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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>International</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Development overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Conceptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Other nations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Interwar period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Cold War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Research_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Research and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offensive_capabilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offensive_capabilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Offensive capabilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offensive_capabilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protection_and_countermeasures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection_and_countermeasures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Protection and countermeasures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection_and_countermeasures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Avoiding_detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avoiding_detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Avoiding detection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avoiding_detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Camouflage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camouflage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1.1</span> <span>Camouflage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camouflage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concealment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concealment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1.2</span> <span>Concealment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concealment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1.3</span> <span>Deception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Armour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Active_protection_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Active_protection_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Active protection system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Active_protection_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Mobility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suspension_and_running_gear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suspension_and_running_gear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Suspension and running gear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suspension_and_running_gear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Engine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fording" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fording"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Fording</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fording-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Crew</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engineering_constraints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineering_constraints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Engineering constraints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engineering_constraints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Command,_control,_and_communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Command,_control,_and_communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Command, control, and communications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Command,_control,_and_communications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Command, control, and communications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Command,_control,_and_communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_I_and_Interwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_and_Interwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>World War I and Interwar period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_and_Interwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Cold War era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combat_milestones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combat_milestones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Combat milestones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combat_milestones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tank</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 138 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-138" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">138 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenk" title="Tenk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tenk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer" title="Panzer – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Panzer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Танк – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Танк" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campw%C3%A6gn" title="Campwægn – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Campwægn" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="دبابة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دبابة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanque" title="Tanque – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tanque" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carru_de_combate" title="Carru de combate – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carru de combate" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mba%27yrum%C3%BDi_mbokapuha" title="Mba'yrumýi mbokapuha – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mba'yrumýi mbokapuha" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tank" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="تانک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تانک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95" title="ট্যাংক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ট্যাংক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tank" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Танк – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Танк" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Танк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Танк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Танк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Танк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Танк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Танк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%A1%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁྲབ་ལྡན་འཁོར་ལོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁྲབ་ལྡན་འཁོར་ལོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenk" title="Tenk – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tenk" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tank" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Танк – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Танк" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanc" title="Tanc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tanc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Танк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Танк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tank" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanc" title="Tanc – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tanc" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampvogn" title="Kampvogn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kampvogn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%86%DD%A3" title="طنݣ – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طنݣ" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampfpanzer" title="Kampfpanzer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kampfpanzer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chid%C3%AD_naa%CA%BCna%CA%BC%C3%AD_bee%CA%BCeld%C7%AB%C7%ABh_bik%C3%A1%C3%A1%CA%BC_dah_naaznil%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Chidí naaʼnaʼí beeʼeldǫǫh bikááʼ dah naaznilígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chidí naaʼnaʼí beeʼeldǫǫh bikááʼ dah naaznilígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tank" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Άρμα μάχης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άρμα μάχης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carro_de_combate" title="Carro de combate – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carro de combate" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanko" title="Tanko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tanko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanke" title="Tanke – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tanke" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="تانک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تانک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tank" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Char_d%27assaut" title="Char d'assaut – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Char d'assaut" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_(wapen)" title="Tank (wapen) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tank (wapen)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanc" title="Tanc – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tanc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Tank" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carro_de_combate" title="Carro de combate – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carro de combate" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B%E8%BB%8A" title="坦克車 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="坦克車" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%B0%A8" title="전차 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전차" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Տանկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տանկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95" title="टैंक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टैंक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenk" title="Tenk – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tenk" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militala_tanko" title="Militala tanko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Militala tanko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangke" title="Tangke – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tangke" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tank" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tank" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skri%C3%B0dreki" title="Skriðdreki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skriðdreki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carro_armato" title="Carro armato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carro armato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A7" title="טנק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טנק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tank" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ტანკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტანკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%A9" title="ٹینٛک – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ٹینٛک" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Танк – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Танк" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tank" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kifaru_(jeshi)" title="Kifaru (jeshi) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kifaru (jeshi)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tank" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Char_pou_briga" title="Char pou briga – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Char pou briga" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tank" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Танк – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Танк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_de_gerra" title="Tank de gerra – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Tank de gerra" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocurrus_armatus" title="Autocurrus armatus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Autocurrus armatus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks" title="Tanks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tanks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks" title="Tanks – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tanks" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Танк – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Танк" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankas" title="Tankas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tankas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caro_armao" title="Caro armao – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Caro armao" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tank" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carr_armaa" title="Carr armaa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Carr armaa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harckocsi" title="Harckocsi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Harckocsi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Тенк – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тенк" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="യുദ്ധ ടാങ്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യുദ്ധ ടാങ്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="रणगाडा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रणगाडा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87" title="دبابه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دبابه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereta_kebal" title="Kereta kebal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kereta kebal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Tank" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81ng-k%C3%A1ik" title="Tāng-káik – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tāng-káik" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Танк – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Танк" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="တင့်ကားများ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တင့်ကားများ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_(voertuig)" title="Tank (voertuig) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tank (voertuig)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="ट्याङ्क – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ट्याङ्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="त्याङ्क – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="त्याङ्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%A6%E8%BB%8A" title="戦車 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="戦車" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrarmato" title="Carrarmato – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Carrarmato" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Танк – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Танк" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stridsvogn" title="Stridsvogn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stridsvogn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stridsvogn" title="Stridsvogn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stridsvogn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carri_de_combat" title="Carri de combat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Carri de combat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Танк – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Танк" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tank" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95" title="ਟੈਂਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟੈਂਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9" title="ٹینک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹینک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%87" title="شوبله – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شوبله" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangk" title="Tangk – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Tangk" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_arm%C3%A0" title="Car armà – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Car armà" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer" title="Panzer – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Panzer" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czo%C5%82g" title="Czołg – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czołg" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carro_de_combate" title="Carro de combate – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carro de combate" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanc" title="Tanc – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tanc" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanki" title="Tanki – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tanki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Танк – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Танк" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Танк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Танк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B0%D2%A5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тааҥка – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тааҥка" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tane_Tau" title="Tane Tau – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Tane Tau" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tank" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanka_ea_ntoa_ke_koloi_e_hlometseng_e_lateloang." title="Tanka ea ntoa ke koloi e hlometseng e lateloang. – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Tanka ea ntoa ke koloi e hlometseng e lateloang." data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanku" title="Tanku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tanku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tank" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_(vozidlo)" title="Tank (vozidlo) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tank (vozidlo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tank" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Tank" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="تانک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تانک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Тенк – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тенк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenk" title="Tenk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tenk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panssarivaunu" title="Panssarivaunu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Panssarivaunu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stridsvagn" title="Stridsvagn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stridsvagn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangke" title="Tangke – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tangke" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="பீரங்கி வண்டி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பீரங்கி வண்டி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Танк – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Танк" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87" title="รถถัง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รถถัง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Тонк – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тонк" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tank" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Танк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Танк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%81" title="دبابہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دبابہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caro_arm%C3%A0" title="Caro armà – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Caro armà" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Tank" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xe_t%C4%83ng" title="Xe tăng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xe tăng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank" title="Tank – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tank" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E7%A4%AE%E8%BB%8A" title="甲礮車 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="甲礮車" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangke" title="Tangke – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tangke" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tracked heavy armoured fighting vehicle</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tank_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tank (disambiguation)">Tank (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mark_I_series_tank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mark_I_series_tank.jpg/300px-Mark_I_series_tank.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mark_I_series_tank.jpg/450px-Mark_I_series_tank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mark_I_series_tank.jpg/600px-Mark_I_series_tank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5376" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The first tank to engage in battle, the British <a href="/wiki/Mark_I_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark I tank">Mark I tank</a> (pictured in 1916) with the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Joseph_Solomon" title="Solomon Joseph Solomon">Solomon</a> camouflage scheme</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>tank</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">armoured fighting vehicle</a> intended as a primary offensive weapon in <a href="/wiki/Front_line" title="Front line">front-line</a> <a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">ground combat</a>. Tank designs are a balance of heavy <a href="/wiki/Firepower" title="Firepower">firepower</a>, strong <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_armour" title="Vehicle armour">armour</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battlefield" title="Battlefield">battlefield</a> <a href="/wiki/Mobility_(military)" title="Mobility (military)">mobility</a> provided by <a href="/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">tracks</a> and a powerful engine; their main armament is often mounted within a <a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">turret</a>. They are a mainstay of modern 20th and 21st century ground forces and a key part of <a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">combined arms</a> combat. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Sherman_tank_Italy_Dec_1943_IWM_NA_9992.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A British Sherman tank in Italy during World War Two" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/British_Sherman_tank_Italy_Dec_1943_IWM_NA_9992.jpg/220px-British_Sherman_tank_Italy_Dec_1943_IWM_NA_9992.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/British_Sherman_tank_Italy_Dec_1943_IWM_NA_9992.jpg/330px-British_Sherman_tank_Italy_Dec_1943_IWM_NA_9992.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/British_Sherman_tank_Italy_Dec_1943_IWM_NA_9992.jpg/440px-British_Sherman_tank_Italy_Dec_1943_IWM_NA_9992.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption> An <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4 Sherman</a> in Italy in 1943 during <a href="/wiki/WWII" class="mw-redirect" title="WWII">WWII</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leopard_2_A7.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Leopard 2A7 tank at a public display in Germany in 2015" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Leopard_2_A7.JPG/220px-Leopard_2_A7.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Leopard_2_A7.JPG/330px-Leopard_2_A7.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Leopard_2_A7.JPG/440px-Leopard_2_A7.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Leopard_2" title="Leopard 2">Leopard 2</a>A7 in Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern tanks are versatile mobile land <a href="/wiki/Weapons_platform" title="Weapons platform">weapons platforms</a> whose main armament is a large-<a href="/wiki/Calibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Calibre">calibre</a> <a href="/wiki/Tank_gun" title="Tank gun">tank gun</a> mounted in a rotating <a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">gun turret</a>, supplemented by <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a> or other ranged weapons such as <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile" title="Anti-tank guided missile">anti-tank guided missiles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rocket_launcher" title="Rocket launcher">rocket launchers</a>. They have heavy <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_armour" title="Vehicle armour">vehicle armour</a> which provides protection for the crew, the vehicle's munition storage, <a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank" title="Fuel tank">fuel tank</a> and propulsion systems. The use of tracks rather than wheels provides improved <a href="/wiki/Operational_mobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational mobility">operational mobility</a> which allows the tank to overcome rugged terrain and adverse conditions such as mud and ice/snow better than wheeled vehicles, and thus be more flexibly positioned at advantageous locations on the battlefield. These features enable the tank to perform in a variety of intense combat situations, simultaneously both <a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">offensively</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Direct_fire" title="Direct fire">direct fire</a> from their powerful main gun) and <a href="/wiki/Defence_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence (military)">defensively</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Fire_support" title="Fire support">fire support</a> and <a href="/wiki/Defilade" class="mw-redirect" title="Defilade">defilade</a> for friendly troops due to the near invulnerability to common infantry <a href="/wiki/Small_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Small arm">small arms</a> and good resistance against heavier weapons, although anti-tank weapons used in 2022, some of them man-portable, have demonstrated the ability to destroy older generations of tanks with single shots<sup id="cite_ref-6000nlaw_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6000nlaw-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement"><span title="This claim has reliable sources with contradicting facts (September 2022)">disputed</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Tank#Near_invulnerability_to_small_arms_and_good_resistance_against_heavier_weapons" title="Talk:Tank">discuss</a></i>]</sup> all while maintaining the mobility needed to exploit changing tactical situations.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fully integrating tanks into modern military forces spawned a new era of combat, <a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">armoured warfare</a>. </p><p> Until the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">main battle tank</a>, tanks were typically categorized either by <a href="/wiki/Weight_class" title="Weight class">weight class</a> (<a href="/wiki/Light_tank" title="Light tank">light</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medium_tank" title="Medium tank">medium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_tank" title="Heavy tank">heavy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Superheavy_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Superheavy tank">superheavy tanks</a>) or doctrinal purpose (<a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_(military)" title="Breakthrough (military)">breakthrough-</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavalry tank">cavalry-</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infantry_tank" title="Infantry tank">infantry-</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cruiser_tank" title="Cruiser tank">cruiser-</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Armoured_reconnaissance" title="Armoured reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> tanks). Some are larger and more thickly armoured and with large guns, while others are smaller, lightly armoured, and equipped with a smaller caliber and lighter gun. These smaller tanks move over terrain with speed and agility and can perform a reconnaissance role in addition to engaging hostile targets. The smaller, faster tank would not normally engage in battle with a larger, heavily armoured tank, except during a surprise <a href="/wiki/Flanking_manoeuvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Flanking manoeuvre">flanking manoeuvre</a>.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style></p><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The word <i>tank</i> was first applied in a military context to British "landships" in 1915 to keep their nature secret before they entered service.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> <p>On 24 December 1915, a meeting took place of the Inter-Departmental Conference (including representatives of the Director of Naval Construction's Committee, the Admiralty, the Ministry of Munitions, and the War Office). Its purpose was to discuss the progress of the plans for what were described as "Caterpillar Machine Gun Destroyers or Land Cruisers." In his autobiography, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gerald_Stern" title="Albert Gerald Stern">Albert Gerald Stern</a> (Secretary to the Landship Committee, later head of the Mechanical Warfare Supply Department) says that at that meeting: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_James_Macnamara" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas James Macnamara">Mr. (Thomas J.) Macnamara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">M.P.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_to_the_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary to the Admiralty">Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty</a>) then suggested, for secrecy's sake, to change the title of the Landship Committee. <a href="/wiki/Sir_Eustace_Tennyson-d%27Eyncourt,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Eustace Tennyson-d'Eyncourt, 1st Baronet">Mr. d'Eyncourt</a> agreed that it was very desirable to retain secrecy by all means, and proposed to refer to the vessel as a "Water Carrier". In Government offices, committees and departments are always known by their initials. For this reason I, as Secretary, considered the proposed title totally unsuitable.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In our search for a synonymous term, we changed the word "Water Carrier" to "Tank," and became the "Tank Supply" or "T.S." Committee. That is how these weapons came to be called Tanks.</p></blockquote> <p>He incorrectly added, "and the name has now been adopted by all countries in the world."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lieutenant-Colonel Ernest Swinton, who was secretary to the meeting, says that he was instructed to find a non-committal word when writing his report of the proceedings. In the evening he discussed it with a fellow officer, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Dally_Jones" title="Walter Dally Jones">Lt-Col Walter Dally Jones</a>, and they chose the word "tank". "That night, in the draft report of the conference, the word 'tank' was employed in its new sense for the first time."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swinton's <i>Notes on the Employment of Tanks</i>, in which he uses the word throughout, was published in January 1916. </p><p>In July 1918, <i>Popular Science Monthly</i> reported: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Because a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Historical_Society" title="Royal Historical Society">Royal Historical Society</a>* has unintentionally misled the British public as to the origin of the famous "tanks", <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Tritton" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Tritton">Sir William Tritton</a>, who designed and built them, has published the real story of their name ... Since it was obviously inadvisable to herald "Little Willie's" reason for existence to the world he was known as the "Instructional Demonstration Unit." "Little Willie's" hull was called in the shop orders a "water carrier for Mesopotamia"; no one knew that the hull was intended to be mounted on a truck. Naturally, the water carrier began to be called a "tank". So the name came to be used by managers and foremen of the shop, until now it has a place in the army vocabulary and will probably be so known in history for all time.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>(*F.J. Gardiner, F.R.Hist.S.) </p><p><br /> D'Eyncourt's account differs from Swinton's and Tritton's: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... when the future arrangements were under discussion for transporting the first landships to France a question arose as to how, from a security point of view, the consignment should be labelled. To justify their size we decided to call them 'water-carriers for Russia' —the idea being that they should be taken for some new method of taking water to forward troops in the battle areas. Lt.-Col. Swinton ... raised a humorous objection to this, remarking that the War Office pundits would probably contract the description to 'W.C.'s for Russia', and that we had better forestall this by merely labelling the packages 'Tanks'. So tanks they became, and tanks they have remained."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This appears to be an imperfect recollection. He says that the name problem arose "when we shipped the first two vehicles to France the following year" (August 1916), but by that time the name "tank" had been in use for eight months. The tanks were labelled "With Care to Petrograd," but the belief was encouraged that they were a type of snowplough. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International">International</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tank&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%EF%BC%91%EF%BC%90%E5%BC%8F%E6%88%A6%E8%BB%8A%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%EF%BC%92%E6%88%A6%E8%BB%8A%E9%80%A3%E9%9A%8A%EF%BC%89.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%EF%BC%91%EF%BC%90%E5%BC%8F%E6%88%A6%E8%BB%8A%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%EF%BC%92%E6%88%A6%E8%BB%8A%E9%80%A3%E9%9A%8A%EF%BC%89.jpg/220px-%EF%BC%91%EF%BC%90%E5%BC%8F%E6%88%A6%E8%BB%8A%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%EF%BC%92%E6%88%A6%E8%BB%8A%E9%80%A3%E9%9A%8A%EF%BC%89.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%EF%BC%91%EF%BC%90%E5%BC%8F%E6%88%A6%E8%BB%8A%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%EF%BC%92%E6%88%A6%E8%BB%8A%E9%80%A3%E9%9A%8A%EF%BC%89.jpg/330px-%EF%BC%91%EF%BC%90%E5%BC%8F%E6%88%A6%E8%BB%8A%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%EF%BC%92%E6%88%A6%E8%BB%8A%E9%80%A3%E9%9A%8A%EF%BC%89.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%EF%BC%91%EF%BC%90%E5%BC%8F%E6%88%A6%E8%BB%8A%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%EF%BC%92%E6%88%A6%E8%BB%8A%E9%80%A3%E9%9A%8A%EF%BC%89.jpg/440px-%EF%BC%91%EF%BC%90%E5%BC%8F%E6%88%A6%E8%BB%8A%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%EF%BC%92%E6%88%A6%E8%BB%8A%E9%80%A3%E9%9A%8A%EF%BC%89.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>A Japanese <a href="/wiki/Type_10" title="Type 10">Type 10</a> firing.</figcaption></figure> <p>The term "tank" is used throughout the English speaking world, but other countries use different terminology. In France, the second country to use tanks in battle, the word <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">tank</i></span> or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">tanque</i></span> was adopted initially, but was then, largely at the insistence of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Eug%C3%A8ne_Estienne" title="Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne">Colonel J.B.E. Estienne</a>, rejected in favour of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">char d'assaut</i></span> ("assault vehicle") or simply <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">char</i></span> ("vehicle"). During World War I, German sources tended to refer to British tanks as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">tanks</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to their own as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kampfwagen</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, tanks became referred to as "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Panzer</i></span>" (lit. "armour"), a shortened form of the full term "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Panzerkampfwagen</i></span>", literally "armoured fighting vehicle". In the Arab world, tanks are called <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Dabbāba</i></span> (after a type of <a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">siege engine</a>). In Italian, a tank is a "<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">carro armato</i></span>" (lit. "armed wagon"), without reference to its armour. Norway uses the term <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">stridsvogn</i></span> and Sweden the similar <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">stridsvagn</i></span> (lit. "battle wagon", also used for "chariots"), whereas Denmark uses <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">kampvogn</i></span> (lit. fight wagon). Finland uses <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">panssarivaunu</i></span> (armoured wagon), although <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">tankki</i></span> is also used colloquially. The Polish name <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">czołg</i></span>, derived from verb <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">czołgać się</i></span> ("to crawl"), is used, depicting the way of machine's movement and its speed. In Hungarian the tank is called <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">harckocsi</i></span> (combat wagon), albeit <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">tank</i></span> is also common. In Japanese, the term <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sensha</i></span> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">戦車</span></span>, lit. "battle vehicle") is taken from Chinese and used, and this term is likewise borrowed into Korean as <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">jeoncha</i></span> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">전차</span></span>/<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">戰車</span></span>); more recent Chinese literature uses the English-derived <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">坦克</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">tǎnkè</i></span> (tank) as opposed to <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">戰車</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">zhànchē</i></span> (battle vehicle) used in earlier days. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_overview">Development overview</h2></div> <p>The modern tank is the result of a century of development from the first primitive armoured vehicles, due to improvements in technology such as the internal combustion engine, which allowed the rapid movement of heavy armoured vehicles. As a result of these advances, tanks underwent tremendous shifts in capability in the years since their first appearance. <a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_I" title="Tanks in World War I">Tanks in World War I</a> were developed separately and simultaneously by Great Britain and France as a means to break the deadlock of <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(WWI)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Front (WWI)">Western Front</a>. The first British prototype, nicknamed <a href="/wiki/Little_Willie" title="Little Willie">Little Willie</a>, was constructed at <a href="/wiki/William_Foster_%26_Co." title="William Foster & Co.">William Foster & Co.</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a>, England in 1915, with leading roles played by Major <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gordon_Wilson" title="Walter Gordon Wilson">Walter Gordon Wilson</a> who designed the gearbox and hull, and by <a href="/wiki/William_Tritton" title="William Tritton">William Tritton</a> of <a href="/wiki/William_Foster_%26_Co." title="William Foster & Co.">William Foster and Co.</a>, who designed the track plates.<sup id="cite_ref-Tank_origins_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tank_origins-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a prototype of a new design that would become the British Army's <a href="/wiki/Mark_I_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark I tank">Mark I tank</a>, the first tank used in combat in September 1916 during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tank_origins_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tank_origins-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "tank" was adopted by the British during the early stages of their development, as a security measure to conceal their purpose (see <a href="#Etymology">etymology</a>). While the British and French built thousands of tanks in World War I, Germany was unconvinced of the tank's potential, and did not have enough resources, thus it built only twenty. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_interwar_period" title="Tanks of the interwar period">Tanks of the interwar period</a> evolved into the much larger and more powerful <a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_II" title="Tanks in World War II">designs of World War II</a>. Important new concepts of armoured warfare were developed; the Soviet Union launched <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">the first mass tank/air attack at Khalkhin Gol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nomonhan" title="Nomonhan">Nomonhan</a>) in August 1939,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later developed the <a href="/wiki/T-34" title="T-34">T-34</a>, one of the predecessors of the <a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">main battle tank</a>. Less than two weeks later, Germany began their large-scale armoured campaigns that would become known as <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">blitzkrieg</a> ("lightning war") – massed concentrations of tanks combined with <a href="/wiki/Motorized_infantry" title="Motorized infantry">motorized</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mechanized_infantry" title="Mechanized infantry">mechanized infantry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Air power">air power</a> designed to break through the <a href="/wiki/Front_(military)" title="Front (military)">enemy front</a> and collapse enemy resistance. </p><p>The widespread introduction of <a href="/wiki/High-explosive_anti-tank" title="High-explosive anti-tank">high-explosive anti-tank</a> warheads during the second half of World War II led to lightweight infantry-carried anti-tank weapons such as the <a href="/wiki/Panzerfaust" title="Panzerfaust">Panzerfaust</a>, which could destroy some types of tanks. <a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_the_Cold_War" title="Tanks in the Cold War">Tanks in the Cold War</a> were designed with these weapons in mind, and led to greatly improved armour types during the 1960s, especially <a href="/wiki/Composite_armour" title="Composite armour">composite armour</a>. Improved engines, transmissions and suspensions allowed tanks of this period to grow larger. Aspects of gun technology changed significantly as well, with advances in shell design and aiming technology. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">main battle tank</a> concept arose and became a key component of modern armies.<sup id="cite_ref-House1984_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-House1984-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 21st century, with the increasing role of <a href="/wiki/Asymmetrical_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymmetrical warfare">asymmetrical warfare</a> and the end of the Cold War, that also contributed to the increase of cost-effective <a href="/wiki/Rocket_propelled_grenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket propelled grenade">anti-tank rocket propelled grenades</a> (RPGs) worldwide and its successors, the ability of tanks to operate independently has declined. Modern tanks are more frequently organized into <a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">combined arms</a> units which involve the support of <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a>, who may accompany the tanks in <a href="/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle" title="Infantry fighting vehicle">infantry fighting vehicles</a>, and supported by <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">reconnaissance</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ground-attack_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground-attack aircraft">ground-attack aircraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_tank1834" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_tank" title="Template:History of the tank"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_tank" title="Template talk:History of the tank"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_tank" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the tank"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_tank1834" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_tank" title="History of the tank"><span class="wrap">History of the tank</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Tanks_by_period" title="Category:Tanks by period">Era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_I" title="Tanks in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_interwar_period" title="Tanks of the interwar period">Interwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_II" title="Tanks in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_the_Cold_War" title="Tanks in the Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Tanks of the post–Cold War era">Post–Cold War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Tanks_by_country" title="Category:Tanks by country">Country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_the_Australian_Army" title="Tanks in the Australian Army">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_the_British_Army" title="Tanks in the British Army">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_Cuba" title="Tanks of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_China" title="Tanks of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_Canada" title="Tanks of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_New_Zealand" title="Tanks of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Tanks of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanks in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_the_German_Army" title="Tanks in the German Army">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_Iran" title="Tanks of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_Iraq" title="Tanks of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_the_Italian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanks in the Italian Army">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Tanks of the Israel Defense Forces">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_the_Japanese_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanks in the Japanese Army">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_Polish_Armoured_Forces" title="Tanks of the Polish Armoured Forces">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_North_Korea" title="Tanks of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_South_Korea" title="Tanks of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Tanks of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_the_Spanish_Army" title="Tanks in the Spanish Army">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_Sweden" title="Tanks of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_United_States" title="Tanks of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_Ukrainian_Army" title="Tanks of the Ukrainian Army">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Tank_classification" title="Tank classification">Type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_tank" title="Light tank">Light tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_tank" title="Medium tank">Medium tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_tank" title="Heavy tank">Heavy tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-heavy_tank" title="Super-heavy tank">Super-heavy tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_tank" title="Cruiser tank">Cruiser tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_tank" title="Flame tank">Flame tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry_tank" title="Infantry tank">Infantry tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">Main battle tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_destroyer" title="Tank destroyer">Tank destroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankette" title="Tankette">Tankette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_gun" title="Assault gun">Assault gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_anti-aircraft_weapon" title="Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon">Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery" title="Self-propelled artillery">Self-propelled artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-propelled mortar">Self-propelled mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_rocket_launcher" title="Multiple rocket launcher">Multiple rocket launcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_tank" title="History of the tank">History of the tank</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conceptions">Conceptions</h3></div> <p>The tank is the 20th-century realization of an ancient concept: that of providing troops with mobile protection and firepower. The <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armour_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Armour plate">armour plate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">continuous track</a> were key innovations leading to the invention of the modern tank. </p><p>During the 119 BC <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobei" title="Battle of Mobei">Battle of Mobei</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Xiongnu_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Han–Xiongnu War">Han–Xiongnu War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> general <a href="/wiki/Wei_Qing" title="Wei Qing">Wei Qing</a> led his army through a fatiguing expeditionary march across the <a href="/wiki/Gobi_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobi desert">Gobi desert</a> only to find <a href="/wiki/Yizhixie" title="Yizhixie">Yizhixie</a> <a href="/wiki/Chanyu" title="Chanyu">chanyu</a>'s main force waiting to encircle them on the other side. Using armored heavy wagons known as "Wu Gang Wagon" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 武剛車) in ring formations that provided Chinese <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crossbowmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossbowmen">crossbowmen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> protection from the Xiongnu's powerful <a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">cavalry charges</a>, and allowed Han troops to utilize their ranged weapons' advantages of <a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">precision</a>. This forced a <a href="/wiki/Stalemate" title="Stalemate">stalemate</a> and allowed time for his troops to recover strength, before using the cover of a <a href="/wiki/Sandstorm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandstorm">sandstorm</a> to launch a counteroffensive which overran the <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomads</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DaVinciTankAtAmboise.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/DaVinciTankAtAmboise.jpeg/220px-DaVinciTankAtAmboise.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/DaVinciTankAtAmboise.jpeg/330px-DaVinciTankAtAmboise.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/DaVinciTankAtAmboise.jpeg/440px-DaVinciTankAtAmboise.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Model of <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Leonardo%27s_fighting_vehicle" title="Leonardo's fighting vehicle">fighting vehicle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many sources imply that <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> and <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> in some way foresaw or "invented" the tank. Leonardo's late-15th-century drawings of what some describe as a "tank" show a man-powered, wheeled vehicle surrounded by cannons. However, the human crew would have difficulty moving the heavy vehicle over long distances, while usage of animals was problematic in a space so confined. In the 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%BDi%C5%BEka" title="Jan Žižka">Jan Žižka</a> built armoured wagons known as ‘<i>Wagenburg</i>’ containing cannons and used them effectively in several battles during the <a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite-wars</a>. The continuous "<a href="/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">caterpillar track</a>" arose from attempts to improve the mobility of wheeled vehicles by spreading their weight, reducing ground pressure, and increasing their traction. Experiments can be traced back as far as the 17th century, and by the late nineteenth they existed in various recognizable and practical forms in several countries. </p><p>It is frequently claimed that <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lovell_Edgeworth" title="Richard Lovell Edgeworth">Richard Lovell Edgeworth</a> created a caterpillar track. It is true that in 1770 he patented a "machine, that should carry and lay down its own road", but this was Edgeworth's choice of words. His own account in his autobiography is of a horse-drawn wooden carriage on eight retractable legs, capable of lifting itself over high walls. The description bears no similarity to a caterpillar track.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armoured trains appeared in the mid-19th century, and various armoured steam and petrol-engined vehicles were also proposed. </p><p>The machines described in Wells's 1903 short story <i><a href="/wiki/The_Land_Ironclads" title="The Land Ironclads">The Land Ironclads</a></i> are a step closer, insofar as they are armour-plated, have an internal power plant, and are able to cross trenches.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some aspects of the story foresee the tactical use and impact of the tanks that later came into being. However, Wells's vehicles were driven by steam and moved on <a href="/wiki/Pedrail_wheel" title="Pedrail wheel">pedrail wheels</a>, technologies that were already outdated at the time of writing. After seeing British tanks in 1916, Wells denied having "invented" them, writing, "Yet let me state at once that I was not their prime originator. I took up an idea, manipulated it slightly, and handed it on."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is, though, possible that one of the British tank pioneers, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Swinton" title="Ernest Swinton">Ernest Swinton</a>, was subconsciously or otherwise influenced by Wells's tale.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first combinations of the three principal components of the tank appeared in the decade before World War One. In 1903, Captain Léon René Levavasseur of the French artillery <a href="/wiki/Levavasseur_project" title="Levavasseur project">proposed mounting a field gun in an armoured box on tracks</a>. Major William E. Donohue, of the British Army's Mechanical Transport Committee, suggested fixing a gun and armoured shield on a British type of track-driven vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">armoured car</a> was produced in Austria in 1904. However, all were restricted to rails or reasonably passable terrain. It was the development of a practical caterpillar track that provided the necessary independent, all-terrain mobility. </p><p>In a memorandum of 1908, Antarctic explorer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a> presented his view that man-hauling to the South Pole was impossible and that motor traction was needed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snow vehicles did not yet exist, however, and so his engineer <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Skelton" title="Reginald Skelton">Reginald Skelton</a> developed the idea of a caterpillar track for snow surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tracked motors were built by the <a href="/wiki/Wolseley_Motors" title="Wolseley Motors">Wolseley Tool and Motor Car Company</a> in Birmingham and tested in Switzerland and Norway, and can be seen in action in <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Ponting" title="Herbert Ponting">Herbert Ponting</a>'s 1911 documentary film of Scott's Antarctic <a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova Expedition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott died during the expedition in 1912, but expedition member and biographer <a href="/wiki/Apsley_Cherry-Garrard" title="Apsley Cherry-Garrard">Apsley Cherry-Garrard</a> credited Scott's "motors" with the inspiration for the British World War I tanks, writing: "Scott never knew their true possibilities; for they were the direct ancestors of the 'tanks' in France".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1911, a Lieutenant Engineer in the Austrian Army, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Burstyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Günther Burstyn">Günther Burstyn</a>, presented to the Austrian and Prussian War Ministries plans for a light, three-man tank with a gun in a revolving turret, the so-called Burstyn-Motorgeschütz.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year an Australian civil engineer named <a href="/wiki/Lancelot_de_Mole" title="Lancelot de Mole">Lancelot de Mole</a> submitted a basic design for a tracked, armoured vehicle to the British <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Russia, Vasiliy Mendeleev designed a tracked vehicle containing a large naval gun.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of these ideas were rejected and, by 1914, forgotten (although it was officially acknowledged after the war that de Mole's design was at least the equal to the initial British tanks). Various individuals continued to contemplate the use of tracked vehicles for military applications, but by the outbreak of the War no one in a position of responsibility in any army seems to have given much thought to tanks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tanks_of_WWI.ogv/220px--Tanks_of_WWI.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="158" data-durationhint="124" data-mwtitle="Tanks_of_WWI.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Tanks_of_WWI.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Tanks_of_WWI.ogv/Tanks_of_WWI.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Tanks_of_WWI.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="400" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Tanks_of_WWI.ogv/Tanks_of_WWI.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="334" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Film clip of World War I-era tanks</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_I" title="Tanks in World War I">Tanks in World War I</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The direct military impact of the tank can be debated but its effect on the Germans was immense, it caused bewilderment, terror and concern in equal measure. It was also a huge boost to the civilians at home. After facing the Zeppelins, at last Britain had a wonder weapon. Tanks were taken on tours and treated almost like film stars.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>David Willey, curator at <a href="/wiki/The_Tank_Museum" title="The Tank Museum">The Tank Museum</a>, Bovington.<sup id="cite_ref-Tank_origins_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tank_origins-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>From late 1914 a small number of middle-ranking <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> officers tried to persuade the War Office and the Government to consider the creation of armoured vehicles. Amongst their suggestions was the use of caterpillar tractors, but although the Army used many such vehicles for towing heavy guns, it could not be persuaded that they could be adapted as armoured vehicles. The consequence was that early tank development in the United Kingdom was carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Mark_V-star_Tank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/British_Mark_V-star_Tank.jpg/250px-British_Mark_V-star_Tank.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/British_Mark_V-star_Tank.jpg/375px-British_Mark_V-star_Tank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/British_Mark_V-star_Tank.jpg/500px-British_Mark_V-star_Tank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>British World War I Mark V* tank</figcaption></figure> <p>As the result of an approach by Royal Naval Air Service officers who had been operating armoured cars on the Western Front, the <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, formed the <a href="/wiki/Landship_Committee" title="Landship Committee">Landship Committee</a>, on 20 February 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-Churchill_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Churchill-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Naval_Construction" title="Director of Naval Construction">Director of Naval Construction</a> for the Royal Navy, <a href="/wiki/Eustace_Tennyson_d%27Eyncourt" title="Eustace Tennyson d'Eyncourt">Eustace Tennyson d'Eyncourt</a>, was appointed to head the Committee in view of his experience with the engineering methods it was felt might be required; the two other members were naval officers, and a number of industrialists were engaged as consultants. So many played a part in its long and complicated development that it is not possible to name any individual as the sole inventor of the tank.<sup id="cite_ref-Churchill_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Churchill-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However leading roles were played by Lt <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gordon_Wilson" title="Walter Gordon Wilson">Walter Gordon Wilson</a> R.N. who designed the gearbox and developed practical tracks and by <a href="/wiki/William_Tritton" title="William Tritton">William Tritton</a> whose agricultural machinery company, <a href="/wiki/William_Foster_%26_Co." title="William Foster & Co.">William Foster & Co.</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Lincolnshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln, Lincolnshire">Lincoln, Lincolnshire</a>, England built the <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototypes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tank_origins_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tank_origins-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 July 1915, a commission was placed to design a machine that could cross a trench 4 ft wide.<sup id="cite_ref-Tank_origins_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tank_origins-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secrecy surrounded the project with the designers locking themselves in a room at the White Hart Hotel in Lincoln.<sup id="cite_ref-Tank_origins_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tank_origins-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The committee's first design, <a href="/wiki/Little_Willie" title="Little Willie">Little Willie</a>, ran for the first time in September 1915 and served to develop the form of the track but an improved design, better able to cross trenches, swiftly followed and in January 1916 the prototype, nicknamed "Mother", was adopted as the design for future tanks. The first order for tanks was placed on 12 February 1916, and a second on 21 April. Fosters built 37 (all "male"), and <a href="/wiki/Metro-Cammell" title="Metro-Cammell">Metropolitan Railway Carriage and Wagon Company</a>, of Birmingham, 113 (38 "male" and 75 "female"), a total of 150.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Production models of <a href="/wiki/Male_tank" title="Male tank">"Male"</a> tanks (armed with naval cannon and machine guns) and <a href="/wiki/Female_tank" title="Female tank">"Females"</a> (carrying only machine-guns) would go on to fight in history's first tank action at the Somme in September 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-Churchill_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Churchill-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Great Britain produced about 2,600 tanks of various types during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first tank to engage in battle was designated <i>D1</i>, a British <a href="/wiki/Mark_I_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark I tank">Mark I</a> Male, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flers-Courcelette" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Flers-Courcelette">Battle of Flers-Courcelette</a> (part of the wider <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Somme offensive</a>) on 15 September 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bert Chaney, a nineteen-year-old signaller with the 7th London Territorial Battalion, reported that "three huge mechanical monsters such as [he] had never seen before" rumbled their way onto the battlefield, "frightening the <a href="/wiki/List_of_terms_used_for_Germans#Jerry" title="List of terms used for Germans">Jerries</a> out of their wits and making them scuttle like frightened rabbits."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the news of the first use of the tanks emerged, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> commented, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is really to Mr Winston Churchill that the credit is due more than to anyone else. He took up with enthusiasm the idea of making them a long time ago, and he met with many difficulties. He converted me, and at the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Munitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Munitions">Ministry of Munitions</a> he went ahead and made them. The admiralty experts were invaluable, and gave the greatest possible assistance. They are, of course, experts in the matter of armour plating. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gerald_Stern" title="Albert Gerald Stern">Major Stern</a>, (formerly an officer in the Royal Naval Air Service) a business man at the Ministry of Munitions had charge of the work of getting them built, and he did the task very well. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Swinton" title="Ernest Swinton">Col Swinton</a> and others also did valuable work.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>David Lloyd George, 19 September 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_troops_going_forward_to_the_battle_line_in_the_Forest_of_Argonne._France,_September_26,_1918._-_NARA_-_530748.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_troops_going_forward_to_the_battle_line_in_the_Forest_of_Argonne._France%2C_September_26%2C_1918._-_NARA_-_530748.jpg/220px-American_troops_going_forward_to_the_battle_line_in_the_Forest_of_Argonne._France%2C_September_26%2C_1918._-_NARA_-_530748.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_troops_going_forward_to_the_battle_line_in_the_Forest_of_Argonne._France%2C_September_26%2C_1918._-_NARA_-_530748.jpg/330px-American_troops_going_forward_to_the_battle_line_in_the_Forest_of_Argonne._France%2C_September_26%2C_1918._-_NARA_-_530748.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_troops_going_forward_to_the_battle_line_in_the_Forest_of_Argonne._France%2C_September_26%2C_1918._-_NARA_-_530748.jpg/440px-American_troops_going_forward_to_the_battle_line_in_the_Forest_of_Argonne._France%2C_September_26%2C_1918._-_NARA_-_530748.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5744" data-file-height="4304" /></a><figcaption>French <a href="/wiki/Renault_FT" title="Renault FT">Renault FT</a> tanks, here operated by the US army, pioneered the use of a fully traversable turret and served as pattern for most modern tanks.</figcaption></figure> <p>Whilst several experimental machines were investigated in France, it was a colonel of artillery, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Eug%C3%A8ne_Estienne" title="Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne">J.B.E. Estienne</a>, who directly approached the Commander-in-Chief with detailed plans for a tank on caterpillar tracks, in late 1915. The result was two largely unsatisfactory types of tank, 400 each of the <a href="/wiki/Schneider_CA1" title="Schneider CA1">Schneider</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Chamond_(tank)" title="Saint-Chamond (tank)">Saint-Chamond</a>, both based on the <a href="/wiki/Holt_tractor" title="Holt tractor">Holt tractor</a>. </p><p>The following year, the French pioneered the use of a full 360° rotation <a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">turret</a> in a tank for the first time, with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Renault_FT" title="Renault FT">Renault FT</a> light tank, with the turret containing the tank's main armament. In addition to the traversable turret, another innovative feature of the FT was its engine located at the rear. This pattern, with the gun located in a mounted turret and the engine at the back, has become the standard for most succeeding tanks across the world even to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FT was the most numerous tank of the war; over 3,000 were made by late 1918. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4></div> <p>Germany fielded very few tanks during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and started development only after encountering British tanks on the Somme. The <a href="/wiki/A7V" title="A7V">A7V</a>, the only type made, was introduced in March 1918 with just 20 being produced during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first tank <i>versus</i> tank action took place on 24 April 1918 at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Villers-Bretonneux" title="Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux">Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux</a>, France, when three British <a href="/wiki/Mark_IV_tank" title="Mark IV tank">Mark IVs</a> met three German <a href="/wiki/A7V" title="A7V">A7Vs</a>. Captured British Mk IVs formed the bulk of Germany's tank forces during World War I; about 35 were in service at any one time. Plans to expand the tank programme were under way when the War ended. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_nations">Other nations</h4></div> <p>The United States <a href="/wiki/Tank_Corps_of_the_American_Expeditionary_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Tank Corps of the American Expeditionary Force">Tank Corps</a> used tanks supplied by France and Great Britain during World War I. Production of American-built tanks had just begun when the War came to an end. Italy also manufactured two <a href="/wiki/Fiat_2000" title="Fiat 2000">Fiat 2000s</a> towards the end of the war, too late to see service. Russia independently built and trialed two prototypes early in the War; the tracked, two-man <a href="/wiki/Vezdekhod" title="Vezdekhod">Vezdekhod</a> and the huge <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Tank" title="Tsar Tank">Lebedenko</a>, but neither went into production. A tracked self-propelled gun was also designed but not produced.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although tank tactics developed rapidly during the war, piecemeal deployments, mechanical problems, and poor mobility limited the military significance of the tank in World War I, and the tank did not fulfil its promise of rendering trench warfare obsolete. Nonetheless, it was clear to military thinkers on both sides that tanks in some way could have a significant role in future conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-Willmott2003_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willmott2003-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar_period">Interwar period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_interwar_period" title="Tanks of the interwar period">Tanks of the interwar period</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotchkiss_H-39.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hotchkiss_H-39.jpg/220px-Hotchkiss_H-39.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hotchkiss_H-39.jpg/330px-Hotchkiss_H-39.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hotchkiss_H-39.jpg/440px-Hotchkiss_H-39.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>French <a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_H35#The_Char_léger_modèle_1935_H_modifié_39" title="Hotchkiss H35">Hotchkiss H-39 light tank of 1939</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_tank#Between_the_wars" title="History of the tank">interwar period</a> tanks underwent further mechanical development. In terms of tactics, <a href="/wiki/J.F.C._Fuller" class="mw-redirect" title="J.F.C. Fuller">J.F.C. Fuller</a>'s doctrine of spearhead attacks with massed tank formations was the basis for work by <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Heinz Guderian</a> in Germany, <a href="/wiki/Percy_Hobart" title="Percy Hobart">Percy Hobart</a> in Britain, <a href="/wiki/Adna_R._Chaffee,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Adna R. Chaffee, Jr.">Adna R. Chaffee, Jr.</a>, in the US, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> in France, and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tukhachevsky" title="Mikhail Tukhachevsky">Mikhail Tukhachevsky</a> in the USSR. <a href="/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart" title="B. H. Liddell Hart">Liddell Hart</a> held a more moderate view that all arms – cavalry, infantry and artillery – should be mechanized and work together. The British formed the all-arms <a href="/wiki/Experimental_Mechanized_Force" title="Experimental Mechanized Force">Experimental Mechanized Force</a> to test the use of tanks with supporting forces. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> only Germany would initially put the theory into practice on a large scale, and it was their superior tactics and French blunders, not superior weapons, that made the "blitzkrieg" so successful in May 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-Deighton1979_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deighton1979-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For information regarding tank development in this period, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_tank#Between_the_wars" title="History of the tank">tank development between the wars</a>. </p><p>Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union all experimented heavily with tank warfare during their clandestine and "volunteer" involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, which saw some of the earliest examples of successful mechanized combined arms —such as when <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Republican</a> troops, equipped with Soviet-supplied tanks and supported by aircraft, eventually routed Italian troops fighting for the <a href="/wiki/Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalists">Nationalists</a> in the seven-day <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalajara" title="Battle of Guadalajara">Battle of Guadalajara</a> in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, of the nearly 700 tanks deployed during this conflict, only about 64 tanks representing the <i>Franco</i> faction and 331 from the <i>Republican</i> side were equipped with cannon, and of those 64 nearly all were <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> vintage <a href="/wiki/Renault_FT" title="Renault FT">Renault FT</a> tanks, while the 331 Soviet supplied machines had 45mm main guns and were of 1930s manufacture.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The balance of <i>Nationalist</i> tanks were machine gun armed. The primary lesson learned from this war was that machine gun armed tanks had to be equipped with cannon, with the associated armour inherent to modern tanks. </p><p>The five-month-long war between the Soviet Union and the Japanese 6th Army at <i>Khalkhin Gol</i> (<a href="/wiki/Nomonhan" title="Nomonhan">Nomonhan</a>) in 1939 brought home some lessons<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2015)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup>. In this conflict, the Soviets fielded over two thousand tanks, to the around 73 cannon armed tanks deployed by the Japanese,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the major difference being that Japanese armour were equipped with <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel</a> engines as opposed to the Russian tanks equipped with petrol engines.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After General <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a> inflicted a defeat on the Japanese 6th Army with his massed combined tank and air attack, the Soviets learned a lesson on the use of gasoline engines, and quickly incorporated those newly found experiences into their new <a href="/wiki/T-34" title="T-34">T-34</a> medium tank during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to World War II, the tactics and strategy of deploying tank forces underwent a revolution. In August 1939, Soviet General <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a> used the combined force of tanks and airpower at <a href="/wiki/Nomonhan" title="Nomonhan">Nomonhan</a> against the Japanese 6th Army;<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Heinz Guderian</a>, a tactical theoretician who was heavily involved in the formation of the first independent German tank force, said "Where tanks are, the front is", and this concept became a reality in World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guderian's armoured warfare ideas, combined with Germany's existing doctrines of <i>Bewegungskrieg</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">maneuver warfare</a>") and <a href="/wiki/Infiltration_tactics" title="Infiltration tactics">infiltration tactics</a> from World War I, became the basis of <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">blitzkrieg</a> in the opening stages of World War II. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_II" title="Tanks in World War II">Tanks in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1975-102-14A,_Panzer_VI_(Tiger_II,_K%C3%B6nigstiger).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A row of seven large German tanks from World War Two lined up with their long cannons pointing up at an angle, as if saluting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1975-102-14A%2C_Panzer_VI_%28Tiger_II%2C_K%C3%B6nigstiger%29.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1975-102-14A%2C_Panzer_VI_%28Tiger_II%2C_K%C3%B6nigstiger%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1975-102-14A%2C_Panzer_VI_%28Tiger_II%2C_K%C3%B6nigstiger%29.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1975-102-14A%2C_Panzer_VI_%28Tiger_II%2C_K%C3%B6nigstiger%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1975-102-14A%2C_Panzer_VI_%28Tiger_II%2C_K%C3%B6nigstiger%29.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1975-102-14A%2C_Panzer_VI_%28Tiger_II%2C_K%C3%B6nigstiger%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>German Tiger II tanks of <a href="/wiki/503rd_heavy_tank_battalion_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="503rd heavy tank battalion (Germany)"><i>Schwere Panzer Abteilung</i> 503 (s.Pz.Abt. 503) 'Feldherrnhalle'</a> posing in formation for a German newsreel in 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the first conflict in which armoured vehicles were critical to battlefield success, the tank and related tactics developed rapidly. Armoured forces proved capable of tactical victory in an unprecedentedly short amount of time, yet new <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-tank">anti-tank</a> weaponry showed that the tank was not invulnerable. During the Invasion of Poland, tanks performed in a more traditional role in close cooperation with infantry units, but in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a> deep independent armoured penetrations were executed by the Germans, a technique later called <i>blitzkrieg</i>. Blitzkrieg used innovative <a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">combined arms</a> tactics and radios in all of the tanks to provide a level of tactical flexibility and power that surpassed that of the Allied armour. The <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a>, with tanks equal or superior to the German tanks in both quality and quantity, employed a linear defensive strategy in which the armoured cavalry units were made subservient to the needs of the infantry armies to cover their entrenchment in Belgium.<sup id="cite_ref-Deighton1979_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deighton1979-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, they lacked radios in many of their tanks and headquarters,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which limited their ability to respond to German attacks. </p><p>In accordance with blitzkrieg methods, German tanks bypassed enemy strongpoints and could radio for <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">close air support</a> to destroy them, or leave them to the infantry. A related development, <a href="/wiki/Motorized_infantry" title="Motorized infantry">motorized infantry</a>, allowed some of the troops to keep up with the tanks and create highly mobile combined arms forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Deighton1979_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deighton1979-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defeat of a major military power within weeks shocked the rest of the world, spurring tank and anti-tank weapon development. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M4A4_cutaway.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/M4A4_cutaway.svg/260px-M4A4_cutaway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/M4A4_cutaway.svg/390px-M4A4_cutaway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/M4A4_cutaway.svg/520px-M4A4_cutaway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2869" data-file-height="1666" /></a><figcaption>Cutaway of an <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4A4 Sherman</a> tank, the primary tank used by the United States and a number of the other western allies during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/North_African_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North African Campaign">North African Campaign</a> also provided an important battleground for tanks, as the flat, desolate terrain with relatively few obstacles or urban environments was ideal for conducting mobile armoured warfare. However, this battlefield also showed the importance of logistics, especially in an armoured force, as the principal warring armies, the German <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">Afrika Korps</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Eighth_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="British Eighth Army">British Eighth Army</a>, often outpaced their supply trains in repeated attacks and counter-attacks on each other, resulting in complete stalemate. This situation would not be resolved until 1942, when during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a>, the Afrika Korps, crippled by disruptions in their supply lines, had 95% of its tanks destroyed<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was forced to retreat by a massively reinforced <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Eighth Army (United Kingdom)">Eighth Army</a>, the first in a series of defeats that would eventually lead to the surrender of the remaining Axis forces in <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian Campaign">Tunisia</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Merz-014-12A,_Russland,_Beginn_Unternehmen_Zitadelle,_Panzer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Merz-014-12A%2C_Russland%2C_Beginn_Unternehmen_Zitadelle%2C_Panzer.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Merz-014-12A%2C_Russland%2C_Beginn_Unternehmen_Zitadelle%2C_Panzer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Merz-014-12A%2C_Russland%2C_Beginn_Unternehmen_Zitadelle%2C_Panzer.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Merz-014-12A%2C_Russland%2C_Beginn_Unternehmen_Zitadelle%2C_Panzer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Merz-014-12A%2C_Russland%2C_Beginn_Unternehmen_Zitadelle%2C_Panzer.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Merz-014-12A%2C_Russland%2C_Beginn_Unternehmen_Zitadelle%2C_Panzer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a> was credited to be the largest tank battle ever fought, with each side deploying nearly 3,000 tanks.</figcaption></figure> <p>When Germany launched its invasion of the Soviet Union, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, the Soviets had a superior tank design, the <a href="/wiki/T-34" title="T-34">T-34</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A lack of preparations for the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> surprise attack, mechanical problems, poor training of the crews and incompetent leadership caused the Soviet machines to be surrounded and destroyed in large numbers. However, interference from <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the geographic scale of the conflict, the dogged resistance of the Soviet combat troops, and the Soviets' massive advantages in manpower and production capability prevented a repeat of the German successes of 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite early successes against the Soviets, the Germans were forced to up-gun their Panzer IVs, and to design and build both the larger and more expensive <a href="/wiki/Tiger_I" title="Tiger I">Tiger</a> heavy tank in 1942, and the <a href="/wiki/Panther_tank" title="Panther tank">Panther</a> medium tank the following year. In doing so, the <i>Wehrmacht</i> denied the infantry and other support arms the production priorities that they needed to remain equal partners with the increasingly sophisticated tanks, in turn violating the principle of combined arms they had pioneered.<sup id="cite_ref-House1984_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-House1984-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet developments following the invasion included upgunning the T-34, development of self-propelled anti-tank guns such as the <a href="/wiki/SU-152" title="SU-152">SU-152</a>, and deployment of the <a href="/wiki/IS-2" title="IS-2">IS-2</a> in the closing stages of the war, with the T-34 being the most produced tank of World War II, totalling up to some 65,000 examples by May 1945. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shermans_disembarking_from_LST_at_Anzio_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Shermans_disembarking_from_LST_at_Anzio_crop.jpg/220px-Shermans_disembarking_from_LST_at_Anzio_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Shermans_disembarking_from_LST_at_Anzio_crop.jpg/330px-Shermans_disembarking_from_LST_at_Anzio_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Shermans_disembarking_from_LST_at_Anzio_crop.jpg/440px-Shermans_disembarking_from_LST_at_Anzio_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1776" data-file-height="1124" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">Sherman</a> tanks joining the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Fifth_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Fifth Army">U.S. Fifth Army</a> forces in the beachhead at <a href="/wiki/Anzio" title="Anzio">Anzio</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italian Campaign</a>, 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>Much like the Soviets, when entering World War II six months later (December 1941), the United States' <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> capacity enabled it to rapidly construct thousands of relatively cheap <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4 Sherman</a> medium tanks. A compromise all round, the Sherman was reliable and formed a large part of the Anglo-American ground forces, but in a tank-versus-tank battle was no match for the Panther or Tiger.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerical and logistical superiority and the successful use of combined arms allowed the Allies to overrun the German forces during the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">Battle of Normandy</a>. Upgunned versions with the <a href="/wiki/76_mm_gun_M1" title="76 mm gun M1">76 mm gun M1</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Firefly" title="Sherman Firefly">17-pounder</a> were introduced to improve the M4's firepower, but concerns about protection remained—despite the apparent armour deficiencies, a total of some 42,000 Shermans were built and delivered to the Allied nations using it during the war years, a total second only to the T-34. </p><p>Tank <a href="/wiki/Chassis" title="Chassis">hulls</a> were modified to produce <a href="/wiki/Flame_tank" title="Flame tank">flame tanks</a>, mobile <a href="/wiki/Rocket_artillery" title="Rocket artillery">rocket artillery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Combat_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat engineering">combat engineering</a> vehicles for tasks including <a href="/wiki/Demining" title="Demining">mine-clearing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">bridging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specialized self-propelled guns, most of which could double as <a href="/wiki/Tank_destroyer" title="Tank destroyer">tank destroyers</a>, were also both developed by the Germans—with their <i><a href="/wiki/Sturmgesch%C3%BCtz" title="Sturmgeschütz">Sturmgeschütz</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Panzerj%C3%A4ger" title="Panzerjäger">Panzerjäger</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Jagdpanzer" title="Jagdpanzer">Jagdpanzer</a></i> vehicles—and the <i><a href="/wiki/Samokhodnaya_ustanovka" class="mw-redirect" title="Samokhodnaya ustanovka">Samokhodnaya ustanovka</a></i> families of AFV's for the Soviets: such turretless, <a href="/wiki/Casemate#Armoured_vehicles" title="Casemate">casemate</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Tank_destroyer" title="Tank destroyer">tank destroyers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assault_gun" title="Assault gun">assault guns</a> were less complex, stripped down tanks carrying heavy guns, solely firing forward. The firepower and low cost of these vehicles made them attractive but as manufacturing techniques improved and larger turret rings made larger tank guns feasible, the <a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">gun turret</a> was recognized as the most effective mounting for the main gun to allow movement in a different direction from firing, enhancing tactical flexibility.<sup id="cite_ref-Deighton1979_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deighton1979-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_the_Cold_War" title="Tanks in the Cold War">Tanks in the Cold War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T-72A_tank_on_parade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/T-72A_tank_on_parade.jpg/200px-T-72A_tank_on_parade.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/T-72A_tank_on_parade.jpg/300px-T-72A_tank_on_parade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/T-72A_tank_on_parade.jpg/400px-T-72A_tank_on_parade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3277" /></a><figcaption>The Cold War era Soviet <a href="/wiki/T-72" title="T-72">T-72</a> was the most widely deployed main battle tank across the world.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, tension between the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> countries and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (<a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>) countries created an <a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a> that ensured that tank development proceeded largely as it had during World War II. The essence of tank designs during the Cold War had been hammered out in the closing stages of World War II. Large turrets, capable suspension systems, greatly improved engines, <a href="/wiki/Sloped_armour" title="Sloped armour">sloped armour</a> and large-caliber (90 mm and larger) guns were standard. Tank design during the Cold War built on this foundation and included improvements to <a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">fire control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyroscopic">gyroscopic</a> gun stabilization, communications (primarily radio) and crew comfort and saw the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> rangefinders and <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> night vision equipment. <a href="/wiki/Composite_armour" title="Composite armour">Armour technology</a> progressed in an ongoing race against improvements in <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-tank weapons">anti-tank weapons</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Guided_missiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided missiles">antitank guided missiles</a> like the <a href="/wiki/BGM-71_TOW" title="BGM-71 TOW">TOW</a>. </p><p>Medium tanks of World War II evolved into the <i><a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">main battle tank</a></i> (MBT) of the Cold War and took over the majority of tank roles on the battlefield. This gradual transition occurred in the 1950s and 1960s due to <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-tank">anti-tank</a> <a href="/wiki/Guided_missiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided missiles">guided missiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armour-piercing_discarding_sabot" title="Armour-piercing discarding sabot">sabot</a> ammunition and <a href="/wiki/High-explosive_anti-tank" title="High-explosive anti-tank">high-explosive anti-tank</a> warheads. World War II had shown that the speed of a light tank was no substitute for armour & firepower and medium tanks were vulnerable to newer weapon technology, rendering them <a href="/wiki/Obsolete" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsolete">obsolete</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In a trend started in World War II, <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> led to serial production of progressively upgraded models of all major tanks during the Cold War. For the same reason many upgraded post-World War II tanks and their derivatives (for example, the <a href="/wiki/T-55" class="mw-redirect" title="T-55">T-55</a> and <a href="/wiki/T-72" title="T-72">T-72</a>) remain in active service around the world, and even an obsolete tank may be the most formidable weapon on battlefields in many parts of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the tanks of the 1950s were the British <a href="/wiki/Centurion_Tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Centurion Tank">Centurion</a> and Soviet T-54/55 in service from 1946, and the US <a href="/wiki/M48_Patton" title="M48 Patton">M48</a> from 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These three vehicles formed the bulk of the armoured forces of NATO and the Warsaw Pact throughout much of the Cold War. Lessons learned from tanks such as the <a href="/wiki/Leopard_1" title="Leopard 1">Leopard 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/M48_Patton" title="M48 Patton">M48 Patton</a> series, <a href="/wiki/Chieftain_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Chieftain tank">Chieftain</a>, and T-72 led to the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Leopard_2" title="Leopard 2">Leopard 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1 Abrams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Challenger_2_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Challenger 2 tank">Challenger 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/C1_Ariete" class="mw-redirect" title="C1 Ariete">C1 Ariete</a>, <a href="/wiki/T-90" title="T-90">T-90</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merkava" title="Merkava">Merkava</a> IV. </p><p>Tanks and anti-tank weapons of the Cold War era saw action in a number of <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy wars</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a> and Arab-Israeli conflicts, culminating with the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>. The T-55, for example, has seen action in no fewer than <a href="/wiki/T-54/55#Other_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="T-54/55">32 conflicts</a>. In these wars the U.S. or NATO countries and the Soviet Union or China consistently backed opposing forces. Proxy wars were studied by Western and Soviet <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">military analysts</a> and provided a contribution to the Cold War tank development process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Tanks of the post–Cold War era">Tanks of the post–Cold War era</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_Army_-_132nd_Tank_Regiment_Ariete_main_battle_tank_during_an_exercise_in_Italy_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Italian_Army_-_132nd_Tank_Regiment_Ariete_main_battle_tank_during_an_exercise_in_Italy_01.jpg/220px-Italian_Army_-_132nd_Tank_Regiment_Ariete_main_battle_tank_during_an_exercise_in_Italy_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Italian_Army_-_132nd_Tank_Regiment_Ariete_main_battle_tank_during_an_exercise_in_Italy_01.jpg/330px-Italian_Army_-_132nd_Tank_Regiment_Ariete_main_battle_tank_during_an_exercise_in_Italy_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Italian_Army_-_132nd_Tank_Regiment_Ariete_main_battle_tank_during_an_exercise_in_Italy_01.jpg/440px-Italian_Army_-_132nd_Tank_Regiment_Ariete_main_battle_tank_during_an_exercise_in_Italy_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>An Italian <a href="/wiki/Ariete" title="Ariete">C1 Ariete</a> in 2022.</figcaption></figure> <p>The role of tank vs. tank combat is becoming diminished. Tanks work in concert with infantry in urban warfare by deploying them ahead of the platoon. When engaging enemy infantry, tanks can provide covering fire on the battlefield. Conversely, tanks can spearhead attacks when infantry are deployed in personnel carriers.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_tank_tactics,_infantry_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_tank_tactics,_infantry-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tanks were used to spearhead the initial US invasion of Iraq in 2003. As of 2005, there were 1,100 <a href="/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1 Abrams</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> in the course of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, and they have proven to have an unexpectedly high level of vulnerability to <a href="/wiki/Roadside_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadside bomb">roadside bombs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A relatively new type of remotely detonated mine, the <a href="/wiki/Explosively_formed_penetrator" title="Explosively formed penetrator">explosively formed penetrator</a> has been used with some success against American armoured vehicles (particularly the <a href="/wiki/Bradley_fighting_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bradley fighting vehicle">Bradley fighting vehicle</a>). However, with upgrades to their armour in the rear, M1s have proven invaluable in fighting insurgents in urban combat, particularly at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Second Battle of Fallujah">Battle of Fallujah</a>, where the US Marines brought in two extra brigades.<sup id="cite_ref-USAToday2005b_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAToday2005b-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israeli <a href="/wiki/Merkava" title="Merkava">Merkava</a> tanks contain features that enable them to support <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> in <a href="/wiki/Low_intensity_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Low intensity conflict">low intensity conflicts</a> (LIC) and <a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism">counter-terrorism</a> operations. Such features are the rear door and rear corridor, enabling the tank to carry infantry and embark safely; the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Military_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Military Industries">IMI</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=APAM-MP-T&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APAM-MP-T (page does not exist)">APAM-MP-T</a> multi-purpose ammunition round, advanced <a href="/wiki/C4IS" class="mw-redirect" title="C4IS">C4IS</a> systems and recently: <a href="/wiki/Trophy_(countermeasure)" title="Trophy (countermeasure)">TROPHY active protection system</a> which protects the tank from shoulder-launched anti-tank weapons. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a> further modifications were made, designated as "Merkava Mk. 3d Baz LIC".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Research_and_development">Research and development</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:XM1202_MCS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/XM1202_MCS.jpg/220px-XM1202_MCS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/XM1202_MCS.jpg/330px-XM1202_MCS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/XM1202_MCS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="205" /></a><figcaption>Graphic representation of the US Army's cancelled <a href="/wiki/Future_Combat_Systems_manned_ground_vehicles#XM1202_Mounted_Combat_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Future Combat Systems manned ground vehicles">XM1202 Mounted Combat System</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In terms of firepower, the focus of 2010s-era <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">R&D</a> was increased detection capability such as <a href="/wiki/Thermography" title="Thermography">thermal imagers</a>, automated fire control systems for the guns and increased <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_energy" title="Muzzle energy">muzzle energy</a> from the gun to improve range, accuracy and armour penetration.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most mature future gun technology is the <a href="/wiki/Electrothermal-chemical_technology" title="Electrothermal-chemical technology">electrothermal-chemical</a> gun.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/XM291" title="XM291">XM291</a> electrothermal-chemical tank gun has gone through successful multiple firing sequences on a modified American <a href="/wiki/M8_Armored_Gun_System" class="mw-redirect" title="M8 Armored Gun System">M8 Armored Gun System</a> chassis.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To improve tank protection, one field of research involves making the tank invisible to radar by adapting <a href="/wiki/Stealth_technology" title="Stealth technology">stealth</a> technologies originally designed for aircraft. Improvements to <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a> or and attempts to render it invisible through <a href="/wiki/Active_camouflage" title="Active camouflage">active camouflage</a>, which changes according to where the tank is located, are being pursued. Research is also ongoing in <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetic</a> armour systems to disperse or deflect incoming <a href="/wiki/Hollow_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollow charge">shaped charges</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as various forms of <a href="/wiki/Active_protection_system" title="Active protection system">active protection systems</a> to prevent incoming projectiles (RPGs, missiles, etc.) from striking the tank. </p><p>Mobility may be enhanced in future tanks by the use of <a href="/wiki/Diesel%E2%80%93electric_powertrain" title="Diesel–electric powertrain">diesel–electric</a> or turbine–electric <a href="/wiki/Series_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Series hybrid">series hybrid</a> drives—first used in a primitive, gasoline-engined form with Porsche's <i><a href="/wiki/Elefant" title="Elefant">Elefant</a></i> German tank destroyer of 1943—improving fuel efficiency while reducing the size and weight of the power plant.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, advances in gas turbine technology, including the use of advanced <a href="/wiki/Recuperator" title="Recuperator">recuperators</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have allowed for reduction in engine volume and mass to less than 1 m<sup>3</sup> and 1 metric ton, respectively, while maintaining fuel efficiency similar to that of a diesel engine.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In line with the new doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">network-centric warfare</a>, the 2010s-era modern battle tank shows increasing sophistication in its electronics and communication systems. The future of tanks has been challenged by the proliferation of relatively inexpensive anti tank guided missiles and rockets during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M1_Abrams-TUSK.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/M1_Abrams-TUSK.svg/440px-M1_Abrams-TUSK.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/M1_Abrams-TUSK.svg/660px-M1_Abrams-TUSK.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/M1_Abrams-TUSK.svg/880px-M1_Abrams-TUSK.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Labelled diagram of an M1 Abrams</figcaption></figure> <p>The three traditional factors determining a tank's capability effectiveness are its <i>firepower</i>, <i>protection</i>, and <i>mobility</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Firepower is the ability of a tank's crew to identify, engage, and destroy enemy tanks and other targets using its large-caliber cannon. Protection is the degree to which the tank's armour, profile and camouflage enables the tank crew to evade detection, protect themselves from enemy fire, and retain vehicle functionality during and after combat. Mobility includes how well the tank can be transported by rail, sea, or air to the operational staging area; from the staging area by road or over terrain towards the enemy; and tactical movement by the tank over the battlefield during combat, including traversing of obstacles and rough terrain. The variations of tank designs have been determined by the way these three fundamental features are blended. For instance, in 1937, the French doctrine focused on firepower and protection more than mobility because tanks worked in intimate liaison with the infantry.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also the case of the development of a heavy cruiser tank, which focused on armour and firepower to challenge Germany's Tiger and Panther tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tank_classification" title="Tank classification">Tank classification</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tank" title="Special:EditPage/Tank">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Purwarupa_Harimau_MT_saat_FAT_(Factory_Acceptance_Test)_24_-_25_Februari_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Purwarupa_Harimau_MT_saat_FAT_%28Factory_Acceptance_Test%29_24_-_25_Februari_2022.jpg/220px-Purwarupa_Harimau_MT_saat_FAT_%28Factory_Acceptance_Test%29_24_-_25_Februari_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Purwarupa_Harimau_MT_saat_FAT_%28Factory_Acceptance_Test%29_24_-_25_Februari_2022.jpg/330px-Purwarupa_Harimau_MT_saat_FAT_%28Factory_Acceptance_Test%29_24_-_25_Februari_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Purwarupa_Harimau_MT_saat_FAT_%28Factory_Acceptance_Test%29_24_-_25_Februari_2022.jpg/440px-Purwarupa_Harimau_MT_saat_FAT_%28Factory_Acceptance_Test%29_24_-_25_Februari_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kaplan_MT_/_Harimau" title="Kaplan MT / Harimau">The Kaplan/Harimau tank</a> made in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Türkiye</a> is a medium-quality tank programmed for areas that are difficult for large tanks to reach.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tanks have been classified by weight, role, or other criteria, that has changed over time and place. Classification is determined by the prevailing theories of armoured warfare, which have been altered in turn by rapid advances in technology. No one classification system works across all periods or all nations; in particular, weight-based classification is inconsistent between countries and eras. </p><p>In World War I, the first tank designs focused on crossing wide trenches, requiring very long and large vehicles, such as the British Mark I; these became classified as <a href="/wiki/Heavy_tank" title="Heavy tank">heavy tanks</a>. Tanks that fulfilled other combat roles were smaller, like the French Renault FT; these were classified as <a href="/wiki/Light_tank" title="Light tank">light tanks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tankette" title="Tankette">tankettes</a>. Many late-war and inter-war tank designs diverged from these according to new, though mostly untried, concepts for future tank roles and tactics. Tank classifications varied considerably according to each nation's own tank development, such as "cavalry tanks", "fast tanks", and "breakthrough tanks". </p><p>During World War II, many tank concepts were found unsatisfactory and discarded, mostly leaving the more multi-role tanks; these became easier to classify. Tank classes based on weight (and the corresponding transport and logistical needs) led to new definitions of heavy and light tank classes, with <a href="/wiki/Medium_tank" title="Medium tank">medium tanks</a> covering the balance of those between. The British maintained <a href="/wiki/Cruiser_tank" title="Cruiser tank">cruiser tanks</a>, focused on speed, and <a href="/wiki/Infantry_tank" title="Infantry tank">infantry tanks</a> that traded speed for more armour. <a href="/wiki/Tank_destroyer" title="Tank destroyer">Tank destroyers</a> are tanks or other <a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">armoured fighting vehicles</a> specifically designed to defeat enemy tanks. <a href="/wiki/Assault_gun" title="Assault gun">Assault guns</a> are armoured fighting vehicles that could combine the roles of infantry tanks and <a href="/wiki/Tank_destroyer" title="Tank destroyer">tank destroyers</a>. Some tanks were converted to <a href="/wiki/Flame_tank" title="Flame tank">flame tanks</a>, specializing on close-in attacks on enemy strongholds with <a href="/wiki/Flamethrower" title="Flamethrower">flamethrowers</a>. As the war went on, tanks tended to become larger and more powerful, shifting some tank classifications and leading to <a href="/wiki/Super-heavy_tank" title="Super-heavy tank">super-heavy tanks</a>. </p><p>Experience and technology advances during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> continued to consolidate tank roles. With the worldwide adoption of the modern <a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">main battle tank</a> designs, which favour a modular universal design, most other classifications are dropped from modern terminology. All main battle tanks tend to have a good balance of speed, armour, and firepower, even while technology continues to improve all three. Being fairly large, main battle tanks can be complemented with light tanks, <a href="/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier" title="Armoured personnel carrier">armoured personnel carriers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle" title="Infantry fighting vehicle">infantry fighting vehicles</a> or similar relatively lighter armoured fighting vehicles, typically in the roles of <a href="/wiki/Armoured_reconnaissance" title="Armoured reconnaissance">armoured reconnaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious</a> or <a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">air assault</a> operations, or against enemies lacking main battle tanks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offensive_capabilities">Offensive capabilities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tank_gun" title="Tank gun">Tank gun</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:105mm_tank_gun_Rifling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/105mm_tank_gun_Rifling.jpg/170px-105mm_tank_gun_Rifling.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/105mm_tank_gun_Rifling.jpg/255px-105mm_tank_gun_Rifling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/105mm_tank_gun_Rifling.jpg/340px-105mm_tank_gun_Rifling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1492" data-file-height="1492" /></a><figcaption> A sectioned 105mm <a href="/wiki/Rifling" title="Rifling">rifled</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ordnance_L7" title="Royal Ordnance L7">Royal Ordnance L7</a> tank gun</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tank_gun" title="Tank gun">main weapon</a> of modern tanks is typically a single, large-<a href="/wiki/Caliber" title="Caliber">caliber</a> <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannon</a> mounted in a <a href="/wiki/Gun_laying" title="Gun laying">fully traversing</a> (rotating) <a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">gun turret</a>. The typical modern tank gun is a <a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">smoothbore</a> weapon capable of firing a variety of ammunition, including <a href="/wiki/Armour-piercing" class="mw-redirect" title="Armour-piercing">armour-piercing</a> <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy_penetrator" title="Kinetic energy penetrator">kinetic energy penetrators</a> (KEP), also known as <a href="/wiki/Armour-piercing_discarding_sabot" title="Armour-piercing discarding sabot">armour-piercing discarding sabot</a> (APDS), and/or <a href="/wiki/APFSDS" class="mw-redirect" title="APFSDS">armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot</a> (APFSDS) and <a href="/wiki/High-explosive_anti-tank" title="High-explosive anti-tank">high-explosive anti-tank</a> (HEAT) <a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">shells</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/High-explosive_squash_head" title="High-explosive squash head">high-explosive squash head</a> (HESH) and/or <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile" title="Anti-tank guided missile">anti-tank guided missiles</a> (ATGM) to destroy armoured targets, as well as <a href="/wiki/High-explosive_fragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="High-explosive fragmentation">high-explosive</a> (HE) <a href="/wiki/High-explosive_fragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="High-explosive fragmentation">shells</a> for shooting at "soft" targets (unarmoured vehicles or troops) or <a href="/wiki/Fortifications" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortifications">fortifications</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canister_shot" title="Canister shot">Canister shot</a> may be used in close or urban combat situations where the risk of hitting friendly forces with <a href="/wiki/Shrapnel_(fragment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrapnel (fragment)">shrapnel</a> from HE rounds is unacceptably high.<sup id="cite_ref-USAToday2005b_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAToday2005b-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscope</a> is used to stabilise the main gun, allowing it to be effectively aimed and fired at the "short halt" or on the move. Modern tank guns are also commonly fitted with <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">insulating</a> <a href="/wiki/Thermal_sleeve" title="Thermal sleeve">thermal sleeves</a> to reduce gun-barrel warping caused by uneven <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">thermal expansion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bore_evacuator" title="Bore evacuator">bore evacuators</a> to minimise gun firing fumes entering the crew compartment and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_brake" title="Muzzle brake">muzzle brakes</a> to minimise the effect of <a href="/wiki/Recoil" title="Recoil">recoil</a> on accuracy and <a href="/wiki/Rate_of_fire" title="Rate of fire">rate of fire</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Leopard_2A6_from_3rd_Panzer_Battalion_fires_it%27s_main_gun_during_the_shoot-off_of_Strong_Europe_Tank_Challenge_(40964003420)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/German_Leopard_2A6_from_3rd_Panzer_Battalion_fires_it%27s_main_gun_during_the_shoot-off_of_Strong_Europe_Tank_Challenge_%2840964003420%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-German_Leopard_2A6_from_3rd_Panzer_Battalion_fires_it%27s_main_gun_during_the_shoot-off_of_Strong_Europe_Tank_Challenge_%2840964003420%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/German_Leopard_2A6_from_3rd_Panzer_Battalion_fires_it%27s_main_gun_during_the_shoot-off_of_Strong_Europe_Tank_Challenge_%2840964003420%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-German_Leopard_2A6_from_3rd_Panzer_Battalion_fires_it%27s_main_gun_during_the_shoot-off_of_Strong_Europe_Tank_Challenge_%2840964003420%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/German_Leopard_2A6_from_3rd_Panzer_Battalion_fires_it%27s_main_gun_during_the_shoot-off_of_Strong_Europe_Tank_Challenge_%2840964003420%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-German_Leopard_2A6_from_3rd_Panzer_Battalion_fires_it%27s_main_gun_during_the_shoot-off_of_Strong_Europe_Tank_Challenge_%2840964003420%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3259" data-file-height="1120" /></a><figcaption>German <a href="/wiki/Leopard_2" title="Leopard 2">Leopard 2</a>A6 from a Panzerbattalion fires its main gun during the shoot-off of <a href="/wiki/Strong_Europe_Tank_Challenge" title="Strong Europe Tank Challenge">Strong Europe Tank Challenge</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_188th_Brigade_Training_Day,_March_2008-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_188th_Brigade_Training_Day%2C_March_2008-cropped.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_188th_Brigade_Training_Day%2C_March_2008-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_188th_Brigade_Training_Day%2C_March_2008-cropped.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_188th_Brigade_Training_Day%2C_March_2008-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_188th_Brigade_Training_Day%2C_March_2008-cropped.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_188th_Brigade_Training_Day%2C_March_2008-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2789" data-file-height="1898" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Merkava" title="Merkava">Merkava</a> Mk IIID Baz firing</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditionally, target detection relied on visual identification. This was accomplished from within the tank through <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescopic</a> <a href="/wiki/Periscope" title="Periscope">periscopes</a>; often, however, tank commanders would open up the hatch to view the outside surroundings, which improved situational awareness but incurred the penalty of vulnerability to sniper fire. Though several developments in target detection have taken place, these methods are still common practice. In the 2010s, more electronic target detection methods are available. </p><p>In some cases <a href="/wiki/Spotting_rifle" title="Spotting rifle">spotting rifles</a> were used to confirm proper trajectory and range to a target. These spotting rifles were mounted co-axially to the main gun, and fired <a href="/wiki/Tracer_ammunition" title="Tracer ammunition">tracer ammunition</a> ballistically matched to the gun itself. The gunner would track the movement of the tracer round in flight, and upon impact with a hard surface, it would give off a flash and a puff of smoke, after which the main gun was immediately fired. However this slow method has been mostly superseded by <a href="/wiki/Laser_rangefinder" title="Laser rangefinder">laser rangefinding</a> equipment. </p><p>Modern tanks also use sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Night_vision_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Night vision device">light intensification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermal_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal imaging">thermal imaging</a> equipment to improve fighting capability at night, in poor weather and in smoke. The accuracy of modern tank guns is pushed to the mechanical limit by computerized <a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">fire-control systems</a>. A fire-control system uses a laser rangefinder to determine the range to the target, a <a href="/wiki/Thermocouple" title="Thermocouple">thermocouple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anemometer" title="Anemometer">anemometer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wind_vane" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind vane">wind vane</a> to correct for weather effects and a muzzle referencing system to correct for gun-barrel temperature, warping and wear. Two sightings of a target with the range-finder enable calculation of the target movement <a href="/wiki/Vector_(geometric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (geometric)">vector</a>. This information is combined with the known movement of the tank and the principles of <a href="/wiki/External_ballistics" title="External ballistics">ballistics</a> to calculate the <a href="/wiki/Elevation_(ballistics)" title="Elevation (ballistics)">elevation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aiming_point" title="Aiming point">aim point</a> that maximises the probability of hitting the target. </p><p>Usually, tanks carry smaller caliber armament for short-range defense where fire from the main weapon would be ineffective or wasteful, for example when engaging <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armoured_car_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armoured car (military)">light vehicles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">close air support</a> aircraft. A typical complement of secondary weapons is a general-purpose machine gun mounted <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Coaxial weapon">coaxially</a> with the main gun, and a heavier <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft">anti-aircraft</a>-capable machine gun on the turret roof. Some tanks also have a hull-mounted machine gun. These weapons are often modified variants of those used by infantry, and so use the same kinds of ammunition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protection_and_countermeasures">Protection and countermeasures</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T-90_tank_during_the_Victory_Day_parade_in_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/T-90_tank_during_the_Victory_Day_parade_in_2009.jpg/220px-T-90_tank_during_the_Victory_Day_parade_in_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/T-90_tank_during_the_Victory_Day_parade_in_2009.jpg/330px-T-90_tank_during_the_Victory_Day_parade_in_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/T-90_tank_during_the_Victory_Day_parade_in_2009.jpg/440px-T-90_tank_during_the_Victory_Day_parade_in_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>The Russian <a href="/wiki/T-90" title="T-90">T-90</a> is fitted with a "three-tiered" protection systems:<br />1: <a href="/wiki/Composite_armour" title="Composite armour">Composite armour</a> in the turret<br /> 2: Third generation <a href="/wiki/Kontakt-5" title="Kontakt-5">Kontakt-5</a> <a href="/wiki/Explosive_reactive_armour" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive reactive armour">ERA</a><br /> 3: <a href="/wiki/Shtora" class="mw-redirect" title="Shtora">Shtora</a>-1 countermeasures suite.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank warfare</a></div> <p>The measure of a tank's protection is the combination of its ability to avoid detection (due to having a low profile and through the use of camouflage), to avoid being hit by enemy fire, its resistance to the effects of enemy fire, and its capacity to sustain damage whilst still completing its objective, or at least protecting its crew. This is done by a variety of countermeasures, such as armour plating and reactive defenses, as well as more complex ones such as heat-emissions reduction. </p><p>In common with most unit types, tanks are subject to additional hazards in dense wooded and urban combat environments which largely negate the advantages of the tank's long-range firepower and mobility, limit the crew's detection capabilities and can restrict turret traverse. Despite these disadvantages, tanks retain high <a href="/wiki/Survivability" title="Survivability">survivability</a> against previous-generation <a href="/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade" title="Rocket-propelled grenade">rocket-propelled grenades</a> aimed at the most-armoured sections. </p><p>However, as effective and advanced as armour plating has become, tank survivability against newer-generation <a href="/wiki/Tandem-warhead" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandem-warhead">tandem-warhead</a> anti-tank missiles is a concern for military planners.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tandem-warhead RPGs use two warheads to fool active protection systems; a first dummy warhead is fired first, to trigger the active defenses, with the real warhead following it. For example, the <a href="/wiki/RPG-29" title="RPG-29">RPG-29</a> from the 1980s is able to penetrate the frontal hull armour of the Challenger II<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also managed to damage a M1 Abrams.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well, even tanks with advanced armour plating can have their tracks or gear cogs damaged by RPGs, which may render them immobile or hinder their mobility. Despite all of the advances in armour plating, a tank with its hatches open remains vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Molotov_cocktail" title="Molotov cocktail">Molotov cocktail</a> (gasoline bombs) and grenades. Even a "buttoned up" tank may have components which are vulnerable to Molotov cocktails, such as optics, extra gas cans and extra ammunition stored on the outside of the tank. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Avoiding_detection">Avoiding detection</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Military deception</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Type_99_MBT_front_right.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Type_99_MBT_front_right.jpg/220px-Type_99_MBT_front_right.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Type_99_MBT_front_right.jpg/330px-Type_99_MBT_front_right.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Type_99_MBT_front_right.jpg/440px-Type_99_MBT_front_right.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">PLA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Type_99a_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 99a tank">Type 99a tank</a> with <a href="/wiki/Disruptive_coloration" title="Disruptive coloration">disruptive</a> camouflage painting</figcaption></figure> <p>A tank avoids detection using the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Countermeasure" title="Countermeasure">countermeasures</a> known as CCD: <a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">camouflage</a> (looks the same as the surroundings), concealment (cannot be seen) and deception (looks like something else). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Camouflage">Camouflage</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Military camouflage</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Challenger_2-Megatron_MOD_45161486.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Challenger_2-Megatron_MOD_45161486.jpg/220px-Challenger_2-Megatron_MOD_45161486.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Challenger_2-Megatron_MOD_45161486.jpg/330px-Challenger_2-Megatron_MOD_45161486.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Challenger_2-Megatron_MOD_45161486.jpg/440px-Challenger_2-Megatron_MOD_45161486.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5154" data-file-height="3398" /></a><figcaption>A British <a href="/wiki/Challenger_2" title="Challenger 2">Challenger 2</a> Theatre Entry Standard fitted with a mobile camouflage system.</figcaption></figure> <p>Camouflage can include disruptive painted shapes on the tank to break up the distinctive appearance and silhouette of a tank. Netting or actual branches from the surrounding landscape are also used. Prior to development of infrared technology, tanks were often given a coating of camouflage paint that, depending on environmental region or season, would allow it to blend in with the rest of its environment. A tank operating in wooded areas would typically get a green and brown paintjob; a tank in a winter environment would get white paint (often mixed with some darker colors); tanks in the desert often get khaki paintjobs. </p><p>The Russian <a href="/wiki/Nakidka" title="Nakidka">Nakidka</a> camouflage kit was designed to reduce the <a href="/wiki/Optical" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical">optical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">thermal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> signatures of a tank, so that acquisition of the tank would be difficult. According to Nii Stali, the designers of Nakidka, Nakidka would reduce the probabilities of detection via "visual and near-IR bands by 30%, the thermal band by 2–3-fold, radar band by 6-fold, and radar-thermal band to near-background levels.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Concealment">Concealment</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tank" title="Special:EditPage/Tank">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Concealment can include hiding the tank among trees or digging in the tank by having a combat bulldozer dig out part of a hill, so that much of the tank will be hidden. A tank commander can conceal the tank by using "hull down" approaches to going over upward-sloping hills, so that she or he can look out the commander's cupola without the distinctive-looking main cannon cresting over the hill. Adopting a turret-down or <a href="/wiki/Hull-down" class="mw-redirect" title="Hull-down">hull-down</a> position reduces the visible silhouette of a tank as well as providing the added protection of a position in <a href="/wiki/Enfilade_and_defilade#Defilade" title="Enfilade and defilade">defilade</a>. </p><p>Working against efforts to avoid detection is the fact that a tank is a large metallic object with a distinctive, angular <a href="/wiki/Silhouette" title="Silhouette">silhouette</a> that emits copious <a href="/wiki/Thermal_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal imaging">heat</a> and engine noise. A tank that is operating in cold weather or which needs to use its radio or other communications or target-detecting electronics will need to start its engine regularly to maintain its battery power, which will create engine noise. Consequently, it is difficult to effectively camouflage a tank in the absence of some form of cover or concealment (e.g., woods) it can <a href="/wiki/Hull-down" class="mw-redirect" title="Hull-down">hide</a> its hull behind. The tank becomes easier to detect when moving (typically, whenever it is in use) due to the large, distinctive auditory, vibration and thermal signature of its engine and power plant. Tank tracks and dust clouds also betray past or present tank movement. </p><p>Switched-off tanks are vulnerable to infra-red <a href="/wiki/Thermal_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal imaging">detection</a> due to differences between the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a> and therefore <a href="/wiki/Heat#Heat_dissipation" title="Heat">heat dissipation</a> of the metallic tank and its surroundings. At close range the tank can be detected even when powered down and fully concealed due to the <a href="/wiki/Heat_haze" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat haze">column of warmer air</a> above the tank and the smell of diesel or gasoline. Thermal blankets slow the rate of heat emission and some thermal camouflage nets use a mix of materials with differing thermal properties to operate in the infra-red as well as the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Grenade_launcher" title="Grenade launcher">Grenade launchers</a> can rapidly deploy a <a href="/wiki/Smoke_screen" title="Smoke screen">smoke screen</a> that is opaque to <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> light, to hide it from the thermal viewer of another tank. In addition to using its own grenade launchers, a tank commander could call in an artillery unit to provide smoke cover. Some tanks can produce a smoke screen. </p><p>Sometimes camouflage and concealment are used at the same time. For example, a camouflage-painted and branch-covered tank (camouflage) may be hidden in a behind a hill or in a dug-in-emplacement (concealment). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Deception">Deception</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E04934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/E04934.jpg/200px-E04934.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/E04934.jpg/300px-E04934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/E04934.jpg/400px-E04934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption>Troops carry a lightweight wood-framed "dummy" tank into position.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Armoured_recovery_vehicle" title="Armoured recovery vehicle">armoured recovery vehicles</a> (often tracked, tank chassis-based "tow trucks" for tanks) have dummy turrets and cannons. This makes it less likely that enemy tanks will fire on these vehicles. Some armies have fake "dummy" tanks made of wood which troops can carry into position and hide behind obstacles. These "dummy" tanks may cause the enemy to think that there are more tanks than are actually possessed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armour">Armour</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tank" title="Special:EditPage/Tank">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_armour" title="Vehicle armour">Vehicle armour</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:102px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M1_Abrams_Hull_Front_Special_Armor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/M1_Abrams_Hull_Front_Special_Armor.jpg/143px-M1_Abrams_Hull_Front_Special_Armor.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/M1_Abrams_Hull_Front_Special_Armor.jpg/215px-M1_Abrams_Hull_Front_Special_Armor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/M1_Abrams_Hull_Front_Special_Armor.jpg/286px-M1_Abrams_Hull_Front_Special_Armor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="460" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:102px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M1_Abrams_Turret_Bustle_Side_Special_Armor.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/M1_Abrams_Turret_Bustle_Side_Special_Armor.png/141px-M1_Abrams_Turret_Bustle_Side_Special_Armor.png" decoding="async" width="141" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/M1_Abrams_Turret_Bustle_Side_Special_Armor.png/212px-M1_Abrams_Turret_Bustle_Side_Special_Armor.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/M1_Abrams_Turret_Bustle_Side_Special_Armor.png/282px-M1_Abrams_Turret_Bustle_Side_Special_Armor.png 2x" data-file-width="1422" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:104px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M1_Abrams_Hull_Side_Special_Armor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/M1_Abrams_Hull_Side_Special_Armor.jpg/144px-M1_Abrams_Hull_Side_Special_Armor.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/M1_Abrams_Hull_Side_Special_Armor.jpg/216px-M1_Abrams_Hull_Side_Special_Armor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/M1_Abrams_Hull_Side_Special_Armor.jpg/288px-M1_Abrams_Hull_Side_Special_Armor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="468" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:104px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M1_Abrams_Gun_Shield_Special_Armor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/M1_Abrams_Gun_Shield_Special_Armor.jpg/140px-M1_Abrams_Gun_Shield_Special_Armor.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/M1_Abrams_Gun_Shield_Special_Armor.jpg/210px-M1_Abrams_Gun_Shield_Special_Armor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/M1_Abrams_Gun_Shield_Special_Armor.jpg/280px-M1_Abrams_Gun_Shield_Special_Armor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Configuration of M1 Abrams <a href="/wiki/Chobham_armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chobham armor">Chobham</a> Special Armor. Clockwise from upper left: Hull front, turret bustle, hull side, gun shield.</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Challenger2-Bergen-Hohne-Training-Area-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Challenger2-Bergen-Hohne-Training-Area-2.jpg/220px-Challenger2-Bergen-Hohne-Training-Area-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Challenger2-Bergen-Hohne-Training-Area-2.jpg/330px-Challenger2-Bergen-Hohne-Training-Area-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Challenger2-Bergen-Hohne-Training-Area-2.jpg/440px-Challenger2-Bergen-Hohne-Training-Area-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>The British <a href="/wiki/Challenger_2" title="Challenger 2">Challenger II</a> is protected by second-generation <a href="/wiki/Chobham_armour" title="Chobham armour">Chobham armour</a></figcaption></figure> <p>To effectively protect the tank and its crew, tank armour must counter a wide variety of antitank threats. Protection against <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy_penetrator" title="Kinetic energy penetrator">kinetic energy penetrators</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-explosive_anti-tank" title="High-explosive anti-tank">high-explosive anti-tank</a> (HEAT) shells fired by other tanks is of primary importance, but tank armour also aims to protect against infantry <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenades" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenades">grenades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade" title="Rocket-propelled grenade">rocket-propelled grenades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile" title="Anti-tank guided missile">anti-tank guided missiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">anti-tank mines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-tank rifles">anti-tank rifles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb">bombs</a>, direct <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> hits, and (less often) <a href="/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction" title="Weapon of mass destruction">nuclear, biological and chemical</a> threats, any of which could disable or destroy a tank or its crew. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rolled_homogeneous_armour" title="Rolled homogeneous armour">Steel armour plate</a> was the earliest type of armour. The Germans pioneered the use of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_steel#Case_hardening" title="Carbon steel">face hardened</a> steel during World War II and the Soviets also achieved improved protection with <a href="/wiki/Sloped_armour" title="Sloped armour">sloped armour</a> technology. World War II developments led to the obsolescence of homogeneous steel armour with the development of <a href="/wiki/Shaped-charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaped-charge">shaped-charge</a> warheads, exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Panzerfaust" title="Panzerfaust">Panzerfaust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bazooka" title="Bazooka">bazooka</a> infantry-carried weapons which were effective, despite some early success with <a href="/wiki/Spaced_armour" title="Spaced armour">spaced armour</a>. Magnetic mines led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetism" title="Diamagnetism">anti-magnetic</a> paste and paint. From WWII to the modern era, troops have added improvised armour to tanks while in combat settings, such as sandbags or pieces of old armour plating. </p><p>British tank researchers took the next step with the development of <a href="/wiki/Chobham_armour" title="Chobham armour">Chobham armour</a>, or more generally <a href="/wiki/Composite_armour" title="Composite armour">composite armour</a>, incorporating <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramics</a> and plastics in a <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> matrix between steel plates, which provided good protection against HEAT weapons. <a href="/wiki/High-explosive_squash_head" title="High-explosive squash head">High-explosive squash head</a> warheads led to <a href="/wiki/Spall" title="Spall">anti-spall</a> armour linings, and kinetic energy penetrators led to the inclusion of exotic materials like a matrix of <a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">depleted uranium</a> into a composite armour configuration. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M60A1-Patton-Blazer-latrun-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/M60A1-Patton-Blazer-latrun-2.jpg/220px-M60A1-Patton-Blazer-latrun-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/M60A1-Patton-Blazer-latrun-2.jpg/330px-M60A1-Patton-Blazer-latrun-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/M60A1-Patton-Blazer-latrun-2.jpg/440px-M60A1-Patton-Blazer-latrun-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>Blazer <a href="/wiki/Explosive_reactive_armour" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive reactive armour">explosive reactive armour</a> (ERA) blocks on an Israeli M-60</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Reactive_armour" title="Reactive armour">Reactive armour</a> consists of small explosive-filled metal boxes that detonate when hit by the metallic jet projected by an exploding HEAT warhead, causing their metal plates to disrupt it. <a href="/wiki/Tandem_warhead" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandem warhead">Tandem warheads</a> defeat reactive armour by causing the armour to detonate prematurely. Modern reactive armour protects itself from Tandem warheads by having a thicker front metal plate to prevent the precursor charge from detonating the explosive in the reactive armour. Reactive armours can also reduce the penetrative abilities of <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy_penetrator" title="Kinetic energy penetrator">kinetic energy penetrators</a> by deforming the penetrator with the metal plates on the Reactive armour, thereby reducing its effectiveness against the main armour of the tank. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Active_protection_system">Active protection system</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Storming_Ahead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Storming_Ahead.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Storming_Ahead.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Storming_Ahead.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Storming_Ahead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Storming_Ahead.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Storming_Ahead.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">IDF</a> <a href="/wiki/Merkava" title="Merkava">Merkava</a> Mk4 tank with <a href="/wiki/Trophy_(countermeasure)" title="Trophy (countermeasure)">Trophy</a> <a href="/wiki/Active_protection_system" title="Active protection system">APS</a> ("מעיל רוח") during training</figcaption></figure> <p>The latest generation of protective measures for tanks are <a href="/wiki/Active_protection_system" title="Active protection system">active protection systems</a>. The term "active" is used to contrast these approaches with the armour used as the primary protective approach in earlier tanks. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soft_kill" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft kill">Soft kill</a> measures, such as the Russian <a href="/wiki/Shtora" class="mw-redirect" title="Shtora">Shtora</a> countermeasure system, provide protection by interfering with enemy targeting and fire-control systems, thus making it harder for the enemy threats to lock onto the targeted tank.</li> <li>Hard kill systems intercept incoming threats with a projectile(s) of its own, destroying the threat. For example, the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Trophy_(countermeasure)" title="Trophy (countermeasure)">Trophy</a> destroys an incoming rocket or missile with shotgun-like projectiles. The Soviet <a href="/wiki/Drozd" title="Drozd">Drozd</a>, the Russian <a href="/wiki/Arena_active_protection_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Arena active protection system">Arena</a>, the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Trophy_(countermeasure)" title="Trophy (countermeasure)">Trophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Fist_(countermeasure)" title="Iron Fist (countermeasure)">Iron Fist</a>, Polish <a href="/w/index.php?title=ERAWA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ERAWA (page does not exist)">ERAWA</a>, and the American <a href="/wiki/Quick_Kill" title="Quick Kill">Quick Kill</a> systems show the potential to dramatically improve protection for tanks against <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-tank missile">missiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade" title="Rocket-propelled grenade">RPGs</a> and potentially kinetic energy penetrator attacks, but concerns regarding a <a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">danger zone for nearby troops</a> remain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobility">Mobility</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Zwei_Leopard_2A5_beim_durchqueren_eines_Gew%C3%A4sser.ogv/220px--Zwei_Leopard_2A5_beim_durchqueren_eines_Gew%C3%A4sser.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="79" data-mwtitle="Zwei_Leopard_2A5_beim_durchqueren_eines_Gewässer.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Zwei_Leopard_2A5_beim_durchqueren_eines_Gew%C3%A4sser.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Zwei_Leopard_2A5_beim_durchqueren_eines_Gew%C3%A4sser.ogv/Zwei_Leopard_2A5_beim_durchqueren_eines_Gew%C3%A4sser.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Zwei_Leopard_2A5_beim_durchqueren_eines_Gew%C3%A4sser.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Zwei_Leopard_2A5_beim_durchqueren_eines_Gew%C3%A4sser.ogv/Zwei_Leopard_2A5_beim_durchqueren_eines_Gew%C3%A4sser.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Zwei_Leopard_2A5_beim_durchqueren_eines_Gew%C3%A4sser.ogv/Zwei_Leopard_2A5_beim_durchqueren_eines_Gew%C3%A4sser.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Zwei_Leopard_2A5_beim_durchqueren_eines_Gew%C3%A4sser.ogv/Zwei_Leopard_2A5_beim_durchqueren_eines_Gew%C3%A4sser.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/German_Army" title="German Army">German Army</a> Leopard 2s demonstrate their <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_vehicle#Deep_fording" title="Amphibious vehicle">deep-wading</a> capabilities</figcaption></figure> <p>The mobility of a tank is described by its battlefield or tactical mobility, its operational mobility, and its strategic mobility.<sup id="cite_ref-logistics_burden_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-logistics_burden-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Tactical mobility</b> is the tank's ability to move through the battle area. This could include acceleration, braking, speed and rate of turn on varying terrain, and obstacle clearance: the tank's ability to travel over or through obstacles like walls, trenches, and water.</li> <li><b>Operational mobility</b> is the ability to move tanks hundreds of kilometers from a staging area to the battle area, for example, by using transport helicopters.</li> <li><b>Strategic mobility</b> is the ability of the tanks to be transported over long distances, usually by air or sea. For tanks to be transported efficiently by air, weight and volume must be kept within the transport aircraft's capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-logistics_burden_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-logistics_burden-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M1_strategic_mobility.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/M1_strategic_mobility.jpg/220px-M1_strategic_mobility.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/M1_strategic_mobility.jpg/330px-M1_strategic_mobility.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/M1_strategic_mobility.jpg/440px-M1_strategic_mobility.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1917" data-file-height="1019" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1 Abrams</a> offloading from <a href="/wiki/Landing_Craft_Air_Cushioned" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing Craft Air Cushioned">Landing Craft Air Cushioned</a> vehicle.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tanks have high tactical mobility and can travel over most types of terrain due to their <a href="/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">continuous tracks</a> and advanced suspension. The tracks disperse the weight of the vehicle over a large area, resulting in less <a href="/wiki/Ground_pressure" title="Ground pressure">ground pressure</a>. A tank can travel at approximately 40 kilometres per hour (25 mph) across flat terrain and up to 70 kilometres per hour (43 mph) on roads, but due to the mechanical strain this places on the vehicle and the logistical strain on fuel delivery and tank maintenance, these must be considered exceptional "burst" speeds. </p><p>Tanks are susceptible to mechanical failure of engine and transmission systems, particularly at maximum burst speeds. Consequently, wheeled tank transporters and rail transport are used wherever possible for non-combat tank transport. Tank mobility is very restricted compared to wheeled <a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">armoured fighting vehicles</a>. Most operational mobility in blitzkrieg tank operations was conducted at the pedestrian pace of 5 kilometres per hour (3.1 mph), and that was only achieved on the roads of France.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M88_pulling_M1_engine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/M88_pulling_M1_engine.jpg/220px-M88_pulling_M1_engine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/M88_pulling_M1_engine.jpg/330px-M88_pulling_M1_engine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/M88_pulling_M1_engine.jpg/440px-M88_pulling_M1_engine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1 Abrams</a> is powered by a 1,500 shaft horsepower (1,100 kW) <a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a> <a href="/wiki/AGT-1500" class="mw-redirect" title="AGT-1500">AGT 1500</a> gas turbine engine, giving it a governed top speed of 45 mph (72 km/h) on paved roads, and 30 mph (48 km/h) cross-country.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suspension_and_running_gear">Suspension and running gear</h3></div> <p>Tank agility is a function of the weight of the tank due to its inertia while manoeuvring and its <a href="/wiki/Ground_pressure" title="Ground pressure">ground pressure</a>, the power output of the installed power plant and the tank <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (mechanics)">transmission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">track</a> design. In addition, rough terrain effectively limits the tank's speed through the stress it puts on the <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)#Armoured_fighting_vehicle_suspension" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension (vehicle)">suspension</a> and the crew. A breakthrough in this area was achieved during World War II when improved suspension systems were developed that allowed better cross-country performance and limited firing on the move. Systems like the earlier <a href="/wiki/Christie_suspension" title="Christie suspension">Christie</a> or later <a href="/wiki/Torsion-bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Torsion-bar">torsion-bar</a> suspension developed by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche">Ferdinand Porsche</a> dramatically improved the tank's cross-country performance and overall mobility.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engine">Engine</h3></div> <p>The tank's power plant supplies <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> to move the tank, and <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric</a> power via a <a href="/wiki/Electrical_generator#Vehicle-mounted_generators" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical generator">generator</a> to components such as the <a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">turret</a> rotation motors and the tank's electronic systems. </p><p>The tank power plant evolved from predominantly petrol and adapted large-displacement aeronautical or automotive <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal combustion engines">engines</a> to <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engines</a>. Japan was the first to begin transitioning to this engine type beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Type_89B" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 89B">Type 89B</a> in 1934. The main advantage of diesel is their higher <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">fuel economy</a>, which allows for greater operating ranges. Diesel engines can also run on a variety of fuels, such as aviation kerosene and even gasoline. Advanced <a href="/wiki/Multi-fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-fuel">multi-fuel</a> <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine#Quality_and_variety_of_fuels" title="Diesel engine">diesel engines</a> have been adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgorkiewicz1991247-249_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgorkiewicz1991247-249-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine#Tanks" title="Gas turbine">Gas turbines</a> are powerful per unit weight but fuel-hungry; they have been used in a few tanks, including the Soviet <a href="/wiki/T-80" title="T-80">T-80</a> and American <a href="/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1 Abrams</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Tank power output and <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torque</a> in context:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Vehicle </th> <th>Power output </th> <th>Power/weight </th> <th>Torque </th></tr> <tr> <th>Mid-sized car </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Camry" title="Toyota Camry">Toyota Camry</a> 2.4 L </td> <td>118 kW (158 hp) </td> <td>79 kW/t (106 hp/t) </td> <td>218 N⋅m (161 lbf⋅ft) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Sports car </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Lamborghini_Murci%C3%A9lago" title="Lamborghini Murciélago">Lamborghini Murciélago</a> 6.5 L </td> <td>471 kW (632 hp) </td> <td>286 kW/t (383 hp/t) </td> <td>660 N⋅m (490 lbf⋅ft) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Racing car </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Formula_One_car" title="Formula One car">Formula One car</a> 3.0 L </td> <td>710 kW (950 hp) </td> <td>1,065 kW/t (1,428 hp/t) </td> <td>350 N⋅m (260 lbf⋅ft) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Main battle tank </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Leopard_2" title="Leopard 2">Leopard 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1 Abrams</a> </td> <td>1,100 kW (1,500 hp) </td> <td>18.0 to 18.3 kW/t (24.2 to 24.5 hp/t) </td> <td>4,700 N⋅m (3,500 lbf⋅ft) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locomotive </th> <td><a href="/wiki/SNCF_Class_T_2000" title="SNCF Class T 2000">SNCF Class T 2000</a> </td> <td>1,925 kW (2,581 hp) </td> <td>8.6 kW/t (11.5 hp/t) </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fording">Fording</h3></div> <p>In the absence of <a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">combat engineers</a>, most tanks can only <a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">ford</a> small rivers. The typical fording depth for MBTs is approximately 1 m (3.3 ft), being limited by the height of the engine air intake and driver's position. Modern tanks such as the Russian <a href="/wiki/T-90" title="T-90">T-90</a> and the German <a href="/wiki/Leopard_1" title="Leopard 1">Leopard 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leopard_2" title="Leopard 2">Leopard 2</a> tanks can ford to a depth of 3 to 4 m (9.8 to 13.1 ft) when properly prepared and equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_snorkel" title="Vehicle snorkel">snorkel</a> to supply air for the crew and engine. Tank crews usually strongly dislike deep fording, but it adds considerable scope for <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">surprise</a> and tactical flexibility in water-crossing operations by opening new and unexpected avenues of attack. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibious tank">Amphibious tanks</a> are specially designed or adapted for water operations, such as by including snorkels and skirts, but they are rare in modern armies. Purpose-built <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_assault_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibious assault vehicle">amphibious assault vehicles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier" title="Armoured personnel carrier">armoured personnel carriers</a> are used, without tanks, in <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare#Post–World_War_II" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious assaults</a>. Advances such as the <a href="/wiki/EFA_(mobile_bridge)" title="EFA (mobile bridge)">EFA mobile bridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armoured_vehicle-launched_bridge" title="Armoured vehicle-launched bridge">armoured vehicle-launched scissors bridges</a> have also reduced the impediment to tank advance that rivers posed in World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crew">Crew</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tank commander" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tank_commander_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tank commander (disambiguation)">Tank commander (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leclerc-IMG_1717.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Leclerc-IMG_1717.jpg/220px-Leclerc-IMG_1717.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Leclerc-IMG_1717.jpg/330px-Leclerc-IMG_1717.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Leclerc-IMG_1717.jpg/440px-Leclerc-IMG_1717.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The tank commander's position in an <a href="/wiki/AMX_Leclerc" class="mw-redirect" title="AMX Leclerc">AMX Leclerc</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T72B3-Crew.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/T72B3-Crew.svg/220px-T72B3-Crew.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/T72B3-Crew.svg/330px-T72B3-Crew.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/T72B3-Crew.svg/440px-T72B3-Crew.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1686" data-file-height="937" /></a><figcaption>Positions of crew members in a Russian <a href="/wiki/T-72" title="T-72">T-72</a>B3 tank. The driver (3) is seated in the front, commander (1) and gunner (2) are in the turret, directly above the carousel (4), which contains the ammunition for the autoloading mechanism.</figcaption></figure> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Army_units_and_organization2043" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Army_units" title="Template:Army units"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Army_units" title="Template talk:Army units"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Army_units" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Army units"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Army_units_and_organization2043" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization"><span class="wrap">Army units and organization</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Sub-subunit" title="Sub-subunit">Subordinated<br />element</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fireteam" title="Fireteam">Fireteam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Crew" title="Crew">Crew</a>  <b>Ø</b> </li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squad" title="Squad">Squad</a>  ● </li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_(military_unit)" title="Section (military unit)">Section</a> / <a href="/wiki/Patrol" title="Patrol">Patrol</a>  ●●</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platoon" title="Platoon">Platoon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Troop" title="Troop">Troop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Flight_(military_unit)#Ground_flights" title="Flight (military unit)">Flight</a> ●●● </li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staffel_(unit)" title="Staffel (unit)">Staffel</a> / Echelon  ●●●● </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Unit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">Company</a> / <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">Battery</a> / <a href="/wiki/Squadron_(aviation)" title="Squadron (aviation)">Squadron</a> <b>❘</b> </li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">Battalion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Squadron_(army)" title="Squadron (army)">Squadron</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cohort_(military_unit)" title="Cohort (military unit)">Cohort</a> <b>❘ ❘</b> </li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">Regiment</a> / <a href="/wiki/Group_(military_unit)#Groups_in_armies" title="Group (military unit)">Group</a>  <b>❘ ❘ ❘</b>  </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">Brigade</a> / <a href="/wiki/Group_(military_aviation_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Group (military aviation unit)">Group</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wing_(military_aviation_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing (military aviation unit)">Wing</a> <b>☓</b> </li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">Division</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_legions" title="List of military legions">Legion</a> <b>☓☓</b> </li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corps" title="Corps">Corps</a> <b>☓☓☓</b> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Command</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_army" title="Field army">Field army</a> / <a href="/wiki/Command_(military_formation)" title="Command (military formation)">Command</a> <b>☓☓☓☓</b> </li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_group" title="Army group">Army group</a> / <a href="/wiki/Front_(military_formation)" title="Front (military formation)">Front</a> <b>☓☓☓☓☓</b> </li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Region#Military_regions" title="Region">Region</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a> <b>☓☓☓☓☓☓</b> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Temporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_(military)" title="Detachment (military)">Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk_(military)" title="Chalk (military)">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol#Military" title="Patrol">Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_force" title="Field force">Field force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_force" title="Task force">Task force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigade_group" title="Brigade group">Brigade group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_column" title="Flying column">Flying column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_command" title="Combat command">Combat command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regimental_combat_team" title="Regimental combat team">Regimental combat team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battalion_tactical_group" title="Battalion tactical group">Battalion tactical group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlegroup_(army)" title="Battlegroup (army)">Battlegroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_army_(military_unit)" title="Group army (military unit)">Group army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_team" title="Combat team">Combat team</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Most modern tanks most often have four crew members, or three if an <a href="/wiki/Auto-loader" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-loader">auto-loader</a> is installed. These are the: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_officer" title="Commanding officer">Commander</a> – The commander is responsible for commanding the tank, with all-round vision devices rather than the limited vision of the driver and gunner. He guides the gunner roughly onto target and guides the driver around turns and obstacles.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunner_(artillery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunner (artillery)">Gunner</a> – The gunner is responsible for <a href="/wiki/Gun_laying" title="Gun laying">laying (aiming) the gun</a>. It may be laying for direct fire, where the gun is aimed similarly to a rifle, or indirect fire, where firing data is calculated and applied to the sights. The term includes automated aiming using, for example, radar-derived target data and computer-controlled guns. Gun laying involves moving the axis of the bore of the barrel in two planes, horizontal and vertical. A gun is "traversed" (rotated in a horizontal plane) to align it with the target, and "elevated" (moved in the vertical plane) to range it to the target.</li> <li>Loader – The loader loads the gun, with a round appropriate to the target (HEAT, smoke, etc.) as ordered by either the commander or the gunner. The loader is usually the lowest-ranked member of the crew. In tanks with auto-loaders this position is omitted.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driver_(person)" class="mw-redirect" title="Driver (person)">Driver</a> – The driver drives the tank, and also performs routine maintenance on the automotive features.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3rd_ID_M1A1_Abrams_TC_and_Gunner_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/3rd_ID_M1A1_Abrams_TC_and_Gunner_2008.jpg/220px-3rd_ID_M1A1_Abrams_TC_and_Gunner_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/3rd_ID_M1A1_Abrams_TC_and_Gunner_2008.jpg/330px-3rd_ID_M1A1_Abrams_TC_and_Gunner_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/3rd_ID_M1A1_Abrams_TC_and_Gunner_2008.jpg/440px-3rd_ID_M1A1_Abrams_TC_and_Gunner_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A view in a M1A1 Abrams tank of the gunner's station (bottom left) and commander's station (top right)</figcaption></figure> <p>Operating a tank is a team effort. For example, the loader is assisted by the rest of the crew in stowing ammunition. The driver is assisted in maintaining the automotive features.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, crews have varied from two to twelve members. First World War tanks carried the crew needed to man the multiple guns and machine guns, and up to four crewmen to drive the tank: the commander drove the tank and manned the brakes, steering via orders to his gears-men; a co-driver operated the gearbox and throttle; and two gears-men, one for each track, steered by setting their side to idle, allowing the track on the other side to slew the tank to one side. Pre-World War II French tanks were noted for having a two-man crew, in which the overworked commander had to load and fire the gun in addition to commanding the tank. </p><p>With World War II the multi-turreted tanks proved impracticable, and as the single turret on a low hull design became standard, crews became standardized around a crew of four or five. In those tanks with a fifth crew member, usually three were located in the turret (as described above) while the fifth was most often seated in the hull next to the driver, and operated the hull machine gun in addition to acting as a co-driver or radio operator. Well-designed crew stations, giving proper consideration to comfort and ergonomics, are important to the combat-effectiveness of a tank, as they limit fatigue and speed up individual actions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engineering_constraints">Engineering constraints</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arjun_MBT_bump_track_test.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Arjun_MBT_bump_track_test.JPG/220px-Arjun_MBT_bump_track_test.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Arjun_MBT_bump_track_test.JPG/330px-Arjun_MBT_bump_track_test.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Arjun_MBT_bump_track_test.JPG/440px-Arjun_MBT_bump_track_test.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>The Indian <a href="/wiki/Arjun_MBT" class="mw-redirect" title="Arjun MBT">Arjun MBT</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hydropneumatic_suspension" title="Hydropneumatic suspension">hydropneumatic suspension</a> at work, while moving over a bump track.</figcaption></figure> <p>A noted author on the subject of tank design engineering, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ogorkiewicz" title="Richard Ogorkiewicz">Richard Ogorkiewicz</a>, outlined the following basic engineering sub-systems that are commonly incorporated into a tank's technological development:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgorkiewicz1991_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgorkiewicz1991-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Mobility (through chassis design)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine#Combustion_engine" title="Engine">Engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (mechanics)">Transmissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension (vehicle)">Suspensions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Running_gear" class="mw-redirect" title="Running gear">running gear</a></li> <li>Soil-vehicle mechanics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_gun" title="Tank gun">Guns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammunition#Ordnance_ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballistics" title="Ballistics">Ballistics</a> and mechanics of guns</li> <li>Vision and sighting systems</li> <li>Illuminating and <a href="/wiki/Night_Vision#Night_vision_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Night Vision">night vision</a> systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire control systems</a> for main and auxiliary weapons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun control systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision-guided_munition" title="Precision-guided munition">Guided weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_armour#Armoured_fighting_vehicles" title="Vehicle armour">Armour</a> protection</li> <li>Configuration</li></ul> <p>To the above can be added unit communication systems and electronic anti-tank countermeasures, crew ergonomic and survival systems (including flame suppression), and provision for technological upgrading. Few tank designs have survived their entire service lives without some upgrading or modernization, particularly during wartime, including some that have changed almost beyond recognition, such as the latest Israeli <a href="/wiki/Magach#Versions" title="Magach">Magach</a> versions. </p><p>The characteristics of a tank are determined by the performance criteria required for the tank. The obstacles that must be traversed affect the vehicle's front and rear profiles. The types of terrain specified to be traversed determine the maximum permissible track ground pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-performance_reqs_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-performance_reqs-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tank design is a compromise between technological and budgetary constraints and tactical capability requirements. It is not possible to maximise firepower, protection and mobility simultaneously, while also incorporating the latest technology and being economically viable. For example, in the case of tactical capability requirements, increasing protection by adding armour will result in an increase in weight and therefore decrease in mobility; increasing firepower by installing a larger gun will force the designer team to increase armour, the therefore weight of the tank by retaining same internal volume to ensure crew efficiency during combat. In the case of the Abrams MBT which has good firepower, speed and armour, these advantages are counterbalanced by its engine's notably high fuel consumption, which ultimately reduces its range, and in a larger sense its mobility. And most enhancements add to cost. </p><p>Since the Second World War the economics of tank production, governed by the complexity of manufacture and cost and the impact of a given tank design on logistics and field maintenance capabilities, have also been accepted as important in determining how many tanks a nation can afford to field in its force structure. </p><p>Some tank designs that were fielded in significant numbers, such as <a href="/wiki/Tiger_I" title="Tiger I">Tiger I</a> and <a href="/wiki/M60A2_Starship" class="mw-redirect" title="M60A2 Starship">M60A2</a> proved to be too complex or expensive to manufacture, and made unsustainable demands on the logistics services support of the armed forces. The <i>affordability of the design</i> therefore takes precedence over the combat capability requirements. Nowhere was this principle illustrated better than during the Second World War when two Allied designs, the Soviet <a href="/wiki/T-34" title="T-34">T-34</a> and the US <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4 Sherman</a>, although both simple designs which accepted engineering compromises, were used successfully against more sophisticated designs by Germany that were more complex and expensive to produce, and more demanding on overstretched logistics of the Wehrmacht. Given that a tank crew will spend most of its time occupied with maintenance of the vehicle, engineering simplicity has become the primary constraint on tank design since the Second World War despite advances in mechanical, electrical and electronics technologies. </p><p>Since the Second World War, tank development has incorporated experimenting with significant mechanical changes to the tank design while focusing on technological advances in the tank's many subsystems to improve its performance. However, a number of novel designs appeared, with mixed success, including the firepower of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/IT-1" title="IT-1">IT-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/T-64" title="T-64">T-64</a>, and the crew protection of the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Merkava" title="Merkava">Merkava</a> and Swedish <a href="/wiki/S-tank" class="mw-redirect" title="S-tank">S-tank</a>, while for decades the US's <a href="/wiki/M551" class="mw-redirect" title="M551">M551</a> remained the only light tank deployable by parachute. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tank_classification" title="Tank classification">Tank classification</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Command,_control,_and_communications"><span id="Command.2C_control.2C_and_communications"></span>Command, control, and communications</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leo2A6M_li.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Leo2A6M_li.jpg/220px-Leo2A6M_li.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Leo2A6M_li.jpg/330px-Leo2A6M_li.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Leo2A6M_li.jpg/440px-Leo2A6M_li.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/German_Army" title="German Army">German Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Leopard_2" title="Leopard 2">Leopard 2</a>A6M incorporates <a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">networked battlefield</a> technology</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/C4ISTAR" class="mw-redirect" title="C4ISTAR">Commanding and coordinating</a> tanks in the field has always been subject to particular problems, particularly in the area of communications, but in modern armies these problems have been partially alleviated by <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">networked</a>, <a href="/wiki/System_integration" title="System integration">integrated systems</a> that enable communications and contribute to enhanced <a href="/wiki/Situational_awareness" class="mw-redirect" title="Situational awareness">situational awareness</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_I_and_Interwar_period">World War I and Interwar period</h4></div> <p>Armoured <a href="/wiki/Bulkhead_(partition)" title="Bulkhead (partition)">bulkheads</a>, engine noise, intervening terrain, dust and smoke, and the need to operate with hatches closed are severe detriments to communication and lead to a sense of isolation for small tank units, individual vehicles, and tank crew. Radios were not portable or robust enough to be mounted in a tank, although <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> transmitters were installed in some Mark IVs at Cambrai as messaging vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mounting of <a href="/wiki/Tank_phone" title="Tank phone">a field telephone to the rear</a> was not a practice. During World War I when these failed or were unavailable, situation reports were sent back to headquarters by some crews releasing carrier pigeons through loopholes or hatches<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and communications between vehicles was accomplished using hand signals, handheld <a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">semaphore flags</a> which continued in use in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>/<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a> through the Second and Cold wars, or by foot or horse-mounted messengers.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II_2">World War II</h4></div> <p>From the beginning, the German military stressed wireless communications, equipping their combat vehicles with radios, and drilled all units to rely on disciplined radio use as a basic element of tactics. This allowed them to respond to developing threats and opportunities during battles, giving the Germans a notable tactical advantage early in the war; even where Allied tanks initially had better firepower and armour, they generally lacked individual radios.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By mid-war, Western Allied tanks adopted full use of radios, although Russian use of radios remained relatively limited. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cold_War_era">Cold War era</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MerkavaMk4_ZE001m.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/MerkavaMk4_ZE001m.jpg/220px-MerkavaMk4_ZE001m.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/MerkavaMk4_ZE001m.jpg/330px-MerkavaMk4_ZE001m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/MerkavaMk4_ZE001m.jpg/440px-MerkavaMk4_ZE001m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Merkava" title="Merkava">Merkava</a> Mark 4 <a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">main battle tank</a> is equipped with a digital C4IS battle-management system.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the modern battlefield an <a href="/wiki/Intercom" title="Intercom">intercom</a> mounted in the crew helmet provides internal communications and a link to the <a href="/wiki/Communications_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications network">radio network</a>, and on some tanks an external intercom on the rear of the tank provides communication with co-operating infantry. Radio networks employ radio <a href="/wiki/Voice_procedure" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice procedure">voice procedure</a> to minimize confusion and "chatter". A recent <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2013)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> development in AFV <a href="/wiki/Equipment_of_the_Italian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Equipment of the Italian Army">equipment</a> and doctrine is integration of information from the <a href="/wiki/Fire_control_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire control system">fire control system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laser_rangefinder" title="Laser rangefinder">laser rangefinder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> and terrain information via <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Electromagnetic pulse">hardened</a> military specification <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Computer_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer networks">battlefield network</a> to display information on enemy targets and friendly units on a <a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">monitor</a> in the tank. The sensor data can be sourced from nearby tanks, planes, <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned aerial vehicles">UAVs</a> or, in the future infantry (such as the US <a href="/wiki/Future_Force_Warrior" title="Future Force Warrior">Future Force Warrior</a> project). This improves the tank commander's <a href="/wiki/Situational_awareness" class="mw-redirect" title="Situational awareness">situational awareness</a> and ability to <a href="/wiki/Navigate" class="mw-redirect" title="Navigate">navigate</a> the battlefield and select and engage targets. In addition to easing the reporting burden by automatically logging all orders and actions, orders are sent via the network with text and graphical overlays. This is known as <a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric warfare</a> by the US, <a href="/wiki/Network_Enabled_Capability" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Enabled Capability">Network Enabled Capability</a> (UK) or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Army_(IDF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital Army (IDF) (page does not exist)">Digital Army Battle Management System</a> צי"ד (Israel). Advanced battle tanks, including the <a href="/wiki/K2_Black_Panther" title="K2 Black Panther">K-2 Black Panther</a>, have taken up the first major step forward in adopting a fully <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radar_integrated_Fire_Control_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radar integrated Fire Control System (page does not exist)">radar integrated Fire Control System</a> which allows it to detect tanks from a further distance and identify it as a friend-or-foe as well as increasing the tank's accuracy as well as its capability to lock onto tanks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="21st_century_2">21st century</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">Military communications</a> and <a href="/wiki/C4ISTAR" class="mw-redirect" title="C4ISTAR">C4ISTAR</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Limpid_Armor_LCG_DSS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Limpid_Armor_LCG_DSS.jpg/220px-Limpid_Armor_LCG_DSS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Limpid_Armor_LCG_DSS.jpg/330px-Limpid_Armor_LCG_DSS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Limpid_Armor_LCG_DSS.jpg/440px-Limpid_Armor_LCG_DSS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="1795" /></a><figcaption>Circular review system of the company LimpidArmor</figcaption></figure> <p>Performing situational awareness and communication is the one of four primary MBT functions in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-MBT_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MBT-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To improve the crew's situational awareness MBTs use <a href="/wiki/Circular_review_system" title="Circular review system">circular review system</a> with a combination of <a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">Augmented reality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial Intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a> technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-AI_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AI-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further advancements in tank defense systems have led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Active_protection_system" title="Active protection system">active protection systems</a>, which may be classified as either: </p> <ul><li><b>Soft-kill</b> – Soft-kill protection systems use integrated on-board <a href="/wiki/Radar_warning_receiver" title="Radar warning receiver">radar warning receivers</a> which can detect incoming anti-tank missiles and projectiles. Once detected, measures such as <a href="/wiki/Smoke_screen" title="Smoke screen">smoke screens</a> or <a href="/wiki/Smoke_grenade" title="Smoke grenade">smoke grenades</a> are deployed, interfering with the incoming missile's tracking system, causing it to miss the tank or to deactivate.</li> <li><b>Hard-kill</b> – The more advanced approach involves destroying the incoming enemy missile or projectile by deploying anti-missile projectiles. This is seen more reliable protection.</li></ul> <p>Both these active protection systems can be found on several <a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">main battle tanks</a> including the <a href="/wiki/K2_Black_Panther" title="K2 Black Panther">K2 Black Panther</a>, the Merkava and the Leopard 2A7. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Combat_milestones">Combat milestones</h2></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Conflict </th> <th>Year </th> <th>Total<br />number<br />of tanks </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> </td> <td>1916 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">49 </td> <td>Tanks first used in battle<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai</a> </td> <td>1917 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">378 </td> <td>First successful use of tanks<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Villers-Bretonneux" title="Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux">Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux</a> </td> <td>1918 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">23 </td> <td>First tank vs. tank battle </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> </td> <td>1936–1939 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">~700 </td> <td>Interwar tanks in combat </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a> </td> <td>1939 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">~8,000 </td> <td>Origin of "<i><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></i>" term </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hannut" title="Battle of Hannut">Battle of Hannut</a>, Belgium </td> <td>1940 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">~1,200 </td> <td>First large tank vs. tank battle </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a> </td> <td>1940 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">5,828 </td> <td>Weaker but better commanded tanks successful in combined arms operations<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (April 2022)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a> </td> <td>1943 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">10,610 </td> <td>Most tanks in one battle </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sinai_(1973)" title="Battle of the Sinai (1973)">Battle of the Sinai</a> </td> <td>1973 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,200 </td> <td>Combat between <a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">main battle tanks</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_recovery_vehicle" title="Armoured recovery vehicle">Armoured recovery vehicle</a> – Armoured vehicle for towing in combat conditions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_vehicle-launched_bridge" title="Armoured vehicle-launched bridge">Armoured vehicle-launched bridge</a> – Military engineering vehicle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armoured warfare</a> – Use of armored fighting vehicles in war</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_the_Cold_War" title="Tanks in the Cold War">Tanks in the Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_review_system" title="Circular review system">Circular review system</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparison_of_early_World_War_II_tanks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comparison of early World War II tanks (page does not exist)">Comparison of early World War II tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_World_War_I_tanks" title="Comparison of World War I tanks">Comparison of World War I tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_tank" title="History of the tank">History of the tank</a> – Chronicle of armoured combat vehicles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobart%27s_Funnies" title="Hobart's Funnies">Hobart's Funnies</a> – Modified tanks first used in the Normandy Landings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull-down" class="mw-redirect" title="Hull-down">Hull-down</a> – Upper part of vehicle is visible, hull is not<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle" title="Infantry fighting vehicle">Infantry fighting vehicle</a> (<abbr>IFV</abbr>) – Type of armored personnel carrier with direct-fire support</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_main_battle_tanks_by_country" title="List of main battle tanks by country">List of main battle tanks by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_main_battle_tanks_by_generation" title="List of main battle tanks by generation">List of main battle tanks by generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_armoured_fighting_vehicles" title="List of modern armoured fighting vehicles">List of modern armoured fighting vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_armoured_fighting_vehicles" title="Lists of armoured fighting vehicles">Lists of armoured fighting vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">Main battle tank</a> – Tank designed for all primary combat roles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering_vehicle" title="Military engineering vehicle">Military engineering vehicle</a> – Battlefield support vehicle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_trap" title="Shot trap">Shot trap</a> – Tank armor deficiency</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_classification" title="Tank classification">Tank classification</a> – Categorizing tanks by weight or role</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_desant" title="Tank desant">Tank desant</a> – Military combined arms tactic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_destroyer" title="Tank destroyer">Tank destroyer</a> – Armoured fighting vehicle designed to engage and destroy enemy tanks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankette" title="Tankette">Tankette</a> – Small tracked armoured fighting vehicle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_I" title="Tanks in World War I">Tanks in World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_II" title="Tanks in World War II">Tanks in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_interwar_period" title="Tanks of the interwar period">Tanks of the interwar period</a> – List of tanks in the Interwar Period</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Tanks of the post–Cold War era">Tanks of the post–Cold War era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_wagon" title="War wagon">War wagon</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The initials W.C. are a British abbreviation for a <a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#Water-closet_(WC),_the_name" title="Flush toilet">water closet</a>; in other words, a toilet. However, later in the War, a number of Mk IV Tanks were fitted with grapnels to remove barbed wire. They were designated "Wire Cutters" and had the large letters "W.C." painted on their rear armour.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6000nlaw-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6000nlaw_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFParkerGrylls2022" class="citation news cs1">Parker, Charlie; Grylls, George (24 March 2022). Brown, Larisa (ed.). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/43eb2854-aae8-11ec-8da7-c2b9b8c9eee5">"Britain promised extra 6,000 missiles and war funds for Ukraine"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460">0140-0460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Britain+promised+extra+6%2C000+missiles+and+war+funds+for+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-03-24&rft.issn=0140-0460&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft.au=Grylls%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2F43eb2854-aae8-11ec-8da7-c2b9b8c9eee5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Senger_und_Etterlin1960">von Senger and Etterlin (1960)</a>, <i>The World's armoured Fighting Vehicles</i>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/tank">"tank | Etymology, origin and meaning of tank by etymonline"</a>. <i>www.etymonline.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.etymonline.com&rft.atitle=tank+%7C+Etymology%2C+origin+and+meaning+of+tank+by+etymonline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Ftank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlain,_Peter1998" class="citation book cs1">Chamberlain, Peter; et al. (1998). <i>Armoured Fighting Vehicles of the World, Volume One</i>. Cannon Publications. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-899695-02-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-899695-02-8"><bdi>1-899695-02-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armoured+Fighting+Vehicles+of+the+World%2C+Volume+One&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Cannon+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-899695-02-8&rft.au=Chamberlain%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tanks 1914–1918: The Log Book of a Pioneer</i>. Hodder & Stoughton, 1919, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Eye-Witness, And the Origin of the Tanks</i>; Major-General Sir Ernest D. Swinton; Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1933, p. 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Popular Science Monthly, July 1918, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Shipbuilder's Yarn; E.H.W.T. d'Eyncourt, Hutchinson & Co., 1948, p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Die Tankschlacht bei Cambrai: Dr. Georg Strutz, pub 1929.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/8666">"Die Englischen Tanks bei Cambrai English Tanks Cambrai (Art.IWM PST 8318)"</a>. <i>Imperial War Museums</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150215232702/http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/8666">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Imperial+War+Museums&rft.atitle=Die+Englischen+Tanks+bei+Cambrai+English+Tanks+Cambrai+%28Art.IWM+PST+8318%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwm.org.uk%2Fcollections%2Fitem%2Fobject%2F8666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Die deutschen Kampfwagen im Weltkriege; Ernst Volckheim, 1937.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tank_origins-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tank_origins_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tank_origins_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tank_origins_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tank_origins_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tank_origins_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tank_origins_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-25109879">"World War One: The tank's secret Lincoln origins"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 24 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150913032138/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-25109879">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=World+War+One%3A+The+tank%27s+secret+Lincoln+origins&rft.date=2014-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-25109879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoox1939">Coox (1985)</a>, p. 579, 590, 663</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-House1984-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-House1984_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-House1984_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHouse1984">House (1984)</a>, <i>Toward Combined Arms Warfare:A Survey of 20th Century Tactics, Doctrine, and Organization</i> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrinquier" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Trinquier" title="Roger Trinquier">Trinquier, Roger</a>, <i>Modern Warfare. A French View of Counterinsurgency</i>, translated by Lee, Daniel, <q>Pitting a traditional combined armed force trained and equipped to defeat similar military organizations against insurgents reminds one of a pile driver attempting to crush a fly, indefatigably persisting in repeating its efforts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Warfare.+A+French+View+of+Counterinsurgency&rft.aulast=Trinquier&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edgeworth, R. & E. <i>Memoirs of Richard Lovell Edgeworth</i>, 1820, pp. 164–66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1903" class="citation journal cs1">Wells, H.G. (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015011810515;view=1up;seq=767">"The Land Ironclads"</a>. <i>The Strand Magazine</i>. <b>23</b> (156): <span class="nowrap">751–</span>69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Strand+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Land+Ironclads&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=156&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E751-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=H.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015011810515%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1916" class="citation cs2">Wells, H.G. (1916), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1804/1804-h/1804-h.htm#2H_4_0011">"V. Tanks"</a>, <i>War and the Future</i>, p. 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130327131513/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1804/1804-h/1804-h.htm#2H_4_0011">archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=V.+Tanks&rft.btitle=War+and+the+Future&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=H.G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F1804%2F1804-h%2F1804-h.htm%232H_4_0011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, J.P. Men, Ideas, and Tanks. Manchester University Press, 1995. p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gannon, Charles E. Rumors of War and Infernal Machines: Liverpool University Press, 2003. p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Devil's Chariots: The Birth and Secret Battles of the First Tanks</i> John Glanfield (Sutton Publishing, 2001)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RF Scott (1908) <i>The Sledging Problem in the Antarctic, Men versus Motors</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roland Huntford (2003) <i>Scott and Amundsen. Their Race to the South Pole. The Last Place on Earth.</i> Abacus, London, p. 224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PKBttUMKND4">"- YouTube"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 50-minute mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161003104603/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PKBttUMKND4">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=-+YouTube&rft.pages=50-minute+mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DPKBttUMKND4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCherry-Garrard1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Apsley_Cherry-Garrard" title="Apsley Cherry-Garrard">Cherry-Garrard, Apsley</a> (1970) [1922]. <a href="/wiki/The_Worst_Journey_in_the_World" title="The Worst Journey in the World"><i>The Worst Journey in the World chapter 9</i></a>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-009501-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-009501-2"><bdi>978-0-14-009501-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16589938">16589938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Worst+Journey+in+the+World+chapter+9&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16589938&rft.isbn=978-0-14-009501-2&rft.aulast=Cherry-Garrard&rft.aufirst=Apsley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gunther Burstyn</i> Angwetter, D. & E. (Verlag Der Österreichischen Akademie Der Wissenschaften, 2008)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article65020239">"Australia To The Fore. Invention of the War Tank"</a>. Trove.nla.gov.au. 12 February 1920<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australia+To+The+Fore.+Invention+of+the+War+Tank&rft.pub=Trove.nla.gov.au&rft.date=1920-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article65020239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Russian tanks, 1900–1970 The Complete Illustrated History of Soviet Armoured Theory and Design</i> John Milsom (Stackpole Books, 1971)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Churchill-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Churchill_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Churchill_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Churchill_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1992" class="citation cs2">Churchill, Winston (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldcrisisabr00chur"><i>The World Crisis (Abridged)</i></a>, Canada & New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, pp. <span class="nowrap">316–</span>317, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-19453-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-19453-8"><bdi>0-684-19453-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Crisis+%28Abridged%29&rft.place=Canada+%26+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E316-%3C%2Fspan%3E317&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-684-19453-8&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldcrisisabr00chur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Foley2014" class="citation book cs1">Michael Foley (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f2ZtBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA32"><i>Rise of the Tank: Armoured Vehicles and their use in the First World War</i></a>. Pen and Sword. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78346-393-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78346-393-0"><bdi>978-1-78346-393-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180327160324/https://books.google.com/books?id=f2ZtBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA32">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rise+of+the+Tank%3A+Armoured+Vehicles+and+their+use+in+the+First+World+War&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78346-393-0&rft.au=Michael+Foley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df2ZtBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glanfield, Appendix 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McMillan, N: Locomotive Apprentice at the North British Locomotive Company Ltd Glasgow Plateway Press 1992<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glanfield, Devil's Chariots<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegan1993" class="citation cs2">Regan, Geoffrey (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofmi00rega"><i>The Guinness Book of More Military Blunders</i></a>, London: Guinness Publishing, p. 12, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85112-961-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85112-961-7"><bdi>0-85112-961-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guinness+Book+of+More+Military+Blunders&rft.place=London&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Guinness+Publishing&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-85112-961-7&rft.aulast=Regan&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguinnessbookofmi00rega&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Mammoth Book of How it Happened</i>, Robinson Publishing, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84119-149-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84119-149-2">978-1-84119-149-2</a>, pp. 337–38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The New Armoured Cars", <i>The Motor Cycle</i>, 21 September 1916, p. 254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaloga1988" class="citation book cs1">Zaloga, Steven J. (1988). <i>The Renault FT Light Tank</i>. London, UK: Osprey Publishing. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0850458527" title="Special:BookSources/978-0850458527"><bdi>978-0850458527</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Renault+FT+Light+Tank&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0850458527&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Willmott2003">Willmott (2003)</a>, <i>First World War</i>, p. 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130614054809/http://vadimvswar.narod.ru/ALL_OUT/TiVOut9801/RuTLe/RuTLe008.htm">"Легенда о русском танке"</a> (in Russian). Vadimvswar.narod.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vadimvswar.narod.ru/ALL_OUT/TiVOut9801/RuTLe/RuTLe008.htm">the original</a> on 14 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BE+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft.pub=Vadimvswar.narod.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvadimvswar.narod.ru%2FALL_OUT%2FTiVOut9801%2FRuTLe%2FRuTLe008.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willmott2003-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Willmott2003_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Willmott2003">Willmott (2003)</a>, <i>First World War</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deighton1979-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deighton1979_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deighton1979_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deighton1979_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deighton1979_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Deighton1979">Deighton (1979)</a>, <i>Blitzkrieg, From the rise of Hitler to the fall of Dunkirk</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#TimeApril1937">Time (1937)</a>, <i>Chewed up</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manrique p. 311, 321, 324</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldman p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coox p. 300, 318, 437</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coox 998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coox p. 579, 590, 663</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cooper1979">Cooper and Lucas (1979)</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Panzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzer">Panzer</a>: The armoured Force of the Third Reich</i>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty (2004)</a>, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroud,_Rick2012" class="citation book cs1">Stroud, Rick (2012). <i>The Phantom Army of Alamein</i>. Bloomsbury. p. 219.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phantom+Army+of+Alamein&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Stroud%2C+Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Zaloga1997">Zaloga <i>et al.</i> (1997)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stolfi, <i>Hitler's</i> Panzer<i>s East</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deighton (1979), <i>Blitzkrieg, From the rise of Hitler to the fall of Dunkirk</i>, p 307</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawthorne2003">Cawthorne (2003)</a>, <i>Steel Fist: Tank Warfare 1939–45</i>, p. 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarry1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donn_A._Starry" title="Donn A. Starry">Starry, Donn. A</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/html/books/090/90-17-1/CMH_Pub_90-17-1.pdf"><i>Mounted Combat in Vietnam</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army. pp. 45, 79, 129, 143, 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83931-084-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83931-084-3"><bdi>978-1-83931-084-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150108125912/https://history.army.mil/html/books/090/90-17-1/CMH_Pub_90-17-1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mounted+Combat+in+Vietnam&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=45%2C+79%2C+129%2C+143%2C+153&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Army&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-1-83931-084-3&rft.aulast=Starry&rft.aufirst=Donn.+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2F090%2F90-17-1%2FCMH_Pub_90-17-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_J._ZalogaMichael_JerchelStephen_Sewell2013" class="citation book cs1">Steven J. Zaloga; Michael Jerchel; Stephen Sewell (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EouHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT3"><i>T-72 Main Battle Tank 1974–93</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0537-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0537-9"><bdi>978-1-4728-0537-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T-72+Main+Battle+Tank+1974%E2%80%9393&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-0537-9&rft.au=Steven+J.+Zaloga&rft.au=Michael+Jerchel&rft.au=Stephen+Sewell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEouHCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZalogaJohnson2004" class="citation book cs1">Zaloga, Steven J.; Johnson, Hugh (2004). <i>T-54 and T-55 Main Battle Tanks 1944–2004</i>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-792-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-792-1"><bdi>1-84176-792-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T-54+and+T-55+Main+Battle+Tanks+1944%E2%80%932004&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84176-792-1&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Senger_und_Etterlin1960">von Senger und Etterlin (1960)</a>, <i>The World's Armoured Fighting Vehicles</i>, pp. 61, 118, 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modern_tank_tactics,_infantry-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Modern_tank_tactics,_infantry_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoughertyMcNab2010" class="citation cs2">Dougherty, Martin J.; McNab, Chris (2010), <i>Combat Techniques: An Elite Forces Guide to Modern Infantry Tactics</i>, Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-36824-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-36824-1"><bdi>978-0-312-36824-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Combat+Techniques%3A+An+Elite+Forces+Guide+to+Modern+Infantry+Tactics&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-312-36824-1&rft.aulast=Dougherty&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rft.au=McNab%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#USAToday2005a">USA Today (2005)</a>, <i>Tank takes a beating in Iraq</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USAToday2005b-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USAToday2005b_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USAToday2005b_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#USAToday2005b">USA Today (2005)</a>, <i>Tanks adapted for urban fights they once avoided</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPengelley1989" class="citation cs2">Pengelley, Rupert (1989), "A new era in tank man armament: The options multiply", <i>Jane's International Defence Review</i> (November 1989): <span class="nowrap">1521–</span>31</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jane%27s+International+Defence+Review&rft.atitle=A+new+era+in+tank+man+armament%3A+The+options+multiply&rft.issue=November+1989&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1521-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Pengelley&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hilmes, Rolf (30 January 1999), "Aspects of future MBT conception". <i>Military Technology</i> <b>23</b> (6): 7. Moench Verlagsgesellschaft Mbh.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodell2007" class="citation cs2">Goodell, Brad (January 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4033055">"Electrothermal Chemical (ETC) Armament System Integration Into a Combat Vehicle"</a>, <i>IEEE Transactions on Magnetics</i>, <b>43</b> (1), IEEE: <span class="nowrap">456–</span>459, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ITM....43..456G">2007ITM....43..456G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTMAG.2006.887524">10.1109/TMAG.2006.887524</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-9464">0018-9464</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35796526">35796526</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Magnetics&rft.atitle=Electrothermal+Chemical+%28ETC%29+Armament+System+Integration+Into+a+Combat+Vehicle&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E456-%3C%2Fspan%3E459&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTMAG.2006.887524&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35796526%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0018-9464&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007ITM....43..456G&rft.aulast=Goodell&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F4033055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickert2007" class="citation cs2">Wickert, Matthias (January 2007), "Electric armour Against Shaped Charges: Analysis of Jet Distortion With Respect to Jet Dynamics and Current Flow", <i>IEEE Transactions on Magnetics</i>, <b>43</b> (1), IEEE: <span class="nowrap">426–</span>29, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ITM....43..426W">2007ITM....43..426W</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTMAG.2006.887650">10.1109/TMAG.2006.887650</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12106623">12106623</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Magnetics&rft.atitle=Electric+armour+Against+Shaped+Charges%3A+Analysis+of+Jet+Distortion+With+Respect+to+Jet+Dynamics+and+Current+Flow&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E426-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12106623%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTMAG.2006.887650&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007ITM....43..426W&rft.aulast=Wickert&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xiaopeng, Li, et al., <i>Multiprojectile Active Electromagnetic armour</i>, pp. 460–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Electric/Hybrid Electric Drive Vehicles for Military Applications</i>, pp. 132–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDonald, Colin F., <i>Gas Turbine Recuperator Renaissance</i>, pp. 1–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koschier, Angelo V. and Mauch, Hagen R., <i>Advantages of the LV100 as a Power Producer in a Hybrid Propulsion System for Future Fighting Vehicles,</i> p. 697</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tanks-could-grow-obsolete-russia-ukraine-war-shows-2022-3?r=US&IR=T">"Ukraine has destroyed nearly 10% of Russia's tanks, making experts ask: Are tanks over?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a></i>. 23 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Ukraine+has+destroyed+nearly+10%25+of+Russia%27s+tanks%2C+making+experts+ask%3A+Are+tanks+over%3F&rft.date=2022-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Ftanks-could-grow-obsolete-russia-ukraine-war-shows-2022-3%3Fr%3DUS%26IR%3DT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForty2008" class="citation book cs1">Forty, George (2008). <i>Tiger Tank Battalions in World War II</i>. London: Compendium Publishing, Ltd. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-3049-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-3049-4"><bdi>978-0-7603-3049-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tiger+Tank+Battalions+in+World+War+II&rft.place=London&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Compendium+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-3049-4&rft.aulast=Forty&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrigan2012" class="citation book cs1">Corrigan, Gordon (2012). <i>Blood, Sweat and Arrogance: The Myths of Churchill's War</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78022-555-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78022-555-5"><bdi>978-1-78022-555-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood%2C+Sweat+and+Arrogance%3A+The+Myths+of+Churchill%27s+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78022-555-5&rft.aulast=Corrigan&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoughty1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Doughty" title="Robert A. Doughty">Doughty, Robert</a> (1985). <i>The Seeds of Disaster: The Development of French Army Doctrine, 1919–39</i>. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-1460-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-1460-0"><bdi>978-0-8117-1460-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seeds+of+Disaster%3A+The+Development+of+French+Army+Doctrine%2C+1919%E2%80%9339&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+PA&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-1460-0&rft.aulast=Doughty&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWare2012" class="citation book cs1">Ware, Pat (2012). <i>The Centurion Tank</i>. South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78159-011-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78159-011-9"><bdi>978-1-78159-011-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Centurion+Tank&rft.place=South+Yorkshire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78159-011-9&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#BBCNews2006">BBC News (2006)</a> <i>Tough lessons for Israeli armour</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSean_Rayment2007" class="citation news cs1">Sean Rayment (12 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1551418/MoD-kept-failure-of-best-tank-quiet.html">"MoD kept failure of best tank quiet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Telegraph">Sunday Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150704200640/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1551418/MoD-kept-failure-of-best-tank-quiet.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Telegraph&rft.atitle=MoD+kept+failure+of+best+tank+quiet&rft.date=2007-05-12&rft.au=Sean+Rayment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1551418%2FMoD-kept-failure-of-best-tank-quiet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_R._Gordon2008" class="citation news cs1">Michael R. Gordon (21 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/21/world/middleeast/21sadr.html?_r=2&hp&oref=slogin&oref=slogin">"Operation in Sadr City Is an Iraqi Success, So Far"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170623214243/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/21/world/middleeast/21sadr.html?_r=2&hp&oref=slogin&oref=slogin">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Operation+in+Sadr+City+Is+an+Iraqi+Success%2C+So+Far&rft.date=2008-05-21&rft.au=Michael+R.+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F05%2F21%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F21sadr.html%3F_r%3D2%26hp%26oref%3Dslogin%26oref%3Dslogin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090707002753/http://www.niistali.ru/pr_secure/nobron_en.htm#7">"Nakidka" kit for protection against surveillance and precision-guided systems</a>(archive)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-logistics_burden-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-logistics_burden_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-logistics_burden_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/6402/chapter/1"><i>Reducing the Logistics Burden for the Army After Next: Doing More with Less</i></a>. Washington, DC, USA: National Academy Press. 1999. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F6402">10.17226/6402</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780309063784" title="Special:BookSources/9780309063784"><bdi>9780309063784</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reducing+the+Logistics+Burden+for+the+Army+After+Next%3A+Doing+More+with+Less&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC%2C+USA&rft.pub=National+Academy+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F6402&rft.isbn=9780309063784&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%2Fread%2F6402%2Fchapter%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Deighton1979">Deighton (1979)</a>, <i>Blitzkrieg, From the rise of Hitler to the fall of Dunkirk</i>, p. 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Deighton1979">Deighton (1979)</a>, <i>Blitzkrieg, From the rise of Hitler to the fall of Dunkirk</i>, p. 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgorkiewicz1991247-249-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgorkiewicz1991247-249_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOgorkiewicz1991">Ogorkiewicz 1991</a>, p. 247-249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Deighton1979">Deighton (1979)</a>, <i>Blitzkrieg, From the rise of Hitler to the fall of Dunkirk</i>, pp. 234–52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theshermantank.com/sherman/the-crew-and-their-stations-the-human-part-of-the-tank/">"The Crew And Their Stations: The Human Part Of The Tank, How They Lived, Worked, And Fought"</a>. 22 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Crew+And+Their+Stations%3A+The+Human+Part+Of+The+Tank%2C+How+They+Lived%2C+Worked%2C+And+Fought&rft.date=2015-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theshermantank.com%2Fsherman%2Fthe-crew-and-their-stations-the-human-part-of-the-tank%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgorkiewicz1991-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgorkiewicz1991_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOgorkiewicz1991">Ogorkiewicz 1991</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-performance_reqs-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-performance_reqs_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iZI8AQAAIAAJ"><i>Journal of the United Service Institution of India, Volume 98</i></a>, United Service Institution of India, 1968, p. 58, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180327160324/https://books.google.com/books?id=iZI8AQAAIAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+United+Service+Institution+of+India%2C+Volume+98&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=United+Service+Institution+of+India&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiZI8AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macksey, K., Tank vs Tank, Grub Street, London, 1999, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher, D., British Mark I Tank 1916, Osprey, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright2002">Wright 2002</a>, <i>Tank: The Progress of a Monstrous War Machine</i>, p. 48, "To the extent that they communicated at all, the tank crews did so by squeezing carrier pigeons out through a hole in a gun sponson, by brandishing a shovel through the manhole, or by frantic coloured discs in the air."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealy2008" class="citation book cs1">Healy, Mark (2008). Prigent, John (ed.). <i>Panzerwaffe: The Campaigns in the West 1940</i>. Vol. I. London: Ian Allan. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-3240-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-3240-8"><bdi>978-0-7110-3240-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panzerwaffe%3A+The+Campaigns+in+the+West+1940&rft.place=London&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Ian+Allan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7110-3240-8&rft.aulast=Healy&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MBT-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MBT_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlyusar2018" class="citation web cs1">Slyusar, Vadym (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330386141">"Methodology of identification of the critical requirements for armaments and military equipment"</a>. <i>VI International Scientific and Practical Conference "Coordination problems of military technical and devensive industrial policy in Ukraine. Weapons and military equipment development perspectives". Abstracts of reports. – October 10–11, 2018. – Kyiv. – DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.36335.69281</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VI+International+Scientific+and+Practical+Conference+%22Coordination+problems+of+military+technical+and+devensive+industrial+policy+in+Ukraine.+Weapons+and+military+equipment+development+perspectives%22.+Abstracts+of+reports.+%E2%80%93+October+10%E2%80%9311%2C+2018.+%E2%80%93+Kyiv.+%E2%80%93+DOI%3A+10.13140%2FRG.2.2.36335.69281&rft.atitle=Methodology+of+identification+of+the+critical+requirements+for+armaments+and+military+equipment.&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Slyusar&rft.aufirst=Vadym&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F330386141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AI-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AI_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlyusar2019" class="citation web cs1">Slyusar, Vadym (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334573170">"Artificial intelligence as the basis of future control networks"</a>. <i>Preprint</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Preprint&rft.atitle=Artificial+intelligence+as+the+basis+of+future+control+networks.&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Slyusar&rft.aufirst=Vadym&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F334573170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheffield2003" class="citation book cs1">Sheffield, G. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/somme0000shef"><i>The Somme</i></a></span>. London: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-36649-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-36649-8"><bdi>0-304-36649-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Somme&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-304-36649-8&rft.aulast=Sheffield&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsomme0000shef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilpott2009" class="citation book cs1">Philpott, W. (2009). <i>Bloody Victory: The Sacrifice on the Somme and the Making of the Twentieth Century</i> (1st ed.). London: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4087-0108-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4087-0108-9"><bdi>978-1-4087-0108-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bloody+Victory%3A+The+Sacrifice+on+the+Somme+and+the+Making+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4087-0108-9&rft.aulast=Philpott&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2009" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, B. 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London: Orion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2605-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2605-8"><bdi>978-0-7538-2605-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambrai+1917%3A+The+Myth+of+the+First+Great+Tank+Battle&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Orion&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7538-2605-8&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Electric/Hybrid Electric Drive Vehicles for Military Applications", <i>Military Technology</i> (9/2007), Moench Verlagsgesellschaft mbH: <span class="nowrap">132–</span>44, September 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+Technology&rft.atitle=Electric%2FHybrid+Electric+Drive+Vehicles+for+Military+Applications&rft.issue=9%2F2007&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=2007-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarris2007" class="citation cs2">Barris, Ted (2007), <i>Victory at Vimy: Canada Comes of Age April 9–12, 1917</i>, Thomas Allen Publishers, p. 116, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88762-253-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88762-253-3"><bdi>978-0-88762-253-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victory+at+Vimy%3A+Canada+Comes+of+Age+April+9%E2%80%9312%2C+1917&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Thomas+Allen+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-88762-253-3&rft.aulast=Barris&rft.aufirst=Ted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCawthorne2003" class="citation cs2">Cawthorne, Nigel (2003), <i>Steel Fist: Tank Warfare 1939–45</i>, London: Arcturus Publishing Ltd., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-572-02872-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-572-02872-5"><bdi>0-572-02872-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steel+Fist%3A+Tank+Warfare+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arcturus+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-572-02872-5&rft.aulast=Cawthorne&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper,_MatthewLucas,_James1979" class="citation cs2">Cooper, Matthew & Lucas, James (1979), <i>Panzer: The Armoured Force of the Third Reich</i>, Book Club Associates</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panzer%3A+The+Armoured+Force+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.pub=Book+Club+Associates&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Lucas%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoox1985" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Coox" title="Alvin Coox">Coox, Alvin D.</a> (1985), <i>Nomonhan; Japan against Russia, 1939</i>, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-1160-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-1160-7"><bdi>0-8047-1160-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomonhan%3B+Japan+against+Russia%2C+1939&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-8047-1160-7&rft.aulast=Coox&rft.aufirst=Alvin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeighton1979" class="citation cs2">Deighton, Len (1979), <i>Blitzkrieg: From the rise of Hitler to the fall of Dunkirk</i>, Fakenham: Fakenham Press Limited, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-01648-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-224-01648-2"><bdi>0-224-01648-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blitzkrieg%3A+From+the+rise+of+Hitler+to+the+fall+of+Dunkirk&rft.place=Fakenham&rft.pub=Fakenham+Press+Limited&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-224-01648-2&rft.aulast=Deighton&rft.aufirst=Len&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiNardo1986" class="citation cs2">DiNardo, Richard L. (January 1986), "The First Modern Tank: Gunther Burstyn and His Motorgeschutz", <i>Military Affairs</i>, <b>50</b> (1), JSTOR: Society for Military History: <span class="nowrap">12–</span>15, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1988528">10.2307/1988528</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1988528">1988528</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+First+Modern+Tank%3A+Gunther+Burstyn+and+His+Motorgeschutz&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=1986-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1988528&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1988528%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=DiNardo&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCol._Eshel2007" class="citation cs2">Col. Eshel, David (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defense-update.com/analysis/lebanon_war_3.htm"><i>Assessing the performance of Merkava Tanks</i></a>, Defense Update<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assessing+the+performance+of+Merkava+Tanks&rft.pub=Defense+Update&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Col.+Eshel&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense-update.com%2Fanalysis%2Flebanon_war_3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoley2014" class="citation cs2">Foley, Michael (2014), <i>Rise of the Tank: Armoured Vehicles and their use in the First World War</i>, Pen & Sword Military, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78346-393-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78346-393-0"><bdi>978-1-78346-393-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rise+of+the+Tank%3A+Armoured+Vehicles+and+their+use+in+the+First+World+War&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78346-393-0&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForty2004" class="citation cs2">Forty, George (2004), <i>Tank Warfare in World War II</i>, London: Constable & Robinson Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84119-864-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-84119-864-1"><bdi>1-84119-864-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tank+Warfare+in+World+War+II&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Robinson+Ltd&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84119-864-1&rft.aulast=Forty&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForty2006" class="citation cs2">Forty, George (2006), <i>The World Encyclopedia of Tanks & Armoured Fighting Vehicles</i>, Lorenz Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7548-1741-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7548-1741-5"><bdi>0-7548-1741-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Encyclopedia+of+Tanks+%26+Armoured+Fighting+Vehicles&rft.pub=Lorenz+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7548-1741-5&rft.aulast=Forty&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1991" class="citation cs2">Gilbert, Sir Martin (1991), <i>Churchill: A Life</i>, Thomas Allen Publishers, p. 298, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7624-2081-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7624-2081-2"><bdi>0-7624-2081-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%3A+A+Life&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Thomas+Allen+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-7624-2081-2&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Sir+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2012" class="citation cs2">Goldman, Stuart D. (2012), <i>Nomonhan 1939; The Red Army's Victory That Shaped World War II</i>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-329-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-329-1"><bdi>978-1-59114-329-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomonhan+1939%3B+The+Red+Army%27s+Victory+That+Shaped+World+War+II&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-329-1&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Stuart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilmes2004" class="citation cs2">Hilmes, Rolf (December 2004), "Arming Future MBTs – Some Considerations", <i>Military Technology</i> (12/2004), Moench Verlagsgesellschaft Mbh: 4</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+Technology&rft.atitle=Arming+Future+MBTs+%E2%80%93+Some+Considerations&rft.issue=12%2F2004&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2004-12&rft.aulast=Hilmes&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse1984" class="citation cs2">House, Jonathan M. (1984), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/resources/csi/House/House.asp"><i>Toward Combined Arms Warfare: A Survey of 20th-Century Tactics, Doctrine, and Organization</i></a>, United States Government Printing, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/464265702">464265702</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+Combined+Arms+Warfare%3A+A+Survey+of+20th-Century+Tactics%2C+Doctrine%2C+and+Organization&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F464265702&rft.aulast=House&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusacac.army.mil%2Fcac2%2Fcgsc%2Fcarl%2Fresources%2Fcsi%2FHouse%2FHouse.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunnicutt1984" class="citation cs2">Hunnicutt, R.P. (1984), <i>Patton: A History of the American Main Battle Tank</i>, Presidio, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89141-230-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-89141-230-1"><bdi>0-89141-230-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patton%3A+A+History+of+the+American+Main+Battle+Tank&rft.pub=Presidio&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-89141-230-1&rft.aulast=Hunnicutt&rft.aufirst=R.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKomarow2005" class="citation cs2">Komarow, Steven (29 March 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-03-29-tank-inside_x.htm"><i>Tanks adapted for urban fights they once avoided</i></a>, USA Today<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tanks+adapted+for+urban+fights+they+once+avoided&rft.pub=USA+Today&rft.date=2005-03-29&rft.aulast=Komarow&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2005-03-29-tank-inside_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKomarow2005" class="citation cs2">Komarow, Steven (29 March 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2005-03-29-abrams-tank-a_x.htm"><i>Tanks take a beating in Iraq</i></a>, USA Today<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tanks+take+a+beating+in+Iraq&rft.pub=USA+Today&rft.date=2005-03-29&rft.aulast=Komarow&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Firaq%2F2005-03-29-abrams-tank-a_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoschierMauch2000" class="citation cs2">Koschier, Angelo V.; Mauch, Hagen R. (2000), "Advantages of the LV100 as a Power Producer in a Hybrid Propulsion System for Future Fighting Vehicles", <i>Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power</i>, <b>122</b> (October 2000): <span class="nowrap">693–</span>98, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1115%2F1.1287585">10.1115/1.1287585</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Engineering+for+Gas+Turbines+and+Power&rft.atitle=Advantages+of+the+LV100+as+a+Power+Producer+in+a+Hybrid+Propulsion+System+for+Future+Fighting+Vehicles&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=October+2000&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E693-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1115%2F1.1287585&rft.aulast=Koschier&rft.aufirst=Angelo+V.&rft.au=Mauch%2C+Hagen+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManriqueFranco2006" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Manrique, Jose; Franco, Lucas M. (2006), <i>Las Armas de la Guerra Civil Espanola</i> (in Spanish), 28002 Madrid; La Los Libros, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-9734-475-8" title="Special:BookSources/84-9734-475-8"><bdi>84-9734-475-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Las+Armas+de+la+Guerra+Civil+Espanola&rft.pub=28002+Madrid%3B+La+Los+Libros&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=84-9734-475-8&rft.aulast=Manrique&rft.aufirst=Jose&rft.au=Franco%2C+Lucas+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus2006" class="citation cs2">Marcus, Jonathan (15 August 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4794829.stm">"Tough lessons for Israeli armour"</a>, <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Tough+lessons+for+Israeli+armour&rft.date=2006-08-15&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F4794829.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald1990" class="citation cs2">McDonald, Colin F. (1990), "Gas Turbine Recuperator Renaissance", <i>Heat Recovery Systems & CHP</i>, <b>10</b> (1), Pergamon Press: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>30, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0890-4332%2890%2990246-G">10.1016/0890-4332(90)90246-G</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heat+Recovery+Systems+%26+CHP&rft.atitle=Gas+Turbine+Recuperator+Renaissance&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0890-4332%2890%2990246-G&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Colin+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2017" class="citation cs2">Moore, Craig (2017), <i>Tank Hunter World War One</i>, The History Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-8246-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-8246-7"><bdi>978-0-7509-8246-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tank+Hunter+World+War+One&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-8246-7&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPöhlmann2016" class="citation cs2">Pöhlmann, Markus (2016), <i>Der Panzer und die Mechanisierung des Krieges: Eine deutsche Geschichte 1890 bis 1945</i>, Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-506-78355-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-506-78355-4"><bdi>978-3-506-78355-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Panzer+und+die+Mechanisierung+des+Krieges%3A+Eine+deutsche+Geschichte+1890+bis+1945&rft.place=Paderborn&rft.pub=Ferdinand+Sch%C3%B6ningh&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-506-78355-4&rft.aulast=P%C3%B6hlmann&rft.aufirst=Markus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson,_William_J.Sorvig,_Kim2000" class="citation cs2">Thompson, William J. & Sorvig, Kim (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sustainablelands0000thom/page/51"><i>Sustainable Landscape Construction: A Guide to Green Building Outdoors</i></a>, Island Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sustainablelands0000thom/page/51">51</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55963-646-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-55963-646-7"><bdi>1-55963-646-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sustainable+Landscape+Construction%3A+A+Guide+to+Green+Building+Outdoors&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-55963-646-7&rft.au=Thompson%2C+William+J.&rft.au=Sorvig%2C+Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsustainablelands0000thom%2Fpage%2F51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlaherty1991" class="citation cs2">Flaherty, Thomas H. (1991), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armouredfist00time"><i>The armoured Fist (The New Face of War)</i></a></span>, Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8094-8608-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8094-8608-3"><bdi>978-0-8094-8608-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+armoured+Fist+%28The+New+Face+of+War%29&rft.place=Alexandria%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8094-8608-3&rft.aulast=Flaherty&rft.aufirst=Thomas+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmouredfist00time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090217111036/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,757549,00.html"><i>Chewed Up</i></a>, Alexandria, Virginia: <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine, 5 April 1937, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,757549,00.html">the original</a> on 17 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chewed+Up&rft.place=Alexandria%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=Time+magazine&rft.date=1937-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C757549%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomes2004" class="citation cs2">Tomes, Robert R. (Spring 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080514095825/http://www.army.mil/prof_writing/volumes/volume2/march_2004/3_04_1.html">"Relearning Counterinsurgency Warfare"</a>, <i>Parameters</i>, <b>XXXIV</b> (1), US Army War College: <span class="nowrap">16–</span>28, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.army.mil/prof_writing/volumes/volume2/march_2004/3_04_1.html">the original</a> on 14 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parameters&rft.atitle=Relearning+Counterinsurgency+Warfare&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=XXXIV&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Tomes&rft.aufirst=Robert+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.army.mil%2Fprof_writing%2Fvolumes%2Fvolume2%2Fmarch_2004%2F3_04_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Senger_und_Etterlin1960" class="citation cs2">von Senger und Etterlin, Dr. F.M. (1960), <i>The World's Armoured Fighting Vehicles</i>, London: Macdonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Armoured+Fighting+Vehicles&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macdonald+%26+Co.+%28Publishers%29+Ltd.&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=von+Senger+und+Etterlin&rft.aufirst=Dr.+F.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillmott2003" class="citation cs2">Willmott, H.P. (2003), <i>First World War</i>, Dorling Kindersley, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4053-0029-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4053-0029-9"><bdi>1-4053-0029-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+World+War&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-4053-0029-9&rft.aulast=Willmott&rft.aufirst=H.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2002" class="citation cs2">Wright, Patrick (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tankprogressofmo00wrig"><i>Tank: The Progress of a Monstrous War Machine</i></a>, Viking, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03070-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03070-5"><bdi>978-0-670-03070-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tank%3A+The+Progress+of+a+Monstrous+War+Machine&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03070-5&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftankprogressofmo00wrig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiaopengMeng_TaoZhao_ChunLi_Liyi2007" class="citation cs2">Xiaopeng, Li; Meng Tao; Zhao Chun; Li Liyi (January 2007), "Multiprojectile Active Electromagnetic armour", <i>IEEE Transactions on Magnetics</i>, <b>43</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">460–</span>62, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ITM....43..460L">2007ITM....43..460L</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTMAG.2006.887581">10.1109/TMAG.2006.887581</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42968381">42968381</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Magnetics&rft.atitle=Multiprojectile+Active+Electromagnetic+armour&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E460-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42968381%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTMAG.2006.887581&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007ITM....43..460L&rft.aulast=Xiaopeng&rft.aufirst=Li&rft.au=Meng+Tao&rft.au=Zhao+Chun&rft.au=Li+Liyi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaloga,_Steven_J.Grandsen,_James1984" class="citation cs2">Zaloga, Steven J. & Grandsen, James (1984), <i>Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two</i>, London: Arms and Armour Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85368-606-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85368-606-8"><bdi>0-85368-606-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Tanks+and+Combat+Vehicles+of+World+War+Two&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arms+and+Armour+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-85368-606-8&rft.au=Zaloga%2C+Steven+J.&rft.au=Grandsen%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZalogaKinnearAksenovKoshchavtsev1997" class="citation cs2">Zaloga, Steven J.; Kinnear, Jim; Aksenov, Andrey; Koshchavtsev, Aleksandr (1997), <i>Soviet Tanks in Combat 1941–45: The T-28, T-34, T-34-85, and T-44 Medium Tanks</i>, Hong Kong: Concord Publication, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-361-615-5" title="Special:BookSources/962-361-615-5"><bdi>962-361-615-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Tanks+in+Combat+1941%E2%80%9345%3A+The+T-28%2C+T-34%2C+T-34-85%2C+and+T-44+Medium+Tanks&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Concord+Publication&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=962-361-615-5&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft.au=Kinnear%2C+Jim&rft.au=Aksenov%2C+Andrey&rft.au=Koshchavtsev%2C+Aleksandr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacksey1976" class="citation cs2">Macksey, Kenneth (1976), <i>Tank Warfare, A History of Tanks in Battle</i>, London: Panther, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-586-04302-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-586-04302-0"><bdi>0-586-04302-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tank+Warfare%2C+A+History+of+Tanks+in+Battle&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Panther&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-586-04302-0&rft.aulast=Macksey&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacksey,_KennethBatchelor,_John_H.1970" class="citation cs2">Macksey, Kenneth & Batchelor, John H. (1970), <i>Tank: A History of the Armoured Fighting Vehicle</i>, New York: Scribner, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-02166-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-02166-5"><bdi>0-345-02166-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tank%3A+A+History+of+the+Armoured+Fighting+Vehicle&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-345-02166-5&rft.au=Macksey%2C+Kenneth&rft.au=Batchelor%2C+John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgorkiewicz1968" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ogorkiewicz" title="Richard Ogorkiewicz">Ogorkiewicz, Richard M.</a> (1968), <i>Design and Development of Fighting Vehicles</i>, London: MacDonald, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-356-01461-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-356-01461-4"><bdi>0-356-01461-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Design+and+Development+of+Fighting+Vehicles&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MacDonald&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-356-01461-4&rft.aulast=Ogorkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgorkiewicz1970" class="citation cs2">Ogorkiewicz, Richard M. (1970), <i>Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles</i>, Arms & Armour Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85368-049-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-85368-049-3"><bdi>0-85368-049-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armoured+Forces%3A+A+History+of+Armoured+Forces+and+Their+Vehicles&rft.pub=Arms+%26+Armour+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-85368-049-3&rft.aulast=Ogorkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgorkiewicz1991" class="citation cs2">Ogorkiewicz, Richard M. (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2844482W/Technology_of_tanks?edition=ia%3AJanes_Technology_of_Tanks_01"><i>Technology of Tanks</i></a>, Coulsdon, Surrey: Jane's Information Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7106-0595-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7106-0595-1"><bdi>0-7106-0595-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technology+of+Tanks&rft.place=Coulsdon%2C+Surrey&rft.pub=Jane%27s+Information+Group&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-7106-0595-1&rft.aulast=Ogorkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL2844482W%2FTechnology_of_tanks%3Fedition%3Dia%253AJanes_Technology_of_Tanks_01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks1975" class="citation cs2">Weeks, John (1975), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/menagainsttanksh00week"><i>Men Against Tanks: A History of Anti-Tank Warfare</i></a>, New York: Mason Charter, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88405-130-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88405-130-7"><bdi>0-88405-130-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+Against+Tanks%3A+A+History+of+Anti-Tank+Warfare&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Mason+Charter&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-88405-130-7&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmenagainsttanksh00week&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATank" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/tank" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/tank">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="2184" data-mwtitle="Tank.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Tank.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/Tank.ogg/Tank.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spoken Wikipedia"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span></span></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Tank.ogg" title="File:Tank.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 11 September 2005<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005-09-11</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onwar.com/tanks/index.htm">OnWar's Tanks of World War II</a> Comprehensive specifications and diagrams of World War II tanks.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tanks5701" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tanks" title="Template:Tanks"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tanks" title="Template talk:Tanks"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tanks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tanks"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tanks5701" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tanks</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armoured warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_tank" title="Dummy tank">Dummy tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_tank" title="History of the tank">History of the tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull-down" class="mw-redirect" title="Hull-down">Hull-down</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_classification" title="Tank classification">Tank classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_desant" title="Tank desant">Tank desant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_gun" title="Tank gun">Tank gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_I" title="Tanks in World War I">Tanks in World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_interwar_period" title="Tanks of the interwar period">Interwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_II" title="Tanks in World War II">Tanks in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_the_Cold_War" title="Tanks in the Cold War">Tanks in the Cold War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Of Argentina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nahuel_(tank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahuel (tank)">Nahuel</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cscr-featured.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/15px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/23px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/TAM_(tank)" class="mw-redirect" title="TAM (tank)">TAM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Of Croatia, and<br />former Yugoslavia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M-84" title="M-84">M-84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-95_Degman" title="M-95 Degman">M-95 Degman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanks in China">Of China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_59_tank" title="Type 59 tank">Type 59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_62" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 62">Type 62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_63_(tank)" title="Type 63 (tank)">Type 63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_69/79" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 69/79">Type 69/79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_88_tank_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 88 tank (China)">Type 88 tank (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_96_tank" title="Type 96 tank">Type 96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_99_tank" title="Type 99 tank">Type 99 tank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_France" title="Tanks of France">Of France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renault_FT-17" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault FT-17">Renault FT-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schneider_CA1" title="Schneider CA1">Schneider CA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Chamond_(tank)" class="mw-redirect" title="St Chamond (tank)">St Chamond (tank)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_2C" title="Char 2C">Char 2C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_B1" title="Char B1">Char B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_D1" title="Char D1">Char D1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_D2" title="Char D2">Char D2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_G1" title="Char G1">Char G1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somua_S35" class="mw-redirect" title="Somua S35">Somua S35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMR_33" title="AMR 33">AMR 33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMR_35" title="AMR 35">AMR 35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCM_36" title="FCM 36">FCM 36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_H35" title="Hotchkiss H35">Hotchkiss H35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_R35" title="Renault R35">Renault R35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_R40" title="Renault R40">Renault R40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMC_34" title="AMC 34">AMC 34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMC_35" title="AMC 35">AMC 35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARL_44" title="ARL 44">ARL 44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMX-13" title="AMX-13">AMX-13</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cscr-featured.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/15px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/23px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/AMX-30" title="AMX-30">AMX-30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMX_50" class="mw-redirect" title="AMX 50">AMX-50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leclerc_tank" title="Leclerc tank">Leclerc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_the_German_Army" title="Tanks in the German Army">Of Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A7V" title="A7V">A7V</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cscr-featured.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/15px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/23px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Panzer_I" title="Panzer I">Panzer I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_II" title="Panzer II">Panzer II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_III" title="Panzer III">Panzer III</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_a_class.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Symbol_a_class.svg/15px-Symbol_a_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Symbol_a_class.svg/23px-Symbol_a_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Symbol_a_class.svg/30px-Symbol_a_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Panzer_IV" title="Panzer IV">Panzer IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panther_tank" title="Panther tank">Panther tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A4hpanzer_SP_I.C." title="Spähpanzer SP I.C.">Spähpanzer SP I.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_I" title="Tiger I">Tiger I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_II" title="Tiger II">Tiger II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_1" title="Leopard 1">Leopard 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_2" title="Leopard 2">Leopard 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Of India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_MBT" class="mw-redirect" title="Arjun MBT">Arjun MBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_EX" title="Tank EX">Tank EX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanta" title="Vijayanta">Vijayanta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Of Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T-72Z_Safir-74" class="mw-redirect" title="T-72Z Safir-74">T-72Z Safir-74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar_(tank)" title="Zulfiqar (tank)">Zulfiqar (tank)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Of Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M50_Super_Sherman" class="mw-redirect" title="M50 Super Sherman">M50 Super Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magach" title="Magach">Magach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkava" title="Merkava">Merkava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabra_(tank)" title="Sabra (tank)">Sabra (tank)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sho%27t" title="Sho't">Sho't</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Of Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_2000" title="Fiat 2000">Fiat 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_3000" title="Fiat 3000">Fiat 3000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L3/35" title="L3/35">L3/35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_L6/40" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat L6/40">Fiat L6/40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_M11/39" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat M11/39">Fiat M11/39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_M13/40" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat M13/40">Fiat M13/40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_M14/41" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat M14/41">Fiat M14/41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M15/42_tank" title="M15/42 tank">M15/42 tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P40_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="P40 tank">P40 tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariete" title="Ariete">Ariete</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_the_Japanese_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanks in the Japanese Army">Of Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_89_I-Go_medium_tank#History_and_development" title="Type 89 I-Go medium tank">Type 87 Chi-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_89_I-Go_medium_tank" title="Type 89 I-Go medium tank">Type 89 Chi-Ro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_94_tankette" title="Type 94 tankette">Type 94 Te-Ke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_97_Te-Ke_tankette" title="Type 97 Te-Ke tankette">Type 97 Te-Ke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_95_Ha-Go_light_tank" title="Type 95 Ha-Go light tank">Type 95 Ha-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_98_Ke-Ni_light_tank" title="Type 98 Ke-Ni light tank">Type 98 Ke-Ni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_2_Ke-To_light_tank" title="Type 2 Ke-To light tank">Type 2 Ke-To</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_4_Ke-Nu_light_tank" title="Type 4 Ke-Nu light tank">Type 4 Ke-Nu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_97_Chi-Ha_medium_tank" title="Type 97 Chi-Ha medium tank">Type 97 Chi-Ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_97_ShinHoTo_Chi-Ha_medium_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 97 ShinHoTo Chi-Ha medium tank">Type 97 ShinHoTo Chi-Ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_2_Ho-I" title="Type 2 Ho-I">Type 2 Ho-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_1_Chi-He_medium_tank" title="Type 1 Chi-He medium tank">Type 1 Chi-He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_3_Chi-Nu_medium_tank" title="Type 3 Chi-Nu medium tank">Type 3 Chi-Nu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_4_Chi-To_medium_tank" title="Type 4 Chi-To medium tank">Type 4 Chi-To</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_5_Chi-Ri_medium_tank" title="Type 5 Chi-Ri medium tank">Type 5 Chi-Ri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_97_ShinHoTo_Chi-Ha_medium_tank#Short_Barrel_120_mm_gun_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 97 ShinHoTo Chi-Ha medium tank">Short Barrel 120 mm gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_95_heavy_tank" title="Type 95 heavy tank">Type 95 heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-I_super-heavy_tank" title="O-I super-heavy tank">O-I super-heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_61_(tank)" title="Type 61 (tank)">Type 61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_74_tank" title="Type 74 tank">Type 74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_90_tank" title="Type 90 tank">Type 90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_10" title="Type 10">Type 10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TKS" title="TKS">TKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7TP" title="7TP">7TP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10TP" title="10TP">10TP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20/25TP" title="20/25TP">20/25TP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PT-91_Twardy" title="PT-91 Twardy">PT-91 Twardy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TR-77" class="mw-redirect" title="TR-77">TR-77</a></li> <li>TM-800</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TR-85" title="TR-85">TR-85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TR-125" title="TR-125">TR-125</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Tanks of the Soviet Union">Of Russia, and<br />former Soviet Republics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mendeleev_tank" title="Mendeleev tank">Mendeleev tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vezdekhod" title="Vezdekhod">Vezdekhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar tank">Tsar tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BT_tank" title="BT tank">BT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-24_tank" title="T-24 tank">T-24</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cscr-featured.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/15px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/23px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/T-26" title="T-26">T-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-27" title="T-27">T-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-28_(medium_tank)" title="T-28 (medium tank)">T-28</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cscr-featured.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/15px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/23px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/T-34" title="T-34">T-34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-35" title="T-35">T-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-37A_tank" title="T-37A tank">T-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-38_tank" title="T-38 tank">T-38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-40_tank" title="T-40 tank">T-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-50_tank" title="T-50 tank">T-50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-60_tank" title="T-60 tank">T-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-70" title="T-70">T-70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov_tank" title="Kliment Voroshilov tank">Kliment Voroshilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS_tank_family" title="IS tank family">IS family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-54/T-55" title="T-54/T-55">T-54/T-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-62" title="T-62">T-62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-64" title="T-64">T-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-72" title="T-72">T-72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-80" title="T-80">T-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-84" title="T-84">T-84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-90" title="T-90">T-90</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cscr-featured.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/15px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/23px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanks of Spain">Of Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cscr-featured.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/15px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/23px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Verdeja" title="Verdeja">Verdeja</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cscr-featured.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/15px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/23px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Lince_(tank)" title="Lince (tank)">Lince (tank)</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cscr-featured.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/15px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/23px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/AMX-30E" title="AMX-30E">AMX-30E</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cscr-featured.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/15px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/23px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Leopard_2E" title="Leopard 2E">Leopard 2E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AAC-1937" title="AAC-1937">AAC-1937</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Of the<br /><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_I_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark I tank">Mark I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_A1E1_Independent" title="Vickers A1E1 Independent">Vickers A1E1 Independent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Medium_Mark_I" title="Vickers Medium Mark I">Vickers Medium Mark I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Medium_Mark_II" title="Vickers Medium Mark II">Vickers Medium Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_6-Ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Vickers 6-Ton">Vickers 6-Ton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_tanks_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Light tanks of the United Kingdom">Light tanks of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_Tank_Mk_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Light Tank Mk VI">Light Tank Mk VI</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cscr-featured.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/15px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/23px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Light_Tank_Mk_VII_Tetrarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Light Tank Mk VII Tetrarch">Light Tank Mk VII Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_Mk_I" title="Cruiser Mk I">Cruiser Mk I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_Mk_II" title="Cruiser Mk II">Cruiser Mk II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_Mk_III" title="Cruiser Mk III">Cruiser Mk III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_Mk_IV" title="Cruiser Mk IV">Cruiser Mk IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenanter_tank" title="Covenanter tank">Covenanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusader_tank" title="Crusader tank">Crusader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_tank" title="Cavalier tank">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwell_tank" title="Cromwell tank">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_Mk_VIII_Challenger" title="Cruiser Mk VIII Challenger">Cruiser Mk VIII Challenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_(tank)" title="Comet (tank)">Comet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Firefly" title="Sherman Firefly">Sherman Firefly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_I_(tank)" title="Matilda I (tank)">Matilda I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_II" title="Matilda II">Matilda II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine_tank" title="Valentine tank">Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_tank" title="Churchill tank">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centurion_(tank)" title="Centurion (tank)">Centurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chieftain_(tank)" title="Chieftain (tank)">Chieftain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conqueror_(tank)" title="Conqueror (tank)">Conqueror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_MBT" title="Vickers MBT">Vickers MBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenger_1" title="Challenger 1">Challenger 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenger_2" title="Challenger 2">Challenger 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_United_States" title="Tanks of the United States">Of the<br />United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holt_gas%E2%80%93electric_tank" title="Holt gas–electric tank">Holt gas–electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M2_light_tank" title="M2 light tank">M2 light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M3_Stuart" title="M3 Stuart">M3 Stuart</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_a_class.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Symbol_a_class.svg/15px-Symbol_a_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Symbol_a_class.svg/23px-Symbol_a_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Symbol_a_class.svg/30px-Symbol_a_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/M22_Locust" title="M22 Locust">M22 Locust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M24_Chaffee" title="M24 Chaffee">M24 Chaffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmon-Herrington_CTLS" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmon-Herrington CTLS">Marmon-Herrington CTLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M2_medium_tank" title="M2 medium tank">M2 medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M3_Lee" title="M3 Lee">M3 Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4 Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M26_Pershing" title="M26 Pershing">M26 Pershing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M46_Patton" title="M46 Patton">M46 Patton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M47_Patton" title="M47 Patton">M47 Patton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M48_Patton" title="M48 Patton">M48 Patton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M60_tank" title="M60 tank">M60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M41_Walker_Bulldog" title="M41 Walker Bulldog">M41 Walker Bulldog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M103_(heavy_tank)" class="mw-redirect" title="M103 (heavy tank)">M103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M551_Sheridan" title="M551 Sheridan">M551 Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1 Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Protected_Firepower" title="Mobile Protected Firepower">Mobile Protected Firepower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cscr-featured.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/15px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/23px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Rheinmetall_120_mm_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheinmetall 120 mm gun">Rheinmetall 120 mm gun</a><br /> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cscr-featured.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/15px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/23px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Arena_Active_Protection_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Arena Active Protection System">Arena Active Protection System</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tanks_of_the_First_World_War1495" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:WWI_tanks" title="Template:WWI tanks"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:WWI_tanks" title="Template talk:WWI tanks"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWI_tanks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:WWI tanks"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tanks_of_the_First_World_War1495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tanks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Light_tank" title="Light tank">Light</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M1918_Ford_3-ton_tank" title="M1918 Ford 3-ton tank">M1918 Ford 3-ton tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1917_light_tank" title="M1917 light tank">M1917 light tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_FT" title="Renault FT">Renault FT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Medium_tank" title="Medium tank">Medium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medium_Mark_A_Whippet" title="Medium Mark A Whippet">Medium Mark A Whippet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_Mark_B" title="Medium Mark B">Medium Mark B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_Mark_C" title="Medium Mark C">Medium Mark C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_tank" title="Heavy tank">Heavy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A7V" title="A7V">A7V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_heavy_tanks_of_World_War_I#Mark_I" class="mw-redirect" title="British heavy tanks of World War I">Mark I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_heavy_tanks_of_World_War_I#Mark_II" class="mw-redirect" title="British heavy tanks of World War I">Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_heavy_tanks_of_World_War_I#Mark_III" class="mw-redirect" title="British heavy tanks of World War I">Mark III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_IV_tank" title="Mark IV tank">Mark IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_V_tank" title="Mark V tank">Mark V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_V_tank#Mark_V*" title="Mark V tank">Mark V*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_V_tank#Mark_V**" title="Mark V tank">Mark V**</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_VIII_tank" title="Mark VIII tank">Mark VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Chamond_(tank)" title="Saint-Chamond (tank)">Saint-Chamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schneider_CA1" title="Schneider CA1">Schneider CA1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">Prototypes</a>,<br />experimentals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CLB_75_Tank" class="mw-redirect" title="CLB 75 Tank">CLB 75 Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCM_1A" title="FCM 1A">FCM 1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_2000" title="Fiat 2000">Fiat 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt_gas%E2%80%93electric_tank" title="Holt gas–electric tank">Holt gas–electric tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Willie" title="Little Willie">Little Willie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LK_I" title="LK I">LK I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LK_II" title="LK II">LK II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_heavy_tanks_of_World_War_I#Mark_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="British heavy tanks of World War I">Mark VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_tank" title="Skeleton tank">Skeleton tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_tank" title="Steam tank">Steam tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_Wheel_Tank" title="Steam Wheel Tank">Steam Wheel Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmpanzerwagen_Oberschlesien" title="Sturmpanzerwagen Oberschlesien">Sturmpanzerwagen Oberschlesien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar_Tank" title="Tsar Tank">Tsar Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vezdekhod" title="Vezdekhod">Vezdekhod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I_tanks" title="Category:World War I tanks">World War I tanks</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_combat_vehicles_of_World_War_I" title="List of combat vehicles of World War I">List of combat vehicles of World War I</a></li></ul> <p>Background: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_tank" title="History of the tank">History of the tank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tank_classification" title="Tank classification">Tank classification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_I" title="Tanks in World War I">Tanks in World War I</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tanks_of_the_interwar_period3090" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Interwar_tanks" title="Template:Interwar tanks"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Interwar_tanks" title="Template talk:Interwar tanks"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Interwar_tanks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Interwar tanks"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tanks_of_the_interwar_period3090" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_interwar_period" title="Tanks of the interwar period">Tanks of the interwar period</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Tankette" title="Tankette">Tankettes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AH-IV" title="AH-IV">AH-IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carden_Loyd_tankette" title="Carden Loyd tankette">Carden Loyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L3/33" title="L3/33">L3/33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L3/35" title="L3/35">L3/35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-1_tank" title="R-1 tank">R-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-27" title="T-27">T-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-32_(%C5%A0-I-D)" title="T-32 (Š-I-D)">T-32 (Š-I-D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan%C4%8D%C3%ADk_vz._33" title="Tančík vz. 33">Tančík vz. 33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TKS" title="TKS">TKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_92_heavy_armoured_car" title="Type 92 heavy armoured car">Type 92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_94_tankette" title="Type 94 tankette">Type 94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_97_Te-Ke_tankette" title="Type 97 Te-Ke tankette">Type 97 Te-Ke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Light_tank" title="Light tank">Light</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7TP" title="7TP">7TP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9TP" title="9TP">9TP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/38M_Toldi" title="38M Toldi">38M Toldi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_D1" title="Char D1">Char D1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disston_Tractor_Tank" title="Disston Tractor Tank">Disston Tractor Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_3000" title="Fiat 3000">Fiat 3000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_H35" title="Hotchkiss H35">H35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsverk_L-60" title="Landsverk L-60">L-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_tanks_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Light tanks of the United Kingdom">Light tanks Mk I–V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_Tank_Mk_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Light Tank Mk VI">Light tank Mk VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_Tank_Mk_VII_Tetrarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Light Tank Mk VII Tetrarch">Light tank Mk VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LT_vz._34" title="LT vz. 34">LT vz. 34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_35(t)" title="Panzer 35(t)">LT vz. 35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_38(t)" title="Panzer 38(t)">LT vz. 38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1_combat_car" title="M1 combat car">M1 combat car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M2_light_tank" title="M2 light tank">M2 light tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_I" title="Panzer I">Panzer I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_II" title="Panzer II">Panzer II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_R35" title="Renault R35">R35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-18_tank" title="T-18 tank">T-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-26" title="T-26">T-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-37A_tank" title="T-37A tank">T-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-38_tank" title="T-38 tank">T-38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_95_Ha-Go_light_tank" title="Type 95 Ha-Go light tank">Type 95 Ha-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_6-ton" title="Vickers 6-ton">Vickers 6-ton</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Vickers-Carden-Loyd_light_amphibious_tank" title="Vickers-Carden-Loyd light amphibious tank">Vickers-Carden-Loyd light amphibious tank</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_T-15_light_tank" title="Vickers T-15 light tank">Vickers T-15</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Medium_tank" title="Medium tank">Medium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Char_D2" title="Char D2">Char D2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-24_tank" title="T-24 tank">T-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-28_(medium_tank)" title="T-28 (medium tank)">T-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_89_I-Go_medium_tank" title="Type 89 I-Go medium tank">Type 89 I-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_97_Chi-Ha_medium_tank" title="Type 97 Chi-Ha medium tank">Type 97 Chi-Ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Medium_Mark_I" title="Vickers Medium Mark I">Vickers medium Mk I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Medium_Mark_II" title="Vickers Medium Mark II">Vickers medium Mk II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Cavalry, <a href="/wiki/Cruiser_tank" title="Cruiser tank">cruiser</a>, fast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMC_34" title="AMC 34">AMC 34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMC_35" title="AMC 35">AMC 35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMR_33" title="AMR 33">AMR 33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMR_35" title="AMR 35">AMR 35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BT_tank" title="BT tank">BT tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_Mk_I" title="Cruiser Mk I">Cruiser Mk I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_Mk_II" title="Cruiser Mk II">Cruiser Mk II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_Mk_III" title="Cruiser Mk III">Cruiser Mk III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOMUA_S35" title="SOMUA S35">SOMUA S35</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Infantry_tank" title="Infantry tank">Infantry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FCM_36" title="FCM 36">FCM 36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_H35" title="Hotchkiss H35">Hotchkiss H35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_I_(tank)" title="Matilda I (tank)">Matilda I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-26" title="T-26">T-26</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_tank" title="Heavy tank">Heavy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super-heavy_tank" title="Super-heavy tank">super-heavy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Char_2C" title="Char 2C">Char 2C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_B1" title="Char B1">Char B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-35" title="T-35">T-35</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">Prototypes</a>,<br />experimentals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10TP" title="10TP">10TP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCM_F1" title="FCM F1">FCM F1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosstraktor" title="Grosstraktor">Grosstraktor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolohousenka" title="Kolohousenka">Kolohousenka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsverk_L-120" title="Landsverk L-120">Landsverk L-120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leichttraktor" title="Leichttraktor">Leichttraktor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_Mark_III" title="Medium Mark III">Medium Mark III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_Mark_D" title="Medium Mark D">Medium Mark D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A7_Medium_Tank" class="mw-redirect" title="A7 Medium Tank">Medium tank A7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris-Martel" title="Morris-Martel">Morris-Martel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neubaufahrzeug" title="Neubaufahrzeug">Neubaufahrzeug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PZIn%C5%BC_130" title="PZInż 130">PZInż 130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_MU-4" title="Škoda MU-4">Škoda MU-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMK_tank" title="SMK tank">SMK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussler_V-4" title="Straussler V-4">Straussler V-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsverk_L-10" title="Landsverk L-10">Stridsvagn m/31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ST_vz._39" title="ST vz. 39">ST vz. 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T1_light_tank" title="T1 light tank">T1 light tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T2_tank" title="T2 tank">T2 medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T7_combat_car" title="T7 combat car">T7 combat car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-19" title="T-19">T-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-42_super-heavy_tank" title="T-42 super-heavy tank">T-42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-100_tank" title="T-100 tank">T-100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_87_Chi-I_medium_tank" title="Type 87 Chi-I medium tank">Type 87 Chi-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_91_heavy_tank" title="Type 91 heavy tank">Type 91 heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_95_heavy_tank" title="Type 95 heavy tank">Type 95 heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_97_Chi-Ni_medium_tank" title="Type 97 Chi-Ni medium tank">Type 97 Chi-Ni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_98_Chi-Ho_medium_tank" title="Type 98 Chi-Ho medium tank">Type 98 Chi-Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdeja" title="Verdeja">Verdeja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_A1E1_Independent" title="Vickers A1E1 Independent">Vickers A1E1 Independent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Tanks_of_the_interwar_period" title="Category:Tanks of the interwar period">Interwar period tanks</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_interwar_armoured_fighting_vehicles" title="List of interwar armoured fighting vehicles">List of interwar armoured fighting vehicles</a></li></ul> <p>Background: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_tank" title="History of the tank">History of the tank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tank_classification" title="Tank classification">Tank classification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tanks_of_the_Second_World_War3491" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:WWII_tanks" title="Template:WWII tanks"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:WWII_tanks" title="Template talk:WWII tanks"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWII_tanks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:WWII tanks"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tanks_of_the_Second_World_War3491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_II" title="Tanks in World War II">Tanks of the Second World War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Light_tank" title="Light tank">Light</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/38M_Toldi" title="38M Toldi">Toldi tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KhTZ-16" title="KhTZ-16">KhTZ-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L6/40_tank" title="L6/40 tank">L6/40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_tank_Mk_VIII" title="Light tank Mk VIII">Light tank Mk VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M3_Stuart" title="M3 Stuart">M3/M5 Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M22_Locust" title="M22 Locust">M22 Locust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M24_Chaffee" title="M24 Chaffee">M24 Chaffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmon-Herrington_CTLS" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmon-Herrington CTLS">Marmon-Herrington CTLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_R40" title="Renault R40">Renault R40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NI_tank" title="NI tank">NI tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-26" title="T-26">T-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-40_tank" title="T-40 tank">T-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-60_tank" title="T-60 tank">T-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-70" title="T-70">T-70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_Tank_Mk_VII_Tetrarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Light Tank Mk VII Tetrarch">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_I" title="Panzer I">Panzer I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_II" title="Panzer II">Panzer II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_35(t)" title="Panzer 35(t)">Panzer 35(t)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_98_Ke-Ni_light_tank" title="Type 98 Ke-Ni light tank">Type 98 Ke-Ni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_2_Ke-To_light_tank" title="Type 2 Ke-To light tank">Type 2 Ke-To</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_2_Ka-Mi" title="Type 2 Ka-Mi">Type 2 Ka-Mi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_4_Ke-Nu_light_tank" title="Type 4 Ke-Nu light tank">Type 4 Ke-Nu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Medium_tank" title="Medium tank">Medium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/40M_Tur%C3%A1n" title="40M Turán">Turán I and II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/43M_Tur%C3%A1n_III" title="43M Turán III">43M Turán III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M11/39_tank" title="M11/39 tank">M11/39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M13/40_tank" title="M13/40 tank">M13/40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M14/41_tank" title="M14/41 tank">M14/41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M15/42_tank" title="M15/42 tank">M15/42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M2_medium_tank" title="M2 medium tank">M2 medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M3_Lee" title="M3 Lee">M3 Lee/Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4 Sherman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Firefly" title="Sherman Firefly">Sherman Firefly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M26_Pershing" title="M26 Pershing">M26 Pershing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P26/40_tank" title="P26/40 tank">P26/40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_III" title="Panzer III">Panzer III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_IV" title="Panzer IV">Panzer IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panther_tank" title="Panther tank">Panzer V Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stridsvagn_m/41" title="Stridsvagn m/41">Stridsvagn m/41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stridsvagn_m/42" title="Stridsvagn m/42">Stridsvagn m/42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-34" title="T-34">T-34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-44" title="T-44">T-44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_97_ShinH%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Chi-Ha_medium_tank" title="Type 97 ShinHōtō Chi-Ha medium tank">Type 97 ShinHōtō Chi-Ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_1_Chi-He_medium_tank" title="Type 1 Chi-He medium tank">Type 1 Chi-He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_3_Ka-Chi" title="Type 3 Ka-Chi">Type 3 Ka-Chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_3_Chi-Nu_medium_tank" title="Type 3 Chi-Nu medium tank">Type 3 Chi-Nu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_tank" title="Cruiser tank">Cruiser</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_tank" title="Sentinel tank">AC1 Sentinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_Mk_IV" title="Cruiser Mk IV">Cruiser Mk IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenanter_tank" title="Covenanter tank">Covenanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusader_tank" title="Crusader tank">Crusader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_tank" title="Cavalier tank">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwell_tank" title="Cromwell tank">Cromwell (and Centaur)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_Mk_VIII_Challenger" title="Cruiser Mk VIII Challenger">Mk VIII Challenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_(tank)" title="Comet (tank)">Comet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grizzly_I_cruiser" title="Grizzly I cruiser">Grizzly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_tank" title="Ram tank">Ram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Infantry_tank" title="Infantry tank">Infantry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_tank" title="Churchill tank">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_II" title="Matilda II">Matilda II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine_tank" title="Valentine tank">Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-50_tank" title="T-50 tank">T-50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_2_Ho-I" title="Type 2 Ho-I">Type 2 Ho-I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_tank" title="Heavy tank">Heavy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IS_tank_family" title="IS tank family">IS tank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IS_tank_family" title="IS tank family">IS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-2" title="IS-2">IS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-3" title="IS-3">IS-3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov_tank" title="Kliment Voroshilov tank">KV tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_I" title="Tiger I">Tiger I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_II" title="Tiger II">Tiger II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">Prototypes</a>,<br />experimentals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/44M_Tas" title="44M Tas">44M Tas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_tank" title="Thunderbolt tank">AC3 Thunderbolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC4_tank" title="AC4 tank">AC4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_experimental_light_tank" title="Australian experimental light tank">AELT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMX_40_cruiser_tank" title="AMX 40 cruiser tank">AMX 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Prince_(tank)" title="Black Prince (tank)">Black Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Semple_tank" title="Bob Semple tank">Bob Semple tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excelsior_tank" title="Excelsior tank">Excelsior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M6_heavy_tank" title="M6 heavy tank">M6 heavy tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M7_medium_tank" title="M7 medium tank">M7 medium tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahuel_DL_43" title="Nahuel DL 43">Nahuel DL 43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-I_super-heavy_tank" title="O-I super-heavy tank">O-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_VIII_Maus" title="Panzer VIII Maus">Panzer VIII Maus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerkampfwagen_E-100" title="Panzerkampfwagen E-100">Panzerkampfwagen E-100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PPG_tankette" title="PPG tankette">PPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carro_Armato_Celere_Sahariano" title="Carro Armato Celere Sahariano">Sahariano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schofield_tank" title="Schofield tank">Schofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_number_3_light_tank_Ku-Ro" title="Special number 3 light tank Ku-Ro">Special number 3 Ku-Ro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T14_heavy_tank" title="T14 heavy tank">T14 heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T20_medium_tank" title="T20 medium tank">T20 medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T28_super-heavy_tank" title="T28 super-heavy tank">T28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T29_heavy_tank" title="T29 heavy tank">T29 heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T30_heavy_tank" title="T30 heavy tank">T30 heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T32_heavy_tank" title="T32 heavy tank">T32 heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T34_heavy_tank" title="T34 heavy tank">T34 heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-43_medium_tank" title="T-43 medium tank">T-43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOG1" title="TOG1">TOG1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOG2" title="TOG2">TOG2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_98_Chi-Ho_medium_tank" title="Type 98 Chi-Ho medium tank">Type 98 Chi-Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_4_Chi-To_medium_tank" title="Type 4 Chi-To medium tank">Type 4 Chi-To</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_5_Chi-Ri_medium_tank" title="Type 5 Chi-Ri medium tank">Type 5 Chi-Ri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_5_Ke-Ho_light_tank" title="Type 5 Ke-Ho light tank">Type 5 Ke-Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_5_To-Ku" title="Type 5 To-Ku">Type 5 To-Ku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valiant_tank" title="Valiant tank">Valiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdeja" title="Verdeja">Verdeja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II_tanks" title="Category:World War II tanks">World War II tanks</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_armoured_fighting_vehicles_of_World_War_II" title="List of armoured fighting vehicles of World War II">List of armoured fighting vehicles of World War II</a></li> <li>Background: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_tank" title="History of the tank">History of the tank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tank_classification" title="Tank classification">Tank classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tanks_of_the_Cold_War2886" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War_tanks" title="Template:Cold War tanks"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War_tanks" title="Template talk:Cold War tanks"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War_tanks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War tanks"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tanks_of_the_Cold_War2886" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tanks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">Main battle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMX-30" title="AMX-30">AMX-30</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMX-30E" title="AMX-30E">AMX-30E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centurion_(tank)" title="Centurion (tank)">Centurion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sho%27t" title="Sho't">Sho't</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenger_1" title="Challenger 1">Challenger 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chieftain_(tank)" title="Chieftain (tank)">Chieftain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonma-ho" title="Chonma-ho">Chonma-ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CM-11_Brave_Tiger" title="CM-11 Brave Tiger">CM-11 Brave Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K1_88-Tank" class="mw-redirect" title="K1 88-Tank">K1 88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_1" title="Leopard 1">Leopard 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_2" title="Leopard 2">Leopard 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1 Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M48_Patton" title="M48 Patton">M48 Patton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CM-12_tank" title="CM-12 tank">CM-12</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M60_tank" title="M60 tank">M60 tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magach" title="Magach">Magach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkava" title="Merkava">Merkava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OF-40" title="OF-40">OF-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_68" title="Panzer 68">Panzer 68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stridsvagn_103" title="Stridsvagn 103">Stridsvagn 103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-54/T-55" title="T-54/T-55">T-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-62" title="T-62">T-62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-64" title="T-64">T-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-72" title="T-72">T-72</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M-84" title="M-84">M-84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Babylon_(tank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion of Babylon (tank)">Lion of Babylon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-80" title="T-80">T-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TR-85" title="TR-85">TR-85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_59_tank" title="Type 59 tank">Type 59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_61_(tank)" title="Type 61 (tank)">Type 61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_69_tank" title="Type 69 tank">Type 69/79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_74_tank" title="Type 74 tank">Type 74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_80/88_main_battle_tank" title="Type 80/88 main battle tank">Type 80/85/88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_90_tank" title="Type 90 tank">Type 90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_MBT" title="Vickers MBT">Vickers MBT Mk 1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanta" title="Vijayanta">Vijayanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_MBT_Mark_3" title="Vickers MBT Mark 3">Vickers MBT Mk 3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Light_tank" title="Light tank">Light</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMX-13" title="AMX-13">AMX-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Survivability_Test_Vehicle_(Lightweight)" title="High Survivability Test Vehicle (Lightweight)">HSTV(L)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M41_Walker_Bulldog" title="M41 Walker Bulldog">M41 Walker Bulldog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M551_Sheridan" title="M551 Sheridan">M551 Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PT-76" title="PT-76">PT-76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_1981_%22Shin%27heung%22" title="Model 1981 "Shin'heung"">PT-85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SK-105_K%C3%BCrassier" title="SK-105 Kürassier">SK-105 Kürassier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stingray_light_tank" title="Stingray light tank">Stingray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_62" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 62">Type 62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_63_(tank)" title="Type 63 (tank)">Type 63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_64_(tank)" title="Type 64 (tank)">Type 64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M3_Stuart#Brazilian_variants" title="M3 Stuart">X1A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Medium_tank" title="Medium tank">Medium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charioteer_(tank)" title="Charioteer (tank)">Charioteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M46_Patton" title="M46 Patton">M46 Patton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M47_Patton" title="M47 Patton">M47 Patton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_58" title="Panzer 58">Panzer 58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_61" title="Panzer 61">Panzer 61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stridsvagn_74" title="Stridsvagn 74">Stridsvagn 74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Sherman" title="Super Sherman">Super Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanque_Argentino_Mediano" title="Tanque Argentino Mediano">TAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-54/T-55" title="T-54/T-55">T-54</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_tank" title="Heavy tank">Heavy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARL_44" title="ARL 44">ARL 44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conqueror_(tank)" title="Conqueror (tank)">Conqueror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-4" title="IS-4">IS-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M103_(heavy_tank)" class="mw-redirect" title="M103 (heavy tank)">M103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-10_tank" title="T-10 tank">T-10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">Prototypes</a>,<br />experimentals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMX-32" title="AMX-32">AMX-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMX-40" title="AMX-40">AMX-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMX-50" title="AMX-50">AMX-50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batignolles-Chatillon_Char_25T" title="Batignolles-Chatillon Char 25T">Char 25T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EE-T1_Os%C3%B3rio" title="EE-T1 Osório">EE-T1 Osório</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_(tank)" title="Emil (tank)">Emil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_Tank" title="Expeditionary Tank">Expeditionary Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSTV(L)" class="mw-redirect" title="HSTV(L)">HSTV(L)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-7" title="IS-7">IS-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_40t" title="Lorraine 40t">Lorraine 40t</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M8_armored_gun_system" title="M8 armored gun system">M8 armored gun system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardini_MB-3_Tamoyo" title="Bernardini MB-3 Tamoyo">MB-3 Tamoyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBT-70" title="MBT-70">MBT-70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBT-80" title="MBT-80">MBT-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obiekt_187" title="Obiekt 187">Object 187</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obiekt_279" title="Obiekt 279">Object 279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obiekt_292" title="Obiekt 292">Object 292</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obiekt_490A" title="Obiekt 490A">Object 490A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obiekt_770" title="Obiekt 770">Object 770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obiekt_785" title="Obiekt 785">Object 785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A4hpanzer_Ru_251" title="Spähpanzer Ru 251">Spähpanzer Ru 251</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A4hpanzer_SP_I.C." title="Spähpanzer SP I.C.">Spähpanzer SP I.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T92_light_tank" title="T92 light tank">T92 light tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T95_medium_tank" title="T95 medium tank">T95 medium tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TR-125" title="TR-125">TR-125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_MBT_Mark_4" title="Vickers MBT Mark 4">Vickers MBT Mk 4 Valiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_MBT#Vickers_Main_Battle_Tank_Mark_7" title="Vickers MBT">Vickers MBT Mk 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WZ-111_heavy_tank" title="WZ-111 heavy tank">WZ-111 heavy tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WZ-132_light_tank" title="WZ-132 light tank">WZ-132 light tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WZ-122_main_battle_tank" title="WZ-122 main battle tank">WZ-122</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Tanks_of_the_Cold_War" title="Category:Tanks of the Cold War">Cold War tanks</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_armoured_fighting_vehicles" title="List of modern armoured fighting vehicles">List of modern armoured fighting vehicles</a></li></ul> <p>Background: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_tank" title="History of the tank">History of the tank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tank_classification" title="Tank classification">Tank classification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_the_Cold_War" title="Tanks in the Cold War">Tanks in the Cold War</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tanks_of_the_post–Cold_War_era3372" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_tanks" title="Template:Post–Cold War tanks"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_tanks" title="Template talk:Post–Cold War tanks"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_tanks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post–Cold War tanks"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tanks_of_the_post–Cold_War_era3372" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Tanks of the post–Cold War era">Tanks of the post–Cold War era</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">Main battle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khalid_tank" title="Al-Khalid tank">Al-Khalid tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zarrar_tank" title="Al-Zarrar tank">Al-Zarrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariete" title="Ariete">Ariete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_(tank)" title="Arjun (tank)">Arjun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenger_2" title="Challenger 2">Challenger 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_59_Durjoy" title="Type 59 Durjoy">Durjoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2_Black_Panther" title="K2 Black Panther">K2 Black Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrar_(tank)" title="Karrar (tank)">Karrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leclerc_tank" title="Leclerc tank">Leclerc</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Leclerc_XLR" title="Leclerc XLR">Leclerc XLR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leclerc_Evolution" title="Leclerc Evolution">Leclerc Evolution</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_2" title="Leopard 2">Leopard 2</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Leopard_2E" title="Leopard 2E">Leopard 2E</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopard_2PL" title="Leopard 2PL">Leopard 2PL</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1 Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkava#Merkava_Mark_IV" title="Merkava">Merkava IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokpung-ho" title="Pokpung-ho">Pokpung-ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PT-91_Twardy" title="PT-91 Twardy">PT-91 Twardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramses_II_tank" title="Ramses II tank">Ramses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabra_(tank)" title="Sabra (tank)">Sabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stridsvagn_122" title="Stridsvagn 122">Stridsvagn 122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-72M4CZ" title="T-72M4CZ">T-72M4CZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-84" title="T-84">T-84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-90" title="T-90">T-90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_10" title="Type 10">Type 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_72Z" title="Type 72Z">Type 72Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_96_tank" title="Type 96 tank">Type 96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_99_tank" title="Type 99 tank">Type 99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT-4" title="VT-4">VT-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar_(tank)" title="Zulfiqar (tank)">Zulfiqar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Light_tank" title="Light tank">Light</a> / <a href="/wiki/Medium_tank" title="Medium tank">medium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaplan_MT_/_Harimau" title="Kaplan MT / Harimau">Kaplan MT / Harimau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabrah_light_tank" title="Sabrah light tank">Sabrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabre_(tank)" title="Sabre (tank)">Sabre CVRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2S25_Sprut-SD" title="2S25 Sprut-SD">2S25 Sprut-SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosan_tank" title="Tosan tank">Tosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_15_tank" title="Type 15 tank">Type 15 / VT-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_63A" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 63A">Type 63A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_05_amphibious_fighting_vehicle#Variants" title="Type 05 amphibious fighting vehicle">ZTD-05 / ZLT-05</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Prototypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Prototypes">Prototypes</a>,<br />experimentals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M1_Abrams#Variants_and_upgrades" title="M1 Abrams">AbramsX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altay_(tank)" title="Altay (tank)">Altay</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: Cornsilk;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Black_Eagle_(tank)" title="Black Eagle (tank)">Black Eagle</a></span><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenger_3" title="Challenger 3">Challenger 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Vehicle_90" title="Combat Vehicle 90">CV90105 / CV90120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K21" title="K21">K21-105</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: Cornsilk;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/M8_armored_gun_system" title="M8 armored gun system">M8 armored gun system</a></span><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M10_Booker" title="M10 Booker">M10 Booker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M2020_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="M2020 tank">M2020</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: Cornsilk;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/M60-2000" title="M60-2000">M60-2000</a></span><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-84AS" title="M-84AS">M-84AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-84AS1" title="M-84AS1">M-84AS1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-84D" title="M-84D">M-84D</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: Cornsilk;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/M-95_Degman" title="M-95 Degman">M-95 Degman</a></span><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></li> <li><span style="background-color: Cornsilk;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Main_Ground_Combat_System" title="Main Ground Combat System">Main Ground Combat System</a></span><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marder_(infantry_fighting_vehicle)#Derivative_models" title="Marder (infantry fighting vehicle)">Marder medium tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panther_KF51" title="Panther KF51">Panther KF51</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: Cornsilk;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Patag%C3%B3n" title="Patagón">Patagón</a></span><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></li> <li><span style="background-color: Cornsilk;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/PL-01" title="PL-01">PL-01</a></span><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiam_(tank)" title="Tiam (tank)">Tiam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-14_Armata" title="T-14 Armata">T-14 Armata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-55AGM" title="T-55AGM">T-55AGM</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: Cornsilk;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/T-95" title="T-95">T-95</a></span><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></li> <li><span style="background-color: Cornsilk;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Tank_EX" title="Tank EX">Tank EX</a></span><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_(tank)" title="Zorawar (tank)">Zorawar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <dl><dd><span style="background-color: Cornsilk;color:black;">Cancelled or derelict project</span><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></dd></dl> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Tanks_of_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_period" title="Category:Tanks of the post–Cold War period">Post–Cold War tanks</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_armoured_fighting_vehicles" title="List of modern armoured fighting vehicles">List of modern armoured fighting vehicles</a></li></ul> <p>Background: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_tank" title="History of the tank">History of the tank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tank_classification" title="Tank classification">Tank classification</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1420" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12876#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4044497-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85132315">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chars d'assaut"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931156m">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chars d'assaut"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931156m">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570774">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="tanky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116396&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007558300205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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