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id="toc-Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Final years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_postmortem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_postmortem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Death and postmortem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_postmortem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Politics and religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Artistry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Artistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Artistry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Artistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bent_trumpet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bent_trumpet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bent trumpet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bent_trumpet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>List of works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dizzy Gillespie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="ديزي غيليسبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديزي غيليسبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="دیزی قیلیسپی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دیزی قیلیسپی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Дизи Гилеспи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дизи Гилеспи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%B9_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B9" title="Ντίζι Γκιλέσπι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντίζι Γκιλέσπι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="دیزی گیلیسپی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیزی گیلیسپی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80_%EA%B8%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%94%BC" title="디지 길레스피 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="디지 길레스피" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB_%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BD%D6%83%D5%AB" title="Դիզի Գիլեսփի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դիզի Գիլեսփի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99" title="דיזי גילספי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיזי גילספי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizijs_Gilespijs" title="Dizijs Gilespijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dizijs Gilespijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%89_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%89" title="ديزى جيليسبى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديزى جيليسبى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC" title="ディジー・ガレスピー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ディジー・ガレスピー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8,_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Гиллеспи, Диззи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гиллеспи, Диззи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizi_Gilespi" title="Dizi Gilespi – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Dizi Gilespi" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5" title="ดิซซี กิลเลสพี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดิซซี กิลเลสพี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dizzy Gillespie" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B7%D1%96_%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96" title="Діззі Гіллеспі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Діззі Гіллеспі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E9%BD%90%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%AE" title="迪齐·吉莱斯皮 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="迪齐·吉莱斯皮" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie – Yoruba" lang="yo" 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American jazz trumpeter (1917–1993)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the jazz musician. For the Australian cricketer nicknamed "Dizzy", see <a href="/wiki/Jason_Gillespie" title="Jason Gillespie">Jason Gillespie</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de; font-size: 125%;"><div class="">Dizzy Gillespie</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Dizzy_Gillespie,_New_York,_N.Y.,_ca._May_1947_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gillespie, c. May 1947"><img alt="Gillespie, c. May 1947" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Portrait_of_Dizzy_Gillespie%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._May_1947_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Dizzy_Gillespie%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._May_1947_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Portrait_of_Dizzy_Gillespie%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._May_1947_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Dizzy_Gillespie%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._May_1947_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Portrait_of_Dizzy_Gillespie%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._May_1947_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Dizzy_Gillespie%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._May_1947_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3512" data-file-height="4873" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Gillespie, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> May 1947</span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de">Background information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Birth name</span></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">John Birks Gillespie</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1917-10-21</span>)</span>October 21, 1917<br /><a href="/wiki/Cheraw,_South_Carolina" title="Cheraw, South Carolina">Cheraw, South Carolina</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 6, 1993<span style="display:none">(1993-01-06)</span> (aged 75)<br /><a href="/wiki/Englewood,_New_Jersey" title="Englewood, New Jersey">Englewood, New Jersey</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genres</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban_jazz" title="Afro-Cuban jazz">Afro-Cuban jazz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Musician</li> <li>composer</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Instruments</th><td class="infobox-data note"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Trumpet</li> <li>vocals</li> <li>piano</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Years active</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1935–1993</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Labels</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dee_Gee_Records" title="Dee Gee Records">Dee Gee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Records" title="Pablo Records">Pablo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCA_Victor_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="RCA Victor Records">RCA Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_Records" title="Savoy Records">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verve_Records" title="Verve Records">Verve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Records" title="Discovery Records">Discovery</a></li> <li>Impulse</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Lorraine Willis</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="May 9, 1940">1940</span>)<wbr /></div> (died 2004)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jeanie_Bryson" title="Jeanie Bryson">Jeanie Bryson</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Musical artist</div> <p><b>John Birks</b> "<b>Dizzy</b>" <b>Gillespie</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">gil-<span style="font-size:90%">ESP</span>-ee</i></a>; October 21, 1917 – January 6, 1993) was an American <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpeter</a>, bandleader, composer, educator and singer.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a trumpet <a href="/wiki/Virtuoso" title="Virtuoso">virtuoso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Improvisation" title="Improvisation">improviser</a>, building on the virtuosic style of <a href="/wiki/Roy_Eldridge" title="Roy Eldridge">Roy Eldridge</a><sup id="cite_ref-autobio_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autobio-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but adding layers of <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmonic</a> and rhythmic complexity previously unheard in jazz. His combination of musicianship, showmanship, and wit made him a leading popularizer of the new music called <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a>. His beret and horn-rimmed spectacles, <a href="/wiki/Scat_singing" title="Scat singing">scat singing</a>, bent horn, pouched cheeks, and light-hearted personality have made him an enduring icon.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1940s, Gillespie, with <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Parker" title="Charlie Parker">Charlie Parker</a>, became a major figure in the development of bebop and modern jazz.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He taught and influenced many other musicians, including trumpeters <a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jon_Faddis" title="Jon Faddis">Jon Faddis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fats_Navarro" title="Fats Navarro">Fats Navarro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Brown" title="Clifford Brown">Clifford Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Sandoval" title="Arturo Sandoval">Arturo Sandoval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Morgan" title="Lee Morgan">Lee Morgan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-jmh_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jmh-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Mangione" title="Chuck Mangione">Chuck Mangione</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cm_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cm-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and balladeer <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Hartman" title="Johnny Hartman">Johnny Hartman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jmh2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jmh2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He pioneered <a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban_jazz" title="Afro-Cuban jazz">Afro-Cuban jazz</a> and won several <a href="/wiki/Grammy" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy">Grammy</a> Awards.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scott_Yanow" title="Scott Yanow">Scott Yanow</a> wrote: "Dizzy Gillespie's contributions to jazz were huge. One of the greatest jazz trumpeters of all time, Gillespie was such a complex player that his contemporaries ended up being similar to those of Miles Davis and Fats Navarro instead, and it was not until Jon Faddis's emergence in the 1970s that Dizzy's style was successfully recreated [....] Gillespie is remembered, by both critics and fans alike, as one of the greatest jazz trumpeters of all time".<sup id="cite_ref-AMG_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMG-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dizzy_Gillespie&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dizzy_Gillespie&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The youngest of nine children of Lottie and James Gillespie, Dizzy Gillespie was born in <a href="/wiki/Cheraw,_South_Carolina" title="Cheraw, South Carolina">Cheraw, South Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Africana_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Africana-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was a local bandleader,<sup id="cite_ref-FinkelmanWintz2009_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FinkelmanWintz2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so instruments were made available to the children. Gillespie started to play the piano at the age of four.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gillespie's father died when he was only ten years old. He taught himself how to play the trombone as well as the trumpet by the age of twelve. From the night he heard his idol, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Eldridge" title="Roy Eldridge">Roy Eldridge</a>, on the radio, he dreamed of becoming a jazz musician.<sup id="cite_ref-Moody_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moody-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He won a music scholarship to the <a href="/wiki/Laurinburg_Institute" title="Laurinburg Institute">Laurinburg Institute</a> in North Carolina which he attended for two years before accompanying his family when they moved to Philadelphia in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gillespie's first professional job was with the <a href="/wiki/Frank_Fairfax" title="Frank Fairfax">Frank Fairfax</a> Orchestra in 1935, after which he joined the respective orchestras of <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Hayes" title="Edgar Hayes">Edgar Hayes</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Hill" title="Teddy Hill">Teddy Hill</a>, replacing Frankie Newton as second trumpet in May 1937. Teddy Hill's band was where Gillespie made his first recording, "King Porter Stomp". In August 1937 while gigging with Hayes in Washington D.C., Gillespie met a young dancer named Lorraine Willis who worked a Baltimore–Philadelphia–New York City circuit which included the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Theater" title="Apollo Theater">Apollo Theater</a>. Willis was not immediately friendly but Gillespie was attracted anyway. The two married on May 9, 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dizzy_Gillespie_1955_Press_Photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Dizzy_Gillespie_1955_Press_Photo.jpg/220px-Dizzy_Gillespie_1955_Press_Photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Dizzy_Gillespie_1955_Press_Photo.jpg/330px-Dizzy_Gillespie_1955_Press_Photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Dizzy_Gillespie_1955_Press_Photo.jpg/440px-Dizzy_Gillespie_1955_Press_Photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="955" /></a><figcaption>Gillespie in a publicity photo (c. 1955)</figcaption></figure> <p>Gillespie stayed with Teddy Hill's band for a year, then left and freelanced with other bands.<sup id="cite_ref-jmh_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jmh-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1939, with the help of Willis, Gillespie joined <a href="/wiki/Cab_Calloway" title="Cab Calloway">Cab Calloway</a>'s orchestra.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He recorded one of his earliest compositions, "Pickin' the Cabbage", with Calloway in 1940. After an altercation between the two, Calloway fired Gillespie in late 1941. The incident is recounted by Gillespie and Calloway's band members <a href="/wiki/Milt_Hinton" title="Milt Hinton">Milt Hinton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonah_Jones" title="Jonah Jones">Jonah Jones</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bach" title="Jean Bach">Jean Bach</a>'s 1997 film, <i>The Spitball Story</i>. Calloway disapproved of Gillespie's mischievous humor and his adventuresome approach to soloing. According to Jones, Calloway referred to it as "Chinese music". During rehearsal, someone in the band threw a spitball. Already in a foul mood, Calloway blamed Gillespie, who refused to take the blame. Gillespie stabbed Calloway in the leg with a knife. Calloway had minor cuts on the thigh and wrist. After the two were separated, Calloway fired Gillespie. A few days later, Gillespie tried to apologize to Calloway, but he was dismissed.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his time in Calloway's band, Gillespie started writing big band arrangements for <a href="/wiki/Woody_Herman" title="Woody Herman">Woody Herman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Dorsey" title="Jimmy Dorsey">Jimmy Dorsey</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-jmh_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jmh-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then freelanced with a few bands, most notably <a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a>'s orchestra, composed of members of the <a href="/wiki/Chick_Webb" title="Chick Webb">Chick Webb</a>'s band.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gillespie did not serve in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. At his <a href="/wiki/Selective_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective Service">Selective Service</a> interview, he told the local board, "in this stage of my life here in the United States whose foot has been in my ass?" and "So if you put me out there with a gun in my hand and tell me to shoot at the enemy, I'm liable to create a case of 'mistaken identity' of who I might shoot." He was classified <a href="/wiki/4-F_(Selective_Service_System)" class="mw-redirect" title="4-F (Selective Service System)">4-F</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Plummer_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plummer-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1943, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Earl_Hines" title="Earl Hines">Earl Hines</a> band. Composer <a href="/wiki/Gunther_Schuller" title="Gunther Schuller">Gunther Schuller</a> said, </p> <blockquote><p> ... In 1943 I heard the great Earl Hines band which had Bird in it and all those other great musicians. They were playing all the flatted fifth chords and all the modern harmonies and substitutions and Gillespie runs in the trumpet section work. Two years later I read that that was 'bop' and the beginning of modern jazz ... but the band never made recordings.<sup id="cite_ref-Gourse2009_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gourse2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Gillespie said of the Hines band, "[p]eople talk about the Hines band being 'the incubator of bop' and the leading exponents of that music ended up in the Hines band. But people also have the erroneous impression that the music was new. It was not. The music evolved from what went before. It was the same basic music. The difference was in how you got from here to here to here ... naturally each age has got its own shit."<sup id="cite_ref-Dance_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dance-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gillespie joined the <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">big band</a> of Hines's long-time collaborator <a href="/wiki/Billy_Eckstine" title="Billy Eckstine">Billy Eckstine</a>, and it was as a member of Eckstine's band that he was reunited with <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Parker" title="Charlie Parker">Charlie Parker</a>, a fellow member. In 1944, Gillespie left Eckstine's band because he wanted to play with a small combo. A "small combo" typically comprised no more than five musicians, playing the trumpet, saxophone, piano, bass and drums. Dizzy recommended <a href="/wiki/Fats_Navarro" title="Fats Navarro">Fats Navarro</a> for the job with Eckstine, who proved to be an ample replacement.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_Bebop">Rise of Bebop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dizzy_Gillespie&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rise of Bebop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D._Gillespie,_J._Lewis,_C._Payne,_M._Davis,_R._Brown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/D._Gillespie%2C_J._Lewis%2C_C._Payne%2C_M._Davis%2C_R._Brown.jpg/220px-D._Gillespie%2C_J._Lewis%2C_C._Payne%2C_M._Davis%2C_R._Brown.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/D._Gillespie%2C_J._Lewis%2C_C._Payne%2C_M._Davis%2C_R._Brown.jpg/330px-D._Gillespie%2C_J._Lewis%2C_C._Payne%2C_M._Davis%2C_R._Brown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/D._Gillespie%2C_J._Lewis%2C_C._Payne%2C_M._Davis%2C_R._Brown.jpg/440px-D._Gillespie%2C_J._Lewis%2C_C._Payne%2C_M._Davis%2C_R._Brown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Gillespie with <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_(pianist)" title="John Lewis (pianist)">John Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Payne" title="Cecil Payne">Cecil Payne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Brown_(musician)" title="Ray Brown (musician)">Ray Brown</a>, between 1946 and 1948</figcaption></figure> <p>Bebop was known as the first modern jazz style, but was unpopular following its onset and was not viewed as positively as swing music was. Bebop was seen as an outgrowth of swing, not a revolution. Swing introduced a diversity of new musicians in the bebop era like <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Parker" title="Charlie Parker">Charlie Parker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk">Thelonious Monk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bud_Powell" title="Bud Powell">Bud Powell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Clarke" title="Kenny Clarke">Kenny Clarke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Pettiford" title="Oscar Pettiford">Oscar Pettiford</a>, and Gillespie. Through these musicians, a new vocabulary of musical phrases was created. With Parker, Gillespie performed at famous jazz clubs like <a href="/wiki/Minton%27s_Playhouse" title="Minton's Playhouse">Minton's Playhouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monroe%27s_Uptown_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Monroe's Uptown House">Monroe's Uptown House</a>. Parker's system also held methods of adding chords to existing chord progressions and implying additional chords within the improvised lines. </p><p>Gillespie compositions like "<a href="/wiki/Groovin%27_High" title="Groovin' High">Groovin' High</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Woody_%27n%27_You" title="Woody 'n' You">Woody 'n' You</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Salt_Peanuts" title="Salt Peanuts">Salt Peanuts</a>" sounded radically different, harmonically and rhythmically, from the <a href="/wiki/Swing_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing (genre)">swing</a> music popular at the time. "<a href="/wiki/A_Night_in_Tunisia" title="A Night in Tunisia">A Night in Tunisia</a>", written in 1942, while he was playing with Earl Hines's band, is noted for having a feature that is common in today's music: a syncopated bass line.<sup id="cite_ref-Vazquez_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vazquez-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Woody 'n' You" was recorded in a session led by <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Hawkins" title="Coleman Hawkins">Coleman Hawkins</a> with Gillespie as a featured <a href="/wiki/Sideman" title="Sideman">sideman</a> on February 16, 1944 (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_Records_(1944)" title="Apollo Records (1944)">Apollo</a>), the first formal recording of bebop. He appeared in recordings by the Billy Eckstine band and started recording prolifically as a leader and sideman in early 1945. He was not content to let Bebop sit in a niche of small groups in small clubs. A concert by one of his small groups in New York's Town Hall on June 22, 1945, presented bebop to a broad audience; recordings of it were released in 2005. He started to organize big bands in late 1945. Dizzy Gillespie and his Bebop Six, which included Parker, started an extended gig at <a href="/wiki/Billy_Berg%27s" title="Billy Berg's">Billy Berg's</a> club in Los Angeles in December 1945. Reception was mixed and the band broke up. In February 1946 he signed a contract with <a href="/wiki/Bluebird_Records" title="Bluebird Records">Bluebird</a>, gaining the distribution power of RCA for his music. He and his big band headlined the 1946 film <i><a href="/wiki/Jivin%27_in_Be-Bop" title="Jivin' in Be-Bop">Jivin' in Be-Bop</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dizzy_Gillespie_in_Helsingborg,_Sweden_1959.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Dizzy_Gillespie_in_Helsingborg%2C_Sweden_1959.jpg/220px-Dizzy_Gillespie_in_Helsingborg%2C_Sweden_1959.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Dizzy_Gillespie_in_Helsingborg%2C_Sweden_1959.jpg/330px-Dizzy_Gillespie_in_Helsingborg%2C_Sweden_1959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Dizzy_Gillespie_in_Helsingborg%2C_Sweden_1959.jpg/440px-Dizzy_Gillespie_in_Helsingborg%2C_Sweden_1959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Gillespie performing in 1959</figcaption></figure> <p>After his work with Parker, Gillespie led other small combos (including ones with <a href="/wiki/Milt_Jackson" title="Milt Jackson">Milt Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Coltrane" title="John Coltrane">John Coltrane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lalo_Schifrin" title="Lalo Schifrin">Lalo Schifrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Brown_(musician)" title="Ray Brown (musician)">Ray Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Clarke" title="Kenny Clarke">Kenny Clarke</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Moody_(saxophonist)" title="James Moody (saxophonist)">James Moody</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._J._Johnson" title="J. J. Johnson">J. J. Johnson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yusef_Lateef" title="Yusef Lateef">Yusef Lateef</a>) and put together his successful big bands starting in 1947. He and his big bands, with arrangements provided by <a href="/wiki/Tadd_Dameron" title="Tadd Dameron">Tadd Dameron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gil_Fuller" title="Gil Fuller">Gil Fuller</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Russell_(composer)" title="George Russell (composer)">George Russell</a>, popularized bebop and made him a symbol of the new music.<sup id="cite_ref-Yanow_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yanow-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His big bands of the late 1940s also featured Cuban <i><a href="/wiki/Rumbero" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumbero">rumberos</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Chano_Pozo" title="Chano Pozo">Chano Pozo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabu_Martinez" title="Sabu Martinez">Sabu Martinez</a>, sparking interest in Afro-Cuban jazz. He appeared frequently as a soloist with <a href="/wiki/Norman_Granz" title="Norman Granz">Norman Granz</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jazz_at_the_Philharmonic" title="Jazz at the Philharmonic">Jazz at the Philharmonic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gillespie and his Bebop Orchestra was the featured star of the 4th Cavalcade of Jazz concert held at <a href="/wiki/Wrigley_Field_(Los_Angeles)" title="Wrigley Field (Los Angeles)">Wrigley Field</a> in Los Angeles which was produced by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Hefflin_Sr." title="Leon Hefflin Sr.">Leon Hefflin Sr.</a> On September 12, 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The young Gillespie had recently returned from Europe where his music was widely popular. The program description noted "the musicianship, inventive technique, and daring of this young man has created a new style, which can be defined as off the chord solo gymnastics." Also performing that day were <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Laine" title="Frankie Laine">Frankie Laine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Miss_Cornshucks" title="Little Miss Cornshucks">Little Miss Cornshucks</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Sweethearts_of_Rhythm" title="International Sweethearts of Rhythm">The Sweethearts of Rhythm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Liggins_and_the_Honeydrippers" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Liggins and the Honeydrippers">The Honeydrippers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Joe_Turner" title="Big Joe Turner">Big Joe Turner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Witherspoon" title="Jimmy Witherspoon">Jimmy Witherspoon</a>, The Blenders, and The Sensations.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1948, Gillespie was involved in a traffic accident when the bicycle he was riding was bumped by an automobile. He was slightly injured and found that he could no longer hit the B-flat above high C. He won the case, but the jury awarded him only $1000 in view of his high earnings up to that point.<sup id="cite_ref-Belli_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belli-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1951, Gillespie founded his record label, <a href="/wiki/Dee_Gee_Records" title="Dee Gee Records">Dee Gee Records</a>; it closed in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 6, 1953, he threw a party for his wife Lorraine at Snookie's, a club in Manhattan, where his trumpet's bell got bent upward in an accident, but he liked the sound so much he had a special trumpet made with a 45-degree raised bell, a customization that would become his trademark.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1956 Gillespie organized a band to go on a State Department tour of the Middle East which was well-received internationally and earned him the nickname "the Ambassador of Jazz".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, he also continued to lead a big band that performed throughout the United States and featured musicians including <a href="/wiki/Pee_Wee_Moore" title="Pee Wee Moore">Pee Wee Moore</a> and others. This band recorded <a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie_at_Newport" title="Dizzy Gillespie at Newport">a live album</a> at the 1957 Newport jazz festival that featured <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lou_Williams" title="Mary Lou Williams">Mary Lou Williams</a> as a guest artist on piano.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afro-Cuban_jazz">Afro-Cuban jazz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dizzy_Gillespie&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Afro-Cuban jazz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dizzy_Gillespie_Giants_of_Jazz_1973_Dia0002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Dizzy_Gillespie_Giants_of_Jazz_1973_Dia0002.jpg/220px-Dizzy_Gillespie_Giants_of_Jazz_1973_Dia0002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Dizzy_Gillespie_Giants_of_Jazz_1973_Dia0002.jpg/330px-Dizzy_Gillespie_Giants_of_Jazz_1973_Dia0002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Dizzy_Gillespie_Giants_of_Jazz_1973_Dia0002.jpg/440px-Dizzy_Gillespie_Giants_of_Jazz_1973_Dia0002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Gillespie performing at a <a href="/wiki/The_Giants_of_Jazz" title="The Giants of Jazz">Giants of Jazz</a> concert in 1973 (behind him is drummer <a href="/wiki/Art_Blakey" title="Art Blakey">Art Blakey</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 1940s, Gillespie was involved in the movement called <a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Cuban music">Afro-Cuban music</a>, bringing <a href="/wiki/Afro-Latin_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Latin American">Afro-Latin American</a> music and elements to greater prominence in jazz and even pop music, particularly <a href="/wiki/Salsa_music" title="Salsa music">salsa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban_jazz" title="Afro-Cuban jazz">Afro-Cuban jazz</a> is based on traditional Afro-Cuban rhythms. Gillespie was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Chano_Pozo" title="Chano Pozo">Chano Pozo</a> in 1947 by <a href="/wiki/Mario_Bauza" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario Bauza">Mario Bauza</a>, a Latin jazz trumpet player. Chano Pozo became Gillespie's conga drummer for his band. Gillespie also worked with Mario Bauza in New York jazz clubs on 52nd Street and several famous dance clubs such as the <a href="/wiki/Palladium_(New_York_City)" title="Palladium (New York City)">Palladium</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Theater" title="Apollo Theater">Apollo Theater</a> in <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a>. They played together in the Chick Webb band and Cab Calloway's band, where Gillespie and Bauza became lifelong friends. Gillespie helped develop and mature the Afro-Cuban jazz style. Afro-Cuban jazz was considered bebop-oriented, and some musicians classified it as a modern style. Afro-Cuban jazz was successful because it never decreased in popularity and it always attracted people to dance.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gillespie's most famous contributions to Afro-Cuban music are <a href="/wiki/Manteca_(song)" title="Manteca (song)">"Manteca"</a> and "Tin Tin Deo" (both co-written with Chano Pozo); he was responsible for commissioning <a href="/wiki/George_Russell_(composer)" title="George Russell (composer)">George Russell</a>'s "Cubano Be, Cubano Bop", which featured Pozo. In 1977, Gillespie met <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Sandoval" title="Arturo Sandoval">Arturo Sandoval</a> during a jazz cruise to Havana.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sandoval toured with Gillespie and defected in Rome in 1990 while touring with Gillespie and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Orchestra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations Orchestra (page does not exist)">United Nations Orchestra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years">Final years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dizzy_Gillespie&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Final years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dizzy_Gillespie01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Dizzy_Gillespie01.JPG/275px-Dizzy_Gillespie01.JPG" decoding="async" width="275" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Dizzy_Gillespie01.JPG/413px-Dizzy_Gillespie01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Dizzy_Gillespie01.JPG/550px-Dizzy_Gillespie01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3142" data-file-height="2114" /></a><figcaption>Gillespie in concert, Deauville, <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, France, July 1991</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1980s, Gillespie led the United Nations Orchestra. For three years <a href="/wiki/Flora_Purim" title="Flora Purim">Flora Purim</a> toured with the Orchestra. She credits Gillespie with improving her understanding of jazz.<sup id="cite_ref-Jazzreview_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jazzreview-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1982, he was sought out by <a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a> musician <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a> to play his solo in Wonder's 1982 hit single, "<a href="/wiki/Do_I_Do" title="Do I Do">Do I Do</a>". </p><p>He starred in the film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Winter_in_Lisbon" title="The Winter in Lisbon">The Winter in Lisbon</a></i> that was released as <i>El invierno en Lisboa</i> in 1992 and re-released in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-Bivens_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bivens-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The soundtrack album, featuring him, was recorded in 1990 and released in 1991. The film is a crime drama about a jazz pianist who falls for a dangerous woman while in Portugal with an American expatriate's jazz band. </p><p>In December 1991, during an engagement at Kimball's East in Emeryville, California, he suffered a crisis from what turned out to be <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">pancreatic cancer</a>. He performed one more night but cancelled the rest of the tour for medical reasons, ending his 56-year touring career. He led his last recording session on January 25, 1992. </p><p>On November 26, 1992, <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a>, following the Second <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_World_Congress" title="Baháʼí World Congress">Baháʼí World Congress</a>, celebrated Gillespie's 75th birthday concert and his offering to the celebration of the centenary of the passing of <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Baháʼu'lláh</a>. Gillespie was to appear at Carnegie Hall for the 33rd time. The line-up included <a href="/wiki/Jon_Faddis" title="Jon Faddis">Jon Faddis</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Moody_(saxophonist)" title="James Moody (saxophonist)">James Moody</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paquito_D%27Rivera" title="Paquito D'Rivera">Paquito D'Rivera</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Longo" title="Mike Longo">the Mike Longo Trio</a> with Ben Brown on bass and <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Roker" title="Mickey Roker">Mickey Roker</a> on drums. Gillespie was too unwell to attend. "But the musicians played their real hearts out for him, no doubt suspecting that he would not play again. Each musician gave tribute to their friend, this great soul and innovator in the world of jazz."<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_postmortem">Death and postmortem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dizzy_Gillespie&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death and postmortem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A longtime resident of <a href="/wiki/Englewood,_New_Jersey" title="Englewood, New Jersey">Englewood</a>, New Jersey,<sup id="cite_ref-Berman_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berman-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gillespie died of <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">pancreatic cancer</a> on January 6, 1993, at the age of 75 and was buried in <a href="/wiki/Flushing_Cemetery" title="Flushing Cemetery">Flushing Cemetery</a>, Queens, New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His grave is unmarked.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Longo" title="Mike Longo">Mike Longo</a> (who was present the night of Gillespie's death) delivered a eulogy at his funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_religion">Politics and religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dizzy_Gillespie&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Politics and religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dizzy_for_President_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Dizzy_for_President_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Dizzy_for_President_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Dizzy_for_President_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Dizzy_for_President_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Dizzy_for_President_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Dizzy_for_President_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2206" data-file-height="2189" /></a><figcaption>A "Dizzy Gillespie for President" pinback button, 1964</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1962, Gillespie and actor <a href="/wiki/George_Mathews_(actor)" title="George Mathews (actor)">George Mathews</a> starred in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hole_(1962_film)" title="The Hole (1962 film)">The Hole</a></i>, an animated short film by <a href="/wiki/John_Hubley" title="John Hubley">John</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faith_Hubley" title="Faith Hubley">Faith Hubley</a>. Released the same year as the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>, it uses audio from an improvised conversation between the two debating the causes of accidents and the possibility of accidentally launching <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a>. The short went on to win the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a> for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Animated_Short_Film" title="Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film">Best Animated Short Film</a> the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964 United States presidential campaign</a>, Gillespie put himself forward as an independent <a href="/wiki/Write-in_candidate" title="Write-in candidate">write-in candidate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillespie_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillespie-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lipsitz_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipsitz-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He promised that if he were elected, the White House would be renamed the Blues House, and he would have a cabinet composed of <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a> (Secretary of State), <a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a> (Director of the CIA), <a href="/wiki/Max_Roach" title="Max Roach">Max Roach</a> (Secretary of Defense), <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus">Charles Mingus</a> (Secretary of Peace), <a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a> (Librarian of Congress), <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a> (Secretary of Agriculture), <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lou_Williams" title="Mary Lou Williams">Mary Lou Williams</a> (Ambassador to the Vatican), <a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk">Thelonious Monk</a> (Travelling Ambassador) and <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a> (Attorney General).<sup id="cite_ref-Prez_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prez-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said his running mate would be <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Diller" title="Phyllis Diller">Phyllis Diller</a>. Campaign buttons had been manufactured years before by Gillespie's booking agency as a joke<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but proceeds went to <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in later years they became a collector's item.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971, he announced he would run again<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but withdrew before the <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dizzy_Gillespie_holding_memoir_%22To_Be_or_Not_to_Bop%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Dizzy_Gillespie_holding_memoir_%22To_Be_or_Not_to_Bop%22.jpg/220px-Dizzy_Gillespie_holding_memoir_%22To_Be_or_Not_to_Bop%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Dizzy_Gillespie_holding_memoir_%22To_Be_or_Not_to_Bop%22.jpg/330px-Dizzy_Gillespie_holding_memoir_%22To_Be_or_Not_to_Bop%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Dizzy_Gillespie_holding_memoir_%22To_Be_or_Not_to_Bop%22.jpg/440px-Dizzy_Gillespie_holding_memoir_%22To_Be_or_Not_to_Bop%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>Gillespie holding his memoir: <i><a href="/wiki/To_Be_or_Not_to_Bop" title="To Be or Not to Bop">To Be or Not to Bop</a></i> (1979)</figcaption></figure> <p>Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker, Gillespie encountered an audience member after a show. They had a conversation about the oneness of humanity and the elimination of racism from the perspective of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>. Impacted by the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a> in 1968, he became a Baháʼí that same year.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillespie2009_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillespie2009-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hearing_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hearing-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The universalist emphasis of his religion prodded him to see himself more as a global citizen and humanitarian, expanding on his interest in his African heritage. His spirituality brought out generosity and what author <a href="/wiki/Nat_Hentoff" title="Nat Hentoff">Nat Hentoff</a> called an inner strength, discipline, and "soul force".<sup id="cite_ref-Shipton_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shipton-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gillespie's conversion was most affected by <a href="/wiki/William_Sears_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD)" title="William Sears (Baháʼí)">Bill Sears</a>' book <i>Thief in the Night</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillespie2009_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillespie2009-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gillespie spoke about the Baháʼí Faith frequently on his trips abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bahai1_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahai1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pokorny_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pokorny-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is honored with weekly jazz sessions at the New York Baháʼí Center in the memorial auditorium.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A concert in honor of his 75th birthday was held in New York City's Carnegie Hall, 26 November 1992, in conjunction with the second Baha'i world congress, however, he was too ill to personally attend.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dizzy_Gillespie&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gillespie married dancer Lorraine Willis in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> on May 9, 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They remained together until his death in 1993; Lorraine converted to Catholicism with <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lou_Williams" title="Mary Lou Williams">Mary Lou Williams</a> in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lorraine managed his business and personal affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple had no children, but Gillespie fathered a daughter, jazz singer <a href="/wiki/Jeanie_Bryson" title="Jeanie Bryson">Jeanie Bryson</a>, born in 1958 from an affair with songwriter Connie Bryson.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gillespie met Bryson, a <a href="/wiki/Juilliard" class="mw-redirect" title="Juilliard">Juilliard</a>-trained pianist, at the jazz club <a href="/wiki/Birdland_(New_York_jazz_club)" title="Birdland (New York jazz club)">Birdland</a> in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-1960s, Gillespie settled down in <a href="/wiki/Englewood,_New_Jersey" title="Englewood, New Jersey">Englewood, New Jersey</a>, with his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local <a href="/wiki/Englewood,_New_Jersey" title="Englewood, New Jersey">Englewood</a> public high school, <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Morrow_High_School" title="Dwight Morrow High School">Dwight Morrow High School</a>, named its auditorium after him: the 'Dizzy Gillespie Auditorium'.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artistry">Artistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dizzy_Gillespie&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Artistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dizzy_Gillespie-140912-0009-98WP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dizzy_Gillespie-140912-0009-98WP.jpg/300px-Dizzy_Gillespie-140912-0009-98WP.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dizzy_Gillespie-140912-0009-98WP.jpg/450px-Dizzy_Gillespie-140912-0009-98WP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dizzy_Gillespie-140912-0009-98WP.jpg/600px-Dizzy_Gillespie-140912-0009-98WP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Gillespie performing for <a href="/wiki/The_Giants_of_Jazz" title="The Giants of Jazz">The Giants of Jazz</a> in 1971, an exemplar shown also of his cheek-oriented <a href="/wiki/Laryngocele" title="Laryngocele">laryngoceles</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Style">Style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dizzy_Gillespie&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gillespie has been described as the "sound of surprise".<sup id="cite_ref-Shipton_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shipton-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Rough Guide to Jazz</i> describes his musical style: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The whole essence of a Gillespie solo was cliff-hanging suspense: the phrases and the angle of the approach were perpetually varied, breakneck runs were followed by pauses, by huge interval leaps, by long, immensely high notes, by slurs and smears and bluesy phrases; he always took listeners by surprise, always shocking them with a new thought. His lightning reflexes and superb ear meant his instrumental execution matched his thoughts in its power and speed. And he was concerned at all times with swing—even taking the most daring liberties with pulse or beat, his phrases never failed to swing. Gillespie's magnificent sense of time and emotional intensity of his playing came from childhood roots. His parents were Methodists, but as a boy he used to sneak off every Sunday to the uninhibited Sanctified Church. He said later, "The Sanctified Church had deep significance for me musically. I first learned the significance of rhythm there and all about how music can transport people spiritually."<sup id="cite_ref-rough_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rough-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In Gillespie's obituary, Peter Watrous describes his performance style: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the naturally effervescent Mr. Gillespie, opposites existed. His playing—and he performed constantly until nearly the end of his life—was meteoric, full of virtuosic invention and deadly serious. But with his endlessly funny asides, his huge variety of facial expressions and his natural comic gifts, he was as much a pure entertainer as an accomplished artist.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Wynton_Marsalis" title="Wynton Marsalis">Wynton Marsalis</a> summarized Gillespie as a player and teacher: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>His playing showcases the importance of intelligence. His rhythmic sophistication was unequaled. He was a master of harmony—and fascinated with studying it. He took in all the music of his youth—from Roy Eldridge to Duke Ellington—and developed a unique style built on complex rhythm and harmony balanced by wit. Gillespie was so quick-minded, he could create an endless flow of ideas at unusually fast tempo. Nobody had ever even considered playing a trumpet that way, let alone had actually tried. All the musicians respected him because, in addition to outplaying everyone, he knew so much and was so generous with that knowledge...<sup id="cite_ref-Marsalis_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsalis-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bent_trumpet">Bent trumpet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dizzy_Gillespie&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bent trumpet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DIG15178-014_(53537432815).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/DIG15178-014_%2853537432815%29.jpg/295px-DIG15178-014_%2853537432815%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="295" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/DIG15178-014_%2853537432815%29.jpg/443px-DIG15178-014_%2853537432815%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/DIG15178-014_%2853537432815%29.jpg/590px-DIG15178-014_%2853537432815%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>Gillespie's bent trumpet on display in February 2024</figcaption></figure> <p>Gillespie's trademark trumpet featured a bell which bent upward at a 45-degree angle rather than pointing straight ahead as in the conventional design. According to Gillespie's autobiography, this was originally the result of accidental damage caused by the dancers <a href="/wiki/Stump_and_Stumpy" title="Stump and Stumpy">Stump and Stumpy</a> falling onto the instrument while it was on a trumpet stand on stage at Snookie's in Manhattan on January 6, 1953, during a birthday party for Gillespie's wife Lorraine.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constriction caused by the bending altered the tone of the instrument, and Gillespie liked the effect. He had the trumpet straightened out the next day, but he could not forget the tone. Gillespie sent a request to <a href="/wiki/Martin_Band_Instrument_Company" title="Martin Band Instrument Company">Martin</a> to make him a "bent" trumpet from a sketch produced by Lorraine, and from that time forward played a trumpet with an upturned bell.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamlin_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamlin-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By June 1954 he was using a professionally manufactured horn of this design, and it was to become a trademark for the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-Shipton_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shipton-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 258–259">: 258–259 </span></sup> Such trumpets were made for him by Martin (from 1954), <a href="/wiki/King_Musical_Instruments" title="King Musical Instruments">King Musical Instruments</a> (from 1972) and <a href="/wiki/Renold_Schilke" title="Renold Schilke">Renold Schilke</a> (from 1982, a gift from <a href="/wiki/Jon_Faddis" title="Jon Faddis">Jon Faddis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Hamlin_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamlin-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gillespie favored mouthpieces made by <a href="/wiki/Al_Cass" title="Al Cass">Al Cass</a>. In December 1986 Gillespie gave the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a> his 1972 King "Silver Flair" trumpet with a Cass mouthpiece.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamlin_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamlin-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NMAH_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMAH-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1995, Gillespie's Martin trumpet was auctioned at <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a> in New York City with instruments used by <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Hawkins" title="Coleman Hawkins">Coleman Hawkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An image of Gillespie's trumpet was selected for the cover of the auction program. The battered instrument was sold to Manhattan builder Jeffery Brown for $63,000, the proceeds benefiting jazz musicians with cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dizzy_Gillespie&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dizzy_Gillespie_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Dizzy_Gillespie_statue.jpg/130px-Dizzy_Gillespie_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Dizzy_Gillespie_statue.jpg/195px-Dizzy_Gillespie_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Dizzy_Gillespie_statue.jpg/260px-Dizzy_Gillespie_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Gillespie by Ed Dwight in his hometown of Cheraw, South Carolina</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1989, Gillespie was given the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" title="Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award">Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award</a>. The next year, at the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts</a> ceremonies celebrating the centennial of American jazz, Gillespie received the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors" title="Kennedy Center Honors">Kennedy Center Honors</a> Award and the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Composers,_Authors,_and_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers">American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers</a> <i>Duke Ellington Award</i> for 50 years of achievement as a composer, performer, and bandleader.<sup id="cite_ref-tribute_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribute-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989, Gillespie was awarded with an honorary doctorate of music from <a href="/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music" title="Berklee College of Music">Berklee College of Music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, Gillespie received the Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a> presented by Awards Council member <a href="/wiki/Wynton_Marsalis" title="Wynton Marsalis">Wynton Marsalis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993 he received the <a href="/wiki/Polar_Music_Prize" title="Polar Music Prize">Polar Music Prize</a> in Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-polar_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polar-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, he was posthumously inducted into the <a href="/wiki/International_Latin_Music_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Latin Music Hall of Fame">International Latin Music Hall of Fame</a> for his contributions to Afro-Cuban music.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was honored on December 31, 2006 in A Jazz New Year's Eve: Freddy Cole & the Dizzy Gillespie All-Star Big Band at The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, Gillespie was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Hall_of_Fame" title="New Jersey Hall of Fame">New Jersey Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dizzy_Gillespie&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Samuel_E._Wright" title="Samuel E. Wright">Samuel E. Wright</a> played Dizzy Gillespie in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Bird_(1988_film)" title="Bird (1988 film)">Bird</a></i> (1988), about <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Parker" title="Charlie Parker">Charlie Parker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Hanchard" title="Kevin Hanchard">Kevin Hanchard</a> portrayed Gillespie in the <a href="/wiki/Chet_Baker" title="Chet Baker">Chet Baker</a> biopic <i><a href="/wiki/Born_to_Be_Blue_(film)" title="Born to Be Blue (film)">Born to Be Blue</a></i> (2015).<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Dutton" title="Charles S. Dutton">Charles S. Dutton</a> played him in <i><a href="/wiki/For_Love_or_Country:_The_Arturo_Sandoval_Story" title="For Love or Country: The Arturo Sandoval Story">For Love or Country: The Arturo Sandoval Story</a></i> (2000).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_works">List of works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dizzy_Gillespie&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: List of works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Dizzy_Gillespie" title="List of works by Dizzy Gillespie">List of works by Dizzy Gillespie</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dizzy_Gillespie&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDollar2010" class="citation web cs1">Dollar, Steve (September 9, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703453804575479791556814962">"When His Music Stopped, Their Work Began"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=When+His+Music+Stopped%2C+Their+Work+Began&rft.date=2010-09-09&rft.aulast=Dollar&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052748703453804575479791556814962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obit-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-obit_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatrous1993" class="citation web cs1">Watrous, Peter (January 7, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/07/arts/dizzy-gillespie-who-sounded-some-of-modern-jazz-s-earliest-notes-dies-at-75.html">"Dizzy Gillespie, Who Sounded Some of Modern Jazz's Earliest Notes, Dies at 75"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dizzy+Gillespie%2C+Who+Sounded+Some+of+Modern+Jazz%27s+Earliest+Notes%2C+Dies+at+75&rft.date=1993-01-07&rft.aulast=Watrous&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F01%2F07%2Farts%2Fdizzy-gillespie-who-sounded-some-of-modern-jazz-s-earliest-notes-dies-at-75.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autobio-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autobio_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillespieFraser1979" class="citation book cs1">Gillespie, Dizzy; Fraser, Al (1979). <i>To Be or Not to Bop</i>. New York: Doubleday.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Be+or+Not+to+Bop&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=Dizzy&rft.au=Fraser%2C+Al&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Palmer_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2001" class="citation journal cs1">Palmer, Richard (January 2001). "The Greastest Jazzman of Them All? The Recorded Work of Dizzy Gillespie: An Appraisal". <i>Jazz Journal</i>: 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jazz+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Greastest+Jazzman+of+Them+All%3F+The+Recorded+Work+of+Dizzy+Gillespie%3A+An+Appraisal&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2001-01&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jmh-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jmh_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jmh_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jmh_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713092532/http://www.jazz-music-history.com/Dizzy-Gillespie.html">"Dizzy Gillespie took trumpet playing to a new level and co-founded Be-Bop – the next jazz language after Swing"</a>. jazz-music-history.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jazz-music-history.com/Dizzy-Gillespie.html">the original</a> on July 13, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dizzy+Gillespie+took+trumpet+playing+to+a+new+level+and+co-founded+Be-Bop+%E2%80%93+the+next+jazz+language+after+Swing&rft.pub=jazz-music-history.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jazz-music-history.com%2FDizzy-Gillespie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cm-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cm_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chuckmangione.com/bio.html">"chuckmangione.com"</a>. chuckmangione.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=johnnyhartmanbook.com&rft.atitle=Johnny+Hartman+Book+%E2%80%93+The+Last+Balladeer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjohnnyhartmanbook.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://njhalloffame.org/hall-of-famers/2014-inductees/dizzy-gillespie/">"Dizzy Gillespie"</a>. New Jersey Hall of Fame.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AMG-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AMG_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYanow2002" class="citation book cs1">Yanow, Scott (2002). <i>All Music Guide to Jazz</i> (4th ed.). Backbeat Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-717-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-717-X"><bdi>0-87930-717-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+Music+Guide+to+Jazz&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Backbeat+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-87930-717-X&rft.aulast=Yanow&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Africana-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Africana_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppiahGates2005" class="citation book cs1">Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TMZMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA796"><i>Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 796–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517055-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517055-9"><bdi>978-0-19-517055-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africana%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+the+African+and+African+American+Experience&rft.pages=796-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517055-9&rft.aulast=Appiah&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Gates%2C+Henry+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTMZMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA796&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FinkelmanWintz2009-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FinkelmanWintz2009_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelmanWintz2009" class="citation book cs1">Finkelman, Paul; Wintz, Cary D. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6gbQHxb_P0QC&pg=RA1-PA303"><i>Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-first Century Five-volume Set</i></a>. Oxford University Press, US. pp. 1–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516779-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516779-5"><bdi>978-0-19-516779-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+American+History%2C+1896+to+the+Present%3A+From+the+Age+of+Segregation+to+the+Twenty-first+Century+Five-volume+Set&rft.pages=1-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516779-5&rft.aulast=Finkelman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Wintz%2C+Cary+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6gbQHxb_P0QC%26pg%3DRA1-PA303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170624094617/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/dizzy-gillespie-is-born">"Dizzy Gillespie is born – Oct 21, 1917"</a>. <i>History.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/dizzy-gillespie-is-born">the original</a> on June 24, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=Dizzy+Gillespie+is+born+%E2%80%93+Oct+21%2C+1917&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fdizzy-gillespie-is-born&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moody-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moody_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReich1993" class="citation news cs1">Reich, Howard (March 28, 1993). "Dizzy's Legacy: James Moody Carries on the Tradition of His Mentor". <i>Chicago Tribune</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Dizzy%27s+Legacy%3A+James+Moody+Carries+on+the+Tradition+of+His+Mentor&rft.date=1993-03-28&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V8IDAAAAMBAJ&q=lorraine+Willis+sizzy+jet&pg=PA55">"The Music World Mourns Death of Jazz Great Dizzy Gillespie"</a>. <i>Jet</i>. <b>83</b> (13): 55. January 25, 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jet&rft.atitle=The+Music+World+Mourns+Death+of+Jazz+Great+Dizzy+Gillespie&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=55&rft.date=1993-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV8IDAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dlorraine%2BWillis%2Bsizzy%2Bjet%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110218162357/http://www.vervemusicgroup.com/dizzygillespie">"Priestly, Brian. "The Definitive Dizzy Gillespie"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Vervemusicgroup.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vervemusicgroup.com/dizzygillespie">the original</a> on February 18, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Priestly%2C+Brian.+%22The+Definitive+Dizzy+Gillespie%22&rft.pub=Vervemusicgroup.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vervemusicgroup.com%2Fdizzygillespie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVail2003" class="citation book cs1">Vail, Ken (2003). <i>Dizzy Gillespie: the Bebop Years, 1937–1952</i>. Scarecrow Press. pp. 6, 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810848805" title="Special:BookSources/0810848805"><bdi>0810848805</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dizzy+Gillespie%3A+the+Bebop+Years%2C+1937%E2%80%931952&rft.pages=6%2C+12&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0810848805&rft.aulast=Vail&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jerryjazzmusician.com/great-encounters-26-when-cab-calloway-and-dizzy-gillespie-fought-over-a-thrown-spitball/">"Great Encounters #26: When Cab Calloway and Dizzy Gillespie fought over a thrown spitball"</a>. <i>Jerry Jazz Musician</i>. March 30, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jerry+Jazz+Musician&rft.atitle=Great+Encounters+%2326%3A+When+Cab+Calloway+and+Dizzy+Gillespie+fought+over+a+thrown+spitball&rft.date=2007-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjerryjazzmusician.com%2Fgreat-encounters-26-when-cab-calloway-and-dizzy-gillespie-fought-over-a-thrown-spitball%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soulwalking.co.uk/Dizzy%20Gillespie.html">"Dizzy Gillespie Page"</a>. <i>Soulwalking.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Soulwalking.co.uk&rft.atitle=Dizzy+Gillespie+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soulwalking.co.uk%2FDizzy%2520Gillespie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerica2016" class="citation cs2">America, Harlem Renaissance in (December 5, 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coreybarksdale.com/harlem-renaissance/dizzy-gillespie.html">"The Harlem Renaissance"</a>, <i>Harlem Renaissance in America Art History</i>, Harlem Renaissance in America<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harlem+Renaissance+in+America+Art+History&rft.atitle=The+Harlem+Renaissance&rft.date=2016-12-05&rft.aulast=America&rft.aufirst=Harlem+Renaissance+in&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coreybarksdale.com%2Fharlem-renaissance%2Fdizzy-gillespie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plummer-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plummer_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlummer" class="citation book cs1">Plummer, Brenda Gayle. <i>Rising wind : Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935–1960</i>. p. 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rising+wind+%3A+Black+Americans+and+U.S.+Foreign+Affairs%2C+1935%E2%80%931960&rft.pages=74&rft.aulast=Plummer&rft.aufirst=Brenda+Gayle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170811074658/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/remembering-life-jazz-icon-dizzy-gillespie-article-1.2405917">"Remembering the life of jazz icon Dizzy Gillespie – NY Daily News"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">New York Daily News</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/remembering-life-jazz-icon-dizzy-gillespie-article-1.2405917">the original</a> on August 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Remembering+the+life+of+jazz+icon+Dizzy+Gillespie+%E2%80%93+NY+Daily+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2Fremembering-life-jazz-icon-dizzy-gillespie-article-1.2405917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gourse2009-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gourse2009_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGourse2009" class="citation book cs1">Gourse, Leslie (August 5, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kvImwPArpeYC&pg=PA21"><i>Sassy: The Life of Sarah Vaughan</i></a>. Da Capo Press. pp. 21–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-5114-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-5114-3"><bdi>978-0-7867-5114-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sassy%3A+The+Life+of+Sarah+Vaughan&rft.pages=21-&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2009-08-05&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-5114-3&rft.aulast=Gourse&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkvImwPArpeYC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dance-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dance_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDance1983" class="citation book cs1">Dance, Stanley (1983). <i>The World of Earl Hines</i>. Da Capo Press. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80182-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80182-5"><bdi>0-306-80182-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Earl+Hines&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-306-80182-5&rft.aulast=Dance&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillespie1979" class="citation book cs1">Gillespie, John Birks (1979). <i>To Be or not To Bop</i>. 111 Third Avenue South, Suite 209: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816665471" title="Special:BookSources/9780816665471"><bdi>9780816665471</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Be+or+not+To+Bop&rft.place=111+Third+Avenue+South%2C+Suite+209&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780816665471&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=John+Birks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vazquez-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vazquez_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVazquez2015" class="citation journal cs1">Vazquez, Jaime David (2015). 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August 17, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmthreat.com/index.php?section=reviews&Id=6365">the original</a> on December 5, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1467131308" title="Special:BookSources/978-1467131308"><bdi>978-1467131308</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/866922945">866922945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Angeles%27s+Central+Avenue+Jazz&rft.place=Charleston%2C+South+Carolina&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F866922945&rft.isbn=978-1467131308&rft.aulast=O%27Connell&rft.aufirst=Sean+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“Dizzy and Big Names Slated for Jazz Cavalcade Blowout” The California Eagle August 26, 1948</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belli-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Belli_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelli1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Belli" title="Melvin Belli">Belli, Marvin</a> (1956). <i>Ready for the Plaintiff!</i>. New York: Popular Library. pp. 87 (1956), 106 (1965). <q>This brings to mind another "musical" case—that of Dizzy Gillespie, the Bebop King. He was "bopped" by an auto while he was riding a bicycle in Geneva, New York, in August, 1949, so he alleged, with the result that his chromatic chords ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ready+for+the+Plaintiff%21&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=87+%281956%29%2C+106+%281965%29&rft.pub=Popular+Library&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Belli&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/music-popular-and-jazz-biographies/dizzy-gillespie">"Gillespie, Dizzy"</a>. <i>Contemporary Musicians</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wwnorton.com&rft.atitle=from+Ken+Burns%27s+Jazz%2C+A+Gillespie+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.wwnorton.com%2Fcollege%2Fmusic%2Fenj9%2Fshorter%2Fcomposers%2Fdizzy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/jazz/biography/artist_id_gillespie_dizzy.htm">"Ken Burns's Jazz, A Gillespie Biography"</a>. PBS.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UPI&rft.atitle=Jazz+pioneer+Dizzy+Gillespie+dies+at+75+-+UPI+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1993%2F01%2F06%2FJazz-pioneer-Dizzy-Gillespie-dies-at-75%2F4307726296400%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://syncopatedtimes.com/no-headstone-for-dizzy-gillespie/">"No Headstone for Dizzy Gillespie? - The Syncopated Times"</a>. March 23, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=downbeat.com&rft.atitle=Colleagues+Mourn+Death+of+Mike+Longo&rft.date=2020-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdownbeat.com%2Fnews%2Fdetail%2Fjazz-world-mourns-pianist-mike-longo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vulture.com/2019/02/every-oscar-winner-for-animated-short-subject-ranked.html">"Every Oscar Winner for Animated Short Subject, Ranked"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">Vulture</a></i>. February 26, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vulture&rft.atitle=Every+Oscar+Winner+for+Animated+Short+Subject%2C+Ranked&rft.date=2019-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vulture.com%2F2019%2F02%2Fevery-oscar-winner-for-animated-short-subject-ranked.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillespie-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gillespie_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillespie2000" class="citation book cs1">Gillespie, Dizzy (2000). <i>To Be or Not to Bop</i> (1st University of Minnesota Press ed.). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">452–</span>461. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-6547-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-6547-1"><bdi>978-0-8166-6547-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Be+or+Not+to+Bop&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E452-%3C%2Fspan%3E461&rft.edition=1st+University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-6547-1&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=Dizzy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lipsitz-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lipsitz_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipsitz2006" class="citation book cs1">Lipsitz, George (March 17, 2006). <i>The Possessive Investment in Whiteness : How White People Profit from Identity Politics</i> (Revised ed.). Philadelphia: Temple University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">161–</span>162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59213-493-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-59213-493-9"><bdi>1-59213-493-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Possessive+Investment+in+Whiteness+%3A+How+White+People+Profit+from+Identity+Politics&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E162&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2006-03-17&rft.isbn=1-59213-493-9&rft.aulast=Lipsitz&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prez-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prez_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/pip/4y7yo/?focuswin">"Diz for Prez"</a>. <i>Bbc.co.uk</i>. January 8, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=Diz+for+Prez&rft.date=2007-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fradio4%2Ffactual%2Fpip%2F4y7yo%2F%3Ffocuswin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Winter in Lisbon" CD booklet.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gillespie 2000 [1979], <i>op. cit.</i> p. 453.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gillespie 2000 [1979], <i>op. cit.</i> p. 460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelly2005" class="citation news cs1">Gelly, Dave (May 8, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120906055709/http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2005/may/08/jazz.shopping">"Other Jazz CDs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i>. p. Observer Review: 13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/may/08/jazz.shopping">the original</a> on September 6, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Other+Jazz+CDs&rft.pages=Observer+Review%3A+13&rft.date=2005-05-08&rft.aulast=Gelly&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2005%2Fmay%2F08%2Fjazz.shopping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oDcDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA61">"Dizzy Wants to Blow Right into White House"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jet_(magazine)" title="Jet (magazine)">Jet</a></i>. <b>40</b> (17): 61. July 22, 1971. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-5996">0021-5996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jet&rft.atitle=Dizzy+Wants+to+Blow+Right+into+White+House&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=61&rft.date=1971-07-22&rft.issn=0021-5996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoDcDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4zcDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA56">"Dizzy Gillespie Picks Two Cabinet Members: Duke Ellington, Muhammad Ali"</a>. <i>Jet</i>. <b>40</b> (26): 56. September 23, 1971. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-5996">0021-5996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jet&rft.atitle=Dizzy+Gillespie+Picks+Two+Cabinet+Members%3A+Duke+Ellington%2C+Muhammad+Ali&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=56&rft.date=1971-09-23&rft.issn=0021-5996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4zcDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gillespie 2000 [1979], <i>op. cit.</i> pp. 460–461.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillespie2009-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gillespie2009_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillespie2009_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDizzy_GillespieAl_Fraser2009" class="citation book cs1">Dizzy Gillespie; Al Fraser (2009) [1979]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ACApPO-A3OYC&pg=PR14"><i>To Be, Or Not-- to Bop</i></a>. University of Minnesota Press. pp. xiv, 185, <span class="nowrap">287–</span>8, <span class="nowrap">430–</span>1, <span class="nowrap">460–</span>4, <span class="nowrap">473–</span>480, 486, 493. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-6547-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-6547-1"><bdi>978-0-8166-6547-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Be%2C+Or+Not--+to+Bop&rft.pages=xiv%2C+185%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E287-%3C%2Fspan%3E8%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E430-%3C%2Fspan%3E1%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E460-%3C%2Fspan%3E4%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E473-%3C%2Fspan%3E480%2C+486%2C+493&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-6547-1&rft.au=Dizzy+Gillespie&rft.au=Al+Fraser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DACApPO-A3OYC%26pg%3DPR14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hearing-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hearing_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1204/">"Hearing 'the Divinity in the music': Dizzy Gillespie remembered at 100"</a>. <i>Baháʼí World News Service</i>. October 6, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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HarperCollins. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-055921-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-055921-7"><bdi>0-06-055921-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dizzy%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+John+Birks+Gillespie&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-06-055921-7&rft.aulast=Maggin&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiFJIMu8S7KcC%26pg%3DPA253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamlin-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamlin_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamlin_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamlin_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamlin1997" class="citation web cs1">Hamlin, Jesse (July 27, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/A-Distinctly-American-Bent-Dizzy-Gillespie-s-2815807.php">"A Distinctly American Bent / Dizzy Gillespie's misshapen horn highlights Smithsonian's traveling show"</a>. <i>SFGate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SFGate&rft.atitle=A+Distinctly+American+Bent+%2F+Dizzy+Gillespie%27s+misshapen+horn+highlights+Smithsonian%27s+traveling+show&rft.date=1997-07-27&rft.aulast=Hamlin&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fentertainment%2Farticle%2FA-Distinctly-American-Bent-Dizzy-Gillespie-s-2815807.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NMAH-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NMAH_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object.cfm?key=35&objkey=62">"Dizzy Gillespie's B-flat trumpet along with one of his Al Cass mouthpieces"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dizzy+Gillespie%27s+B-flat+trumpet+along+with+one+of+his+Al+Cass+mouthpieces&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+American+History%2C+Smithsonian+Institution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanhistory.si.edu%2Fcollections%2Fobject.cfm%3Fkey%3D35%26objkey%3D62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1995" class="citation news cs1">Fisher, Don (April 23, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mcall.com/1995/04/23/christies-to-auction-prized-martin-guitar-collection-lv-mans-love-to-be-instrument-of-his-retirement/">"Christie's To Auction Prized Martin Guitar Collection"</a>. <i>The Morning Call</i>. Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Morning+Call&rft.atitle=Christie%27s+To+Auction+Prized+Martin+Guitar+Collection&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1995-04-23&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcall.com%2F1995%2F04%2F23%2Fchristies-to-auction-prized-martin-guitar-collection-lv-mans-love-to-be-instrument-of-his-retirement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060747/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/417418/BENT-BATTERED-TRUMPET-SELLS-FOR-DIZZY-63000.html">"Bent, Battered Trumpet Sells For Dizzy $63,000"</a>. <i>Deseret News</i>. April 26, 1995. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deseretnews.com/article/417418/BENT-BATTERED-TRUMPET-SELLS-FOR-DIZZY-63000.html">the original</a> on September 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=Bent%2C+Battered+Trumpet+Sells+For+Dizzy+%2463%2C000&rft.date=1995-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F417418%2FBENT-BATTERED-TRUMPET-SELLS-FOR-DIZZY-63000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_Media1995" class="citation journal cs1">New York Media, LLC (April 24, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C-UCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA111">"Object of Desire: Bell Epoque"</a>. <i>New York Magazine</i>. <b>28</b> (17): 111. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7369">0028-7369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Magazine&rft.atitle=Object+of+Desire%3A+Bell+Epoque&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=111&rft.date=1995-04-24&rft.issn=0028-7369&rft.aulast=New+York+Media&rft.aufirst=LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC-UCAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacnie1995" class="citation magazine cs1">Macnie, Jim (May 13, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vAsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA60">"Jazz Blue Notes"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jazzwithbobparlocha.com/what/jazzbios/jazzbio_dizzy_gillespie.html">the original</a> on October 29, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=International+Latin+Music+Hall+of+Fame+Announces+Inductees+for+2002&rft.date=2002-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Finternational-latin-music-hall-of-fame-announces-inductees-for-2002-76803217.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kennedy-center.org/programs/jazz/schedule.html">The Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Schedule 2006–07</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070113144406/http://www.kennedy-center.org/programs/jazz/schedule.html">Archived</a> January 13, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, kennedy-center.org; accessed May 25, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://njhalloffame.org/2014/07/new-jersey-hall-of-fame-class-of-2014-announced/">"New Jersey Hall of Fame Class of 2014 Announced"</a>. <i>New Jersey Hall of Fame</i>. July 31, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Jersey+Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=New+Jersey+Hall+of+Fame+Class+of+2014+Announced&rft.date=2014-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnjhalloffame.org%2F2014%2F07%2Fnew-jersey-hall-of-fame-class-of-2014-announced%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGee2015" class="citation book cs1">McGee, Marty (June 8, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3r7eCQAAQBAJ&q=samuel+wright+dizzy&pg=PA38"><i>Encyclopedia of Motion Picture Sound</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476609706" title="Special:BookSources/9781476609706"><bdi>9781476609706</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Motion+Picture+Sound&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2015-06-08&rft.isbn=9781476609706&rft.aulast=McGee&rft.aufirst=Marty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3r7eCQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsamuel%2Bwright%2Bdizzy%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jazzuality.com/jazzinematology/jazzinematology-born-to-be-blue-a-metafiction-of-chet-bakers-life/">"Jazzinematology : BORN TO BE BLUE – a Metafiction of Chet Baker's Life"</a>. <i>Jazzuality.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jazzuality.com&rft.atitle=Jazzinematology+%3A+BORN+TO+BE+BLUE+%E2%80%93+a+Metafiction+of+Chet+Baker%27s+Life&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjazzuality.com%2Fjazzinematology%2Fjazzinematology-born-to-be-blue-a-metafiction-of-chet-bakers-life%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADizzy+Gillespie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dizzy_Gillespie&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" class="extiw" title="commons:Dizzy Gillespie"><span style="font-style:italic; 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codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/Dizzy_gillespie.ogg/Dizzy_gillespie.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spoken Wikipedia"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span></span></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Dizzy_gillespie.ogg" title="File:Dizzy gillespie.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 12 January 2007<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2007-01-12</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dizzygillespie.org/">The Dizzy Gillespie Bands</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061018090339/http://www.jazzprofessional.com/interviews/Dizzy%20Gillespie.htm">Interview with Les Tomkins in 1973</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/artists/15368367/dizzy-gillespie">Articles at NPR Music</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newyorkjazzworkshop.com/dizzy-gillespie/">Short biography by C.J. Shearn</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Template:Dizzy Gillespie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Template talk:Dizzy Gillespie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dizzy Gillespie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dizzy_Gillespie110" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dizzy Gillespie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studio albums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bird_and_Diz" title="Bird and Diz">Bird and Diz</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Afro_(album)" title="Afro (album)">Afro</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diz_and_Getz" title="Diz and Getz">Diz and Getz</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dizzy_and_Strings" title="Dizzy and Strings">Dizzy and Strings</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roy_and_Diz" title="Roy and Diz">Roy and Diz</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jazz_Recital" title="Jazz Recital">Jazz Recital</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Modern_Jazz_Sextet" title="The Modern Jazz Sextet">The Modern Jazz Sextet</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/World_Statesman" title="World Statesman">World Statesman</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dizzy_in_Greece" title="Dizzy in Greece">Dizzy in Greece</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_Musicians_Only" title="For Musicians Only">For Musicians Only</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Birks%27_Works" title="Birks' Works">Birks' Works</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie_and_Stuff_Smith" title="Dizzy Gillespie and Stuff Smith">Dizzy Gillespie and Stuff Smith</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sittin%27_In_(Dizzy_Gillespie_album)" title="Sittin' In (Dizzy Gillespie album)">Sittin' In</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duets_(Dizzy_Gillespie_album)" title="Duets (Dizzy Gillespie album)">Duets</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Trumpet_of_Them_All" title="The Greatest Trumpet of Them All">The Greatest Trumpet of Them All</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonny_Side_Up" title="Sonny Side Up">Sonny Side Up</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ebullient_Mr._Gillespie" title="The Ebullient Mr. Gillespie">The Ebullient Mr. Gillespie</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Have_Trumpet,_Will_Excite!" title="Have Trumpet, Will Excite!">Have Trumpet, Will Excite!</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Portrait_of_Duke_Ellington" title="A Portrait of Duke Ellington">A Portrait of Duke Ellington</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gillespiana" title="Gillespiana">Gillespiana</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perceptions_(Dizzy_Gillespie_album)" title="Perceptions (Dizzy Gillespie album)">Perceptions</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Continent" title="The New Continent">The New Continent</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_(Dizzy_Gillespie_album)" title="New Wave (Dizzy Gillespie album)">New Wave</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Something_Old,_Something_New_(album)" title="Something Old, Something New (album)">Something Old, Something New</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Goes_Hollywood" title="Dizzy Goes Hollywood">Dizzy Goes Hollywood</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jambo_Caribe" title="Jambo Caribe">Jambo Caribe</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I/We_Had_a_Ball" title="I/We Had a Ball">I/We Had a Ball</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gil_Fuller_%26_the_Monterey_Jazz_Festival_Orchestra_featuring_Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Gil Fuller & the Monterey Jazz Festival Orchestra featuring Dizzy Gillespie">Gil Fuller & the Monterey Jazz Festival Orchestra featuring Dizzy Gillespie</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Melody_Lingers_On_(Dizzy_Gillespie_album)" title="The Melody Lingers On (Dizzy Gillespie album)">The Melody Lingers On</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/It%27s_My_Way_(Dizzy_Gillespie_album)" title="It's My Way (Dizzy Gillespie album)">It's My Way</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cornucopia_(album)" title="Cornucopia (album)">Cornucopia</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Real_Thing_(Dizzy_Gillespie_album)" title="The Real Thing (Dizzy Gillespie album)">The Real Thing</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Jenny" title="Portrait of Jenny">Portrait of Jenny</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie%27s_Big_4" title="Dizzy Gillespie's Big 4">Dizzy Gillespie's Big 4</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Trumpet_Kings_Meet_Joe_Turner" title="The Trumpet Kings Meet Joe Turner">The Trumpet Kings Meet Joe Turner</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Peterson_and_Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Oscar Peterson and Dizzy Gillespie">Oscar Peterson and Dizzy Gillespie</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Peterson_and_the_Trumpet_Kings_%E2%80%93_Jousts" title="Oscar Peterson and the Trumpet Kings – Jousts">Oscar Peterson and the Trumpet Kings – Jousts</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bop_Session" title="The Bop Session">The Bop Session</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jazz_Maturity...Where_It%27s_Coming_From" title="Jazz Maturity...Where It's Coming From">Jazz Maturity...Where It's Coming From</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban_Jazz_Moods" title="Afro-Cuban Jazz Moods">Afro-Cuban Jazz Moods</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bahiana" title="Bahiana">Bahiana</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carter,_Gillespie_Inc." title="Carter, Gillespie Inc.">Carter, Gillespie Inc.</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dizzy%27s_Party" title="Dizzy's Party">Dizzy's Party</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_Ride_(album)" title="Free Ride (album)">Free Ride</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gifted_Ones" title="The Gifted Ones">The Gifted Ones</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Trumpet_Summit_Meets_the_Oscar_Peterson_Big_4" title="The Trumpet Summit Meets the Oscar Peterson Big 4">The Trumpet Summit Meets the Oscar Peterson Big 4</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Alternate_Blues" title="The Alternate Blues">The Alternate Blues</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_a_Finland_Station" title="To a Finland Station">To a Finland Station</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Closer_to_the_Source_(Dizzy_Gillespie_album)" title="Closer to the Source (Dizzy Gillespie album)">Closer to the Source</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Faces_(album)" title="New Faces (album)">New Faces</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie_Meets_Phil_Woods_Quintet" title="Dizzy Gillespie Meets Phil Woods Quintet">Dizzy Gillespie Meets Phil Woods Quintet</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Endlessly_(Dizzy_Gillespie_album)" title="Endlessly (Dizzy Gillespie album)">Endlessly</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oop-Pop-A-Da" title="Oop-Pop-A-Da">Oop-Pop-A-Da</a></i> (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live albums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jazz_at_Massey_Hall" title="Jazz at Massey Hall">Jazz at Massey Hall</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie_at_Newport" title="Dizzy Gillespie at Newport">Dizzy Gillespie at Newport</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Electrifying_Evening_with_the_Dizzy_Gillespie_Quintet" title="An Electrifying Evening with the Dizzy Gillespie Quintet">An Electrifying Evening with the Dizzy Gillespie Quintet</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall_Concert_(Dizzy_Gillespie_album)" title="Carnegie Hall Concert (Dizzy Gillespie album)">Carnegie Hall Concert</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dizzy_on_the_French_Riviera" title="Dizzy on the French Riviera">Dizzy on the French Riviera</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie_and_the_Double_Six_of_Paris" title="Dizzy Gillespie and the Double Six of Paris">Dizzy Gillespie and the Double Six of Paris</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Live_at_the_Village_Vanguard_(Dizzy_Gillespie_album)" title="Live at the Village Vanguard (Dizzy Gillespie album)">Live at the Village Vanguard</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swing_Low,_Sweet_Cadillac" title="Swing Low, Sweet Cadillac">Swing Low, Sweet Cadillac</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dizzy_Gillespie_Reunion_Big_Band" title="The Dizzy Gillespie Reunion Big Band">The Dizzy Gillespie Reunion Big Band</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie_and_the_Mitchell_Ruff_Duo_in_Concert" title="Dizzy Gillespie and the Mitchell Ruff Duo in Concert">Dizzy Gillespie and the Mitchell Ruff Duo in Concert</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giants_(Dizzy_Gillespie_album)" title="Giants (Dizzy Gillespie album)">Giants</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Giants_of_Jazz_(album)" title="The Giants of Jazz (album)">The Giants of Jazz</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Giant_(Dizzy_Gillespie_album)" title="The Giant (Dizzy Gillespie album)">The Giant</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Source_(Dizzy_Gillespie_album)" title="The Source (Dizzy Gillespie album)">The Source</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dizzy_Gillespie_Big_7" title="The Dizzy Gillespie Big 7">The Dizzy Gillespie Big 7</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Trumpet_Kings_at_Montreux_%2775" title="The Trumpet Kings at Montreux '75">The Trumpet Kings at Montreux '75</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie_Jam" title="Dizzy Gillespie Jam">Dizzy Gillespie Jam</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Digital_at_Montreux,_1980" title="Digital at Montreux, 1980">Digital at Montreux, 1980</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musician,_Composer,_Raconteur" title="Musician, Composer, Raconteur">Musician, Composer, Raconteur</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_Night_in_Washington" title="One Night in Washington">One Night in Washington</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Live_at_the_Royal_Festival_Hall_(Dizzy_Gillespie_album)" title="Live at the Royal Festival Hall (Dizzy Gillespie album)">Live at the Royal Festival Hall</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Max_%2B_Dizzy:_Paris_1989" title="Max + Dizzy: Paris 1989">Max + Dizzy: Paris 1989</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bird_Songs:_The_Final_Recordings" title="Bird Songs: The Final Recordings">Bird Songs: The Final Recordings</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_Bird_with_Love" title="To Bird with Love">To Bird with Love</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_Diz_with_Love" title="To Diz with Love">To Diz with Love</a></i> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compilation<br />albums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jazz_Trumpets" title="Modern Jazz Trumpets">Modern Jazz Trumpets</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Groovin%27_High_(Dizzy_Gillespie_album)" title="Groovin' High (Dizzy Gillespie album)">Groovin' High</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dee_Gee_Days:_The_Savoy_Sessions" title="Dee Gee Days: The Savoy Sessions">Dee Gee Days: The Savoy Sessions</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_RCA_Victor_Recordings" title="The Complete RCA Victor Recordings">The Complete RCA Victor Recordings</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Blue_Star_Sessions_1952%E2%80%931953" title="The Great Blue Star Sessions 1952–1953">The Great Blue Star Sessions 1952–1953</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Digs_Paris" title="Dizzy Digs Paris">Dizzy Digs Paris</a></i> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soundtracks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cool_World_(soundtrack)" title="The Cool World (soundtrack)">The Cool World</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Winter_in_Lisbon" title="The Winter in Lisbon">The Winter in Lisbon</a></i> (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Anthropology_(composition)" title="Anthropology (composition)">Anthropology</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Birks%27_Works_(composition)" title="Birks' Works (composition)">Birks' Works</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Blue_%27n%27_Boogie" title="Blue 'n' Boogie">Blue 'n' Boogie</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Con_Alma" title="Con Alma">Con Alma</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Atmosphere" title="Dizzy Atmosphere">Dizzy Atmosphere</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Groovin%27_High" title="Groovin' High">Groovin' High</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Manteca_(song)" title="Manteca (song)">Manteca</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Night_in_Tunisia" title="A Night in Tunisia">A Night in Tunisia</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Oop_Bop_Sh%27Bam" title="Oop Bop Sh'Bam">Oop Bop Sh'Bam</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Salt_Peanuts" title="Salt Peanuts">Salt Peanuts</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Woody_%27n%27_You" title="Woody 'n' You">Woody 'n' You</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/To_Be_or_Not_to_Bop" title="To Be or Not to Bop">To Be or Not to Bop</a></i> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Dizzy_Gillespie" title="List of works by Dizzy Gillespie">List of works</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bird_(1988_film)" title="Bird (1988 film)">Bird</a></i> (1988 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Awards_for_Dizzy_Gillespie93" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Awards_for_Dizzy_Gillespie93" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Awards for Dizzy Gillespie</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kennedy_Center_Honorees_(1990s)444" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1990s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1990s"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1990s" title="Template talk:Kennedy Center Honorees 1990s"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1990s" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1990s"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kennedy_Center_Honorees_(1990s)444" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors" title="Kennedy Center Honors">Kennedy Center Honorees</a> (1990s)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dizzy Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn" title="Katharine Hepburn">Katharine Hepburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ris%C3%AB_Stevens" title="Risë Stevens">Risë Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jule_Styne" title="Jule Styne">Jule Styne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Acuff" title="Roy Acuff">Roy Acuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Comden" title="Betty Comden">Betty Comden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Green" title="Adolph Green">Adolph Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayard_Nicholas" title="Fayard Nicholas">Fayard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Nicholas" title="Harold Nicholas">Harold Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Peck" title="Gregory Peck">Gregory Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Shaw_(conductor)" title="Robert Shaw (conductor)">Robert Shaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1992</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Hampton" title="Lionel Hampton">Lionel Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joanne_Woodward" title="Joanne Woodward">Joanne Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_Rogers" title="Ginger Rogers">Ginger Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich">Mstislav Rostropovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Taylor_(choreographer)" title="Paul Taylor (choreographer)">Paul Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Carson" title="Johnny Carson">Johnny Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Mitchell_(dancer)" title="Arthur Mitchell (dancer)">Arthur Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti" title="Georg Solti">Sir Georg Solti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim" title="Stephen Sondheim">Stephen Sondheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Williams" title="Marion Williams">Marion Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirk_Douglas" title="Kirk Douglas">Kirk Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Gould" title="Morton Gould">Morton Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Prince" title="Harold Prince">Harold Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_d%27Amboise_(dancer)" title="Jacques d'Amboise (dancer)">Jacques d'Amboise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Horne" title="Marilyn Horne">Marilyn Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B.B._King" class="mw-redirect" title="B.B. King">B.B. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Simon" title="Neil Simon">Neil Simon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Albee" title="Edward Albee">Edward Albee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Carter" title="Benny Carter">Benny Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lemmon" title="Jack Lemmon">Jack Lemmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Tallchief" title="Maria Tallchief">Maria Tallchief</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1997</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bacall" title="Lauren Bacall">Lauren Bacall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Villella" title="Edward Villella">Edward Villella</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><s><a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a></s></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Ebb" title="Fred Ebb">Fred Ebb</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Kander" title="John Kander">John Kander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Nelson" title="Willie Nelson">Willie Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Previn" title="André Previn">André Previn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Temple" title="Shirley Temple">Shirley Temple Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Borge" title="Victor Borge">Victor Borge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Jamison" title="Judith Jamison">Judith Jamison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Robards" title="Jason Robards">Jason Robards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors" title="Kennedy Center Honors">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1970s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1970s">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1980s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1990s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_2000s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_2010s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 2010s">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_2020s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 2020s">2020s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_(1980s)400" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1980s" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 1980s"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1980s" title="Template talk:National Medal of Arts recipients 1980s"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1980s" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 1980s"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_(1980s)400" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts" title="National Medal of Arts">National Medal of Arts recipients</a> (1980s)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1985</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Carter" title="Elliott Carter">Elliott Carter Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ellison" title="Ralph Ellison">Ralph Ellison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferrer" title="José Ferrer">José Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Nevelson" title="Louise Nevelson">Louise Nevelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">Georgia O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Buffum_Chandler" title="Dorothy Buffum Chandler">Dorothy Buffum Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Kirstein" title="Lincoln Kirstein">Lincoln Kirstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mellon" title="Paul Mellon">Paul Mellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Tully" title="Alice Tully">Alice Tully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallmark_Cards" title="Hallmark Cards">Hallmark Cards, Inc.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de Kooning">Willem de Kooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_de_Mille" title="Agnes de Mille">Agnes de Mille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Le_Gallienne" title="Eva Le Gallienne">Eva Le Gallienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lomax" title="Alan Lomax">Alan Lomax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Lewis Mumford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Menil" title="Dominique de Menil">Dominique de Menil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">Exxon Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_H._Knox_II" title="Seymour H. Knox II">Seymour H. Knox II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1987</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romare_Bearden" title="Romare Bearden">Romare Bearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Nemerov" title="Howard Nemerov">Howard Nemerov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alwin_Nikolais" title="Alwin Nikolais">Alwin Nikolais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isamu_Noguchi" title="Isamu Noguchi">Isamu Noguchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Schuman" title="William Schuman">William Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Penn_Warren" title="Robert Penn Warren">Robert Penn Warren</a></li> <li>J. W. Fisher</li> <li>Frances Fisher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Hammer" title="Armand Hammer">Armand Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Lewis" title="Sydney Lewis">Sydney Lewis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks">Gordon Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._M._Pei" title="I. M. Pei">I. M. Pei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Robbins" title="Jerome Robbins">Jerome Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Serkin" title="Rudolf Serkin">Rudolf Serkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Thomson" title="Virgil Thomson">Virgil Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Joseph_Freedberg" title="Sydney Joseph Freedberg">Sydney J. Freedberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_L._Stevens" title="Roger L. Stevens">Roger L. Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke_Astor" title="Brooke Astor">Brooke Astor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Goelet" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Goelet">Francis Goelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obert_C._Tanner" title="Obert C. Tanner">Obert Clark Tanner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1989</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Leopold Adler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Dunham" title="Katherine Dunham">Katherine Dunham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Eisenstaedt" title="Alfred Eisenstaedt">Alfred Eisenstaedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Friedman_(museum_director)" title="Martin Friedman (museum director)">Martin Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_Gerdine" title="Leigh Gerdine">Leigh Gerdine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_Hancock" title="Walker Hancock">Walker Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz" title="Vladimir Horowitz">Vladimir Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz" title="Czesław Miłosz">Czesław Miłosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Motherwell" title="Robert Motherwell">Robert Motherwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Target_Corporation" title="Target Corporation">Dayton Hudson Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recipients_of_the_National_Medal_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of recipients of the National Medal of Arts">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1980s" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1990s" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_2000s" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_2010s" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 2010s">2010s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Polar_Music_Prize58" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polar_Music_Prize" title="Template:Polar Music Prize"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polar_Music_Prize" title="Template talk:Polar Music Prize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polar_Music_Prize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polar Music Prize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Polar_Music_Prize58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Polar_Music_Prize" title="Polar Music Prize">Polar Music Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a> / the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> (1992)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dizzy Gillespie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Witold Lutosławski</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Harnoncourt" title="Nikolaus Harnoncourt">Nikolaus Harnoncourt</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich">Mstislav Rostropovich</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joni_Mitchell" title="Joni Mitchell">Joni Mitchell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Ericson" title="Eric Ericson">Eric Ericson</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a> / <a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Stern" title="Isaac Stern">Isaac Stern</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burt_Bacharach" title="Burt Bacharach">Burt Bacharach</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Makeba" title="Miriam Makeba">Miriam Makeba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Gubaidulina" title="Sofia Gubaidulina">Sofia Gubaidulina</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Jarrett" title="Keith Jarrett">Keith Jarrett</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B.B._King" class="mw-redirect" title="B.B. King">B.B. King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Gil" title="Gilberto Gil">Gilberto Gil</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Fischer-Dieskau" title="Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau">Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Valery_Gergiev" title="Valery Gergiev">Valery Gergiev</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonny_Rollins" title="Sonny Rollins">Sonny Rollins</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steve_Reich" title="Steve Reich">Steve Reich</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Fleming" title="Renée Fleming">Renée Fleming</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gabriel" title="Peter Gabriel">Peter Gabriel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Abreu" title="José Antonio Abreu">José Antonio Abreu</a> / <a href="/wiki/El_Sistema" title="El Sistema">El Sistema</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk" title="Björk">Björk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ennio_Morricone" title="Ennio Morricone">Ennio Morricone</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronos_Quartet" title="Kronos Quartet">Kronos Quartet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Patti_Smith" title="Patti Smith">Patti Smith</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon" title="Paul Simon">Paul Simon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma" title="Yo-Yo Ma">Yo-Yo Ma</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youssou_N%27Dour" title="Youssou N'Dour">Youssou N'Dour</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kaija_Saariaho" title="Kaija Saariaho">Kaija Saariaho</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sellars" title="Peter Sellars">Peter Sellars</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmylou_Harris" title="Emmylou Harris">Emmylou Harris</a> / <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Glennie" title="Evelyn Glennie">Evelyn Glennie</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Martin" title="Max Martin">Max Martin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Bartoli" title="Cecilia Bartoli">Cecilia Bartoli</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sting_(musician)" title="Sting (musician)">Sting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Shorter" title="Wayne Shorter">Wayne Shorter</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallica" title="Metallica">Metallica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_National_Institute_of_Music" title="Afghanistan National Institute of Music">Afghanistan National Institute of Music</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash" title="Grandmaster Flash">Grandmaster Flash</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne-Sophie_Mutter" title="Anne-Sophie Mutter">Anne-Sophie Mutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Playing_for_Change" title="Playing for Change">Playing for Change</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Netrebko" title="Anna Netrebko">Anna Netrebko</a> / <a href="/wiki/Diane_Warren" title="Diane Warren">Diane Warren</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iggy_Pop" title="Iggy Pop">Iggy Pop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ensemble_intercontemporain" title="Ensemble intercontemporain">Ensemble intercontemporain</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Blackwell" title="Chris Blackwell">Chris Blackwell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lique_Kidjo" title="Angélique Kidjo">Angélique Kidjo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arvo_P%C3%A4rt" title="Arvo Pärt">Arvo Pärt</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Rodgers" title="Nile Rodgers">Nile Rodgers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Esa-Pekka_Salonen" title="Esa-Pekka Salonen">Esa-Pekka Salonen</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49575#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4100" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49575#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49575#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109181520">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/77110276">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/11419/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJckTGMDVtJVcBw4YXrg8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118694960">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50033872">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb138944733">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb138944733">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620733">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gillespie, Dizzy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV105273">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35124840">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002157383&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1469231">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1300019">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072062746">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90315001">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000068255&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000068664&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201946513">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/hftwxs7109zlrpj">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810640029305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007332526005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000190347">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058618059306706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14157387">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11242497?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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