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<button aria-controls="toc-Reign_(AD_54–68)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign (AD 54–68) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign_(AD_54–68)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early reign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Residences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Residences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matricide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matricide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Matricide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matricide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Fire_of_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Fire_of_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Great Fire of Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Fire_of_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolt_of_Vindex_and_Galba_and_Nero's_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolt_of_Vindex_and_Galba_and_Nero's_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Revolt of Vindex and Galba and Nero's death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolt_of_Vindex_and_Galba_and_Nero's_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_Nero" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Nero"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>After Nero</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_Nero-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Military conflicts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_conflicts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military conflicts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boudica's_uprising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boudica's_uprising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Boudica's uprising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boudica's_uprising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_with_Parthia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_with_Parthia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Peace with Parthia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_with_Parthia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Jewish_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Jewish_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>First Jewish War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Jewish_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pursuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pursuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pursuits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pursuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Jewish_and_Christian_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Jewish_and_Christian_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In Jewish and Christian tradition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Jewish_and_Christian_tradition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In Jewish and Christian tradition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_Jewish_and_Christian_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jewish_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Jewish tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Christian tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Martyrdoms_of_Peter_and_Paul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martyrdoms_of_Peter_and_Paul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Martyrdoms of Peter and Paul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martyrdoms_of_Peter_and_Paul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antichrist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antichrist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Antichrist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antichrist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Ancient sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Modern sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nero</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 110 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">110 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" title="Nero – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nero" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" title="Nero – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nero" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="نيرون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيرون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ner%C3%B3n" title="Nerón – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nerón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ner%C3%B3n" title="Nerón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nerón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neron" title="Neron – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Neron" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="نرون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نرون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B" title="নিরো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিরো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" title="Nero – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Nero" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" title="Nero – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nero" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нерон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нерон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нерон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нерон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neron" title="Neron – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Neron" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neron" title="Neron – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Neron" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ner%C3%B3" title="Neró – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Neró" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нерон – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нерон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9ron" title="Néron – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Néron" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" title="Nero – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nero" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" title="Nero – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nero" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" title="Nero – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nero" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" title="Nero – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nero" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" title="Nero – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nero" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Νέρων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νέρων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ner%C3%B3n" title="Nerón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nerón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerono" title="Nerono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nerono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ner%C3%B3n" title="Nerón – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Nerón" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neron" title="Neron – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Neron" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="نرون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نرون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" title="Nero – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Nero" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9ron" title="Néron – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Néron" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearo" title="Nearo – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nearo" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9ar%C3%B3" title="Néaró – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Néaró" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ner%C3%B3n" title="Nerón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nerón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EB%A1%9C" title="네로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ներոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ներոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="नीरो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नीरो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neron" title="Neron – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Neron" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" title="Nero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" title="Nero – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nero" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neron" title="Neron – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Neron" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ner%C3%B3" title="Neró – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Neró" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerone" title="Nerone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nerone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8" title="נירון קיסר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נירון קיסר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9ro" title="Néro – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Néro" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ნერონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნერონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нерон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нерон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" title="Nero – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Nero" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisari_Nero" title="Kaisari Nero – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kaisari Nero" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" title="Nero – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Nero" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" title="Nero – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nero" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нерон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нерон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Caesar_Augustus_Germanicus" title="Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerons" title="Nerons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nerons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neronas" title="Neronas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Neronas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero_r%C3%B3mai_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="Nero római császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nero római császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нерон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нерон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ner%C3%B4_(emperora)" title="Nerô (emperora) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nerô (emperora)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="नीरो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नीरो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ნერონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნერონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="نيرون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيرون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="نرون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نرون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" title="Nero – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nero" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="နီရိုး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နီရိုး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero_(keizer)" title="Nero (keizer) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nero (keizer)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AD" title="ネロ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネロ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" title="Nero – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nero" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" title="Nero – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nero" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero_av_Romarriket" title="Nero av Romarriket – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nero av Romarriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neron" title="Neron – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Neron" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neron_Klavdiy_Sezar" title="Neron Klavdiy Sezar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Neron Klavdiy Sezar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B" title="ਨੀਰੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੀਰੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88" title="نیرو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیرو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%88" title="نېرو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نېرو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neron" title="Neron – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Neron" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neron" title="Neron – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Neron" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" title="Nero – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nero" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" title="Nero – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nero" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нерон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нерон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нерон – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Нерон" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" title="Nero – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nero" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neroni" title="Neroni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Neroni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niruni" title="Niruni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Niruni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" title="Nero – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nero" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" title="Nero – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nero" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neron" title="Neron – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Neron" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ner%C5%AFn" title="Nerůn – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Nerůn" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%86" title="نیرۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیرۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нерон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нерон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neron" title="Neron – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Neron" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" title="Nero – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nero" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" title="Nero – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nero" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" title="Nero – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nero" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B" title="நீரோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீரோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нерон – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Нерон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B" title="నీరో – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నీరో" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3" title="จักรพรรดิแนโร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิแนโร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neron" title="Neron – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Neron" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нерон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нерон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88" title="نیرو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیرو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neron" title="Neron – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Neron" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" title="Nero – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nero" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%A5%BF" title="尼祿 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="尼祿" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero_(keizer)" title="Nero (keizer) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Nero (keizer)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" title="Nero – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nero" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li 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href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%A5%BF" title="尼祿 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="尼祿" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neron" title="Neron – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Neron" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%A6%84" title="尼禄 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼禄" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman emperor from AD 54 to 68</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nero_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nero (disambiguation)">Nero (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Nero</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nero_Glyptothek_Munich_321.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Facing male bust" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Nero_Glyptothek_Munich_321.jpg/220px-Nero_Glyptothek_Munich_321.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Nero_Glyptothek_Munich_321.jpg/330px-Nero_Glyptothek_Munich_321.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Nero_Glyptothek_Munich_321.jpg/440px-Nero_Glyptothek_Munich_321.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1604" data-file-height="2183" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Head of Nero from an oversized statue. <a href="/wiki/Glyptothek" title="Glyptothek">Glyptothek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">13 October 54 – 9 June 68</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Lucius <a href="/wiki/Domitii" class="mw-redirect" title="Domitii">Domitius</a> Ahenobarbus<br />15 December AD 37<br /><a href="/wiki/Antium" title="Antium">Antium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy</a>, Roman Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 June AD 68 (aged 30)<br />outside Rome, Italy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Mausoleum of the Domitii Ahenobarbi, <a href="/wiki/Pincian_Hill" title="Pincian Hill">Pincian Hill</a>, Rome</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Octavia" title="Claudia Octavia">Claudia Octavia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Poppaea_Sabina" title="Poppaea Sabina">Poppaea Sabina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Statilia_Messalina" title="Statilia Messalina">Statilia Messalina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sporus" title="Sporus">Sporus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras_(freedman)" title="Pythagoras (freedman)">Pythagoras</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Augusta" title="Claudia Augusta">Claudia Augusta</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Nero Claudius Caesar <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a> Germanicus</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian" class="mw-redirect" title="Julio-Claudian">Julio-Claudian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_(father_of_Nero)" title="Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (father of Nero)">Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> (adoptive)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina the Younger</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="color:#ffffff; background:#b80049;text-align:center;">Roman imperial dynasties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Cameo_of_France-removebg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Great_Cameo_of_France-removebg.png/150px-Great_Cameo_of_France-removebg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Great_Cameo_of_France-removebg.png/225px-Great_Cameo_of_France-removebg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Great_Cameo_of_France-removebg.png/300px-Great_Cameo_of_France-removebg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <b><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color:#000000; background:#E5E4E2; font-size: 110%;text-align:center;"> Chronology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></div> <div style="float:right;">27 BC – AD 14</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></span></div> <div style="float:right;">AD 14–37</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></span></div> <div style="float:right;">AD 37–41</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></div> <div style="float:right;">AD 41–54</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nero</a></div> <div style="float:right;">AD 54–68</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;"> <table style="width:100%"><tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><i>Preceded by</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></td> <td style="width:50%;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><i>Followed by</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Year of the Four Emperors</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Julio-Claudian dynasty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">NEER</span>-oh</i></a>; born <b>Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus</b>; 15 December AD 37 – 9 June AD 68) was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> and the final emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a>, reigning from AD 54 until his death in AD 68. </p><p>Nero was born at <a href="/wiki/Antium" title="Antium">Antium</a> in AD 37, the son of <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_(father_of_Nero)" title="Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (father of Nero)">Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina the Younger</a> (great-granddaughter of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>). Nero was three when his father died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''6_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''6-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time Nero turned eleven, his mother married <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Claudius" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Claudius">Emperor Claudius</a>, who then <a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">adopted</a> Nero as his heir.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon Claudius' death in AD 54, Nero ascended to the throne with the backing of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> and the Senate. In the early years of his reign, Nero was advised and guided by his mother Agrippina, his tutor <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a>, and his <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">praetorian prefect</a> <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Afranius_Burrus" title="Sextus Afranius Burrus">Sextus Afranius Burrus</a>, but sought to rule independently and rid himself of restraining influences. The power struggle between Nero and his mother reached its climax when he orchestrated her murder. Roman sources also implicate Nero in the deaths of both his wife <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Octavia" title="Claudia Octavia">Claudia Octavia</a> – supposedly so he could marry <a href="/wiki/Poppaea_Sabina" title="Poppaea Sabina">Poppaea Sabina</a> – and his stepbrother <a href="/wiki/Britannicus" title="Britannicus">Britannicus</a>. </p><p>Nero's practical contributions to Rome's governance focused on <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">culture</a>. He ordered the construction of <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre" title="Amphitheatre">amphitheaters</a>, and promoted <a href="/wiki/Athletics_(physical_culture)" title="Athletics (physical culture)">athletic games and contests</a>. He made public appearances as an actor, poet, musician, and <a href="/wiki/Chariot_racing" title="Chariot racing">charioteer</a>, which scandalized his aristocratic contemporaries as these occupations were usually the domain of slaves, public entertainers, and <a href="/wiki/Infamia" title="Infamia">infamous persons</a>. However, the provision of such entertainments made Nero popular among lower-class citizens. The costs involved were borne by local elites either directly or through taxation, and were much resented by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_aristocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman aristocracy">Roman aristocracy</a>. </p><p>During Nero's reign, the general <a href="/wiki/Corbulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Corbulo">Corbulo</a> fought the <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_58%E2%80%9363" title="Roman–Parthian War of 58–63">Roman–Parthian War of 58–63</a>, and made peace with the hostile <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>. The Roman general <a href="/wiki/Suetonius_Paulinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Suetonius Paulinus">Suetonius Paulinus</a> quashed a major <a href="/wiki/Iceni_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Iceni Revolt">revolt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a> led by queen <a href="/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica">Boudica</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a> was briefly <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexed</a> to the empire, and the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a> began. When the Roman senator <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Vindex" title="Gaius Julius Vindex">Vindex</a> rebelled, with support from the eventual Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a>, Nero was declared a public enemy and condemned to death <a href="/wiki/Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia"><i>in absentia</i></a>. He fled Rome, and on 9 June AD 68 committed suicide. His death sparked a brief period of <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Year of the Four Emperors</a>. </p><p>Most Roman sources offer overwhelmingly negative assessments of his personality and reign. Most contemporary sources describe him as tyrannical, self-indulgent, and debauched. The historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> claims the Roman people thought him compulsive and corrupt. Suetonius tells that many Romans believed the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome" title="Great Fire of Rome">Great Fire of Rome</a> was instigated by Nero to clear land for his planned "<a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea" title="Domus Aurea">Golden House</a>". Tacitus claims Nero seized <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> as scapegoats for the fire and had them burned alive, seemingly motivated not by public justice, but personal cruelty. Some modern historians question the reliability of ancient sources on Nero's tyrannical acts, considering his popularity among the Roman commoners. In the eastern provinces of the Empire, a popular legend arose that Nero <a href="/wiki/Nero_Redivivus_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Nero Redivivus legend">had not died and would return</a>. After his death, at least three leaders of short-lived, failed rebellions presented themselves as "<a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Nero" title="Pseudo-Nero">Nero reborn</a>" to gain popular support. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <p>Nero was born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus on 15 December AD 37 in Antium (modern <a href="/wiki/Anzio" title="Anzio">Anzio</a>), eight months after the death of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''6_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''6-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett2010_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was an only-child, the son of the politician <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_(father_of_Nero)" title="Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (father of Nero)">Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina the Younger</a>. His mother Agrippina was the sister of the third Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrettFanthamYardley20165_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrettFanthamYardley20165-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nero was also the great-great-grandson of former emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> (descended from Augustus' only daughter, <a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Elder" title="Julia the Elder">Julia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalitz20053_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalitz20053-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Nero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Statue_of_Nero.jpg/220px-Statue_of_Nero.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Statue_of_Nero.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Nero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Statue_of_Nero.jpg/440px-Statue_of_Nero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4420" data-file-height="2946" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Nero in his birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Anzio" title="Anzio">Anzio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The ancient biographer <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, who was critical of Nero's ancestors, wrote that emperor Augustus had reproached Nero's grandfather for his unseemly enjoyment of violent <a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiator</a> games. According to Jürgen Malitz, Suetonius tells that Nero's father was known to be "irascible and brutal", and that both "enjoyed chariot races and theater performances to a degree not befitting their position".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalitz20053_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalitz20053-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suetonius also mentions that when Nero's father Domitius was congratulated by his friends for the birth of his son, he replied that any child born to him and Agrippina would have a detestable nature and become a public danger.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''6_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''6-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Domitius died in AD 41. A few years before his father's death, his father was involved in a serious political scandal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalitz20053_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalitz20053-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother and his two surviving sisters, Agrippina and <a href="/wiki/Julia_Livilla" title="Julia Livilla">Julia Livilla</a>, were exiled to a remote island in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalitz20054_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalitz20054-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother was said to have been exiled for plotting to overthrow the emperor Caligula.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett2010_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nero's inheritance was taken from him, and he was sent to live with his paternal aunt <a href="/wiki/Domitia_Lepida" title="Domitia Lepida">Domitia Lepida</a>, the mother of later emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>'s third wife, <a href="/wiki/Messalina" title="Messalina">Messalina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotter201211_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotter201211-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Caligula's death, Claudius became the new emperor. Nero's mother married Claudius in AD 49, becoming his fourth wife.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett2010_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 February AD 50,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claudius was pressured to adopt Nero as his son, giving him the new name of "Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotter201651_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotter201651-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claudius had gold coins issued to mark the adoption.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckleyDinter2013119_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckleyDinter2013119-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classics professor Josiah Osgood has written that "the coins, through their distribution and imagery alike, showed that a new Leader was in the making."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsgood2011231_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsgood2011231-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/David_Shotter" title="David Shotter">David Shotter</a> noted that, despite events in Rome, Nero's step-brother <a href="/wiki/Britannicus" title="Britannicus">Britannicus</a> was more prominent in provincial coinages during the early 50s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotter201652_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotter201652-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_from_the_Sebasteion_depicting_Nero_and_Agrippina,_Aphrodisias_Museum,_Turkey_(20481225182).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Relief_from_the_Sebasteion_depicting_Nero_and_Agrippina%2C_Aphrodisias_Museum%2C_Turkey_%2820481225182%29.jpg/170px-Relief_from_the_Sebasteion_depicting_Nero_and_Agrippina%2C_Aphrodisias_Museum%2C_Turkey_%2820481225182%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Relief_from_the_Sebasteion_depicting_Nero_and_Agrippina%2C_Aphrodisias_Museum%2C_Turkey_%2820481225182%29.jpg/255px-Relief_from_the_Sebasteion_depicting_Nero_and_Agrippina%2C_Aphrodisias_Museum%2C_Turkey_%2820481225182%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Relief_from_the_Sebasteion_depicting_Nero_and_Agrippina%2C_Aphrodisias_Museum%2C_Turkey_%2820481225182%29.jpg/340px-Relief_from_the_Sebasteion_depicting_Nero_and_Agrippina%2C_Aphrodisias_Museum%2C_Turkey_%2820481225182%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3178" data-file-height="4780" /></a><figcaption>Relief from the <a href="/wiki/Sebasteion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebasteion">Sebasteion</a> depicting Nero and his mother, <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Nero formally entered public life as an adult in AD 51 while 13 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotter201651_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotter201651-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he turned 16, Nero married Claudius' daughter (his step-sister), <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Octavia" title="Claudia Octavia">Claudia Octavia</a>. Between the years AD 51 and AD 53, he gave several speeches on behalf of various communities, including the Ilians; the <a href="/wiki/Apamea_(Phrygia)" title="Apamea (Phrygia)">Apameans</a> (requesting a five-year tax reprieve after an earthquake); and the northern colony of <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, after their settlement had suffered a devastating fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsgood2011231_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsgood2011231-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> died in AD 54; many ancient historians claim that he was poisoned by Agrippina. Shotter has written that "Claudius' death...has usually been regarded as an event hastened by Agrippina, due to signs that Claudius was showing a renewed affection for his natural son." He notes that among ancient sources, the Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> was uniquely reserved in describing the poisoning as a rumor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotter201653_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotter201653-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary sources differ in their accounts of the poisoning. Tacitus says that the poison-maker <a href="/wiki/Locusta" title="Locusta">Locusta</a> prepared the toxin, which was served to the Emperor by his servant <a href="/wiki/Halotus" title="Halotus">Halotus</a>. Tacitus also writes that Agrippina arranged for Claudius' doctor <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Stertinius_Xenophon" title="Gaius Stertinius Xenophon">Xenophon</a> to administer poison, in the event that the Emperor survived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotter201653_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotter201653-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suetonius differs in some details, but also implicates Halotus and Agrippina.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Tacitus, Cassius Dio writes that the poison was prepared by Locusta, but in Dio's account it is administered by Agrippina instead of Halotus. In <i><a href="/wiki/Apocolocyntosis" title="Apocolocyntosis">Apocolocyntosis</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a> does not mention mushrooms at all.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotter201654_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotter201654-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agrippina's involvement in Claudius' death is not accepted by all modern scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before Claudius' death, Agrippina had maneuvered to remove Claudius' sons' tutors in order to replace them with tutors that she had selected. She was also able to convince Claudius to replace two prefects of the Praetorian Guard (who were suspected of supporting Claudius' son) with <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Afranius_Burrus" title="Sextus Afranius Burrus">Afranius Burrus</a> (Nero's future guide).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotter201213_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotter201213-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Agrippina had replaced the guard officers with men loyal to her, Nero was subsequently able to assume power without incident.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett2010_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign_(AD_54–68)"><span id="Reign_.28AD_54.E2.80.9368.29"></span>Reign (AD 54–68)</h2></div> <p>The main ancient Roman literary sources for Nero's reign are <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin200237_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin200237-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They found Nero's construction projects overly extravagant and claim that their cost left Italy "thoroughly exhausted by contributions of money" with "the provinces ruined".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern historians note that the period was riddled with deflation and that Nero intended his spending on public-work and charities to ease economic troubles.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_reign">Early reign</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Roman_emperor_as_pharaoh-E_27418-IMG_3389-gradient.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bust_of_Roman_emperor_as_pharaoh-E_27418-IMG_3389-gradient.jpg/220px-Bust_of_Roman_emperor_as_pharaoh-E_27418-IMG_3389-gradient.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bust_of_Roman_emperor_as_pharaoh-E_27418-IMG_3389-gradient.jpg/330px-Bust_of_Roman_emperor_as_pharaoh-E_27418-IMG_3389-gradient.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bust_of_Roman_emperor_as_pharaoh-E_27418-IMG_3389-gradient.jpg/440px-Bust_of_Roman_emperor_as_pharaoh-E_27418-IMG_3389-gradient.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="4500" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Nero as pharaoh</figcaption></figure> <p>Nero became emperor in AD 54, aged 16. His tutor, <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a>, prepared Nero's first speech before the Senate. During this speech, Nero spoke about "eliminating the ills of the previous regime".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalitz200516_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalitz200516-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/H._H._Scullard" class="mw-redirect" title="H. H. Scullard">H. H. Scullard</a> writes that "he promised to follow the Augustan model in his principate, to end all secret trials <i>intra cubiculum</i>, to have done with the corruption of court favorites and freedmen, and above all to respect the privileges of the Senate and individual Senators."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard2011257_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard2011257-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His respect for Senatorial autonomy, which distinguished him from Caligula and Claudius, was generally well received by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalitz200518_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalitz200518-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scullard writes that Nero's mother, Agrippina, "meant to rule through her son". Agrippina murdered her political rivals: Domitia Lepida the Younger, the aunt that Nero had lived with during Agrippina's exile; <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Silanus_(consul_46)" title="Marcus Junius Silanus (consul 46)">Marcus Junius Silanus</a>, a great-grandson of Augustus; and <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Claudius_Narcissus" title="Tiberius Claudius Narcissus">Narcissus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard2011257_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard2011257-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest coins that Nero issued during his reign shows Agrippina on the coin's <a href="/wiki/Obverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Obverse">obverse</a> side; usually, this would be reserved for a portrait of the emperor. The Senate also allowed Agrippina two <a href="/wiki/Lictors" class="mw-redirect" title="Lictors">lictors</a> during public appearances, an honor that was customarily bestowed upon only magistrates and the <a href="/wiki/Vestalis_Maxima" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestalis Maxima">Vestalis Maxima</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalitz200516_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalitz200516-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In AD 55, Nero removed Agrippina's ally <a href="/wiki/Pallas_(freedman)" title="Pallas (freedman)">Marcus Antonius Pallas</a> from his position in the treasury. Shotter writes the following about Agrippina's deteriorating relationship with Nero: "What Seneca and Burrus probably saw as relatively harmless in Nero—his cultural pursuits and his affair with the slave girl <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Acte" title="Claudia Acte">Claudia Acte</a>—were to her signs of her son's dangerous emancipation of himself from her influence." Britannicus was poisoned after Agrippina threatened to side with him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotter201212_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotter201212-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nero, who was having an affair with Acte,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> exiled Agrippina from the palace when she began to cultivate a relationship with his wife Octavia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard2011257_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard2011257-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ner%C3%B3n_y_S%C3%A9neca-Barr%C3%B3n.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ner%C3%B3n_y_S%C3%A9neca-Barr%C3%B3n.png/220px-Ner%C3%B3n_y_S%C3%A9neca-Barr%C3%B3n.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ner%C3%B3n_y_S%C3%A9neca-Barr%C3%B3n.png/330px-Ner%C3%B3n_y_S%C3%A9neca-Barr%C3%B3n.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ner%C3%B3n_y_S%C3%A9neca-Barr%C3%B3n.png/440px-Ner%C3%B3n_y_S%C3%A9neca-Barr%C3%B3n.png 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Emperor Nero being instructed by <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a>, work by Spanish sculptor <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Barr%C3%B3n_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Eduardo Barrón González">Eduardo Barrón</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Jürgen Malitz writes that ancient sources do not provide any clear evidence to evaluate the extent of Nero's personal involvement in politics during the first years of his reign. He describes the policies that are explicitly attributed to Nero as "well-meant but incompetent notions" like Nero's failed initiative to abolish all taxes in AD 58. Scholars generally credit Nero's advisors Burrus and Seneca with the administrative successes of these years. Malitz writes that in later years, Nero panicked when he had to make decisions on his own during times of crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalitz200519_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalitz200519-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, his early administration ruled to great acclaim. A generation later those years were seen in retrospect as an exemplar of good and moderate government and described as <i>Quinquennium Neronis</i> by <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalitz200517_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalitz200517-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially well received were fiscal reforms which among others put tax collectors under more strict control by establishing local offices to supervise their activities.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the affair of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Pedanius_Secundus" title="Lucius Pedanius Secundus">Lucius Pedanius Secundus</a>, who was murdered by a desperate slave, Nero allowed slaves to file complaints about their treatment to the authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residences">Residences</h3></div> <p>Outside of Rome, Nero had several villas or palaces built, the ruins of which can still be seen today. These included the Villa of Nero at Antium, his place of birth, where he razed the villa on the site to rebuild it on a more massive and imperial scale and including a theatre. At <a href="/wiki/Subiaco,_Lazio" title="Subiaco, Lazio">Subiaco, Lazio</a>, near Rome he had 3 artificial lakes built, with waterfalls, bridges and walkways for the luxurious villa.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stayed at the <a href="/wiki/Villa_of_Nero" title="Villa of Nero">Villa of Nero</a> at <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia, Greece</a>, during his participation at the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> of AD 67. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matricide">Matricide</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nero_and_Poppaea_Sabina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Nero_and_Poppaea_Sabina.jpg/220px-Nero_and_Poppaea_Sabina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Nero_and_Poppaea_Sabina.jpg/330px-Nero_and_Poppaea_Sabina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Nero_and_Poppaea_Sabina.jpg/440px-Nero_and_Poppaea_Sabina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Nero and <a href="/wiki/Poppaea_Sabina" title="Poppaea Sabina">Poppaea Sabina</a> Billon tetradrachm of Alexandria, Egypt, 25 mm, 12.51 gr. Obverse: radiate head right; ΝΕΡΩ. ΚΛΑΥ. ΚΑΙΣ. ΣΕΒ. ΓΕΡ. ΑΥ. Reverse: draped bust of Poppaea right; ΠΟΠΠΑΙΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ. Year LI = 10 = 63–64.</figcaption></figure><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, Nero had his former freedman <a href="/wiki/Anicetus_(freedman)" title="Anicetus (freedman)">Anicetus</a> arrange a shipwreck, which Agrippina managed to survive. She then swam ashore and was executed by Anicetus, who reported her death as a suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett2010_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsNerohtml34_34]_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsNerohtml34_34]-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome</i> cautiously notes that Nero's reasons for killing his mother in AD 59 are "not fully understood".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett2010_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, the source of conflict between Nero and his mother was Nero's affair with <a href="/wiki/Poppaea_Sabina" title="Poppaea Sabina">Poppaea Sabina</a>. In <i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Tacitus)" title="Histories (Tacitus)">Histories</a></i> Tacitus writes that the affair began while Poppaea was still married to <a href="/wiki/Rufrius_Crispinus" title="Rufrius Crispinus">Rufrius Crispinus</a>, but in his later work <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals</a></i> Tacitus says Poppaea was married to <a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a> when the affair began.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrettFanthamYardley2016214_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrettFanthamYardley2016214-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Annals</i> Tacitus writes that Agrippina opposed Nero's affair with Poppaea because of her affection for his wife <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Octavia" title="Claudia Octavia">Octavia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_A._Barrett" title="Anthony A. Barrett">Anthony A. Barrett</a> writes that Tacitus' account in <i>Annals</i> "suggests that Poppaea's challenge drove [Nero] over the brink".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrettFanthamYardley2016215_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrettFanthamYardley2016215-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of modern historians have noted that Agrippina's death would not have offered much advantage for Poppaea, as Nero did not marry Poppaea until AD 62.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrettFanthamYardley2016215_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrettFanthamYardley2016215-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barrett writes that Poppaea seems to serve as a "literary device, utilized [by Tacitus] because [he] could see no plausible explanation for Nero's conduct and also incidentally [served] to show that Nero, like Claudius, had fallen under the malign influence of a woman."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrettFanthamYardley2016215_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrettFanthamYardley2016215-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3></div> <p>Modern scholars believe that Nero's reign had been going well in the years before Agrippina's death. For example, Nero promoted the exploration of the <a href="/wiki/Nile_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile river">Nile river</a> sources with a <a href="/wiki/Nero_exploration_of_Nile_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Nero exploration of Nile river">successful expedition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckleyDinter2013364_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckleyDinter2013364-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Agrippina's exile, Burrus and Seneca were responsible for the administration of the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard2011258_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard2011258-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Nero's "conduct became far more egregious" after his mother's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett2010_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Miriam_T._Griffin" title="Miriam T. Griffin">Miriam T. Griffin</a> suggests that Nero's decline began as early as AD 55 with the murder of his stepbrother Britannicus, but also notes that "Nero lost all sense of right and wrong and listened to flattery with total credulity" after Agrippina's death. Griffin points out that Tacitus "makes explicit the significance of Agrippina's removal for Nero's conduct".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin200284_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin200284-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He began to build a new palace, the <a href="/wiki/Domus_Transitoria" title="Domus Transitoria">Domus Transitoria</a>, from about AD 60.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckleyDinter2013Chapter_19:_Buildings_of_an_emperor_-_How_Nero_transformed_Rome_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckleyDinter2013Chapter_19:_Buildings_of_an_emperor_-_How_Nero_transformed_Rome-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was intended to connect all of the imperial estates that had been acquired in various ways, linking the <a href="/wiki/Palatine" title="Palatine">Palatine</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Maecenas" title="Gardens of Maecenas">Gardens of Maecenas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horti_Lamiani" title="Horti Lamiani">Horti Lamiani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horti_Lolliani" title="Horti Lolliani">Horti Lolliani</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''31.1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''31.1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In AD 62, Nero's adviser <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Afranius_Burrus" title="Sextus Afranius Burrus">Burrus</a> died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett2010_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, Nero called for the first treason trial of his reign (<i>maiestas</i> trial) against Antistius Sosianus.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin200253_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin200253-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also executed his rivals <a href="/wiki/Faustus_Cornelius_Sulla_Felix" title="Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix">Cornelius Sulla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rubellius_Plautus" title="Rubellius Plautus">Rubellius Plautus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalitz2005x_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalitz2005x-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jürgen Malitz considers this to be a turning point in Nero's relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a>. Malitz writes that "Nero abandoned the restraint he had previously shown because he believed a course supporting the Senate promised to be less and less profitable."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalitz200522_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalitz200522-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Burrus' death, Nero appointed two new Praetorian prefects: <a href="/wiki/Faenius_Rufus" title="Faenius Rufus">Faenius Rufus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ofonius_Tigellinus" title="Ofonius Tigellinus">Ofonius Tigellinus</a>. Politically isolated, Seneca was forced to retire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard201126_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard201126-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Tacitus, Nero divorced Octavia on grounds of infertility, and banished her.<sup id="cite_ref-annals-xiv-60_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annals-xiv-60-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After public protests over Octavia's exile, Nero accused her of adultery with Anicetus, and she was executed.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin200299_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin200299-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In AD 64 during the <a href="/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a>, Nero is said to have married <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras_(freedman)" title="Pythagoras (freedman)">Pythagoras</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">freedman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayereromantextstacitusannals15bhtml37_15.37]_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayereromantextstacitusannals15bhtml37_15.37]-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio62html_13,_28]_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio62html_13,_28]-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Champlin146_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Champlin146-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Fire_of_Rome">Great Fire of Rome</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome" title="Great Fire of Rome">Great Fire of Rome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert,_Hubert_-_Incendie_%C3%A0_Rome_-.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Robert%2C_Hubert_-_Incendie_%C3%A0_Rome_-.jpg/220px-Robert%2C_Hubert_-_Incendie_%C3%A0_Rome_-.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Robert%2C_Hubert_-_Incendie_%C3%A0_Rome_-.jpg/330px-Robert%2C_Hubert_-_Incendie_%C3%A0_Rome_-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Robert%2C_Hubert_-_Incendie_%C3%A0_Rome_-.jpg/440px-Robert%2C_Hubert_-_Incendie_%C3%A0_Rome_-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2548" /></a><figcaption><i>The Fire of Rome</i> by <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Robert" title="Hubert Robert">Hubert Robert</a> (1785)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Great Fire of Rome began on the night of 18 to 19 July 64, probably in one of the merchant shops on the slope of the <a href="/wiki/Aventine_Hill" title="Aventine Hill">Aventine</a> overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a>, or in the wooden outer seating of the Circus itself. Rome had always been vulnerable to fires, and this one was fanned to catastrophic proportions by the winds.<sup id="cite_ref-champlin122_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-champlin122-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tacitus-annals-xv-38_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tacitus-annals-xv-38-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tacitus, Cassius Dio, and modern archaeology describe the destruction of mansions, ordinary residences, public buildings, and temples on the Aventine, Palatine, and Caelian hills.<sup id="cite_ref-champlin122_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-champlin122-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-champlin_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-champlin-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fire burned for over seven days before subsiding; it then started again and burned for three more. It destroyed three of Rome's 14 districts and severely damaged seven more.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard2011260_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard2011260-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-annals-xv-40_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annals-xv-40-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Romans thought the fire an accident, as the merchant shops were timber-framed and sold flammable goods, and the outer seating stands of the Circus were timber-built. Others claimed it was arson committed on Nero's behalf. The accounts by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, Suetonius, and Cassius Dio suggest several possible reasons for Nero's alleged arson, including his creation of a real-life backdrop to a theatrical performance about the burning of Troy. Suetonius wrote that Nero started the fire to clear the site for his planned palatial <a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea" title="Domus Aurea">Golden House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would include lush artificial landscapes and a 30-meter-tall statue of himself, the <a href="/wiki/Colossus_of_Nero" title="Colossus of Nero">Colossus of Nero</a>, sited more or less where the <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a> would eventually be built.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suetonius and Cassius Dio claim that Nero sang the "<a href="/wiki/Iliupersis" title="Iliupersis">Sack of Ilium</a>" in stage costume while the city burned.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsNerohtml38_38]_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsNerohtml38_38]-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio62html16_62.16]_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio62html16_62.16]-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popular legend that Nero played the <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a> while Rome burned "is at least partly a literary construct of <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian</a> propaganda ... which looked askance on the abortive Neronian attempt to rewrite Augustan models of rule".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckleyDinter20132_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckleyDinter20132-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tacitus suspends judgment on Nero's responsibility for the fire; he found that Nero was in Antium when the fire started, and returned to Rome to organize a relief effort, providing for the removal of bodies and debris, which he paid for from his own funds.<sup id="cite_ref-annals-xv-39_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annals-xv-39-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the fire, Nero opened his palaces to provide shelter for the homeless, and arranged for food supplies to be delivered in order to prevent starvation among the survivors.<sup id="cite_ref-annals-xv-39_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annals-xv-39-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tacitus writes that to remove suspicion from himself, Nero accused Christians of starting the fire.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this account, many Christians were arrested and brutally executed by "being thrown to the beasts, crucified, and being burned alive".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tacitus asserts that in his imposition of such ferocious punishments, Nero was not motivated by a sense of justice, but by a penchant for personal cruelty.<sup id="cite_ref-annals-xv-44_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annals-xv-44-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Houses built after the fire were spaced out, built in brick, and faced by <a href="/wiki/Porticos" class="mw-redirect" title="Porticos">porticos</a> on wide roads.<sup id="cite_ref-annals-xv-43_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annals-xv-43-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nero also built himself a new palace complex known as the <a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea" title="Domus Aurea">Domus Aurea</a> in an area cleared by the fire. The cost to rebuild Rome was immense, requiring funds the state treasury did not have. To find the necessary funds for the reconstruction, Nero's government increased taxation.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly heavy <a href="/wiki/Tributes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tributes">tributes</a> were imposed on the provinces of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To meet at least a portion of the costs, Nero devalued the <a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Roman currency</a>, increasing inflationary pressure for the first time in the Empire's history.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years">Later years</h3></div> <p>In AD 65, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Calpurnius_Piso_(conspirator)" title="Gaius Calpurnius Piso (conspirator)">Gaius Calpurnius Piso</a>, a Roman statesman, organized a <a href="/wiki/Pisonian_conspiracy" title="Pisonian conspiracy">conspiracy against Nero</a> with the help of <a href="/wiki/Subrius_Flavus" title="Subrius Flavus">Subrius Flavus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulpicius_Asper" title="Sulpicius Asper">Sulpicius Asper</a>, a tribune and a centurion of the Praetorian Guard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#49|15.49]]_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#49|15.49]]-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Tacitus, many conspirators wished to "rescue the state" from the emperor and restore the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#50|15.50]]_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#50|15.50]]-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The freedman Milichus discovered the conspiracy and reported it to Nero's secretary, <a href="/wiki/Epaphroditus_(freedman_of_Nero)" title="Epaphroditus (freedman of Nero)">Epaphroditus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#55|15.55]]_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#55|15.55]]-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the conspiracy failed and its members were executed, including <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annaeus_Lucanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Annaeus Lucanus">Lucan</a>, the poet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#70|15.70]]_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#70|15.70]]-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nero's previous advisor <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a> was accused by Natalis; he denied the charges but was still ordered to commit suicide, as by this point he had fallen out of favor with Nero.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#60|15.60–62]]_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#60|15.60–62]]-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nero was said to have kicked Poppaea to death in AD 65, before she could give birth to his second child. Modern historians, noting the probable biases of Suetonius, Tacitus, and Cassius Dio, and the likely absence of eyewitnesses to such an event, propose that Poppaea may have died after miscarriage or in childbirth.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nero went into deep mourning; Poppaea was given a sumptuous <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funeral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)#Divus,_deus_and_the_numen" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">divine honors</a>, and was promised a temple for her cult. A year's importation of incense was burned at the funeral. Her body was not cremated, as would have been strictly customary, but embalmed after the Egyptian manner and entombed; it is not known where.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In AD 67, Nero married <a href="/wiki/Sporus" title="Sporus">Sporus</a>, a young boy who is said to have greatly resembled Poppaea. Nero had him castrated and married him with all the usual ceremonies, including a dowry and a bridal veil. It is believed that he did this out of regret for his killing of Poppaea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio62.28_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio62.28-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolt_of_Vindex_and_Galba_and_Nero's_death"><span id="Revolt_of_Vindex_and_Galba_and_Nero.27s_death"></span>Revolt of Vindex and Galba and Nero's death</h3></div> <p>In March 68, <a href="/wiki/Vindex" class="mw-redirect" title="Vindex">Gaius Julius Vindex</a>, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Gallia Lugdunensis</a>, rebelled against Nero's tax policies.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassius-22_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassius-22-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Virginius_Rufus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Virginius Rufus">Lucius Verginius Rufus</a>, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a>, was ordered to put down Vindex's rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-cassiusdio-lxiii-24_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cassiusdio-lxiii-24-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an attempt to gain support from outside his own province, Vindex called upon <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Servius Sulpicius Galba</a>, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Hispania Tarraconensis</a>, to join the rebellion and to declare himself emperor in opposition to Nero.<sup id="cite_ref-Plutarch-galba-5_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plutarch-galba-5-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nero_Palatino_Inv618.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nero_Palatino_Inv618.jpg/170px-Nero_Palatino_Inv618.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nero_Palatino_Inv618.jpg/255px-Nero_Palatino_Inv618.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nero_Palatino_Inv618.jpg/340px-Nero_Palatino_Inv618.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1715" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>A marble bust of Nero, Antiquarium of the <a href="/wiki/Palatine" title="Palatine">Palatine</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vesontio_(68)" title="Battle of Vesontio (68)">Battle of Vesontio</a> in May 68, Verginius' forces easily defeated those of Vindex, and the latter committed suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-cassiusdio-lxiii-24_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cassiusdio-lxiii-24-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after defeating the rebel, Verginius' legions attempted to proclaim their own commander as Emperor. Verginius refused to act against Nero, but the discontent of the legions of Germania and the continued opposition of Galba in Hispania did not bode well for him.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Nero had retained some control of the situation, support for Galba increased despite his being officially declared a "public enemy".<sup id="cite_ref-Plutarch-galba-5_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plutarch-galba-5-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prefect of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Nymphidius_Sabinus" title="Gaius Nymphidius Sabinus">Gaius Nymphidius Sabinus</a>, also abandoned his allegiance to the Emperor and came out in support of Galba.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlutarch,_''Galba''[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsPlutarchLivesGalbahtml8_Galba_8]_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlutarch,_''Galba''[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsPlutarchLivesGalbahtml8_Galba_8]-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response, Nero fled Rome with the intention of going to the port of <a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia</a> and, from there, to take a fleet to one of the still-loyal eastern provinces. According to Suetonius, Nero abandoned the idea when some army officers openly refused to obey his commands, responding with a line from <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i>: "Is it so dreadful a thing then to die?" Nero then toyed with the idea of fleeing to <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthia</a>, throwing himself upon the mercy of Galba, or appealing to the people and begging them to pardon him for his past offences "and if he could not soften their hearts, to entreat them at least to allow him the <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">prefecture of Egypt</a>". Suetonius reports that the text of this speech was later found in Nero's writing desk, but that he dared not give it from fear of being torn to pieces before he could reach the Forum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''47_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''47-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nero returned to Rome and spent the evening in the palace. After sleeping, he awoke at about midnight to find the palace guard had left. Dispatching messages to his friends' palace chambers for them to come, he received no answers. Upon going to their chambers personally, he found them all abandoned. When he called for a <a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiator</a> or anyone else adept with a sword to kill him, no one appeared. He cried, "Have I neither friend nor foe?" and ran out as if to throw himself into the <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''47_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''47-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Returning, Nero sought a place where he could hide and collect his thoughts. An imperial freedman, <a href="/wiki/Phaon_(freedman)" title="Phaon (freedman)">Phaon</a>, offered his villa, 4 mi (6.4 km) outside the city. Travelling in disguise, Nero and four loyal <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">freedmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epaphroditus_(freedman_of_Nero)" title="Epaphroditus (freedman of Nero)">Epaphroditus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phaon_(freedman)" title="Phaon (freedman)">Phaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neophytus_(freedman)" title="Neophytus (freedman)">Neophytus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sporus" title="Sporus">Sporus</a>, reached the villa, where Nero ordered them to dig a grave for him.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, Nero learned that the Senate had declared him a public enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''48–49_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''48–49-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nero prepared himself for <a href="/wiki/Forced_suicide" title="Forced suicide">suicide</a>, pacing up and down muttering <i>Qualis artifex pereo</i> ("What an artist the world is losing!"). Losing his nerve, he begged one of his companions to set an example by killing himself first. At last, the sound of approaching horsemen drove Nero to face the end. However, he still could not bring himself to take his own life, but instead forced his private secretary, Epaphroditus, to perform the task.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''49_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''49-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_select_collection_of_views_and_ruins_in_Rome_and_its_vicinity_-_recently_executed_from_drawings_made_upon_the_spot_(1815)_(14592716650).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/A_select_collection_of_views_and_ruins_in_Rome_and_its_vicinity_-_recently_executed_from_drawings_made_upon_the_spot_%281815%29_%2814592716650%29.jpg/170px-A_select_collection_of_views_and_ruins_in_Rome_and_its_vicinity_-_recently_executed_from_drawings_made_upon_the_spot_%281815%29_%2814592716650%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/A_select_collection_of_views_and_ruins_in_Rome_and_its_vicinity_-_recently_executed_from_drawings_made_upon_the_spot_%281815%29_%2814592716650%29.jpg/255px-A_select_collection_of_views_and_ruins_in_Rome_and_its_vicinity_-_recently_executed_from_drawings_made_upon_the_spot_%281815%29_%2814592716650%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/A_select_collection_of_views_and_ruins_in_Rome_and_its_vicinity_-_recently_executed_from_drawings_made_upon_the_spot_%281815%29_%2814592716650%29.jpg/340px-A_select_collection_of_views_and_ruins_in_Rome_and_its_vicinity_-_recently_executed_from_drawings_made_upon_the_spot_%281815%29_%2814592716650%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1802" data-file-height="2502" /></a><figcaption>An 1815 illustration of the alleged tomb of Nero; actually tomb of proconsul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Vibius_Marianus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaius Vibius Marianus (page does not exist)">Gaius Vibius Marianus</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>When one of the horsemen entered and saw that Nero was dying, he attempted to stop the bleeding, but efforts to save Nero's life were unsuccessful. Nero's final words were "Too late! This is fidelity!".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''49_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''49-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died on 9 June 68,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the anniversary of the death of his first wife, <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Octavia" title="Claudia Octavia">Claudia Octavia</a>, and was buried in the Mausoleum of the Domitii Ahenobarbi, in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Borghese" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Borghese">Villa Borghese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pincian_Hill" title="Pincian Hill">Pincian Hill</a>) area of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''50_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''50-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Sulpicius_Severus" title="Sulpicius Severus">Sulpicius Severus</a>, it is unclear whether Nero took his own life.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With his death, the <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a> ended.<sup id="cite_ref-agrippina_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agrippina-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> Chaos would ensue in the <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">year of the Four Emperors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tacitus-histories-I.2_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tacitus-histories-I.2-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_Nero">After Nero</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nero_Redivivus_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Nero Redivivus legend">Nero Redivivus legend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Nero" title="Pseudo-Nero">Pseudo-Nero</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nero-nancy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Nero-nancy.jpg/170px-Nero-nancy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Nero-nancy.jpg/255px-Nero-nancy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Nero-nancy.jpg/340px-Nero-nancy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="824" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">Apotheosis</a> of Nero, c. after 68. Artwork portraying Nero rising to divine status after his death.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Suetonius and Cassius Dio, the people of Rome celebrated the death of Nero.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio63html_63]_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio63html_63]-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''57_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''57-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tacitus, though, describes a more complicated political environment. Tacitus mentions that Nero's death was welcomed by senators, nobility, and the upper class.<sup id="cite_ref-histories-i-4_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histories-i-4-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lower class, slaves, frequenters of the arena and the theater, and "those who were supported by the famous excesses of Nero", on the other hand, were upset with the news.<sup id="cite_ref-histories-i-4_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histories-i-4-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the military were said to have mixed feelings, as they had allegiance to Nero but had been bribed to overthrow him.<sup id="cite_ref-tacitus-histories-I.5_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tacitus-histories-I.5-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eastern sources, namely <a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius of Tyana</a>, mention that Nero's death was mourned as he "restored the liberties of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Greece">Hellas</a> with a wisdom and moderation quite alien to his character", and that he "held our liberties in his hand and respected them".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilostratus,_''Vita_Apollonii''[httpswwwliviusorgsourcescontentphilostratus-life-of-apolloniusphilostratus-life-of-apollonius-541-43_5.41]_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilostratus,_''Vita_Apollonii''[httpswwwliviusorgsourcescontentphilostratus-life-of-apolloniusphilostratus-life-of-apollonius-541-43_5.41]-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholarship generally holds that, while the Senate and more well-off individuals welcomed Nero's death, the general populace was "loyal to the end and beyond, for Otho and Vitellius both thought it worthwhile to appeal to their <a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">nostalgia</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin2002186_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin2002186-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nero's name was erased from some monuments, in what Edward Champlin regards as an "outburst of private zeal".<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many portraits of Nero were reworked to represent other figures; according to Eric R. Varner, over 50 such images survive.<sup id="cite_ref-pollini_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pollini-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reworking of images is often explained as part of the way in which the memory of disgraced emperors was condemned posthumously,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a practice known as <i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">damnatio memoriae</a></i>. Champlin doubts that the practice is necessarily negative and notes that some continued to create images of Nero long after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damaged portraits of Nero, often with hammer blows directed to the face, have been found in many provinces of the Roman Empire, three recently having been identified from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pollini_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pollini-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The civil war during the <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">year of the Four Emperors</a> was described by ancient historians as a troubling period.<sup id="cite_ref-tacitus-histories-I.2_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tacitus-histories-I.2-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Tacitus, this instability was rooted in the fact that emperors could no longer rely on the perceived legitimacy of the imperial bloodline, as Nero and those before him could.<sup id="cite_ref-histories-i-4_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histories-i-4-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a> began his short reign with the execution of many of Nero's allies.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such notable enemy included <a href="/wiki/Nymphidius_Sabinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nymphidius Sabinus">Nymphidius Sabinus</a>, who claimed to be the son of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlutarch,_''Galba''[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsPlutarchLivesGalbahtml9_9]_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlutarch,_''Galba''[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsPlutarchLivesGalbahtml9_9]-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a> overthrew Galba. Otho was said to be liked by many soldiers because he had been a friend of Nero and resembled him somewhat in temperament.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was said that the common Roman hailed Otho as Nero himself.<sup id="cite_ref-suetonius-otho-7_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suetonius-otho-7-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otho used "Nero" as a surname and reerected many statues to Nero.<sup id="cite_ref-suetonius-otho-7_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suetonius-otho-7-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a> overthrew Otho. Vitellius began his reign with a large funeral for Nero complete with songs written by Nero.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Nero's death in AD 68, there was a widespread belief, especially in the eastern provinces, that he was not dead and somehow would return.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This belief came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Nero_Redivivus_Legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Nero Redivivus Legend">Nero Redivivus Legend</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a> of Nero's return lasted for hundreds of years after Nero's death. <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> wrote of the legend as a popular belief in AD 422.<sup id="cite_ref-augustine_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-augustine-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Neros" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Neros">three Nero impostors</a> emerged leading rebellions. The first, who sang and played the cithara or lyre, and whose face was similar to that of the dead emperor, appeared in 69 AD during the reign of Vitellius.<sup id="cite_ref-tacitus-histories-II.8_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tacitus-histories-II.8-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After persuading some to recognize him, he was captured and executed.<sup id="cite_ref-tacitus-histories-II.8_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tacitus-histories-II.8-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometime during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> (79–81), another impostor appeared in Asia and sang to the accompaniment of the lyre and looked like Nero, but he, too, was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio66html19_66.19]_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio66html19_66.19]-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty years after Nero's death, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>, there was a third pretender. He was supported by the Parthians, who only reluctantly gave him up,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''57_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''57-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the matter almost came to war.<sup id="cite_ref-tacitus-histories-I.2_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tacitus-histories-I.2-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_conflicts">Military conflicts</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_Aureus_of_Nero.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gold_Aureus_of_Nero.png/190px-Gold_Aureus_of_Nero.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gold_Aureus_of_Nero.png/285px-Gold_Aureus_of_Nero.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gold_Aureus_of_Nero.png/380px-Gold_Aureus_of_Nero.png 2x" data-file-width="2358" data-file-height="2312" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">Aureus</a> of Nero, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 64</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:INC-3007-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81._%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD._%D0%9E%D0%BA._64%E2%80%9468_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/INC-3007-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81._%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD._%D0%9E%D0%BA._64%E2%80%9468_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/190px-INC-3007-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81._%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD._%D0%9E%D0%BA._64%E2%80%9468_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/INC-3007-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81._%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD._%D0%9E%D0%BA._64%E2%80%9468_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/285px-INC-3007-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81._%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD._%D0%9E%D0%BA._64%E2%80%9468_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/INC-3007-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81._%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD._%D0%9E%D0%BA._64%E2%80%9468_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/380px-INC-3007-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81._%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD._%D0%9E%D0%BA._64%E2%80%9468_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="495" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Aureus of Nero, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 68</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boudica's_uprising"><span id="Boudica.27s_uprising"></span>Boudica's uprising</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Boudican_revolt" title="Boudican revolt">Boudican revolt</a></div> <p>In Britannia (Britain) in AD 59, <a href="/wiki/Prasutagus" title="Prasutagus">Prasutagus</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Iceni" title="Iceni">Iceni</a> tribe and a <a href="/wiki/Client_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Client king">client king</a> of Rome during Claudius' reign, had died. The client state arrangement was unlikely to survive following the death of Claudius. The will of the Iceni tribal King Prasutagus, leaving control of the Iceni to his daughters, was denied. When the Roman <a href="/wiki/Procurator_(ancient_Rome)" title="Procurator (ancient Rome)">procurator</a> <a href="/wiki/Catus_Decianus" title="Catus Decianus">Catus Decianus</a> scourged Prasutagus' wife <a href="/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica">Boudica</a> and raped her daughters, the Iceni revolted. They were joined by the Celtic <a href="/wiki/Trinovantes" title="Trinovantes">Trinovantes</a> tribe and <a href="/wiki/Boudica%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Boudica's Rebellion">their uprising</a> became the most significant provincial rebellion of the 1st century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotter201232Scullard2011254_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotter201232Scullard2011254-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Queen Boudica, the towns of Camulodunum (Colchester), Londinium (London) and Verulamium (St. Albans) were burned, and a substantial body of <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Roman legion</a> infantry were eliminated. The governor of the province, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Suetonius_Paulinus" title="Gaius Suetonius Paulinus">Gaius Suetonius Paulinus</a>, assembled his remaining forces and <a href="/wiki/Defeat_of_Boudica" class="mw-redirect" title="Defeat of Boudica">defeated the Britons</a>. Although order was restored for some time, Nero considered abandoning the province.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''18,_39–40_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''18,_39–40-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Alpinus_Classicianus" title="Gaius Julius Alpinus Classicianus">Julius Classicianus</a> replaced the former procurator, Catus Decianus, and Classicianus advised Nero to replace Paulinus who continued to punish the population even after the rebellion was over.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard2011265_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard2011265-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nero decided to adopt a more lenient approach by appointing a new governor, <a href="/wiki/Petronius_Turpilianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Petronius Turpilianus">Petronius Turpilianus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotter201233_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotter201233-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_with_Parthia">Peace with Parthia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_58%E2%80%9363" title="Roman–Parthian War of 58–63">Roman–Parthian War of 58–63</a></div> <p>Nero began preparing for war in the early years of his reign, after the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologeses</a> set his brother <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_I_of_Armenia" title="Tiridates I of Armenia">Tiridates</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Armenian</a> throne. Around AD 57 and AD 58 <a href="/wiki/Domitius_Corbulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Domitius Corbulo">Domitius Corbulo</a> and his legions advanced on Tiridates and captured the Armenian capital <a href="/wiki/Artaxata" title="Artaxata">Artaxata</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_VI_of_Armenia" title="Tigranes VI of Armenia">Tigranes</a> was chosen to replace Tiridates on the Armenian throne. When Tigranes attacked <a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a>, Nero had to send further legions to defend Armenia and Syria from Parthia. </p><p>The Roman victory came at a time when the Parthians were troubled by revolts; when this was dealt with they were able to devote resources to the Armenian situation. A Roman army under Paetus surrendered under humiliating circumstances and though both Roman and Parthian forces withdrew from Armenia, it was under Parthian control. The triumphal arch for Corbulo's earlier victory was part-built when Parthian envoys arrived in AD 63 to discuss treaties. Given <i>imperium</i> over the eastern regions, Corbulo organised his forces for an invasion but was met by this Parthian delegation. An agreement was thereafter reached with the Parthians: Rome would recognize Tiridates as king of Armenia, only if he agreed to receive his <a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">diadem</a> from Nero. A coronation ceremony was held in Italy AD 66. Dio reports that Tiridates said "I have come to you, my God, worshiping you as <a href="/wiki/Mithras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithras">Mithras</a>." Shotter says this parallels other divine designations that were commonly applied to Nero in the East including "The New <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>" and "The New Sun". After the coronation, friendly relations were established between Rome and the eastern kingdoms of Parthia and Armenia. Artaxata was temporarily renamed Neroneia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard2011265–266_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard2011265–266-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotter201235_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotter201235-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Jewish_War">First Jewish War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a></div> <p>In 66, there was a Jewish revolt in Judea stemming from Greek and Jewish religious tension.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 67, Nero dispatched <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> to restore order.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This revolt was eventually put down in 70, after Nero's death.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This revolt is famous for Romans breaching the walls of Jerusalem and destroying the Second <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Jerusalem">Temple of Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pursuits">Pursuits</h2></div> <p>Nero studied poetry, music, painting and sculpture. He both sang and played the <i><a href="/wiki/Cithara" class="mw-redirect" title="Cithara">cithara</a></i> (a type of <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a>). Many of these disciplines were standard education for the Roman elite, but Nero's devotion to music exceeded what was socially acceptable for a Roman of his class.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin200241–42_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin200241–42-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient sources were critical of Nero's emphasis on the arts, chariot-racing and athletics. Pliny described Nero as an "actor-emperor" (<i>scaenici imperatoris</i>) and Suetonius wrote that he was "carried away by a craze for popularity...since he was acclaimed as the equal of Apollo in music and of the Sun in driving a chariot, he had planned to emulate the <a href="/wiki/Labours_of_Hercules" title="Labours of Hercules">exploits of Hercules</a> as well."<sup id="cite_ref-champlin_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-champlin-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 53">: 53 </span></sup> </p><p>In AD 67 Nero participated in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympics</a>. He had bribed organizers to postpone the games for a year so he could participate,<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and artistic competitions were added to the athletic events. Nero won every contest in which he was a competitor. During the games Nero sang and played his lyre on stage, acted in tragedies and raced chariots. He won a 10-horse chariot race, despite being thrown from the chariot and leaving the race. He was crowned on the basis that he would have won if he had completed the race. After he died a year later, his name was removed from the list of winners.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Champlin writes that though Nero's participation "effectively stifled true competition, [Nero] seems to have been oblivious of reality."<sup id="cite_ref-champlin_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-champlin-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54–55">: 54–55 </span></sup> </p><p>Nero established the Neronian games in AD 60. Modeled on Greek style games, these games included musical, gymnastic, and equestrian contests. According to Suetonius the gymnastic contests were held in the Saepta area of the <a href="/wiki/Campus_Martius" title="Campus Martius">Campus Martius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-champlin_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-champlin-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 288">: 288 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nero_in_the_arts_and_popular_culture" title="Nero in the arts and popular culture">Nero in the arts and popular culture</a></div> <p>The history of Nero's reign is problematic in that no historical sources survived that were contemporary with Nero. These first histories, while they still existed, were described as biased and fantastical, either overly critical or praising of Nero.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original sources were also said to contradict on a number of events.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, these lost primary sources were the basis of surviving secondary and tertiary histories on Nero written by the next generations of historians.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few of the contemporary historians are known by name. <a href="/wiki/Fabius_Rusticus" title="Fabius Rusticus">Fabius Rusticus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cluvius_Rufus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluvius Rufus">Cluvius Rufus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> all wrote condemning histories on Nero that are now lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_13#20|13.20]]_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_13#20|13.20]]-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also pro-Nero histories, but it is unknown who wrote them or for what deeds Nero was praised.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bulk of what is known of Nero comes from <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, who were all of the upper classes. Tacitus and Suetonius wrote their histories on Nero over 50 years after his death, while Cassius Dio wrote his history over 150 years after Nero's death. These sources contradict one another on a number of events in Nero's life, including the death of <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>, the death of <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina</a>, and the Roman fire of AD 64, but they are consistent in their condemnation of Nero. </p> <dl><dt>Cassius Dio</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> (c. 155–229) was the son of <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Apronianus" title="Cassius Apronianus">Cassius Apronianus</a>, a Roman senator. He passed the greater part of his life in public service. He was a senator under <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a> and governor of Smyrna after the death of <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>; and afterwards suffect consul around 205, and also proconsul in Africa and Pannonia.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Books 61–63 of Dio's <i>Roman History</i> describe the reign of Nero. Only fragments of these books remain and what does remain was abridged and altered by <a href="/wiki/John_Xiphilinus_(historian)" title="John Xiphilinus (historian)">John Xiphilinus</a>, an 11th-century monk.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dt>Dio Chrysostom</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Dio_Chrysostom" title="Dio Chrysostom">Dio Chrysostom</a> (c. 40–120), a Greek philosopher and historian, wrote the Roman people were very happy with Nero and would have allowed him to rule indefinitely. They longed for his rule once he was gone and embraced imposters when they appeared: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Indeed the truth about this has not come out even yet; for so far as the rest of his subjects were concerned, there was nothing to prevent his continuing to be Emperor for all time, seeing that even now everybody wishes he were still alive. And the great majority do believe that he still is, although in a certain sense he has died not once but often along with those who had been firmly convinced that he was still alive.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <dl><dt>Epictetus</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Epictetus" title="Epictetus">Epictetus</a> (c. 55–135) was the slave to Nero's scribe Epaphroditos.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (February 2025)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He makes a few passing negative comments on Nero's character in his work, but makes no remarks on the nature of his rule. He describes Nero as a spoiled, angry and unhappy man.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Josephus</dt></dl> <p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (c. 37–100), while calling Nero a tyrant, was also the first to mention bias against Nero. Of other historians, he said: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Josephus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Josephus.jpg/170px-Josephus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Josephus.jpg/255px-Josephus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Josephus.jpg/340px-Josephus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>A circa 18th-century woodcut of the historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (c. 37–100), who accused other historians of slandering Nero.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But I omit any further discourse about these affairs; for there have been a great many who have composed the history of Nero; some of which have departed from the truth of facts out of favour, as having received benefits from him; while others, out of hatred to him, and the great ill-will which they bore him, have so impudently raved against him with their lies, that they justly deserve to be condemned. Nor do I wonder at such as have told lies of Nero, since they have not in their writings preserved the truth of history as to those facts that were earlier than his time, even when the actors could have no way incurred their hatred, since those writers lived a long time after them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephus,_''Antiquitates_Judaicae''[[s:The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XX#Chapter_8|20.8.3]]_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephus,_''Antiquitates_Judaicae''[[s:The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XX#Chapter_8|20.8.3]]-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <dl><dt>Lucan</dt></dl> <p>Although more of a poet than a historian, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annaeus_Lucanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Annaeus Lucanus">Lucanus</a> (c. 39–65) has one of the kindest accounts of Nero's rule. He writes of peace and prosperity under Nero, in contrast to previous war and strife. Ironically, he was later involved in a conspiracy to overthrow Nero and was executed. </p> <dl><dt>Philostratus</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a> II, "the Athenian" (c. 172–250), spoke of Nero in the <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Life of Apollonius of Tyana">Life of Apollonius of Tyana</a></i> (Books 4–5). Although he has a generally bad or dim view of Nero, he speaks of others' positive reception of Nero in the East.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dt>Pliny the Elder</dt></dl> <p>The history of Nero by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (c. 24–79) did not survive. Still, there are several references to Nero in Pliny's <i>Natural Histories</i>. Pliny has one of the worst opinions of Nero and calls him an "enemy of mankind".<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Plutarch</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> (c. 46–127) mentions Nero indirectly in his account of the Life of Galba and the Life of Otho, as well as in the Vision of Thespesius in Book 7 of the Moralia, where a voice orders that Nero's soul be transferred to a more offensive species.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nero is portrayed as a tyrant, but those that replace him are not described as better. </p> <dl><dt>Seneca the Younger</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a> (c. 4 BC–AD 65), Nero's teacher and advisor, writes very positively of Nero.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Suetonius</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Twelve_Caesars" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives of the Twelve Caesars">Lives of the Twelve Caesars</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> (c. 69–130) was a member of the equestrian order, and he was the head of the department of the imperial correspondence. While in this position, Suetonius started writing biographies of the emperors, accentuating the anecdotal and sensational aspects. By this account, Nero raped the <a href="/wiki/Vestal_virgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestal virgin">vestal virgin</a> Rubria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''28_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''28-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Tacitus</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals (Tacitus)</a></div> <p>The <i>Annals</i> by <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> (c. 56–117) is the most detailed and comprehensive history on the rule of Nero, despite being incomplete after the year AD 66. Tacitus described the rule of the Julio-Claudian emperors as generally unjust. He also thought that existing writing on them was unbalanced: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The histories of Tiberius, Caius, Claudius and Nero, while they were in power, were falsified through terror, and after their death were written under the irritation of a recent hatred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#1|1.1]]_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#1|1.1]]-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Tacitus was the son of a <a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">procurator</a>, who married into the elite family of Agricola. He entered his political life as a senator after Nero's death and, by Tacitus' own admission, owed much to Nero's rivals. Realising that this bias may be apparent to others, Tacitus protests that his writing is true.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Histories''[[s:The_Histories_(Tacitus)/Book_1#1|1.1]]_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Histories''[[s:The_Histories_(Tacitus)/Book_1#1|1.1]]-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Girolamo Cardano</dt></dl> <p>In 1562, <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Cardano" class="mw-redirect" title="Girolamo Cardano">Girolamo Cardano</a> published in Basel his <i>Encomium Neronis</i>, which was one of the first historical references of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern era</a> to portray Nero in a positive light.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Jewish_and_Christian_tradition">In Jewish and Christian tradition</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_tradition">Jewish tradition</h3></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadah</a> in the Talmud says that at the end of AD 66, conflict broke out between Greeks and Jews in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">Great Jewish Revolt</a>, Nero went to Jerusalem and shot arrows in all four directions. All the arrows landed in the city. He then asked a passing child to repeat the verse he had learned that day. The child responded, "I will lay my vengeance upon <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a> by the hand of my people Israel" (<a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_25" title="Ezekiel 25">Ezekiel 25</a>:14).<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon hearing this, Nero became terrified, believing that God wanted the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> to be destroyed, but that he would punish the one to carry it out. Nero said, "He desires to lay waste His House and to lay the blame on me," whereupon he fled and converted to Judaism to avoid such retribution.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> was then dispatched to put down the rebellion. </p><p>The Talmud adds that the sage <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Meir" title="Rabbi Meir">Reb Meir Baal HaNess</a> lived in the time of the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, and was a prominent supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Kokhba" title="Simon bar Kokhba">Bar Kokhba</a> <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba%27s_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar Kokhba's revolt">rebellion</a> against Roman rule. Rabbi Meir was considered one of the greatest of the <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a> of the third generation (139–163). According to the Talmud, he was a descendant of Nero, who had converted to Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Azariah_de_Rossi" class="mw-redirect" title="Azariah de Rossi">Azariah de Rossi</a> and others, such as R. <a href="/wiki/David_Gans" title="David Gans">David Gans</a>, suggest that Nero may have converted secretly, explaining the absence of historical records. <a href="/wiki/Maharal" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharal">Maharal</a> takes the Talmudic narrative at face value, interpreting it as a reflection of Nero’s moral character rather than a literal historical account. Modern scholars view the story as a rabbinic motif linking a non-Jewish figure to a Jewish sage, while others like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zvi_Ron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zvi Ron (page does not exist)">Zvi Ron</a> allegorize it as a lesson about the consequences of refusing to mediate conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Talmudic legend about Nero is not supported by contemporary sources. Roman and Greek sources nowhere report Nero's alleged trip to Jerusalem or his alleged conversion to Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also no record of Nero having any offspring who survived infancy: his only recorded child, <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Augusta" title="Claudia Augusta">Claudia Augusta</a>, died aged 4 months. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_tradition">Christian tradition</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siemiradski_Fackeln.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Siemiradski_Fackeln.jpg/300px-Siemiradski_Fackeln.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Siemiradski_Fackeln.jpg/450px-Siemiradski_Fackeln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Siemiradski_Fackeln.jpg/600px-Siemiradski_Fackeln.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2105" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Nero%27s_Torches" title="Nero's Torches">Nero's Torches</a></i>, Henryk Siemiradzki</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> describes Nero extensively torturing and executing Christians after the fire of AD 64.<sup id="cite_ref-annals-xv-44_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annals-xv-44-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> also mentions Nero punishing Christians, though he does so because they are "given to a new and mischievous superstition" and does not connect it with the fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''16_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''16-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christian writer <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> (c. 155–230) was the first to call Nero the first persecutor of Christians. He wrote, "Examine your records. There you will find that Nero was the first that persecuted this doctrine."<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a> (c. 240–320) also said that Nero "first persecuted the servants of God,"<sup id="cite_ref-lactantius_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lactantius-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as did <a href="/wiki/Sulpicius_Severus" title="Sulpicius Severus">Sulpicius Severus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Suetonius writes that, "since the Jews constantly made disturbances at the instigation of Chrestus, the [emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>] expelled them from Rome" ("<i>Iudaeos impulsore Chresto assidue tumultuantis Roma expulit</i>").<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These expelled "Jews" may have been early Christians, although Suetonius is not explicit. Nor is the Bible explicit, calling <a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Aquila of Pontus and his wife, Priscilla</a>, both expelled from Italy at the time, "Jews" (<a href="/wiki/Acts_18" title="Acts 18">Acts 18</a>:2).<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Martyrdoms_of_Peter_and_Paul">Martyrdoms of Peter and Paul</h4></div> <p>The first text to suggest that Nero ordered the execution of an apostle is a letter by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Clement</a> to the Corinthians traditionally dated to around AD 96.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The apocryphal <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Isaiah" title="Ascension of Isaiah">Ascension of Isaiah</a>, a Christian writing from the 2nd century, says, "the slayer of his mother, who himself (even) this king, will persecute the plant which the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Twelve Apostles</a> of the Beloved have planted. Of the Twelve one will be delivered into his hands"; this is interpreted as referring to Nero.<sup id="cite_ref-ascension_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ascension-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (February 2025)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a> <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> of <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a> (c. 275–339) was the first to write explicitly that Paul was beheaded and Peter crucified in Rome during the reign of Nero.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He states that Nero's persecution led to Peter and Paul's deaths, but that Nero did not give any specific orders. However, several other accounts going back to the first century have Paul surviving his two years in Rome and travelling to <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, before facing trial in Rome again prior to his death.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peter is first said to have been crucified <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_St._Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross of St. Peter">specifically upside-down</a> in Rome during Nero's reign in the <a href="/wiki/Apocryphal" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocryphal">apocryphal</a> <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter" title="Acts of Peter">Acts of Peter</a> (c. 200).<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The account ends with Paul still alive and Nero abiding by God's command not to persecute any more Christians. </p><p>By the fourth century, a number of writers were stating that Nero killed Peter and Paul.<sup id="cite_ref-lactantius_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lactantius-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antichrist">Antichrist</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast (Revelation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the beast</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nero_Redivivus_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Nero Redivivus legend">Nero Redivivus legend</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Oracles" title="Sibylline Oracles">Sibylline Oracles</a>, Book 5 and 8, written in the second century, speak of Nero returning and bringing destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin200215_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin200215-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within Christian communities, these writings, along with others, fueled the belief that Nero would return as the Antichrist.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 310, <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a> wrote that Nero "suddenly disappeared, and even the burial place of that noxious wild beast was nowhere to be seen. This has led some persons of extravagant imagination to suppose that, having been conveyed to a distant region, he is still reserved alive; and to him they apply the Sibylline verses." Lactantius maintains that it is not right to believe this.<sup id="cite_ref-lactantius_166-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lactantius-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 422, <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> wrote about <a href="/wiki/2_Thessalonians_2" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Thessalonians 2">2 Thessalonians 2</a>:1–11, where he believed that Paul mentioned the coming of the Antichrist. Although he rejects the theory, Augustine mentions that many Christians believed Nero was the Antichrist or would return as the Antichrist. He wrote that, "in saying, 'For the mystery of iniquity doth already work,'<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he alluded to Nero, whose deeds already seemed to be as the deeds of Antichrist."<sup id="cite_ref-augustine_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-augustine-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some modern biblical scholars such as Delbert Hillers (<a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/American_Schools_of_Oriental_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="American Schools of Oriental Research">American Schools of Oriental Research</a> and the editors of the <i>Oxford Study Bible</i> and <i>HarperCollins Study Bible</i>, contend that the number <a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">666</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> is a code for Nero,<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a view that is also supported in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> Biblical commentaries.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statement concerns Revelation 17:1-18,<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which according to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scott_G._Sinclair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scott G. Sinclair (page does not exist)">Scott G. Sinclair</a>, in the period when John wrote, Babylon normally represented Rome (e.g., 1 Peter 5:13).<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">List of Roman emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_pharaoh" title="Roman pharaoh">Roman pharaoh</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus wrote the following about Agrippina's marriage to Claudius: "From this moment the country was transformed. Complete obedience was accorded to a woman—and not a woman like Messalina who toyed with national affairs. This was a rigorous, almost masculine, despotism. In public, Agrippina was austere and often arrogant. Her private life was chaste—unless power was to be gained. Her passion to acquire money was unbounded; she wanted it as a stepping stone to supremacy."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotter201211_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotter201211-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The date is recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Acta_Arvalia" title="Acta Arvalia">Acta Arvalia</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the year was "in the consulate of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Antistius_Vetus_(consul_50)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Antistius Vetus (consul 50)">Gaius Antistius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Suillius_Nerullinus" title="Marcus Suillius Nerullinus">Marcus Suillius</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsTacitusAnnals12Ahtml25_12.25]_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsTacitusAnnals12Ahtml25_12.25]-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> states that Nero was "in the eleventh year of his age", which is most likely a mistake.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''7_(n._16)_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''7_(n._16)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For further information see <a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">adoption in Rome</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius wrote "That Claudius was poisoned is the general belief, but when it was done and by whom is disputed. Some say that it was his taster, the eunuch Halotus, as he was banqueting on the Citadel with the priests; others that at a family dinner Agrippina served the drug to him with her own hand in mushrooms, a dish of which he was extravagantly fond.. His death was kept quiet until all the arrangements were made about the succession."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources describe Acte as a slave girl (Shotter) and a freedwoman (Champlin and Scullard).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nero or his moneyers reduced the weight of the <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a> from 84 per <a href="/wiki/Roman_pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman pound">Roman pound</a> to 96 (3.80 grams to 3.30 grams). He also reduced the silver purity from 99.5% to 93.5%—the silver weight dropping from 3.80 grams to 2.97 grams. He also reduced the weight of the <a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">aureus</a> from 40 per Roman pound to 45 (7.9 grams to 7.2 grams). <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a> hand-out, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010210220413/http://www.tulane.edu/~august/handouts/601cprin.htm">archived</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (October 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/66*.html">66.4</a>: "from the death of Nero to the beginning of Vespasian's rule a year and twenty-two days elapsed". Vespasian's reign officially began on 1 July (<a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Vespasian*.html#6"><i>Vespasian</i> 6</a>), which places the death on 9 June. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/On_Weights_and_Measures" title="On Weights and Measures">On Weights and Measures</a></i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/epiphanius_weights_03_text.htm">III</a>) gives a reign length of "thirteen years and seven months and twenty-seven days". <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jerome_chronicle_03_part2.htm">2070</a>) gives "13 years, 7 months and 28 days" (using <a href="/wiki/Inclusive_counting" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive counting">inclusive counting</a>).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''6-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''6_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''6_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''6_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius,_Nero">Suetonius, <i>Nero</i></a>, 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julia-Agrippina">"Julia Agrippina | Empress, Mother, Empress Nero | Britannica"</a>. January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Julia+Agrippina+%26%23124%3B+Empress%2C+Mother%2C+Empress+Nero+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2024-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJulia-Agrippina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett2010-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett2010_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett2010_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett2010_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett2010_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett2010_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett2010_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett2010_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett2010_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett2010">Barrett 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrettFanthamYardley20165-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrettFanthamYardley20165_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrettFanthamYardley2016">Barrett, Fantham & Yardley 2016</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalitz20053-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalitz20053_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalitz20053_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalitz20053_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalitz2005">Malitz 2005</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalitz20054-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalitz20054_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalitz2005">Malitz 2005</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotter201211-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotter201211_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotter201211_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShotter2012">Shotter 2012</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Inscriptiones_Latinae_Selectae" title="Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae"><i>ILS</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inscriptioneslat01dessuoft/page/58/mode/2up">229.58</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsTacitusAnnals12Ahtml25_12.25]-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsTacitusAnnals12Ahtml25_12.25]_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus,_Annals">Tacitus, <i>Annals</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Tacitus/Annals/12A*.html#25">12.25</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''7_(n._16)-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''7_(n._16)_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius,_Nero">Suetonius, <i>Nero</i></a>, 7 (n. 16).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotter201651-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotter201651_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotter201651_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShotter2016">Shotter 2016</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckleyDinter2013119-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckleyDinter2013119_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuckleyDinter2013">Buckley & Dinter 2013</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsgood2011231-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsgood2011231_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsgood2011231_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsgood2011">Osgood 2011</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotter201652-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotter201652_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShotter2016">Shotter 2016</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotter201653-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotter201653_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotter201653_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShotter2016">Shotter 2016</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Claudius*.html#44">Life of Claudius 44–45</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotter201654-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotter201654_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShotter2016">Shotter 2016</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarzetti2014" class="citation book cs1">Garzetti, Albino (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk3XAwAAQBAJ"><i>From Tiberius to the Antonines</i></a>. Routledge. p. 589. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-69844-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-69844-9"><bdi>978-1-317-69844-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Tiberius+to+the+Antonines&rft.pages=589&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-69844-9&rft.aulast=Garzetti&rft.aufirst=Albino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBk3XAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotter201213-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotter201213_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShotter2012">Shotter 2012</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin200237-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin200237_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffin2002">Griffin 2002</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, "Life of Nero", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Nero*.html#31">§ 31</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus, <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#45_XV.45" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15">Annals</a></i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#45_XV.45" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15">XV.45</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThornton1971" class="citation journal cs1">Thornton, Mary Elizabeth Kelly (1971). "Nero's New Deal". <i>Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association</i>. <b>102</b>: 629. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2935958">10.2307/2935958</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-9711">0065-9711</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2935958">2935958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+and+Proceedings+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=Nero%27s+New+Deal&rft.volume=102&rft.pages=629&rft.date=1971&rft.issn=0065-9711&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2935958%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2935958&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.aufirst=Mary+Elizabeth+Kelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalitz200516-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalitz200516_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalitz200516_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalitz2005">Malitz 2005</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard2011257-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard2011257_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard2011257_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard2011257_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScullard2011">Scullard 2011</a>, p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalitz200518-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalitz200518_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalitz2005">Malitz 2005</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotter201212-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotter201212_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShotter2012">Shotter 2012</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalitz200519-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalitz200519_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalitz2005">Malitz 2005</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndersonHaverfield1911" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, J. G. C.; Haverfield, F. (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/295862">"Trajan on the Quinquennium Neronis"</a>. <i>The Journal of Roman Studies</i>. <b>1</b>: <span class="nowrap">173–</span>179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F295862">10.2307/295862</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0075-4358">0075-4358</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/295862">295862</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163727450">163727450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=Trajan+on+the+Quinquennium+Neronis&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E179&rft.date=1911&rft.issn=0075-4358&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163727450%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F295862%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F295862&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=J.+G.+C.&rft.au=Haverfield%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F295862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalitz200517-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalitz200517_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalitz2005">Malitz 2005</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Günther, Sven (2014) '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/43505/chapter/364128738?login=false">Taxation in the Greco-Roman World: The Roman Principate</a>', <i>Oxford Handbook Topics in Classical Studies</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nero-Roman-emperor">"Nero | Roman emperor"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801180237/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nero-Roman-emperor">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Nero+%7C+Roman+emperor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FNero-Roman-emperor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nero's villa <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.tibursuperbum.it/eng/escursioni/subiaco/VillaNerone.htm">https://www.tibursuperbum.it/eng/escursioni/subiaco/VillaNerone.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsNerohtml34_34]-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsNerohtml34_34]_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius,_Nero">Suetonius, <i>Nero</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Nero*.html#34">34</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrettFanthamYardley2016214-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrettFanthamYardley2016214_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrettFanthamYardley2016">Barrett, Fantham & Yardley 2016</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrettFanthamYardley2016215-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrettFanthamYardley2016215_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrettFanthamYardley2016215_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrettFanthamYardley2016215_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrettFanthamYardley2016">Barrett, Fantham & Yardley 2016</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDawson1969" class="citation journal cs1">Dawson, Alexis (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3296108">"Whatever Happened to Lady Agrippina?"</a>. <i>The Classical Journal</i>. <b>64</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">253–</span>267. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-8353">0009-8353</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3296108">3296108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Journal&rft.atitle=Whatever+Happened+to+Lady+Agrippina%3F&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E267&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3296108%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0009-8353&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3296108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckleyDinter2013364-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckleyDinter2013364_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuckleyDinter2013">Buckley & Dinter 2013</a>, p. 364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard2011258-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard2011258_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScullard2011">Scullard 2011</a>, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin200284-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin200284_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffin2002">Griffin 2002</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <i>Annals</i>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_14#13" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 14">XIV.13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckleyDinter2013Chapter_19:_Buildings_of_an_emperor_-_How_Nero_transformed_Rome-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckleyDinter2013Chapter_19:_Buildings_of_an_emperor_-_How_Nero_transformed_Rome_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuckleyDinter2013">Buckley & Dinter 2013</a>, Chapter 19: Buildings of an emperor - How Nero transformed Rome.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Domus_Transitoria.html">"LacusCurtius • Domus Transitoria (Platner & Ashby, 1929)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LacusCurtius+%E2%80%A2+Domus+Transitoria+%28Platner+%26+Ashby%2C+1929%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FGazetteer%2FPlaces%2FEurope%2FItaly%2FLazio%2FRoma%2FRome%2F_Texts%2FPLATOP%2A%2FDomus_Transitoria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''31.1-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''31.1_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius,_Nero">Suetonius, <i>Nero</i></a>, 31.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <i>Annals</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_14#48" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 14">XIV.48</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin200253-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin200253_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffin2002">Griffin 2002</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalitz2005x-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalitz2005x_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalitz2005">Malitz 2005</a>, p. x.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalitz200522-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalitz200522_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalitz2005">Malitz 2005</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard201126-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard201126_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScullard2011">Scullard 2011</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-annals-xiv-60-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-annals-xiv-60_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <i>Annals</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_14#60" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 14">XIV.60</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <i>Annals</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_14#64" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 14">XIV.64</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin200299-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin200299_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffin2002">Griffin 2002</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayereromantextstacitusannals15bhtml37_15.37]-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayereromantextstacitusannals15bhtml37_15.37]_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus,_Annals">Tacitus, <i>Annals</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/tacitus/annals/15b*.html#37">15.37</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio62html_13,_28]-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio62html_13,_28]_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/62*.html">13, 28</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrier2004" class="citation web cs1">Frier, Bruce W. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111230041201/http://www.umich.edu/~classics/news/newsletter/winter2004/weddings.html">"Roman Same-Sex Weddings from the Legal Perspective"</a>. <i>Classical Studies Newsletter, Volume X</i>. University of Michigan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umich.edu/~classics/news/newsletter/winter2004/weddings.html">the original</a> on 30 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Classical+Studies+Newsletter%2C+Volume+X&rft.atitle=Roman+Same-Sex+Weddings+from+the+Legal+Perspective&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Frier&rft.aufirst=Bruce+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umich.edu%2F~classics%2Fnews%2Fnewsletter%2Fwinter2004%2Fweddings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Champlin146-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Champlin146_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Champlin">Champlin</a>, p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-champlin122-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-champlin122_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-champlin122_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Champlin">Champlin</a>, p. 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tacitus-annals-xv-38-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tacitus-annals-xv-38_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus,_Annals">Tacitus, <i>Annals</i></a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#38" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15">15.38</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-champlin-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-champlin_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-champlin_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-champlin_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-champlin_64-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Champlin">Champlin</a>, p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard2011260-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard2011260_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScullard2011">Scullard 2011</a>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-annals-xv-40-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-annals-xv-40_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></i>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#40" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15">XV.40</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Champlin">Champlin</a>, p. 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roth, Leland M. (1993). <i>Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History and Meaning</i>. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 227–28. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-430158-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-430158-3">0-06-430158-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ball, Larry F. (2003). <i>The Domus Aurea and the Roman architectural revolution</i>. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-82251-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-82251-3">0-521-82251-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warden reduces its size to under 100 acres (0.40 km<sup>2</sup>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWarden,_P.G.1981" class="citation journal cs1">Warden, P.G. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/989644">"The Domus Aurea Reconsidered"</a>. <i>Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians</i>. <b>40</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">271–</span>78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F989644">10.2307/989644</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/989644">989644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Architectural+Historians&rft.atitle=The+Domus+Aurea+Reconsidered&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E271-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F989644&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F989644%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Warden%2C+P.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F989644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Champlin">Champlin</a>, p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsNerohtml38_38]-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsNerohtml38_38]_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius,_Nero">Suetonius, <i>Nero</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Nero*.html#38">38</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio62html16_62.16]-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio62html16_62.16]_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/62*.html#16">62.16</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckleyDinter20132-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckleyDinter20132_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuckleyDinter2013">Buckley & Dinter 2013</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-annals-xv-39-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-annals-xv-39_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-annals-xv-39_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <i>Annals</i>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#39" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15">XV.39</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2019" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Joseph J. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RX-tDwAAQBAJ&q=nero+search+debris+rome+fire+victims&pg=PT57"><i>The Great Fire of Rome: Life and Death in the Ancient City</i></a>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-3372-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-3372-1"><bdi>978-1-4214-3372-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Fire+of+Rome%3A+Life+and+Death+in+the+Ancient+City&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-3372-1&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRX-tDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dnero%2Bsearch%2Bdebris%2Brome%2Bfire%2Bvictims%26pg%3DPT57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Champlin">Champlin</a>, p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Champlin">Champlin</a>, pp. 121–122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-annals-xv-44-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-annals-xv-44_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-annals-xv-44_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals</a></i>. XV.44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-annals-xv-43-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-annals-xv-43_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <i>Annals</i>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#43" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15">XV.43</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506004906/https://www.historyextra.com/period/roman/emperor-nero-facts-biography-tyrant-crimes-accomplishments/">"Emperor Nero: the tyrant of Rome"</a>. BBC History Magazine and BBC History Revealed. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyextra.com/period/roman/emperor-nero-facts-biography-tyrant-crimes-accomplishments/">the original</a> on 6 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emperor+Nero%3A+the+tyrant+of+Rome&rft.pub=BBC+History+Magazine+and+BBC+History+Revealed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyextra.com%2Fperiod%2Froman%2Femperor-nero-facts-biography-tyrant-crimes-accomplishments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <i>Annals</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#45" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15">XV.45</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#49|15.49]]-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#49|15.49]]_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus,_Annals">Tacitus, <i>Annals</i></a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#49" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15">15.49</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#50|15.50]]-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#50|15.50]]_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus,_Annals">Tacitus, <i>Annals</i></a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#50" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15">15.50</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#55|15.55]]-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#55|15.55]]_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus,_Annals">Tacitus, <i>Annals</i></a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#55" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15">15.55</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#70|15.70]]-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#70|15.70]]_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus,_Annals">Tacitus, <i>Annals</i></a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#70" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15">15.70</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#60|15.60–62]]-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#60|15.60–62]]_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus,_Annals">Tacitus, <i>Annals</i></a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#60" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15">15.60–62</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudich, Vasily (1993) <i>Political Dissidence Under Nero</i>. Psychology Press. pp. 135–136. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415069519" title="Special:BookSources/9780415069519">9780415069519</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCounts1996" class="citation journal cs1">Counts, Derek B (1996). "Regum Externorum Consuetudine: The Nature and Function of Embalming in Rome". <i>Classical Antiquity</i>. <b>15</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">189–</span>202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25011039">10.2307/25011039</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0278-6656">0278-6656</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25011039">25011039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Regum+Externorum+Consuetudine%3A+The+Nature+and+Function+of+Embalming+in+Rome&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E202&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0278-6656&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25011039%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25011039&rft.aulast=Counts&rft.aufirst=Derek+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span> See p. 193 n. 18 ("we should not consider it an insult that Poppaea was not buried in the Mausoleum of Augustus, as were other members of the imperial family until the time of Nerva") and p. 196 n. 37 (citing Pliny, <i>Natural History</i>, 12.83 for the funeral's lavishness).}}</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio62.28-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio62.28_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, 62.28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuetonius2016" class="citation book cs1">Suetonius (2016). "Nero". In Kaster, Robert A (ed.). <i>Studies on the Text of Suetonius' 'De Vita Caesarum'<span></span></i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foseo%2Finstance.00233087">10.1093/oseo/instance.00233087</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-875847-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-875847-1"><bdi>978-0-19-875847-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nero&rft.btitle=Studies+on+the+Text+of+Suetonius%27+%27De+Vita+Caesarum%27&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foseo%2Finstance.00233087&rft.isbn=978-0-19-875847-1&rft.au=Suetonius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cassius-22-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cassius-22_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/63*.html#22">63.22</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donahue, John, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/galba.htm">"Galba (68–69 A.D.)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080911211039/http://www.roman-emperors.org/galba.htm">Archived</a> 11 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <i>De Imperatoribus Romanis</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cassiusdio-lxiii-24-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cassiusdio-lxiii-24_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cassiusdio-lxiii-24_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/63*.html#24">63.24</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plutarch-galba-5-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Plutarch-galba-5_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plutarch-galba-5_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlutarch,_Galba">Plutarch, <i>Galba</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Galba*.html#5">Galba 5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/63*.html#25">63.25</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlutarch,_''Galba''[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsPlutarchLivesGalbahtml8_Galba_8]-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlutarch,_''Galba''[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsPlutarchLivesGalbahtml8_Galba_8]_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlutarch,_Galba">Plutarch, <i>Galba</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Galba*.html#8">Galba 8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''47-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''47_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''47_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius,_Nero">Suetonius, <i>Nero</i></a>, 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Epitome_de_Caesaribus" title="Epitome de Caesaribus">Epitome de Caesaribus</a> 5</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''48–49-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''48–49_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius,_Nero">Suetonius, <i>Nero</i></a>, 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''49-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''49_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''49_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius,_Nero">Suetonius, <i>Nero</i></a>, 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''50-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''50_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius,_Nero">Suetonius, <i>Nero</i></a>, 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf211/npnf211.ii.vi.ii.xxix.html#fnf_ii.vi.ii.xxix-p2.1">"Philip Schaff: NPNF-211. Sulpitius Severus, Vincent of Lerins, John Cassian – Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>ccel.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ccel.org&rft.atitle=Philip+Schaff%3A+NPNF-211.+Sulpitius+Severus%2C+Vincent+of+Lerins%2C+John+Cassian+%E2%80%93+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf211%2Fnpnf211.ii.vi.ii.xxix.html%23fnf_ii.vi.ii.xxix-p2.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-agrippina-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-agrippina_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarrett1996" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, A. A (1996). <i>Agrippina: sister of Caligula, wife of Claudius, mother of Nero</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0713468540" title="Special:BookSources/978-0713468540"><bdi>978-0713468540</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agrippina%3A+sister+of+Caligula%2C+wife+of+Claudius%2C+mother+of+Nero&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0713468540&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=A.+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tacitus-histories-I.2-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tacitus-histories-I.2_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tacitus-histories-I.2_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tacitus-histories-I.2_107-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus,_Histories">Tacitus, <i>Histories</i></a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Histories_(Tacitus)/Book_1#2" class="extiw" title="s:The Histories (Tacitus)/Book 1">1.2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio63html_63]-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio63html_63]_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/63*.html">63</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''57-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''57_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''57_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius,_Nero">Suetonius, <i>Nero</i></a>, 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-histories-i-4-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-histories-i-4_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-histories-i-4_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-histories-i-4_110-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus,_Histories">Tacitus, <i>Histories</i></a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Histories_(Tacitus)/Book_1#4" class="extiw" title="s:The Histories (Tacitus)/Book 1">1.4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tacitus-histories-I.5-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tacitus-histories-I.5_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus,_Histories">Tacitus, <i>Histories</i></a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Histories_(Tacitus)/Book_1#5" class="extiw" title="s:The Histories (Tacitus)/Book 1">1.5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilostratus,_''Vita_Apollonii''[httpswwwliviusorgsourcescontentphilostratus-life-of-apolloniusphilostratus-life-of-apollonius-541-43_5.41]-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilostratus,_''Vita_Apollonii''[httpswwwliviusorgsourcescontentphilostratus-life-of-apolloniusphilostratus-life-of-apollonius-541-43_5.41]_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilostratus,_Vita_Apollonii">Philostratus, <i>Vita Apollonii</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/philostratus-life-of-apollonius/philostratus-life-of-apollonius-5.41-43/">5.41</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin2002186-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin2002186_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffin2002">Griffin 2002</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Champlin">Champlin</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pollini-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pollini_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pollini_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPollini2006" class="citation journal cs1">Pollini, John (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25067270">"Review of Mutilation and Transformation: Damnatio Memoriae and Roman Imperial Portraiture"</a>. <i>The Art Bulletin</i>. <b>88</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">590–</span>597. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3079">0004-3079</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25067270">25067270</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Review+of+Mutilation+and+Transformation%3A+Damnatio+Memoriae+and+Roman+Imperial+Portraiture&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E590-%3C%2Fspan%3E597&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25067270%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0004-3079&rft.aulast=Pollini&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25067270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRussellManley2016" class="citation journal cs1">Russell, Miles; Manley, Harry (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.42.2">"Sanctioning Memory: Changing Identity – Using 3D laser scanning to identify two 'new' portraits of the Emperor Nero in English antiquarian collections"</a>. <i>Internet Archaeology</i> (42). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.42.2">10.11141/ia.42.2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Sanctioning+Memory%3A+Changing+Identity+%E2%80%93+Using+3D+laser+scanning+to+identify+two+%27new%27+portraits+of+the+Emperor+Nero+in+English+antiquarian+collections&rft.issue=42&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11141%2Fia.42.2&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Miles&rft.au=Manley%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.11141%252Fia.42.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Champlin">Champlin</a>, pp. 29–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRussellManley2013" class="citation journal cs1">Russell, Miles; Manley, Harry (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.32.5">"Finding Nero: shining a new light on Romano-British sculpture"</a>. <i>Internet Archaeology</i> (32). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.32.5">10.11141/ia.32.5</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Finding+Nero%3A+shining+a+new+light+on+Romano-British+sculpture&rft.issue=32&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11141%2Fia.32.5&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Miles&rft.au=Manley%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.11141%252Fia.32.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <i>Histories</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Histories_(Tacitus)/Book_1#6" class="extiw" title="s:The Histories (Tacitus)/Book 1">I.6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlutarch,_''Galba''[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsPlutarchLivesGalbahtml9_9]-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlutarch,_''Galba''[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsPlutarchLivesGalbahtml9_9]_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlutarch,_Galba">Plutarch, <i>Galba</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Galba*.html#9">9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <i>Histories</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Histories_(Tacitus)/Book_1#13" class="extiw" title="s:The Histories (Tacitus)/Book 1">I.13</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suetonius-otho-7-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-suetonius-otho-7_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suetonius-otho-7_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Otho*.html#7">Life of Otho 7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Vitellius*.html#11">Life of Vitellius 11</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Nero*.html#57">Life of Nero 57</a>; Tacitus, <i>Histories</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Histories_(Tacitus)/Book_2#8" class="extiw" title="s:The Histories (Tacitus)/Book 2">II.8</a>; Cassius Dio, <i>Roman History</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/66*.html#19">66.19</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221122094705/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/66%2A.html#19">Archived</a> 22 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-augustine-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-augustine_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-augustine_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Augustine of Hippo, <i>City of God</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf102.iv.XX.19.html">XX.19.3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070302004357/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf102.iv.XX.19.html">Archived</a> 2 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tacitus-histories-II.8-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tacitus-histories-II.8_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tacitus-histories-II.8_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus, <i>Histories</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Histories_(Tacitus)/Book_2#8" class="extiw" title="s:The Histories (Tacitus)/Book 2">II.8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio66html19_66.19]-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio66html19_66.19]_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/66*.html#19">66.19</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221122094705/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/66%2A.html">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from the original on 22 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FCassius_Dio%2F66%252A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotter201232Scullard2011254-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotter201232Scullard2011254_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShotter2012">Shotter 2012</a>, p. 32; <a href="#CITEREFScullard2011">Scullard 2011</a>, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''18,_39–40-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''18,_39–40_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius,_Nero">Suetonius, <i>Nero</i></a>, 18, 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard2011265-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard2011265_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScullard2011">Scullard 2011</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotter201233-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotter201233_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShotter2012">Shotter 2012</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard2011265–266-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard2011265–266_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScullard2011">Scullard 2011</a>, pp. 265–266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotter201235-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotter201235_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShotter2012">Shotter 2012</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>War of the Jews</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_II#Chapter_13" class="extiw" title="s:The War of the Jews/Book II">II.13.7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>War of the Jews</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_III#Chapter_1" class="extiw" title="s:The War of the Jews/Book III">III.1.3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>War of the Jews</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_IV#Chapter_10" class="extiw" title="s:The War of the Jews/Book IV">VI.10.1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>War of the Jews</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_VII#Chapter_1" class="extiw" title="s:The War of the Jews/Book VII">VII.1.1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin200241–42-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin200241–42_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffin2002">Griffin 2002</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJudith.1984" class="citation book cs1">Judith., Swaddling (1984) [1980]. <i>The ancient Olympic games</i> (1st University of Texas Press ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0292703735" title="Special:BookSources/978-0292703735"><bdi>978-0292703735</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10759486">10759486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ancient+Olympic+games&rft.place=Austin&rft.edition=1st+University+of+Texas+Press&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10759486&rft.isbn=978-0292703735&rft.aulast=Judith.&rft.aufirst=Swaddling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112042909/http://www.randomhistory.com/history-of-olympic-controversies.html">"Going for Gold: A History of Olympic Controversies"</a>. <i>www.randomhistory.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.randomhistory.com&rft.atitle=Going+for+Gold%3A+A+History+of+Olympic+Controversies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.randomhistory.com%2Fhistory-of-olympic-controversies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus,_Annals">Tacitus, <i>Annals</i></a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#1" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1">1.1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_13#20" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 13">13.20</a>; <a href="#CITEREFJosephus,_Antiquitates_Judaicae">Josephus, <i>Antiquitates Judaicae</i></a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XX#Chapter_8" class="extiw" title="s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XX">20.8.3</a>; Tacitus, <i>Agricola</i>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Agricola#10" class="extiw" title="s:Agricola">10</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus,_Annals">Tacitus, <i>Annals</i></a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_13#20" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 13">13.20</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_14#2" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 14">14.2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus,_Annals">Tacitus, <i>Annals</i></a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_13#20" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 13">13.20</a>; <a href="#CITEREFJosephus,_Antiquitates_Judaicae">Josephus, <i>Antiquitates Judaicae</i></a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XIX#Chapter_1" class="extiw" title="s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XIX">19.1.13</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_13#20|13.20]]-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_13#20|13.20]]_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus,_Annals">Tacitus, <i>Annals</i></a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_13#20" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 13">13.20</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus,_Annals">Tacitus, <i>Annals</i></a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#1" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1">1.1</a>; <a href="#CITEREFJosephus,_Antiquitates_Judaicae">Josephus, <i>Antiquitates Judaicae</i></a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XX#Chapter_8" class="extiw" title="s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XX">20.8.3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpawforth2012" class="citation book cs1">Spawforth, Anthony (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Classical Dictionary</i></a>. 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P. Goold, trans. by Phillip H. De Lacy and Benedict Einarson, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959), 7: 269–299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seneca the Younger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10001/10001-h/10001-h.htm"><i>Apocolocyntosis</i> 4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060503234818/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10001/10001-h/10001-h.htm">Archived</a> 3 May 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''28-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''28_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius,_Nero">Suetonius, <i>Nero</i></a>, 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#1|1.1]]-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Annals''[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#1|1.1]]_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus,_Annals">Tacitus, <i>Annals</i></a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#1" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1">1.1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Histories''[[s:The_Histories_(Tacitus)/Book_1#1|1.1]]-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus,_''Histories''[[s:The_Histories_(Tacitus)/Book_1#1|1.1]]_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus,_Histories">Tacitus, <i>Histories</i></a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Histories_(Tacitus)/Book_1#1" class="extiw" title="s:The Histories (Tacitus)/Book 1">1.1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManuwald2013" class="citation book cs1">Manuwald, Gesine (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cp5k_JpKO6QC&pg=PA21"><i>Nero in Opera: Librettos as Transformations of Ancient Sources</i></a>. De Gruyter. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-031751-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-031751-0"><bdi>978-3-11-031751-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nero+in+Opera%3A+Librettos+as+Transformations+of+Ancient+Sources&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-11-031751-0&rft.aulast=Manuwald&rft.aufirst=Gesine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCp5k_JpKO6QC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://av1611.com/kjbp/kjv-bible-text/Eze-25.html">25:14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Talmud, <a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">tractate</a> <a href="/wiki/Gittin" title="Gittin">Gitin</a> 56a-b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gittin 56a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlein2023" class="citation journal cs1">Klein, Reuven Chaim (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/127965994/Are_historical_sections_of_the_Talmud_actually_historical_Critical_tools_for_understanding_historical_claims_in_rabbinic_literature">"Are historical sections of the Talmud actually historical? Critical tools for understanding historical claims in rabbinic literature"</a>. <i>Journal of Philological Pedagogy</i>. <b>12</b>. Chandler School of Education: <span class="nowrap">42–</span>75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17613%2Frjp5a-md343">10.17613/rjp5a-md343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Philological+Pedagogy&rft.atitle=Are+historical+sections+of+the+Talmud+actually+historical%3F+Critical+tools+for+understanding+historical+claims+in+rabbinic+literature&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17613%2Frjp5a-md343&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Reuven+Chaim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F127965994%2FAre_historical_sections_of_the_Talmud_actually_historical_Critical_tools_for_understanding_historical_claims_in_rabbinic_literature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Isaac" title="Benjamin Isaac">Isaac, Benjamin</a>. 2004. <i>The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 440–491. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12598-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12598-5">978-0-691-12598-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''16-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius,_''Nero''16_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius,_Nero">Suetonius, <i>Nero</i></a>, 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Apologeticus" title="Apologeticus">Apologeticum</a></i> (Lost text), quoted in <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Ecclesiastical History</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250102.htm">II.25.4</a>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cushman_McGiffert" title="Arthur Cushman McGiffert">A. C. McGiffert</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061213030543/http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250102.htm">Archived</a> 13 December 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lactantius-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lactantius_166-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lactantius_166-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lactantius_166-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/De_mortibus_persecutorum" title="De mortibus persecutorum">De mortibus persecutorum</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0705.htm">Chapter II</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/sulpiciusseveruschron2.html">"Sulpicius Severus: Chronicles II"</a>. <i>www.thelatinlibrary.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thelatinlibrary.com&rft.atitle=Sulpicius+Severus%3A+Chronicles+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelatinlibrary.com%2Fsulpiciusseveruschron2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Claudius*.html#25">Life of Claudius 25</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120630034237/http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Claudius*.html#25">Archived</a> 30 June 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2018:2&version=nrsv">Acts of the Apostles 18:2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Champlin">Champlin</a>, p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ascension-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ascension_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ascension.html">"The Ascension of Isaiah"</a>. <i>www.earlychristianwritings.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.earlychristianwritings.com&rft.atitle=The+Ascension+of+Isaiah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychristianwritings.com%2Ftext%2Fascension.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250102.htm"><i>Ecclesiastical History</i> II.25.5</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061213030543/http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250102.htm">Archived</a> 13 December 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/actspaul.html">apocryphal Acts of Paul</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061020181752/http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/actspaul.html">archive</a>); in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/actspeter.html">apocryphal Acts of Peter</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160712172717/http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/actspeter.html">archive</a>); in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-lightfoot.html">First Epistle of Clement 5:6</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061020184723/http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-lightfoot.html">archive</a>; and in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/muratorian.html">The Muratorian Fragment</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061018165434/http://www.bible-researcher.com/muratorian.html">archive</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/actspeter.html">"The Acts of Peter"</a>. <i>www.earlychristianwritings.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.earlychristianwritings.com&rft.atitle=The+Acts+of+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychristianwritings.com%2Ftext%2Factspeter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> wrote Nero knew Paul personally and had him killed, John Chrysostom, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1907.htm"><i>Concerning Lowliness of Mind</i> 4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703235446/http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1907.htm">Archived</a> 3 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sulpicius_Severus" title="Sulpicius Severus">Sulpicius Severus</a> says Nero killed Peter and Paul, Sulpicius Severus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/sulpiciusseveruschron2.html"><i>Chronica</i> II.28–29</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/sib/index.htm">"The Sibylline Oracles 5.361–76, 8.68–72, 8.531–157"</a>. <i>www.sacred-texts.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=The+Sibylline+Oracles+5.361%E2%80%9376%2C+8.68%E2%80%9372%2C+8.531%E2%80%93157&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fcla%2Fsib%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin200215-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin200215_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffin2002">Griffin 2002</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sulpicius_Severus" title="Sulpicius Severus">Sulpicius Severus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victorinus_of_Pettau" title="Victorinus of Pettau">Victorinus of Pettau</a> also say that Nero is the Antichrist, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/sulpiciusseveruschron2.html">Sulpicius Severus, <i>Chronica</i> II.28–29</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0712.htm">Victorinus of Pettau, <i>Commentary on the Apocalypse</i> 17</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206014610/http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0712.htm">Archived</a> 6 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Champlin">Champlin</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=60&chapter=2&verse=7&version=9&context=verse">"2 Thessalonians 2:7 – Passage Lookup – King James Version"</a>. BibleGateway.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081229123239/http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=60&chapter=2&verse=7&version=9&context=verse">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2+Thessalonians+2%3A7+%E2%80%93+Passage+Lookup+%E2%80%93+King+James+Version&rft.pub=BibleGateway.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fbook_id%3D60%26chapter%3D2%26verse%3D7%26version%3D9%26context%3Dverse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCory,_Catherine_A.2006" class="citation book cs1">Cory, Catherine A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IzzAFl2ONfAC&pg=PA61"><i>The Book of Revelation</i></a>. Liturgical Press. pp. 61–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-2885-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-2885-0"><bdi>978-0-8146-2885-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504104449/https://books.google.com/books?id=IzzAFl2ONfAC&pg=PA61">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Revelation&rft.pages=61-&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-2885-0&rft.au=Cory%2C+Catherine+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIzzAFl2ONfAC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarrow,_A.J.P.2002" class="citation book cs1">Garrow, A.J.P. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SkOg-tEYbR4C&pg=PA86"><i>Revelation</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 86–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-13308-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-13308-8"><bdi>978-0-203-13308-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160511222846/https://books.google.com/books?id=SkOg-tEYbR4C&pg=PA86">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revelation&rft.pages=86-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-203-13308-8&rft.au=Garrow%2C+A.J.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSkOg-tEYbR4C%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHillers,_Delbert1963" class="citation journal cs1">Hillers, Delbert (1963). "Rev. 13, 18 and a scroll from Murabba'at". <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>. <b>170</b> (170): 65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1355990">10.2307/1355990</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1355990">1355990</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163790686">163790686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Rev.+13%2C+18+and+a+scroll+from+Murabba%27at&rft.volume=170&rft.issue=170&rft.pages=65&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163790686%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1355990%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1355990&rft.au=Hillers%2C+Delbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, Raymond E.; Fitzmyer, Joseph A. and Murphy, Roland E. eds. (1990). <i><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Biblical_Commentary" title="Jerome Biblical Commentary">The New Jerome Biblical Commentary</a></i>. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. p. 1009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0136149347" title="Special:BookSources/978-0136149347">978-0136149347</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJust,_S.J." class="citation web cs1">Just, S.J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholic-resources.org/Bible/Apocalyptic.htm">"<i>The Book of Revelation, Apocalyptic Literature, and Millennial Movements</i>, University of San Francisco, USF Jesuit Community"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070601223850/http://catholic-resources.org/Bible/Apocalyptic.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Revelation%2C+Apocalyptic+Literature%2C+and+Millennial+Movements%2C+University+of+San+Francisco%2C+USF+Jesuit+Community&rft.au=Just%2C+S.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatholic-resources.org%2FBible%2FApocalyptic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation+17:1–18&version=nkjv">Revelation 17:1–18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinclair2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sinclair, Scott Gambrill (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.dominican.edu/religion-course-materials/2/">"The Book of Revelation (Course Lecture Notes)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Scott Sinclair Lecture Notes Collection</i> (2). Dominican University of California: <span class="nowrap">36–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33015%2Fdominican.edu%2F2016.sinclair.02">10.33015/dominican.edu/2016.sinclair.02</a>. <q>Nero persecuted the church at Rome, and the Beast whose number is 666 probably represents him. [...] Revelation also draws many parallels between "Babylon" (Rome) and the New Jerusalem. [...] In John's social situation the emperor did appear to be the Almighty, and Rome did appear to be the Heavenly City</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scott+Sinclair+Lecture+Notes+Collection&rft.atitle=The+Book+of+Revelation+%28Course+Lecture+Notes%29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.33015%2Fdominican.edu%2F2016.sinclair.02&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=Scott+Gambrill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.dominican.edu%2Freligion-course-materials%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span> (attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_sources">Ancient sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJosephus,_Bellum_Judaicum" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (1737a) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 75 AD]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/josephus/war-2.html">"Books II–VI"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Whiston" title="William Whiston">William Whiston</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Books+II%E2%80%93VI&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+War&rft.date=1737&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2Fjosephus%2Fwar-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJosephus,_Antiquitates_Judaicae" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (1737b) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 94 AD]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/josephus/ant-20.html">"Chapters XIX–XX"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Whiston" title="William Whiston">William Whiston</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapters+XIX%E2%80%93XX&rft.btitle=Antiquities+of+the+Jews&rft.date=1737&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2Fjosephus%2Fant-20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch,_Galba" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> (1923) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100 AD]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Galba*.html">"Life of Galba"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Bernadotte_Perrin" title="Bernadotte Perrin">Bernadotte Perrin</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Life+of+Galba&rft.btitle=Parallel+Lives&rft.date=1923&rft.au=Plutarch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FPlutarch%2FLives%2FGalba%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTacitus,_Histories" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">P. Cornelius Tacitus</a> (1925) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 105 AD]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Tacitus/Histories/1A*.html">"Books 1–4"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Tacitus)" title="Histories (Tacitus)">Histories</a></i>. Translated by Frederick W. Shipley. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Books+1%E2%80%934&rft.btitle=Histories&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1925&rft.au=P.+Cornelius+Tacitus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FTacitus%2FHistories%2F1A%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTacitus,_Annals" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">P. Cornelius Tacitus</a> (1924) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 116 AD]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Tacitus/Annals/13A*.html">"Books 13–16"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals</a></i>. Translated by Frederick W. Shipley. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Books+13%E2%80%9316&rft.btitle=Annals&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1924&rft.au=P.+Cornelius+Tacitus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FTacitus%2FAnnals%2F13A%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuetonius,_Nero" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">C. Suetonius Tranquillus</a> (1914) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 121]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Nero*.html">"Life of Nero"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Caesars" title="The Twelve Caesars">The Twelve Caesars</a></i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/John_Carew_Rolfe" title="John Carew Rolfe">John Carew Rolfe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Life+of+Nero&rft.btitle=The+Twelve+Caesars&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1914&rft.au=C.+Suetonius+Tranquillus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FSuetonius%2F12Caesars%2FNero%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhilostratus,_Vita_Apollonii" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a> (1912) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 220]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/philostratus-life-of-apollonius/philostratus-life-of-apollonius-4.1-5/">"Books 4–5"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Life of Apollonius of Tyana">Life of Apollonius of Tyana</a></i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/F._C._Conybeare" class="mw-redirect" title="F. C. Conybeare">F. C. Conybeare</a>. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Books+4%E2%80%935&rft.btitle=Life+of+Apollonius+of+Tyana&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1912&rft.au=Philostratus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fsources%2Fcontent%2Fphilostratus-life-of-apollonius%2Fphilostratus-life-of-apollonius-4.1-5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCassius_Dio" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">L. Cassius Dio</a> (1927) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 230]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/60*.html">"Books 61–63"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_History_(Cassius_Dio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman History (Cassius Dio)">Roman History</a></i>. Translated by Earnest Cary. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Books+61%E2%80%9363&rft.btitle=Roman+History&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1927&rft.au=L.+Cassius+Dio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FCassius_Dio%2F60%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_sources">Modern sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarrett2010" class="citation cs2">Barrett, Anthony A. (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001/acref-9780195170726-e-863">"Nero"</a>, in Gagarin, Michael (ed.), <i>Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome</i>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195170726.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517072-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517072-6"><bdi>978-0-19-517072-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nero&rft.btitle=Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Greece+and+Rome&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195170726.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517072-6&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Anthony+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195170726.001.0001%2Facref-9780195170726-e-863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="Champlin" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Champlin" title="Edward Champlin">Champlin, Edward</a> (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nerocham00cham"><i>Nero</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01822-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01822-8"><bdi>978-0-674-01822-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nero&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01822-8&rft.aulast=Champlin&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnerocham00cham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalitz2005" class="citation book cs1">Malitz, Jürgen (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nero0000mali"><i>Nero</i></a></span>. Malden, MA: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4475-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4475-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-4475-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nero&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-4475-9&rft.aulast=Malitz&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnero0000mali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShotter2016" class="citation book cs1">Shotter, David (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VMC3AwAAQBAJ"><i>Nero Caesar Augustus: Emperor of Rome</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-14015-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-14015-8"><bdi>978-1-138-14015-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nero+Caesar+Augustus%3A+Emperor+of+Rome&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-138-14015-8&rft.aulast=Shotter&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVMC3AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShotter2012" class="citation book cs1">Shotter, David (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PGb6jHIVDKEC"><i>Nero</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-36432-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-36432-9"><bdi>978-1-134-36432-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nero&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-134-36432-9&rft.aulast=Shotter&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPGb6jHIVDKEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>¨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOsgood2011" class="citation book cs1">Osgood, Josiah (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xUH09iE-bRAC"><i>Claudius Caesar: Image and Power in the Early Roman Empire</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88181-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88181-4"><bdi>978-0-521-88181-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Claudius+Caesar%3A+Image+and+Power+in+the+Early+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88181-4&rft.aulast=Osgood&rft.aufirst=Josiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxUH09iE-bRAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarrettFanthamYardley2016" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, Anthony A.; <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Fantham" title="Elaine Fantham">Fantham, Elaine</a>; Yardley, John C. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2G9PCwAAQBAJ"><i>The Emperor Nero: A Guide to the Ancient Sources</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8110-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8110-9"><bdi>978-1-4008-8110-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor+Nero%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Ancient+Sources&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-8110-9&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Anthony+A.&rft.au=Fantham%2C+Elaine&rft.au=Yardley%2C+John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2G9PCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDrinkwater2019" class="citation book cs1">Drinkwater, John F. (2019). <i>Nero. Emperor and Court</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47264-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47264-7"><bdi>978-1-108-47264-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nero.+Emperor+and+Court&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-108-47264-7&rft.aulast=Drinkwater&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuckleyDinter2013" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, Emma; Dinter, Martin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8OgVKbssrT0C"><i>A Companion to the Neronian Age</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118316535" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118316535"><bdi>978-1118316535</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Neronian+Age&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1118316535&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft.au=Dinter%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8OgVKbssrT0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2002" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Miriam T. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vuQXk4DC08gC"><i>Nero: The End of a Dynasty</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-61044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-61044-0"><bdi>978-1-134-61044-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nero%3A+The+End+of+a+Dynasty&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-61044-0&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Miriam+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvuQXk4DC08gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScullard2011" class="citation book cs1">Scullard, H.H. (2011). <i>From the Gracchi to Nero: a history of Rome 133 B.C. to A.D. 68</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58488-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58488-3"><bdi>978-0-415-58488-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Gracchi+to+Nero%3A+a+history+of+Rome+133+B.C.+to+A.D.+68&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-58488-3&rft.aulast=Scullard&rft.aufirst=H.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRogers1955" class="citation journal cs1">Rogers, Robert Samuel (1955). "Heirs and Rivals to Nero". <i><a href="/wiki/Transactions_and_Proceedings_of_the_American_Philological_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association">Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association</a></i>. <b>86</b>: <span class="nowrap">190–</span>212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F283618">10.2307/283618</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-9711">0065-9711</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/283618">283618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+and+Proceedings+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=Heirs+and+Rivals+to+Nero&rft.volume=86&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E190-%3C%2Fspan%3E212&rft.date=1955&rft.issn=0065-9711&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F283618%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F283618&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Robert+Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPelham1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Francis_Pelham" title="Henry Francis Pelham">Pelham, Henry Francis</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nero"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Nero">"Nero" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">390–</span>393.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nero&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E390-%3C%2Fspan%3E393&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Pelham&rft.aufirst=Henry+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANero" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nero" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Nero">Nero</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nero" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nero">Nero</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sien-neron.fr/?lang=en">International Society for Neronian Studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nero-Roman-emperor">Nero, Roman Emperor</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> online</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/nero.html">The Roman Empire in the First Century: Nero</a>, <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/nero.shtml">Nero (37 AD – 68 AD)</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>.co.uk</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/40277-emperor-nero-facts.html">Emperor Nero: Facts & Biography</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Live_Science" title="Live Science">Live Science</a></i> online</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140818231142/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2014/09/emperor-nero/draper-text">Roman Emperor Nero: Rethinking Nero</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i> online</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Nero </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 15 December 37</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 9 June 68</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman emperor</a> </b><br />54–68 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aefulanus" title="Marcus Aefulanus">M. Aefulanus</a>,<br />and <i>ignotus</i></div><i><b>as suffect consuls </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> </b><br />55<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Antistius_Vetus_(consul_55)" title="Lucius Antistius Vetus (consul 55)">L. Antistius Vetus</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Numerius_Cestius" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerius Cestius">Numerius Cestius</a></div><i><b>as suffect consul </b></i> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Duvius_Avitus" title="Lucius Duvius Avitus">L. Duvius Avitus</a>, and<br /><a href="/wiki/Publius_Clodius_Thrasea_Paetus" title="Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus">P. Clodius Thrasea Paetus</a></div><i><b>as suffect consuls </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a> </b><br />57–58<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Calpurnius_Piso_(consul_57)" title="Lucius Calpurnius Piso (consul 57)">L. Calpurnius Piso</a> (57)</i> <br /><i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Messalla_Corvinus_(consul_58)" title="Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus (consul 58)">M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus</a> (58)</i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Fonteius_Agrippa" title="Gaius Fonteius Agrippa">C. Fonteius Agrippa</a></div><i><b>as suffect consul </b></i> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Titus_Sextius_Africanus" title="Titus Sextius Africanus">T. Sextius Africanus</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Ostorius_Scapula_(consul_59)" title="Marcus Ostorius Scapula (consul 59)">M. Ostorius Scapula</a></div><i><b>as suffect consuls </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a> </b><br />60<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Cossus_Cornelius_Lentulus_(consul_AD_60)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossus Cornelius Lentulus (consul AD 60)">Cossus Cornelius Lentulus</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Velleius_Paterculus_(consul_60)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaius Velleius Paterculus (consul 60) (page does not exist)">C. Velleius Paterculus</a>,<br />and <a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Manilius_Vopiscus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. Manilius Vopiscus (page does not exist)">M. Manilius Vopiscus</a></div><i><b>as suffect consuls </b></i> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Ti. Catius Asconius Silius Italicus</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Publius_Galerius_Trachalus" title="Publius Galerius Trachalus">P. Galerius Trachalus</a></div><i><b>as ordinary consuls </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a> </b><br />68 (suffect)<br /><i>sine collega</i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Bellicius_Natalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Bellicius Natalis">C. Bellicius Natalis</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Scipio_Asiaticus" title="Publius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus">P. Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus</a></div><i><b>as suffect consuls </b></i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant423" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_emperors" title="Template talk:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant423" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperors</a> and empresses regnant</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a><br />27 BC – AD 235</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a><br />235–284</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a></u> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br />284–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></u></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a><br />395–476</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius" title="Honorius">Honorius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a><br />395–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/<br />Byzantine Empire</a><br />641–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a></u></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora (II)</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Romanos_Lekapenos_(grandson_of_Romanos_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanos Lekapenos (grandson of Romanos I)">Romanos</a></i> (?), <i><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Montferrat" title="Irene of Montferrat">Irene</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Savoy" title="Anna of Savoy">Anna</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (271–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Olympic_Games322" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Olympic_winners" title="Template:Ancient Olympic winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Olympic_winners" title="Template talk:Ancient Olympic winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Olympic_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Olympic winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Olympic_Games322" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympic Games</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Olympia" title="Archaeological Museum of Olympia">Archaeological Museum of Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_Olympic_festivals" title="Ancient Greek Olympic festivals">Ancient Greek Olympic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellanodikai" title="Hellanodikai">Hellanodikai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadium_at_Olympia" title="Stadium at Olympia">Stadium at Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Olympic_schedule_%28Competitions%29_Pentathlon.svg/100px-Olympic_schedule_%28Competitions%29_Pentathlon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Olympic_schedule_%28Competitions%29_Pentathlon.svg/150px-Olympic_schedule_%28Competitions%29_Pentathlon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Olympic_schedule_%28Competitions%29_Pentathlon.svg/200px-Olympic_schedule_%28Competitions%29_Pentathlon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Running_in_Ancient_Greece" title="Running in Ancient Greece">Foot races</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diaulos_(running_race)" title="Diaulos (running race)">Diaulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolichos_(race)" title="Dolichos (race)">Dolichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplitodromos" title="Hoplitodromos">Hoplitodromos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadion_(running_race)" title="Stadion (running race)">Stadion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Horse races</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apene (page does not exist)">Apene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chariot_of_polos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chariot of polos (page does not exist)">Chariot of polos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapolon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decapolon (page does not exist)">Decapolon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalpe_riding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalpe riding (page does not exist)">Kalpe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keles_riding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keles riding (page does not exist)">Keles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfect_chariot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perfect chariot (page does not exist)">Perfect chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polos_riding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polos riding (page does not exist)">Polos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoris">Synoris</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synoris_of_polos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synoris of polos (page does not exist)">Synoris of polos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethrippon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tethrippon">Tethrippon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tethrippon_of_polos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tethrippon of polos (page does not exist)">Tethrippon of polos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_boxing" title="Ancient Greek boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration">Pankration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_wrestling" title="Greek wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herald_and_Trumpet_contest" title="Herald and Trumpet contest">Herald and Trumpet contest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_pentathlon" title="Ancient Olympic pentathlon">Pentathlon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acanthus_of_Sparta" title="Acanthus of Sparta">Acanthus of Sparta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Agasias_of_Arcadia" title="Agasias of Arcadia">Agasias of Arcadia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Agesarchus_of_Tritaea" title="Agesarchus of Tritaea">Agesarchus of Tritaea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades of Athens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Macedon" title="Alexander I of Macedon">Alexander I of Macedon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxilas" title="Anaxilas">Anaxilas of Messenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aratus_of_Sicyon" title="Aratus of Sicyon">Aratus of Sicyon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Archelaus_of_Macedon" title="Archelaus of Macedon">Archelaus of Macedon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arrhichion" title="Arrhichion">Arrhichion of Phigalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Astylos_of_Croton" title="Astylos of Croton">Astylos of Croton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_II_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice II of Egypt">Berenice II of Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bilistiche" title="Bilistiche">Bilistiche</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chaeron_of_Pellene" title="Chaeron of Pellene">Chaeron of Pellene</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chilon_of_Patras" title="Chilon of Patras">Chilon of Patras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chionis_of_Sparta" title="Chionis of Sparta">Chionis of Sparta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cimon_Coalemos" title="Cimon Coalemos">Cimon Coalemos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Coroebus_of_Elis" title="Coroebus of Elis">Coroebus of Elis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cylon_of_Athens" title="Cylon of Athens">Cylon of Athens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cynisca" title="Cynisca">Cynisca of Sparta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Damarchus" title="Damarchus">Damarchus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Demaratus" title="Demaratus">Demaratus of Sparta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Desmon_of_Corinth" title="Desmon of Corinth">Desmon of Corinth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diagoras_of_Rhodes" title="Diagoras of Rhodes">Diagoras of Rhodes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diocles_of_Corinth" title="Diocles of Corinth">Diocles of Corinth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ergoteles_of_Himera" title="Ergoteles of Himera">Ergoteles of Himera</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Euryleonis" title="Euryleonis">Euryleonis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Herodorus_of_Megara" title="Herodorus of Megara">Herodorus of Megara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hiero_I_of_Syracuse" title="Hiero I of Syracuse">Hiero I of Syracuse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hypenus_of_Elis" title="Hypenus of Elis">Hypenus of Elis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hysmon" title="Hysmon">Hysmon of Elis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iccus_of_Taranto" title="Iccus of Taranto">Iccus of Taranto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_of_Rhodes" title="Leonidas of Rhodes">Leonidas of Rhodes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Leophron" title="Leophron">Leophron</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Milo_of_Croton" title="Milo of Croton">Milo of Croton</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nero Caesar Augustus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oebotas_of_Dyme" title="Oebotas of Dyme">Oebotas of Dyme</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Onomastus_of_Smyrna" title="Onomastus of Smyrna">Onomastus of Smyrna</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Orsippus" title="Orsippus">Orsippus of Megara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pisistratus" title="Pisistratus">Peisistratos of Athens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Phanas_of_Pellene" title="Phanas of Pellene">Phanas of Pellene</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philinus_of_Cos_(athlete)" title="Philinus of Cos (athlete)">Philinus of Cos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philippus_of_Croton" title="Philippus of Croton">Philippus of Croton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Phrynon" title="Phrynon">Phrynon of Athens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Polydamas_of_Skotoussa" title="Polydamas of Skotoussa">Polydamas of Skotoussa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras_of_Laconia" title="Pythagoras of Laconia">Pythagoras of Laconia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras_(boxer)" title="Pythagoras (boxer)">Pythagoras of Samos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sostratus_of_Pellene" title="Sostratus of Pellene">Sostratus of Pellene</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Theagenes_of_Thasos" title="Theagenes of Thasos">Theagenes of Thasos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Theron_of_Acragas" title="Theron of Acragas">Theron of Acragas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius Caesar Augustus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timasitheus_of_Delphi" title="Timasitheus of Delphi">Timasitheus of Delphi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Troilus_of_Elis" title="Troilus of Elis">Troilus of Elis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Varazdat" title="Varazdat">Varazdat of Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon_of_Aegium" title="Xenophon of Aegium">Xenophon of Aegium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon_of_Corinth" title="Xenophon of Corinth">Xenophon of Corinth</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Ancient Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_winners_of_the_Stadion_race" title="List of Olympic winners of the Stadion race">Stadion race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_winners_of_the_Archaic_period" title="Olympic winners of the Archaic period">Archaic period</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olympic_winners_of_the_Classical_period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olympic winners of the Classical period (page does not exist)">Classical period</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olympic_winners_of_the_Hellenistic_period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olympic winners of the Hellenistic period (page does not exist)">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olympic_winners_of_the_Roman_period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olympic winners of the Roman period (page does not exist)">Roman period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/21px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/32px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/42px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="495" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Olympic_Games" title="Portal:Olympic Games">Olympic Games portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Category:Ancient Olympic Games">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pharaohs32" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharaohs" title="Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pharaohs" title="Template talk:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pharaohs32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Protodynastic_to_First_Intermediate_Period_(32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a> to <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"> (<3150–2040 BC)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty90" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(pre-3150 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ni-Neith" title="Ni-Neith">Ni-Neith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hat-Hor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hat-Hor">Hat-Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu (pharaoh)">Pu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_(pharaoh)" title="A (pharaoh)">A</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Elephant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stork_(pharaoh)" title="Stork (pharaoh)">Stork</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bull_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (pharaoh)">Bull</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Crocodile</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(3150–2686 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(2686–2181 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sedjes" title="Sedjes">Sedjes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferka" title="Neferka">Neferka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nefer#Pharaoh" title="Nefer">Nefer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">1<sup>st</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(2181–2040 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">VII</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare III Neby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare IV Khendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare V Tereru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare VI Pepiseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Iby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjkare" title="Wadjkare">Wadjkare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khuiqer" title="Khuiqer">Khuiqer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khui" title="Khui">Khui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iytjenu" title="Iytjenu">Iytjenu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">IX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imhotep_(pharaoh)" title="Imhotep (pharaoh)">Imhotep</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle_Kingdom_and_Second_Intermediate_Period_(2040–1550_BC)32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"> (2040–1550 BC)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty90" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(2040–1802 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em">Nubia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segerseni" title="Segerseni">Segerseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ini" title="Qakare Ini">Qakare Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyibkhentre" title="Iyibkhentre">Iyibkhentre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seankhibtawy_Seankhibra" title="Seankhibtawy Seankhibra">Seankhibtawy Seankhibra</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">2<sup>nd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(1802–1550 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Khutawy_Sobekhotep" title="Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep">Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonbef" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonbef">Sonbef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerikare" title="Nerikare">Nerikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkare" title="Sekhemkare">Sekhemkare Amenemhat V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameny_Qemau" title="Ameny Qemau">Ameny Qemau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotepibre" title="Hotepibre">Hotepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iufni" title="Iufni">Iufni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhet_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenemhet VI">Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenkare_Nebnuni" title="Semenkare Nebnuni">Semenkare Nebnuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepibre" title="Sehetepibre">Sehetepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare" title="Sewadjkare">Sewadjkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedjemibre" title="Nedjemibre">Nedjemibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaankhre_Sobekhotep" title="Khaankhre Sobekhotep">Khaankhre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renseneb" title="Renseneb">Renseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor" title="Hor">Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemrekhutawy_Khabaw" title="Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw">Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkheperew" title="Djedkheperew">Djedkheperew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebkay" title="Sebkay">Sebkay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedjefakare" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedjefakare">Sedjefakare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wegaf" title="Wegaf">Wegaf</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khendjer" title="Khendjer">Khendjer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imyremeshaw" title="Imyremeshaw">Imyremeshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepkare_Intef" title="Sehetepkare Intef">Sehetepkare Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Meribre" title="Seth Meribre">Seth Meribre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_III" title="Sobekhotep III">Sobekhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_I" title="Neferhotep I">Neferhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihathor" title="Sihathor">Sihathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_IV" title="Sobekhotep IV">Sobekhotep IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Sobekhotep" title="Merhotepre Sobekhotep">Merhotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobekhotep VI">Khahotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahibre_Ibiau" title="Wahibre Ibiau">Wahibre Ibiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneferre_Ay" title="Merneferre Ay">Merneferre Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Ini" title="Merhotepre Ini">Merhotepre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankhenre_Sewadjtu" title="Sankhenre Sewadjtu">Sankhenre Sewadjtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersekhemre_Ined" title="Mersekhemre Ined">Mersekhemre Ined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_Hori" title="Sewadjkare Hori">Sewadjkare Hori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkawre_Sobekhotep" title="Merkawre Sobekhotep">Merkawre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mershepsesre_Ini_II" title="Mershepsesre Ini II">Mershepsesre Ini II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewahenre_Senebmiu" title="Sewahenre Senebmiu">Sewahenre Senebmiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkheperre" title="Merkheperre">Merkheperre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkare" title="Merkare">Merkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjare_Mentuhotep" title="Sewadjare Mentuhotep">Sewadjare Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seheqenre_Sankhptahi" title="Seheqenre Sankhptahi">Seheqenre Sankhptahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakbim_Sekhaenre" title="Yakbim Sekhaenre">Yakbim Sekhaenre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ya%27ammu_Nubwoserre" title="Ya'ammu Nubwoserre">Ya'ammu Nubwoserre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareh" class="mw-redirect" title="Qareh">Qareh Khawoserre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aahotepre" class="mw-redirect" title="Aahotepre">'Ammu Ahotepre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheshi" title="Sheshi">Maaibre Sheshi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehesy" title="Nehesy">Nehesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakherewre" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakherewre">Khakherewre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebefawre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebefawre">Nebefawre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehebre" title="Sehebre">Sehebre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merdjefare" title="Merdjefare">Merdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_III" title="Sewadjkare III">Sewadjkare III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebdjefare" title="Nebdjefare">Nebdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebsenre" title="Nebsenre">Nebsenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekheperenre" title="Sekheperenre">Sekheperenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebnum" title="Bebnum">Bebnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Apepi" title="'Apepi">'Apepi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nuya" title="Nuya">Nuya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazad" title="Wazad">Wazad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheneh_(pharaoh)" title="Sheneh (pharaoh)">Sheneh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shenshek" title="Shenshek">Shenshek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khamure" title="Khamure">Khamure</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakareb" title="Yakareb">Yakareb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaqub-Har" title="Yaqub-Har">Yaqub-Har</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sharek" title="Sharek">Sharek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salitis" title="Salitis">Salitis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yanassi" title="Yanassi">Yanassi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apepi" title="Apepi">Apepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djehuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Djehuti">Djehuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VIII" title="Sobekhotep VIII">Sobekhotep VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_III" title="Neferhotep III">Neferhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seankhenre_Mentuhotepi" title="Seankhenre Mentuhotepi">Mentuhotepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiryraw_I" title="Nebiryraw I">Nebiryraw I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiriau_II" title="Nebiriau II">Nebiriau II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenre" title="Semenre">Semenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebiankh" title="Bebiankh">Bebiankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Shedwast" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekhemre Shedwast">Sekhemre Shedwast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_I" title="Dedumose I">Dedumose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_II" title="Dedumose II">Dedumose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedankhre_Montemsaf" title="Djedankhre Montemsaf">Montuemsaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merankhre_Mentuhotep" title="Merankhre Mentuhotep">Merankhre Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senusret_IV" title="Senusret IV">Senusret IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pepi_III" title="Pepi III">Pepi III</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Senebkay" title="Senebkay">Senebkay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wepwawetemsaf" title="Wepwawetemsaf">Wepwawetemsaf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pantjeny" title="Pantjeny">Pantjeny</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snaaib" title="Snaaib">Snaaib</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rahotep" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahotep">Rahotep</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebmaatre" title="Nebmaatre">Nebmaatre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_I" title="Sobekemsaf I">Sobekemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_II" title="Sobekemsaf II">Sobekemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Wepmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubkheperre_Intef" title="Nubkheperre Intef">Nubkheperre Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senakhtenre_Ahmose" title="Senakhtenre Ahmose">Senakhtenre Ahmose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seqenenre_Tao" title="Seqenenre Tao">Seqenenre Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamose" title="Kamose">Kamose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="New_Kingdom_and_Third_Intermediate_Period_(1550–664_BC)32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"> (1550–664 BC)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty90" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Pharaohs  <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(male</span></li><li><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">female<sup>♀</sup>)</span></li><li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(1550–1070 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausret" title="Tausret">Tausret</a><sup>♀</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">XX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">3<sup>rd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(1069–664 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun" title="High Priest of Amun">High Priests of Amun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herihor" title="Herihor">Herihor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_I" title="Pinedjem I">Pinedjem I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">XXII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tutkheperre_Shoshenq" title="Tutkheperre Shoshenq">Tutkheperre Shoshenq</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">XXIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iuput_I" title="Iuput I">Iuput I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VII" title="Shoshenq VII">Shoshenq VII</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">XXV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Late_to_Roman_Period_(664_BC–313_AD)32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(664 BC–313 AD)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty90" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(664–332 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ammeris" title="Ammeris">Ammeris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht_II" title="Tefnakht II">Tefnakht II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nekauba" title="Nekauba">Nekauba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">XXVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petubastis_III" title="Petubastis III">Petubastis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psammetichus_IV" title="Psammetichus IV">Psammetichus IV</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyrtaeus" title="Amyrtaeus">Amyrtaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_I" title="Nepherites I">Nepherites I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakor" title="Hakor">Hakor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammuthes" title="Psammuthes">Psammuthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_II" title="Nepherites II">Nepherites II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muthis" title="Muthis">Muthis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">XXX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_I" title="Nectanebo I">Nectanebo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teos_of_Egypt" title="Teos of Egypt">Teos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_II" title="Nectanebo II">Nectanebo II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabash" title="Khabash">Khabash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Arses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(332–30 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II" title="Cleopatra II">Cleopatra II</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III" title="Cleopatra III">Cleopatra III</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_III" title="Berenice III">Berenice III</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV Epiphaneia</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI_Tryphaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VI Tryphaena">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a></i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a><sup>♀</sup></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIV Philopator">Ptolemy XIV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(30 BC–313 AD)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XXXIV23" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_pharaoh" title="Roman pharaoh">XXXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrianus_Minor" title="Macrianus Minor">Macrianus Minor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quietus" title="Quietus">Quietus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mussius_Aemilianus" title="Lucius Mussius Aemilianus">Lucius Mussius Aemilianus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus Daza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Dynastic_genealogies32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dynastic genealogies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="First Dynasty of Egypt family tree">1<sup>st</sup></a></li> <li>2<sup>nd</sup></li> <li>3<sup>rd</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">4<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt family tree">11<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">12<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">18<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">19<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">20<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st,_22nd_%26_23rd_dynasties_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="21st, 22nd & 23rd dynasties of Egypt family tree">21<sup>st</sup> to 23<sup>rd</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">24<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">25<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">26<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">27<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">30<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">31<sup>st</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty#Family_tree" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic family tree">Ptolemaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List of pharaohs</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3183" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3183" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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</div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nero&oldid=1278579232">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nero&oldid=1278579232</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Category:Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nero" title="Category:Nero">Nero</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:37_births" title="Category:37 births">37 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:68_deaths" title="Category:68 deaths">68 deaths</a></li><li><a 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