-Chenopodium_quinoa0.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Chenopodium_quinoa0.jpg/180px-Chenopodium_quinoa0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Chenopodium_quinoa0.jpg/240px-Chenopodium_quinoa0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Quinoa plant in Bolivia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White,_red,_and_black_quinoa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="White, red, and black quinoa mix"><img alt="White, red, and black quinoa mix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/White%2C_red%2C_and_black_quinoa.jpg/120px-White%2C_red%2C_and_black_quinoa.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/White%2C_red%2C_and_black_quinoa.jpg/180px-White%2C_red%2C_and_black_quinoa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/White%2C_red%2C_and_black_quinoa.jpg/240px-White%2C_red%2C_and_black_quinoa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="2720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">White, red, and black quinoa mix</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinoa&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_edible_seeds#Cereals" title="List of edible seeds">List of cereals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_food" class="mw-redirect" title="2010s in food">2010s in food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_caudatus" title="Amaranthus caudatus">Kiwicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_hispanica" title="Salvia hispanica">Chia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinoa&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media 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(December 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnson-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johnson_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnson_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnson_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonWard1993" class="citation web cs1">Johnson DL, Ward SM (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/v2-222.html#Table%201">"Quinoa"</a>. Department of Horticulture, Purdue University; obtained from Johnson, D.L. and S.M. Ward. 1993. Quinoa. p. 219-221. In: J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.), New crops. Wiley, New York<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-12387-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-12387-8"><bdi>978-1-350-12387-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1204141540">1204141540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Approaches+to+Superfoods&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+Plc&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1204141540&rft.isbn=978-1-350-12387-8&rft.aulast=Wilk&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=McDonell%2C+Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomsbury.com%2Fuk%2Fcritical-approaches-to-superfoods-9781350123878%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrangoJohnsonBellemare2020" class="citation journal cs1">Andrango G, Johnson A, Bellemare MF (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27098579">"Quinoa Production and Growth Potential in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru"</a>. <i>Choices</i>. <b>35</b> (4): 1–10. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0886-5558">0886-5558</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27098579">27098579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Choices&rft.atitle=Quinoa+Production+and+Growth+Potential+in+Bolivia%2C+Ecuador%2C+and+Peru&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27098579%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0886-5558&rft.aulast=Andrango&rft.aufirst=Graciela&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Amy&rft.au=Bellemare%2C+Marc+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27098579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBazileJacobsenVerniau2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bazile D, Jacobsen SE, Verniau A (9 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4860459">"The Global Expansion of Quinoa: Trends and Limits"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Plant Science</i>. <b>7</b>: 622. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpls.2016.00622">10.3389/fpls.2016.00622</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-462X">1664-462X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4860459">4860459</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27242826">27242826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Plant+Science&rft.atitle=The+Global+Expansion+of+Quinoa%3A+Trends+and+Limits&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=622&rft.date=2016-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4860459%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-462X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27242826&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpls.2016.00622&rft.aulast=Bazile&rft.aufirst=Didier&rft.au=Jacobsen%2C+Sven-Erik&rft.au=Verniau%2C+Alexis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4860459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2021" class="citation book cs1">Robinson A (2021). <i>Gold, oil, and avocados: a recent history of Latin America in sixteen commodities</i>. 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(December 2012). "Biodiversity of andean grains: Balancing market potential and sustainable livelihoods". <i>Bioversity International and the Bern University of Applied Sciences, School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (HAFL)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bioversity+International+and+the+Bern+University+of+Applied+Sciences%2C+School+of+Agricultural%2C+Forest+and+Food+Sciences+%28HAFL%29&rft.atitle=Biodiversity+of+andean+grains%3A+Balancing+market+potential+and+sustainable+livelihoods&rft.date=2012-12&rft.aulast=Guiliani&rft.aufirst=Alessandra&rft.au=Hintermann%2C+Felix&rft.au=Rojas%2C+Wilfredo&rft.au=Padulosi%2C+Stefano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerssen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kerssen TM (4 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01436597.2015.1002992">"Food sovereignty and the quinoa boom: challenges to sustainable re-peasantisation in the southern Altiplano of Bolivia"</a>. <i>Third World Quarterly</i>. <b>36</b> (3): 489–507. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01436597.2015.1002992">10.1080/01436597.2015.1002992</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-6597">0143-6597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Food+sovereignty+and+the+quinoa+boom%3A+challenges+to+sustainable+re-peasantisation+in+the+southern+Altiplano+of+Bolivia&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=489-507&rft.date=2015-03-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01436597.2015.1002992&rft.issn=0143-6597&rft.aulast=Kerssen&rft.aufirst=Tanya+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F01436597.2015.1002992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinoa&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBixio1839" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bixio JA (1839). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s1ZTAAAAcAAJ">"Journal d'agriculture pratique et de jardinage"</a> [Journal of Practical Agriculture and Gardening]. <i>Journal d'agriculture pratique</i> (in French). <b>3</b> (19). Paris: Maison Rustique: 42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+d%27agriculture+pratique&rft.atitle=Journal+d%27agriculture+pratique+et+de+jardinage&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=42&rft.date=1839&rft.aulast=Bixio&rft.aufirst=Jacques-Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds1ZTAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinoa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunney1984" class="citation magazine cs1">Bunney S (15 November 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=siZ1j_5wdqwC">"When goosefoots stepped into the New World"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i>. 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Seeds</i></a> (Thesis). Birmingham: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+Study+of+the+Long-term+Storage+Behaviour+of+Chenopodium+quinoa+Willd.+Seeds&rft.inst=University+of+Birmingham&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Torres&rft.aufirst=Raul+Oswaldo+Castillo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGWszAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinoa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinoa&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailly1935" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bailly A (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/BaillyDictionnaireGrecFrancais"><i>Dictionnaire Grec Francais</i></a> [<i>Greek - French dictionary</i>] (in French). Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Hachette_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachette (publisher)">Hachette</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+Grec+Francais&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Bailly&rft.aufirst=Anatole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBaillyDictionnaireGrecFrancais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinoa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumo2013" class="citation book cs1">Cumo C (2013). <i>Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants</i>. Santa Barbara, California. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-775-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-775-8"><bdi>978-1-59884-775-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Cultivated+Plants&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-775-8&rft.aulast=Cumo&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinoa" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnéWilldenow1797" class="citation book cs1">Linné Cv, Willdenow KL (1797). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/37657"><i>Species Plantarum</i></a> (4. ed.). <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>: G. C. Nauk. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.37657">10.5962/bhl.title.37657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Species+Plantarum&rft.place=Berlin&rft.edition=4.&rft.pub=G.+C.+Nauk&rft.date=1797&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fbhl.title.37657&rft.aulast=Linn%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Carl+von&rft.au=Willdenow%2C+Karl+Ludwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F37657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinoa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItier1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Itier C (1997). <i>Parlons quechua - La langue du Cuzco</i> (in French). Paris: Ed. l' Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7384-5602-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-7384-5602-2"><bdi>2-7384-5602-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parlons+quechua+-+La+langue+du+Cuzco&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Ed.+l%27+Harmattan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=2-7384-5602-2&rft.aulast=Itier&rft.aufirst=C%C3%A9sar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinoa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphyMatanguihan2015" class="citation book cs1">Murphy KS, Matanguihan J (28 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KwmeCAAAQBAJ"><i>Quinoa: Improvement and Sustainable Production</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-62805-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-62805-8"><bdi>978-1-118-62805-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quinoa%3A+Improvement+and+Sustainable+Production&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015-09-28&rft.isbn=978-1-118-62805-8&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Kevin+S.&rft.au=Matanguihan%2C+Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKwmeCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinoa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPardoPizarro2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pardo B O, Pizarro JL (2014). <i>Chile: Plantas alimentarias Prehispánicas</i> (in Spanish) (2015 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Arica" title="Arica">Arica</a>, Chile: Ediciones Parina. pp. 146–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789569120022" title="Special:BookSources/9789569120022"><bdi>9789569120022</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chile%3A+Plantas+alimentarias+Prehisp%C3%A1nicas&rft.place=Arica%2C+Chile&rft.pages=146-150&rft.edition=2015&rft.pub=Ediciones+Parina&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789569120022&rft.aulast=Pardo+B.&rft.aufirst=Oriana&rft.au=Pizarro%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Luis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinoa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRey2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rey A (2006). <i>Dictionnaire historique de la langue française (Vol I, II)</i> [<i>Historical dictionary of the French language</i>] (in French). Paris: Dictionnaires le Robert. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84902-236-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-84902-236-5"><bdi>2-84902-236-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+historique+de+la+langue+fran%C3%A7aise+%28Vol+I%2C+II%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Dictionnaires+le+Robert&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=2-84902-236-5&rft.aulast=Rey&rft.aufirst=Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuinoa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Quinoa</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Quinoa">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Quinoa&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible mw-collapsed sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> <b>Quinoa</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Quinoa" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Quinoa">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chenopodium_quinoa" class="extiw" title="c:Chenopodium quinoa">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Quinoa" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Quinoa">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Quinoa" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Quinoa">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Quinoa" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Quinoa">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Quinoa" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Quinoa">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Quinoa" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Quinoa">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/23px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/35px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/46px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chenopodium_quinoa" class="extiw" title="species:Chenopodium quinoa">Taxa</a> from Wikispecies</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139925" class="extiw" title="d:Q139925">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 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.navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="grain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/19px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/29px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/38px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_1_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/21px-Leaf_1_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/32px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/42px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Plants" title="Portal:Plants">Plants</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/21px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/32px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/42px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peru" title="Portal:Peru">Peru</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Chenopodium quinoa</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139925" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q139925">Q139925</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chenopodium_quinoa" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Chenopodium quinoa">Chenopodium quinoa</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id38681">38681</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/TXKJ">TXKJ</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=2509">2509</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/489447">489447</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CHEQU">CHEQU</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3083935">3083935</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=10194">10194</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/122848">122848</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/165175-1">165175-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10205972">10205972</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=506567">506567</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=279158">279158</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000014667">NBNSYS0000014667</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=63459">63459</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/264c4030-5890-4c27-bef9-43cad4f392f7">264c4030-5890-4c27-bef9-43cad4f392f7</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/17149/">17149</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=117198">117198</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PFI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=9059">9059</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2717733">kew-2717733</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/CHQU">CHQU</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2BB185EE-CE12-AABD-260A-055DA2B97505">2BB185EE-CE12-AABD-260A-055DA2B97505</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A165175-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:165175-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/140062/wd/Details">140062</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/7200325">7200325</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000601712">wfo-0000601712</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cereals_and_pseudocereals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cereals" title="Template:Cereals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cereals" title="Template talk:Cereals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cereals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cereals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cereals_and_pseudocereals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">Cereals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pseudocereal" title="Pseudocereal">pseudocereals</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">Cereals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">Barley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonio" title="Fonio">Fonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job%27s_tears" title="Job's tears">Job's tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize (Corn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">Millets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">Oats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">Rye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teff" title="Teff">Teff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triticale" title="Triticale">Triticale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_rice" title="Wild rice">Wild rice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Wheat_(Triticum)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat <span class="nobold">(Triticum)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_wheat" title="Common wheat">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durum_wheat" title="Durum wheat">Durum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasan_wheat" title="Khorasan wheat">Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Fife_wheat" title="Red Fife wheat">Red Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norin_10_wheat" title="Norin 10 wheat">Norin 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_wheat" title="Winter wheat">Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farro" title="Farro">Farro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einkorn" title="Einkorn">Einkorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">Emmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">Spelt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudocereal" title="Pseudocereal">Pseudocereals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polygonaceae" title="Polygonaceae">Polygonaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">Buckwheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagopyrum_tataricum" title="Fagopyrum tataricum">Tartary buckwheat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranthaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Amaranth" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amaranth" title="Amaranth">Amaranth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_caudatus" title="Amaranthus caudatus">A. caudatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_cruentus" title="Amaranthus cruentus">A. cruentus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_hypochondriacus" title="Amaranthus hypochondriacus">A. hypochondriacus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celosia" title="Celosia">Celosia</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quinoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_berlandieri" title="Chenopodium berlandieri">Pitseed goosefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_pallidicaule" title="Chenopodium pallidicaule">Cañihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_formosanum" title="Chenopodium formosanum">Djulis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae">Lamiaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_hispanica" title="Salvia hispanica">Chia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emerging grain crops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_grass" title="Canary grass">Canary grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinn">Drinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_ricegrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian ricegrass">Indian ricegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_wheatgrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate wheatgrass">Intermediate wheatgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangaroo grass">Kangaroo grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipa_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipa grass">Nipa grass</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oryza_coarctata" title="Oryza coarctata">Oryza coarctata</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Triticeae" title="Triticeae">Triticeae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra">Tell Abu Hureyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Tell Aswad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Crop_wild_relative" title="Crop wild relative">Crop wild relative</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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