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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cupolas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cupolas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Cupolas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cupolas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Warships</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Warships-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Warships subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Warships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom:_Early_designs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom:_Early_designs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>United Kingdom: Early designs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom:_Early_designs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States:_USS_Monitor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States:_USS_Monitor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>United States: USS <i>Monitor</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States:_USS_Monitor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_designs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_designs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Later designs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_designs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Layout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Layout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wing_turrets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wing_turrets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Wing turrets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wing_turrets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_turrets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_turrets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Modern turrets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_turrets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turret_identification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turret_identification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Turret identification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turret_identification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aircraft</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aircraft-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aircraft subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Layout_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layout_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Layout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Layout_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combat_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combat_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Combat vehicles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Combat_vehicles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Combat vehicles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Combat_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Layout_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layout_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Layout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Layout_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_fortifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_fortifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Land fortifications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Land_fortifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Land fortifications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Land_fortifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gallery_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gun turret</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B9" title="برج مدفع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برج مدفع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirehli_q%C3%BCll%C9%99" title="Zirehli qüllə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zirehli qüllə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Бранявая вежа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бранявая вежа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Оръдеен купол – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оръдеен купол" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torreta" title="Torreta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Torreta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Blov%C3%A1_v%C4%9B%C5%BE" title="Dělová věž – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dělová věž" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesch%C3%BCtzturm" title="Geschützturm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschützturm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suurt%C3%BCkitorn" title="Suurtükitorn – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suurtükitorn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torreta" title="Torreta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Torreta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourelle_(armement)" title="Tourelle (armement) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tourelle (armement)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%ED%83%91" title="포탑 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포탑" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungur_senjata" title="Jungur senjata – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jungur senjata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torretta_(cannone)" title="Torretta (cannone) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Torretta (cannone)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%97_(%D7%98%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="צריח (טכנולוגיה צבאית) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צריח (טכנולוגיה צבאית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turricula_(canno)" title="Turricula (canno) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Turricula (canno)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0arvuotasis_bok%C5%A1tas" title="Šarvuotasis bokštas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šarvuotasis bokštas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turet_meriam" title="Turet meriam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Turet meriam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschuttoren" title="Geschuttoren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschuttoren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A0%B2%E5%A1%94" title="砲塔 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="砲塔" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanont%C3%A5rn" title="Kanontårn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kanontårn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torr%C3%A8la" title="Torrèla – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Torrèla" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wie%C5%BCa_artyleryjska" title="Wieża artyleryjska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wieża artyleryjska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_artilharia" title="Torre de artilharia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Torre de artilharia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turel%C4%83" title="Turelă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Turelă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_(%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Башня (вооружение) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Башня (вооружение)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gun turret" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delov%C3%A1_ve%C5%BEa" title="Delová veža – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Delová veža" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topovska_kupola" title="Topovska kupola – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Topovska kupola" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Топовска кула – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Топовска кула" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tykkitorni" title="Tykkitorni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tykkitorni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanontorn" title="Kanontorn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kanontorn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taret" title="Taret – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Taret" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F)" title="Башта (зброя) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Башта (зброя)" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Rotatable weapon mount</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maille-Braize-canon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Maille-Braize-canon.jpg/220px-Maille-Braize-canon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Maille-Braize-canon.jpg/330px-Maille-Braize-canon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Maille-Braize-canon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>A modern naval gun turret (A <a href="/wiki/French_100_mm_naval_gun" title="French 100 mm naval gun">French 100 mm naval gun</a> on the <i><a href="/wiki/French_destroyer_Maill%C3%A9-Br%C3%A9z%C3%A9_(D627)" title="French destroyer Maillé-Brézé (D627)">Maillé-Brézé</a></i> pictured) allows firing of the cannons via remote control. Loading of ammunition is also often done by automatic mechanisms.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>gun turret</b> (or simply <b>turret</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Weapon_mount" title="Weapon mount">mounting</a> platform from which weapons can be fired that affords protection, visibility and ability to turn and aim. A modern gun turret is generally a rotatable <a href="/wiki/Weapon_mount" title="Weapon mount">weapon mount</a> that houses the crew or <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(engineering)" title="Mechanism (engineering)">mechanism</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">projectile-firing weapon</a> and at the same time lets the weapon be aimed and fired in some degree of <a href="/wiki/Azimuth" title="Azimuth">azimuth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elevation_(ballistics)" title="Elevation (ballistics)">elevation</a> (cone of fire). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_turret&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rotating gun turrets protect the weapon and its crew as they rotate. When this meaning of the word "turret" started being used at the beginning of the 1860s, turrets were normally cylindrical. <a href="/wiki/Barbettes" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbettes">Barbettes</a> were an alternative to turrets; with a barbette the protection was fixed, and the weapon and crew were on a rotating platform inside the barbette. In the 1890s, armoured hoods (also known as "gun houses") were added to barbettes; these rotated with the platform (hence the term "hooded barbette"). By the early 20th century, these hoods were known as turrets. Modern warships have gun-mountings described as turrets, though the "protection" on them is limited to protection from the weather. </p><p>Rotating turrets can be mounted on a <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortified</a> <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">building</a> or <a href="/wiki/Structure" title="Structure">structure</a> such as a coastal blockhouse, be part of a <a href="/wiki/Land_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Land battery">land battery</a>, be mounted on a <a href="/wiki/Combat_vehicle" title="Combat vehicle">combat vehicle</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Naval_ship" title="Naval ship">naval ship</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Military_aviation" title="Military aviation">military aircraft</a>, they may be armed with one or more <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">automatic cannons</a>, large-<a href="/wiki/Caliber" title="Caliber">calibre</a> guns, or <a href="/wiki/Multiple_rocket_launcher" title="Multiple rocket launcher">missile launchers</a>. They may be manned or <a href="/wiki/Remote_weapon_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote weapon station">remotely controlled</a> and are most often protected to some degree, if not actually <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_armour" title="Vehicle armour">armoured</a>. </p><p>The protection provided by the turret may be against battle damage, the weather conditions, general environment in which the weapon or its crew will be operating. The name derives from the pre-existing noun <a href="/wiki/Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">turret</a>, from the French "touret", diminutive of the word "tower",<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning <i>a self-contained protective position which is situated on top of a fortification or defensive wall</i> as opposed to rising directly from the ground, in which case it constitutes a <a href="/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">tower</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cupolas">Cupolas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_turret&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cupolas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conqueror_cupola,_Bovington_Tank_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Conqueror_cupola%2C_Bovington_Tank_Museum.jpg/220px-Conqueror_cupola%2C_Bovington_Tank_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Conqueror_cupola%2C_Bovington_Tank_Museum.jpg/330px-Conqueror_cupola%2C_Bovington_Tank_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Conqueror_cupola%2C_Bovington_Tank_Museum.jpg/440px-Conqueror_cupola%2C_Bovington_Tank_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The commander's cupola of a <a href="/wiki/Conqueror_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Conqueror tank">Conqueror tank</a> with a machine gun</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="Cupola"></span> </p><p>A small turret, or sub-turret set on top of a larger one, is called a <b>cupola</b>. The term <i>cupola</i> is also used for a rotating turret that carries a sighting device rather than weaponry, such as that used by a <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tank</a> commander.<sup id="cite_ref-Cupola_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cupola-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Warships">Warships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_turret&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Warships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the development of large-calibre, long-range guns in the mid-19th century, the classic <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a> design<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used rows of gunport-mounted guns on each side of the ship, often mounted in <a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">casemates</a>. Firepower was provided by a large number of guns, each of which could traverse only in a limited arc. Due to stability issues, fewer large (and thus heavy) guns can be carried high on a ship, but as this set casemates low and thus near the waterline they were vulnerable to flooding, effectively restricted their use to calm seas. Additionally casemate mounts had to be recessed into the side of a vessel to afford a wide <a href="/wiki/Arc_of_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Arc of fire">arc of fire</a>, and such recesses presented <a href="/wiki/Shot_trap" title="Shot trap">shot traps</a>, compromising the integrity of armour plating.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (April 2017)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Gun_turret#Dubious" title="Talk:Gun turret">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rotating turrets were <a href="/wiki/Weapon_mount" title="Weapon mount">weapon mounts</a> designed to protect the crew and mechanism of the <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery piece</a> and with the capability of being aimed and fired over a broad arc, typically between a three-quarter circle up to a full 360 degrees. These presented the opportunity to concentrate firepower in fewer, better-sited positions by eliminating redundancy, in other words combining the firepower of those guns unable to engage an enemy because they sited on the wrong beam into a more powerful, and more versatile unified battery.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (April 2017)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Gun_turret#Dubious" title="Talk:Gun turret">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_turret&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gun_or_Mortar_cask_raft_and_proposed_Cupola_ship.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gun_or_Mortar_cask_raft_and_proposed_Cupola_ship.png/220px-Gun_or_Mortar_cask_raft_and_proposed_Cupola_ship.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gun_or_Mortar_cask_raft_and_proposed_Cupola_ship.png/330px-Gun_or_Mortar_cask_raft_and_proposed_Cupola_ship.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gun_or_Mortar_cask_raft_and_proposed_Cupola_ship.png/440px-Gun_or_Mortar_cask_raft_and_proposed_Cupola_ship.png 2x" data-file-width="1739" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption>Captain <a href="/wiki/Cowper_Phipps_Coles" title="Cowper Phipps Coles">Cowper Coles'</a> proposed cupola ship, 1860.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BEP-(unk)-In_the_Turret.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/BEP-%28unk%29-In_the_Turret.jpg/220px-BEP-%28unk%29-In_the_Turret.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/BEP-%28unk%29-In_the_Turret.jpg/330px-BEP-%28unk%29-In_the_Turret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/BEP-%28unk%29-In_the_Turret.jpg/440px-BEP-%28unk%29-In_the_Turret.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9684" data-file-height="6912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing" title="Bureau of Engraving and Printing">BEP</a> <a href="/wiki/Art_and_engraving_on_United_States_banknotes" title="Art and engraving on United States banknotes">vignette</a> <i>In the Turret</i> (engraved before 1863).</figcaption></figure> <p>Designs for a rotating gun turret date back to the late 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-19th century, during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, Captain <a href="/wiki/Cowper_Phipps_Coles" title="Cowper Phipps Coles">Cowper Phipps Coles</a> constructed a <a href="/wiki/Raft" title="Raft">raft</a> with guns protected by a 'cupola' and used the raft,<sup id="cite_ref-Cupola_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cupola-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> named the <i>Lady Nancy</i>, to shell the Russian town of <a href="/wiki/Taganrog" title="Taganrog">Taganrog</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Taganrog" title="Siege of Taganrog">Siege of Taganrog</a>. The <i>Lady Nancy</i> "proved a great success"<sup id="cite_ref-captain1p21_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-captain1p21-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Coles patented his rotating turret design after the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom:_Early_designs">United Kingdom: Early designs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_turret&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United Kingdom: Early designs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">British Admiralty</a> ordered a <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototype</a> of Coles's patented design in 1859, which was installed in the ironclad floating battery, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Trusty_(1855)" class="mw-redirect" title="HMS Trusty (1855)">HMS <i>Trusty</i></a>, for trials in 1861, becoming the first warship to be fitted with a revolving gun turret. Coles's aim was to create a ship with the greatest possible all round arc of fire, as low in the water as possible to minimise the target.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnaby_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnaby-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_captainWilliam_Frederick_Mitchell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/HMS_captainWilliam_Frederick_Mitchell.jpg/220px-HMS_captainWilliam_Frederick_Mitchell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/HMS_captainWilliam_Frederick_Mitchell.jpg/330px-HMS_captainWilliam_Frederick_Mitchell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/HMS_captainWilliam_Frederick_Mitchell.jpg/440px-HMS_captainWilliam_Frederick_Mitchell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4950" data-file-height="3421" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMS_Captain_(1869)" title="HMS Captain (1869)">HMS <i>Captain</i></a> was one of the first ocean-going turret ships</figcaption></figure> <p>The Admiralty accepted the principle of the turret gun as a useful innovation, and incorporated it into other new designs. Coles submitted a design for a ship having ten domed turrets each housing two large guns. </p><p>The design was rejected as impractical, although the Admiralty remained interested in turret ships and instructed its own designers to create better designs. Coles enlisted the support of <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Prince Albert</a>, who wrote to the first Lord of the Admiralty, the Duke of Somerset, supporting the construction of a turret ship. In January 1862, the Admiralty agreed to construct a ship, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_Albert_(1864)" title="HMS Prince Albert (1864)">HMS <i>Prince Albert</i></a> which had four turrets and a low freeboard, intended only for coastal defence. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Prince_Albert_(1864).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/HMS_Prince_Albert_%281864%29.jpg/220px-HMS_Prince_Albert_%281864%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/HMS_Prince_Albert_%281864%29.jpg/330px-HMS_Prince_Albert_%281864%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/HMS_Prince_Albert_%281864%29.jpg/440px-HMS_Prince_Albert_%281864%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_Albert_(1864)" title="HMS Prince Albert (1864)">HMS <i>Prince Albert</i></a>, a pioneering turret ship, whose turrets were designed by <a href="/wiki/Cowper_Phipps_Coles" title="Cowper Phipps Coles">Cowper Phipps Coles</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While Coles designed the turrets, the ship was the responsibility of Chief Constructor <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Watts_(naval_architect)" title="Isaac Watts (naval architect)">Isaac Watts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnaby_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnaby-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another ship using Coles' turret designs, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Royal_Sovereign_(1857)" title="HMS Royal Sovereign (1857)">HMS <i>Royal Sovereign</i></a>, was completed in August 1864. Its existing broadside guns were replaced with four turrets on a flat deck and the ship was fitted with 5.5 inches (140 mm) of armour in a belt around the waterline.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnaby_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnaby-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early ships like the <i>Royal Sovereign</i> had little sea-keeping qualities being limited to coastal waters. Sir <a href="/wiki/Edward_James_Reed" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward James Reed">Edward James Reed</a>, went on to design and build <a href="/wiki/HMS_Monarch_(1868)" title="HMS Monarch (1868)">HMS <i>Monarch</i></a>, the first seagoing warship to carry her guns in turrets. Laid down in 1866 and completed in June 1869, it carried two turrets, although the inclusion of a <a href="/wiki/Forecastle" title="Forecastle">forecastle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aftercastle" title="Aftercastle">poop</a> prevented the turret guns firing fore and aft.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnaby28_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnaby28-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States:_USS_Monitor">United States: USS <i>Monitor</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_turret&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United States: USS Monitor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Monitor_plans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/USS_Monitor_plans.jpg/220px-USS_Monitor_plans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/USS_Monitor_plans.jpg/330px-USS_Monitor_plans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/USS_Monitor_plans.jpg/440px-USS_Monitor_plans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Inboard plans of <a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS <i>Monitor</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p>The gun turret was independently invented in the United States by the Swedish inventor <a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">John Ericsson</a>, although his design was technologically inferior to Coles's version.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ericsson designed <a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS <i>Monitor</i></a> in 1861, its most prominent feature being a large, cylindrical gun turret mounted <a href="/wiki/Amidships" class="mw-redirect" title="Amidships">amidships</a> above the low-freeboard upper <a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">hull</a>, also referred to as the "raft". This extended well past the sides of the lower, more traditionally shaped hull. </p><p>A small, armoured <a href="/wiki/Pilot_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilot house">pilot house</a> was fitted on the upper deck towards the bow; however, its position prevented <i>Monitor</i> from firing her guns straight forward.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Coles's, one of Ericsson's goals in designing the ship was to present the smallest possible target to enemy gunfire.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The turret's rounded shape helped to <a href="/wiki/Deflection_(physics)" title="Deflection (physics)">deflect</a> cannon shot.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pair of <a href="/wiki/Donkey_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Donkey engine">donkey engines</a> rotated the turret through a set of gears; a full rotation was made in 22.5 seconds during testing on 9 February 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, fine control of the turret proved to be difficult, as it would have to be reversed if it overshot its mark. In lieu of reversing the turret, a full rotation would have to be made to train the guns where desired. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USSMonitor1862.3.ws.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/USSMonitor1862.3.ws.jpg/220px-USSMonitor1862.3.ws.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/USSMonitor1862.3.ws.jpg/330px-USSMonitor1862.3.ws.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/USSMonitor1862.3.ws.jpg/440px-USSMonitor1862.3.ws.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Turret of <a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS <i>Monitor</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p>Including the guns, the turret weighed approximately 160 long tons (179 short tons; 163 t); the entire weight rested on an iron <a href="/wiki/Spindle_(tool)" title="Spindle (tool)">spindle</a> that had to be jacked up using a wedge before the turret was free to rotate.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spindle was 9 inches (23 cm) in diameter which gave it ten times the strength needed in preventing the turret from sliding sideways.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When not in use, the turret rested on a brass ring on the deck that was intended to form a watertight seal. However, in service, the interface between the turret and deck ring heavily leaked, despite <a href="/wiki/Caulking" class="mw-redirect" title="Caulking">caulking</a> by the crew.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gap between the turret and the deck proved to be another kind of problem for several <a href="/wiki/Passaic-class_monitor" title="Passaic-class monitor"><i>Passaic</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Monitor_(warship)" title="Monitor (warship)">monitors</a>, which used the same turret design, as debris and shell fragments entered the gap and jammed the turrets during the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Charleston_Harbor" title="First Battle of Charleston Harbor">First Battle of Charleston Harbor</a> in April 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Direct hits at the turret with heavy shot also had the potential to bend the spindle, which could also jam the turret.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Monitor</i> was originally intended to mount a pair of 15-inch (380 mm) <a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">smoothbore</a> <a href="/wiki/Dahlgren_gun" title="Dahlgren gun">Dahlgren guns</a>, but they were not ready in time and 11-inch (280 mm) guns were substituted,<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each gun weighing approximately 16,000 pounds (7,300 kg). <i>Monitor</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s guns used the standard propellant charge of 15 pounds (6.8 kg) specified by the 1860 ordnance instructions for targets "distant", "near", and "ordinary", established by the gun's designer Dahlgren himself.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They could fire a 136-pound (61.7 kg) round shot or shell up to a range of 3,650 yards (3,340 m) at an elevation of +15°.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_designs">Later designs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_turret&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later designs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Devastation_class_diagrams_Brasseys_1888.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Devastation_class_diagrams_Brasseys_1888.jpg/220px-Devastation_class_diagrams_Brasseys_1888.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Devastation_class_diagrams_Brasseys_1888.jpg/330px-Devastation_class_diagrams_Brasseys_1888.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Devastation_class_diagrams_Brasseys_1888.jpg/440px-Devastation_class_diagrams_Brasseys_1888.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>HMS <i>Thunderer</i>, right elevation and plan from <a href="/wiki/Brassey%27s_Naval_Annual" class="mw-redirect" title="Brassey's Naval Annual">Brassey's Naval Annual</a>, 1888</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/HMS_Thunderer_(1872)" title="HMS Thunderer (1872)">HMS <i>Thunderer</i></a> (1872) represented the culmination of this pioneering work. An <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclad</a> <a href="/wiki/Turret_ship" title="Turret ship">turret ship</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Edward_James_Reed" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward James Reed">Edward James Reed</a>, she was equipped with revolving turrets that used pioneering hydraulic turret machinery to manoeuvre the guns. She was also the world's first mastless <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a>, built with a central <a href="/wiki/Superstructure" title="Superstructure">superstructure</a> layout, and became the prototype for all subsequent warships. With her sister <a href="/wiki/HMS_Devastation_(1871)" title="HMS Devastation (1871)">HMS <i>Devastation</i></a> of 1871 she was another pivotal design, and led directly to the modern battleship. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Georgia_turret.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/USS_Georgia_turret.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-USS_Georgia_turret.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/USS_Georgia_turret.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-USS_Georgia_turret.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/USS_Georgia_turret.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-USS_Georgia_turret.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2926" data-file-height="1684" /></a><figcaption>Superposed turrets on <a href="/wiki/USS_Georgia_(BB-15)" title="USS Georgia (BB-15)">USS <i>Georgia</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p>The US Navy tried to save weight and deck space, and allow the much faster firing <a href="/wiki/8%22/45_caliber_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="8"/45 caliber gun">8-inch</a> to shoot during the long reload time necessary for <a href="/wiki/12%22/40_caliber_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="12"/40 caliber gun">12-inch</a> guns by superposing secondary gun turrets directly on top of the primary turrets (as in the <a href="/wiki/Kearsarge-class_battleship" title="Kearsarge-class battleship"><i>Kearsarge</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia-class_battleship" title="Virginia-class battleship"><i>Virginia</i>-class</a> battleships), but the idea proved to be practically unworkable and was soon abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the advent of the <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina-class_battleship" title="South Carolina-class battleship"><i>South Carolina</i>-class</a> battleships in 1908, the main battery turrets were designed so as to <a href="/wiki/Superfire" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfire">superfire</a>, to improve fire arcs on centerline mounted weapons. This was necessitated by a need to move all main battery turrets to the vessel's centerline for improved structural support. The 1906 <a href="/wiki/HMS_Dreadnought_(1906)" title="HMS Dreadnought (1906)">HMS <i>Dreadnought</i></a>, while revolutionary in many other ways, had retained <a href="#Wing_turrets">wing turrets</a> due to concerns about muzzle blast affecting the sighting mechanisms of a turret below. A similar advancement was in the <a href="/wiki/Kong%C5%8D-class_battlecruiser" title="Kongō-class battlecruiser"><i>Kongō</i>-class</a> battlecruisers and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth-class_battleship" title="Queen Elizabeth-class battleship"><i>Queen Elizabeth</i>-class</a> battleships, which dispensed with the "Q" turret amidships in favour of heavier guns in fewer mountings. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quadruple_gun_mounting_in_24_Shop,_Elswick_Works_(26345255273).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Quadruple_gun_mounting_in_24_Shop%2C_Elswick_Works_%2826345255273%29.jpg/220px-Quadruple_gun_mounting_in_24_Shop%2C_Elswick_Works_%2826345255273%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Quadruple_gun_mounting_in_24_Shop%2C_Elswick_Works_%2826345255273%29.jpg/330px-Quadruple_gun_mounting_in_24_Shop%2C_Elswick_Works_%2826345255273%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Quadruple_gun_mounting_in_24_Shop%2C_Elswick_Works_%2826345255273%29.jpg/440px-Quadruple_gun_mounting_in_24_Shop%2C_Elswick_Works_%2826345255273%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="755" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMS_King_George_V_(41)" title="HMS King George V (41)">HMS <i>King George V</i></a> four-gun turret</figcaption></figure> <p>Like <a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-dreadnought">pre-dreadnoughts</a>, the first dreadnoughts had two guns in each turret; however, later ships began to be fitted with triple turrets. The first ship to be built with triple turrets was the Italian <a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Dante_Alighieri" title="Italian battleship Dante Alighieri"><i>Dante Alighieri</i></a>, although the first to be actually commissioned was the Austro-Hungarian <a href="/wiki/SMS_Viribus_Unitis" title="SMS Viribus Unitis">SMS <i>Viribus Unitis</i></a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tegetthoff-class_battleship" title="Tegetthoff-class battleship"><i>Tegetthoff</i> class</a>. By the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, most battleships used triple or, occasionally, quadruple turrets, which reduced the total number of mountings and improved armour protection. However, quadruple turrets proved to be extremely complex to arrange, making them unwieldy in practice. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_193-06-7-16,_Schlachtschiff_Bismarck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_193-06-7-16%2C_Schlachtschiff_Bismarck.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_193-06-7-16%2C_Schlachtschiff_Bismarck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_193-06-7-16%2C_Schlachtschiff_Bismarck.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_193-06-7-16%2C_Schlachtschiff_Bismarck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_193-06-7-16%2C_Schlachtschiff_Bismarck.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_193-06-7-16%2C_Schlachtschiff_Bismarck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption><i>Bismarck</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s secondary battery 15 cm gun turret</figcaption></figure> <p>The largest warship turrets were in World War II battleships where a heavily armoured enclosure protected the large gun crew during battle. The calibre of the main armament on large battleships was typically 300 to 460 mm (12 to 18 in). The turrets carrying three 460 mm (18 in) guns of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yamato" title="Japanese battleship Yamato"><i>Yamato</i></a> each weighed around 2,500 t (2,500 long tons; 2,800 short tons). The secondary armament of battleships (or the primary armament of <a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruisers</a>) was typically between 127 and 152 mm (5.0 and 6.0 in). Smaller ships typically mounted guns of 76 mm (3.0 in) and larger, although these rarely required a turret mounting, except for large destroyers, like the American <a href="/wiki/Fletcher-class_destroyer" title="Fletcher-class destroyer"><i>Fletcher</i></a> and the German <a href="/wiki/Type_1936A-class_destroyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 1936A-class destroyer"><i>Narvik</i></a> classes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layout">Layout</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_turret&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animated_gun_turret.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Animated_gun_turret.gif/240px-Animated_gun_turret.gif" decoding="async" width="240" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Animated_gun_turret.gif/360px-Animated_gun_turret.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Animated_gun_turret.gif/480px-Animated_gun_turret.gif 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Animation showing gun turret operation of the Stark I turret of the British <a href="/wiki/BL_15_inch_/42_naval_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="BL 15 inch /42 naval gun">15-inch</a>. Compare the layout and nomenclature with the US design below.</figcaption></figure> <p>In naval terms, <i>turret</i> traditionally and specifically refers to a gun mounting where the entire mass rotates as one, and has a trunk that projects below the <a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">deck</a>. The rotating part of a turret seen above deck is the gunhouse, which protects the mechanism and crew, and is where the guns are loaded. The gunhouse is supported on a bed of rotating rollers, and is not necessarily physically attached to the ship at the base of the rotating structure. In the case of the <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Bismarck" title="German battleship Bismarck">German battleship <i>Bismarck</i></a>, the turrets were not vertically restrained and fell out when she sank. The <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hood" title="HMS Hood">British battlecruiser <i>Hood</i></a>, like some American battleships, did have vertical restraints.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Below the gunhouse there may be a working chamber, where ammunition is handled, and the main trunk, which accommodates the <a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">shell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">propellant</a> hoists that bring ammunition up from the <a href="/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)" title="Magazine (artillery)">magazines</a> below. There may be a combined hoist (<i>cf</i> the animated British turret) or separate hoists (<i>cf</i> the US turret cutaway). The working chamber and trunk rotate with the gunhouse, and sit inside a protective <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_armour" title="Vehicle armour">armoured</a> <a href="/wiki/Barbette" title="Barbette">barbette</a>. The barbette extends down to the main armoured deck (red in the animation). At the base of the turret sit handing rooms, where shell and propelling charges are passed from the shell room and magazine to the hoists. </p><p>The handling equipment and hoists are complex arrangements of machinery that transport the shells and charges from the magazine into the base of the turret. Bearing in mind that shells can weigh around a 1.6 long tons (1.8 short tons; 1.6 t),<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the hoists have to be powerful and rapid; a 15 inches (380 mm) turret of the type in the animation was expected to perform a complete loading and firing cycle in a minute.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iowa_16_inch_Gun-EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Iowa_16_inch_Gun-EN.svg/300px-Iowa_16_inch_Gun-EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Iowa_16_inch_Gun-EN.svg/450px-Iowa_16_inch_Gun-EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Iowa_16_inch_Gun-EN.svg/600px-Iowa_16_inch_Gun-EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Cutaway illustration of a US <a href="/wiki/16%22/50_caliber_Mark_7_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="16"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun">16-inch</a> turret</figcaption></figure> <p>The loading system is fitted with a series of <a href="/wiki/Interlock_(engineering)" title="Interlock (engineering)">mechanical interlocks</a> that ensure that there is never an open path from the gunhouse to the magazine down which an <a href="/wiki/Explosives#Sensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosives">explosive flash</a> might pass. Flash-tight doors and scuttles open and close to allow the passage between areas of the turret. Generally, with large-calibre guns, powered or assisted ramming is required to force the heavy shell and charge into the <a href="/wiki/Breech-loading_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Breech-loading weapon">breech</a>. </p><p>As the hoist and breech must be aligned for ramming to occur, there is generally a restricted range of elevations at which the guns can be loaded; the guns return to the loading elevation, are loaded, then return to the target elevation, at which time they are said to be "in battery". The animation illustrates a turret where the rammer is fixed to the cradle that carries the guns, allowing loading to occur across a wider range of elevations. </p><p>Earlier turrets differed significantly in their operating principles. It was not until the last of the "rotating drum" designs described in the previous section were phased out that the "hooded barbette" arrangement above became the standard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wing_turrets">Wing turrets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_turret&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Wing turrets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Dreadnought_(1911)_profile_drawing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/HMS_Dreadnought_%281911%29_profile_drawing.png/220px-HMS_Dreadnought_%281911%29_profile_drawing.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/HMS_Dreadnought_%281911%29_profile_drawing.png/330px-HMS_Dreadnought_%281911%29_profile_drawing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/HMS_Dreadnought_%281911%29_profile_drawing.png/440px-HMS_Dreadnought_%281911%29_profile_drawing.png 2x" data-file-width="1385" data-file-height="879" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMS_Dreadnought_(1906)" title="HMS Dreadnought (1906)">HMS <i>Dreadnought</i></a> had a main battery 12 inches (300 mm) wing turret on either beam</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>wing turret</b> is a gun turret mounted along the side, or the wings, of a <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warship</a>, off the centerline. </p><p>The positioning of a wing turret limits the gun's <a href="/wiki/Arc_of_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Arc of fire">arc of fire</a>, so that it generally can contribute to only the <a href="/wiki/Broadside_(naval)" title="Broadside (naval)">broadside</a> weight of fire on one side of the ship. This is the major weakness of wing turrets as broadsides were the most prevalent type of gunnery duels. Depending on the configurations of ships, such as HMS <i>Dreadnought</i> but not <a href="/wiki/SMS_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="SMS Blücher">SMS <i>Blücher</i></a>, the wing turrets could fire fore and aft, so this somewhat reduced the danger when an opponent <a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_T" title="Crossing the T">crossed the T</a> enabling it to fire a full broadside. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SMS_Von_der_Tann_Brassey%27s_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/SMS_Von_der_Tann_Brassey%27s_1913.jpg/220px-SMS_Von_der_Tann_Brassey%27s_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/SMS_Von_der_Tann_Brassey%27s_1913.jpg/330px-SMS_Von_der_Tann_Brassey%27s_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/SMS_Von_der_Tann_Brassey%27s_1913.jpg/440px-SMS_Von_der_Tann_Brassey%27s_1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the battlecruiser <i>Von der Tann</i>, Brassey's <i>Naval Annual</i> 1913, showing wing turrets amidships</figcaption></figure> <p>Attempts were made to mount <b>turrets <i>en echelon</i></b> so that they could fire on either beam, such as the <a href="/wiki/Invincible-class_battlecruiser" title="Invincible-class battlecruiser"><i>Invincible</i>-class</a> and <a href="/wiki/SMS_Von_der_Tann" title="SMS Von der Tann">SMS <i>Von der Tann</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Battlecruiser" title="Battlecruiser">battlecruisers</a>, but this tended to cause great damage to the ships' deck from the muzzle blast. </p><p>Wing turrets were commonplace on <a href="/wiki/Capital_ship" title="Capital ship">capital ships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a> during the late 19th century up until the 1910s. In <a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-dreadnought">pre-dreadnought</a> battleships, the wing turret contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_armament" title="Secondary armament">secondary battery</a> of sub-calibre weapons. In large <a href="/wiki/Armoured_cruiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Armoured cruiser">armoured cruisers</a>, wing turrets contributed to the main battery, although the <a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">casemate</a> mounting was more common. At the time, large numbers of smaller calibre guns contributing to the broadside were thought to be of great value in demolishing a ship's upperworks and secondary armaments, as distances of battle were limited by fire control and weapon performance. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klasa_radetzky.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Klasa_radetzky.png/220px-Klasa_radetzky.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Klasa_radetzky.png/330px-Klasa_radetzky.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Klasa_radetzky.png/440px-Klasa_radetzky.png 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption>The pre-dreadnought battleship <a href="/wiki/SMS_Radetzky_(1909)" title="SMS Radetzky (1909)">SMS <i>Radetzky</i></a> with two main gun turrets on centreline and four secondary on the sides</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 1900s, weapon performance, <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_armour" title="Vehicle armour">armour quality</a> and vessel speeds generally increased along with the distances of engagement; the utility of large secondary batteries reducing as a consequence, and in addition at extreme range it was impossible to see the fall of lesser weapons and so correct the aim. Therefore, most early <a href="/wiki/Dreadnought_battleship" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreadnought battleship">dreadnought battleships</a> featured "all big gun" armaments of identical calibre, typically 11 or 12 inches (280 or 300 mm), some of which were mounted in wing turrets. This arrangement was not satisfactory, however, as the wing turrets not only had a reduced fire arc for broadsides, but also because the weight of the guns put great strain on the hull and it was increasingly difficult to properly armour them. </p><p>Larger and later dreadnought battleships carried superimposed or superfiring turrets (i.e. one turret mounted higher than and firing over those in front of and below it). This allowed all turrets to train on either beam, and increased the weight of fire forward and aft. The superfiring or superimposed arrangement had not been proven until after <i>South Carolina</i> went to sea, and it was initially feared that the weakness of the previous <a href="/wiki/Virginia-class_battleship" title="Virginia-class battleship"><i>Virginia</i>-class</a> ship's stacked turrets would repeat itself. Larger and later guns (such as the US Navy's ultimate big gun design, the <a href="/wiki/16%22/50_Mark_7" class="mw-redirect" title="16"/50 Mark 7">16"/50 Mark 7</a>|16-inch) also could not be shipped in wing turrets, as the strain on the hull would have been too great. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_turrets">Modern turrets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_turret&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern turrets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Northumberland_(F238)_at_West_India_South_Dock_-_4.5_inch_Mark_8_naval_gun_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/HMS_Northumberland_%28F238%29_at_West_India_South_Dock_-_4.5_inch_Mark_8_naval_gun_02.JPG/220px-HMS_Northumberland_%28F238%29_at_West_India_South_Dock_-_4.5_inch_Mark_8_naval_gun_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/HMS_Northumberland_%28F238%29_at_West_India_South_Dock_-_4.5_inch_Mark_8_naval_gun_02.JPG/330px-HMS_Northumberland_%28F238%29_at_West_India_South_Dock_-_4.5_inch_Mark_8_naval_gun_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/HMS_Northumberland_%28F238%29_at_West_India_South_Dock_-_4.5_inch_Mark_8_naval_gun_02.JPG/440px-HMS_Northumberland_%28F238%29_at_West_India_South_Dock_-_4.5_inch_Mark_8_naval_gun_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Glass-reinforced_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass-reinforced plastic">GRP</a> gunhouse is a common feature on modern naval gun turrets, this example being on the frigate <a href="/wiki/HMS_Northumberland_(F238)" title="HMS Northumberland (F238)">HMS <i>Northumberland</i></a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many modern surface warships have mountings for larger calibre guns, although the calibres are now generally between 3 and 5 inches (76 and 127 mm) for use against both <a href="/wiki/Dual-purpose_gun" title="Dual-purpose gun">air and surface targets</a>. The gunhouses are often just weatherproof covers for the gun mounting equipment and are made of light un-armoured materials such as <a href="/wiki/Glass-reinforced_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass-reinforced plastic">glass-reinforced plastic</a>. Modern turrets are often automatic in their operation, with no humans working inside them and only a small team passing fixed ammunition into the feed system. Smaller calibre weapons often operate on the <a href="/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">autocannon</a> principle, and indeed may not even be turrets at all; they may just be bolted directly to the deck. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turret_identification">Turret identification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_turret&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Turret identification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On board warships, each turret is given an identification. In the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, these would be letters: "A" and "B" were for the turrets from the front of the ship backwards in front of the bridge, and letters near the end of the alphabet (i.e., "X", "Y", etc.) were for turrets behind the bridge ship, "Y" being the rearmost. Mountings in the middle of the ship would be "P", "Q", "R", etc.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confusingly, the <a href="/wiki/Dido-class_cruiser" title="Dido-class cruiser"><i>Dido</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a> had a "Q" and the <a href="/wiki/Nelson-class_battleship" title="Nelson-class battleship"><i>Nelson</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a> had an "X" turret in what would logically be "C" position; the latter being mounted at the main deck level in front of the bridge and behind the "B" turret, thus having restricted training fore and aft.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Secondary turrets were named "P" and "S" (<a href="/wiki/Port_(nautical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Port (nautical)">port</a> and <a href="/wiki/Starboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Starboard">starboard</a>) and numbered from fore to aft, e.g. <i>P1</i> being the forward port turret.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There were exceptions; the battleship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Agincourt_(1913)" title="HMS Agincourt (1913)">HMS <i>Agincourt</i></a> had the uniquely large number of seven turrets. These were numbered "1" to "7" but were unofficially nicknamed "Sunday", Monday", etc. through to "Saturday".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In German use, turrets were generally named "A", "B", "C", "D", "E", going from bow to stern. Usually the <a href="/wiki/Radio_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio alphabet">radio alphabet</a> was used on naming the turrets (e.g. "Anton", "Bruno" or "Berta", "Caesar", "Dora") as on the <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Bismarck" title="German battleship Bismarck">German battleship <i>Bismarck</i></a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>, main battery turrets are numbered <a href="/wiki/Bow_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow (ship)">fore</a> to <a href="/wiki/Aft" class="mw-redirect" title="Aft">aft</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Secondary gun mounts are numbered by gun muzzle diameter in inches followed by a second digit indicating the position of the mount, with the second digit increasing fore to aft. Gun mounts not on the centerline would be assigned odd numbers on the port side and even numbers on the starboard side. For example, "Mount 52" would be the forwardmost 5 inches (130 mm) gun mount on the starboard side of the ship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aircraft">Aircraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_turret&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_turret&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During World War I, <a href="/wiki/Air_gunner" title="Air gunner">air gunners</a> initially operated guns that were mounted on pedestals or swivel mounts known as <a href="/wiki/Weapon_mount#Pintle" title="Weapon mount">pintles</a>. The latter evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Scarff_ring" title="Scarff ring">Scarff ring</a>, a rotating ring mount which allowed the gun to be turned to any direction with the gunner remaining directly behind it, the weapon held in an intermediate elevation by <a href="/wiki/Bungee_cord" title="Bungee cord">bungee cord</a>, a simple and effective mounting for single weapons such as the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_gun" title="Lewis gun">Lewis Gun</a> though less handy when twin mounted as with the British <a href="/wiki/Bristol_F.2_Fighter" title="Bristol F.2 Fighter">Bristol F.2 Fighter</a> and German <a href="/wiki/Idflieg_aircraft_designation_system#List_of_Idflieg_class_letter_prefixes" title="Idflieg aircraft designation system">"CL"-class two-seaters</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Halberstadt_CL.II" title="Halberstadt CL.II">Halberstadt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hannover_CL.II" title="Hannover CL.II">Hannover</a>-designed series of compact two-seat combat aircraft. In a failed 1916 experiment, a variant of the <a href="/wiki/SPAD_S.A" title="SPAD S.A">SPAD S.A</a> two-seat fighter was probably the first aircraft to be fitted with a remotely-controlled gun, which was located in a nose <a href="/wiki/Nacelle" title="Nacelle">nacelle</a>. </p><p>As aircraft flew higher and faster, the need for protection from the elements led to the enclosure or shielding of the gun positions, as in the "lobsterback" rear seat of the <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Demon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawker Demon">Hawker Demon</a> biplane fighter. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BP_Overstrand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/BP_Overstrand.jpg/220px-BP_Overstrand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/BP_Overstrand.jpg/330px-BP_Overstrand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/BP_Overstrand.jpg/440px-BP_Overstrand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Boulton_%26_Paul_Overstrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulton & Paul Overstrand">Boulton & Paul Overstrand</a> biplane was the first RAF bomber to carry an enclosed turret</figcaption></figure> <p>The first British operational bomber to carry an enclosed, power-operated turret was the <a href="/wiki/Boulton_%26_Paul_Overstrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulton & Paul Overstrand">Boulton & Paul Overstrand</a> twin-engined biplane, which first flew in 1933. The Overstrand was similar to its <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> predecessors in that it had open <a href="/wiki/Cockpit" title="Cockpit">cockpits</a> and hand-operated machine guns.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, unlike its predecessors, the Overstrand could fly at 140 mph (230 km/h) making operating the exposed gun positions difficult, particularly in the aircraft's nose. To overcome this problem, the Overstrand was fitted with an enclosed and powered <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nose_turret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nose turret (page does not exist)">nose turret</a>, mounting a <a href="/wiki/Lewis_gun" title="Lewis gun">Lewis gun</a>. Rotation was handled by <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatic">pneumatic</a> motors while elevation and depression of the gun used <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic">hydraulic</a> rams. The pilot's cockpit was also enclosed but the dorsal (upper) and ventral (belly) gun positions remained open, though shielded.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_YB-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Martin_YB-10.jpg/220px-Martin_YB-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Martin_YB-10.jpg/330px-Martin_YB-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Martin_YB-10.jpg/440px-Martin_YB-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>A Martin YB-10 service test bomber with the USAAC – the first flight of the B-10 design occurred in mid-February 1932</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Martin_B-10" title="Martin B-10">Martin B-10</a> all-metal <a href="/wiki/Monocoque" title="Monocoque">monocoque</a> monoplane bomber introduced turret-mounted defensive armament within the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps" title="United States Army Air Corps">United States Army Air Corps</a>, almost simultaneously with the RAF's Overstrand biplane bomber design. The Martin XB-10 prototype aircraft first featured the nose turret in June 1932—roughly a year <i>before</i> the less advanced Overstrand airframe design—and was first produced as the YB-10 service test version by November 1933. The production B-10B version started service with the USAAC in July 1935. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pima_Air_%26_Space_Museum_-_Aircraft_11.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pima_Air_%26_Space_Museum_-_Aircraft_11.JPG/220px-Pima_Air_%26_Space_Museum_-_Aircraft_11.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pima_Air_%26_Space_Museum_-_Aircraft_11.JPG/330px-Pima_Air_%26_Space_Museum_-_Aircraft_11.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pima_Air_%26_Space_Museum_-_Aircraft_11.JPG/440px-Pima_Air_%26_Space_Museum_-_Aircraft_11.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A B-24 Liberator rear turret</figcaption></figure> <p>In time the number of turrets carried and the number of guns mounted increased. RAF heavy bombers of World War II such as the <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Halifax" title="Handley Page Halifax">Handley Page Halifax</a> (until its <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Halifax#Improvements" title="Handley Page Halifax">Mk II Series I (Special) version</a> omitted the nose turret), <a href="/wiki/Short_Stirling" title="Short Stirling">Short Stirling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Avro Lancaster</a> typically had three powered turrets: rear, mid-upper and nose. (Early in the war, some British heavy bombers also featured a retractable, remotely-operated <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventral_turret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ventral turret (page does not exist)">ventral</a>/mid-under turret). The rear turret mounted the heaviest armament: four <a href="/wiki/.303_British" title=".303 British">0.303 in (7.7 mm)</a> <a href="/wiki/M1919_Browning_machine_gun" title="M1919 Browning machine gun">Browning machine guns</a> or, late in the war, two AN/M2 light-barrel versions of the US <a href="/wiki/Browning_M2_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Browning M2 machine gun">Browning M2 machine gun</a> as in the <a href="/wiki/Rose_turret" title="Rose turret">Rose-Rice turret</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tail_gunner" title="Tail gunner">tail gunner</a> or "Tail End Charlie" position was generally accepted to be the most dangerous assignment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During the war, British turrets were largely self-contained units, manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Boulton_Paul_Aircraft" title="Boulton Paul Aircraft">Boulton Paul Aircraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nash_%26_Thompson" title="Nash & Thompson">Nash & Thompson</a>. The same model of turret might be fitted to several different aircraft types. Some models included <a href="/wiki/Automatic_Gun-Laying_Turret" title="Automatic Gun-Laying Turret">gun-laying radar</a> that could <a href="/wiki/Deflection_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deflection (military)">lead</a> the target and compensate for <a href="/wiki/Bullet_drop" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullet drop">bullet drop</a>. </p><p>As almost a 1930s "updated" adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> Bristol F.2b concept, the UK introduced the concept of the "turret fighter", with aeroplanes such as the <a href="/wiki/Boulton_Paul_Defiant" title="Boulton Paul Defiant">Boulton Paul Defiant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Roc" title="Blackburn Roc">Blackburn Roc</a> where the armament was four (0.303 in (7.7 mm)) machine-guns was in a turret mounted behind the pilot, rather than in fixed positions in the wings. The Defiant and Roc possessed no fixed, forward-firing guns; the Bristol F.2 was designed with one synchronized <a href="/wiki/Vickers_machine_gun" title="Vickers machine gun">Vickers machine gun</a> firing forward on a fuselage mount. </p><p>The concept came at a time when the standard armament of a fighter was only two machine guns and in the face of heavily armed bombers operating in formation, it was thought that a group of turret fighters would be able to concentrate their fire flexibly on the bombers; making beam, stern and rising attacks practicable. Although the idea had some merits in attacking unescorted bombers the weight and drag penalty of the turret (and gunner) put them at a disadvantage when Germany was able to escort its bombers with fighters from bases in Northern France. By this point British fighters were flying with eight machine guns which concentrated firepower for use in single fleeting attacks of fighters against bombers. </p><p>Attempts to put this heavier armament, such as multiple <a href="/wiki/20_mm_caliber" title="20 mm caliber">20 mm cannon</a> in low profile aerodynamic turrets were explored by the British in the <a href="/wiki/Boulton_Paul_P.92" title="Boulton Paul P.92">Boulton Paul P.92</a> and other designs but were not successful this class of weapons and heavier armament (up to and including artillery pieces as in the 1,420 examples produced of the American <a href="/wiki/B-25_Mitchell#Variants" class="mw-redirect" title="B-25 Mitchell">B-25G and B-25H Mitchell</a> medium bombers and the experimental <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">'Tsetse'</a> variant of the de Havilland Mosquito) being exclusively fuselage or underwing-mounted and thus aimed by pointing the aircraft. Not all turret designs put the gunner in the turret along with the armament: US and German-designed aircraft both featured remote-controlled turrets. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B-17G_Nose_in_Detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/B-17G_Nose_in_Detail.jpg/170px-B-17G_Nose_in_Detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/B-17G_Nose_in_Detail.jpg/255px-B-17G_Nose_in_Detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/B-17G_Nose_in_Detail.jpg/340px-B-17G_Nose_in_Detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1339" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress">B-17</a>'s Bendix chin turret, remotely controlled by the bombardier</figcaption></figure> <p>In the US, the large, purpose-built <a href="/wiki/Northrop_P-61_Black_Widow" title="Northrop P-61 Black Widow">Northrop P-61 Black Widow</a> <a href="/wiki/Night_fighter" title="Night fighter">night fighter</a> was produced with a remotely operated <a href="/wiki/Northrop_P-61_Black_Widow#Remote_turret" title="Northrop P-61 Black Widow">dorsal turret</a> that had a wide range of fire though in practice it was generally fired directly forward under control of the pilot. For the last Douglas-built production blocks of the B-17F (the "B-17F-xx-DL" designated blocks) and for all versions of the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress">B-17G Flying Fortress</a> a twin-gun remotely operated "chin" turret, designed by <a href="/wiki/Bendix_Corporation" title="Bendix Corporation">Bendix</a> and first used on the experimental <a href="/wiki/YB-40_Flying_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="YB-40 Flying Fortress">YB-40</a> "gunship" version of the Fortress, was added to give more forward defence. Specifically designed to be compact and not obstruct the bombardier, this was operated by a swing-away diagonal column possessing a yoke to traverse the turret, and aimed by a reflector sight mounted in the windscreen.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-445-1861-19,_Nordafrika,_Arbeit_an_Bordwaffen_einer_Me_210-410.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-445-1861-19%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Arbeit_an_Bordwaffen_einer_Me_210-410.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-445-1861-19%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Arbeit_an_Bordwaffen_einer_Me_210-410.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-445-1861-19%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Arbeit_an_Bordwaffen_einer_Me_210-410.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-445-1861-19%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Arbeit_an_Bordwaffen_einer_Me_210-410.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-445-1861-19%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Arbeit_an_Bordwaffen_einer_Me_210-410.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-445-1861-19%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Arbeit_an_Bordwaffen_einer_Me_210-410.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>One of the FDSL 131 remote gun turrets of a <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_210" title="Messerschmitt Me 210">Messerschmitt Me 210</a> being maintained, with cover removed.</figcaption></figure> <p>The intended replacement for the German <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_110" title="Messerschmitt Bf 110">Bf 110</a> heavy fighter, the <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_210" title="Messerschmitt Me 210">Messerschmitt Me 210</a>, possessed twin half-teardrop-shaped, remotely operated <i>Ferngerichtete Drehringseitenlafette</i> (Remote rotating side mount) FDSL 131/1B turrets, one on each side "flank" of the rear fuselage to defend the rear of the aircraft, controlled from the rear area of the cockpit. By 1942, the German <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_177" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinkel He 177">He 177A <i>Greif</i></a> heavy bomber would feature a <i>Fernbedienbare Drehlafette</i> (Remotely controlled rotary carriage) FDL 131Z remotely operated forward dorsal turret, armed with twin 13mm <a href="/wiki/MG_131_machine_gun" title="MG 131 machine gun">MG 131 machine guns</a> on the top of the fuselage, which was operated from the <a href="/wiki/Astrodome_(aeronautics)" title="Astrodome (aeronautics)">astrodome</a> a hemispherical, clear rotating observation cover, just behind the cockpit glazing and offset to starboard atop the fuselage—a second, manned powered <i>Hydraulische Drehlafette</i> (Hydraulic rotary mount) HDL 131 dorsal turret, further aft on the fuselage with a MG 131 was also used on most examples. </p><p>The US B-29 Superfortress had four remotely controlled turrets, comprising two dorsal and two ventral turrets. These were controlled from a trio of hemispherical, glazed, gunner-manned "astrodome" sighting stations operated from the pressurised sections in the nose and middle of the aircraft, each housing an <a href="/wiki/Altazimuth_mount" title="Altazimuth mount">altazimuth mounted</a> pivoting gunsight to aim one or more of the unmanned remote turrets as needed, in addition to a B-17 style flexible manned tail gunner's station. </p><p>The defensive turret on bombers fell from favour with the realization that bombers could not attempt heavily defended targets without escort regardless of their defensive armament unless very high loss rates were acceptable and the performance penalty from the weight and drag of turrets reduced speed, range and payload and increased the number of crew required. The <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">de Havilland Mosquito</a> light bomber was designed to operate without <i>any</i> defensive armament and used its speed to avoid engagement with fighters, much as the minimally armed German <i><a href="/wiki/Schnellbomber" title="Schnellbomber">Schnellbomber</a></i> aircraft concepts had been meant to do early in World War II. </p><p>A small number of aircraft continued to use turrets, in particular maritime patrol aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Avro_Shackleton" title="Avro Shackleton">Avro Shackleton</a> used one as an offensive weapon against small un-armoured surface targets. The <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-52" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing B-52">Boeing B-52</a> jet bomber and many of its contemporaries (particularly Russian) featured a <a href="/wiki/Barbette" title="Barbette">barbette</a> (a <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> term equivalent to the American usage of the term 'tail gun'), or a "remote turret"—an unmanned turret but often one with a more limited field of fire than a manned equivalent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layout_2">Layout</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_turret&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aircraft carry their turrets in various locations: </p> <ul><li>"dorsal" – on top of the <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a>, sometimes referred to as a mid-upper turret.</li> <li>"ventral" – underneath the fuselage, often on US heavy bombers, a <a href="/wiki/Sperry_Corporation" title="Sperry Corporation">Sperry</a>-designed <a href="/wiki/Ball_turret" title="Ball turret">ball turret</a>.</li> <li>"rear" or "tail" – at the very end of the fuselage.</li> <li>"nose" – at the front of the fuselage.</li> <li>"cheek" – on the flanks of the nose, as single-gun flexible defensive mounts for B-17 and B-24 heavy bombers</li> <li>"chin" – below the nose of the aircraft as on later versions of the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress">Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress</a>.</li> <li>"wing" – a handful of very large aircraft, such as the <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_323" class="mw-redirect" title="Messerschmitt Me 323">Messerschmitt Me 323</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Blohm_%26_Voss_BV_222" class="mw-redirect" title="Blohm & Voss BV 222">Blohm & Voss BV 222</a>, had manned turrets in the wings</li> <li>"waist" or "beam" – mounted on the sides of the rear fuselage e.g. US twin- and four-engined bombers.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery">Gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_turret&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 201.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:34bg-b24.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Consolidated B-24J Liberator nose turret"><img alt="Consolidated B-24J Liberator nose turret" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/34bg-b24.jpg/302px-34bg-b24.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/34bg-b24.jpg/453px-34bg-b24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/34bg-b24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator" title="Consolidated B-24 Liberator">Consolidated B-24J Liberator</a> nose turret</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 251.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 249.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grumman_TBM-3E_Avenger_HB-RDG_OTT_2103_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dorsal gun turret on a Grumman TBM Avenger"><img alt="Dorsal gun turret on a Grumman TBM Avenger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Grumman_TBM-3E_Avenger_HB-RDG_OTT_2103_13.jpg/374px-Grumman_TBM-3E_Avenger_HB-RDG_OTT_2103_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Grumman_TBM-3E_Avenger_HB-RDG_OTT_2103_13.jpg/561px-Grumman_TBM-3E_Avenger_HB-RDG_OTT_2103_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Grumman_TBM-3E_Avenger_HB-RDG_OTT_2103_13.jpg/747px-Grumman_TBM-3E_Avenger_HB-RDG_OTT_2103_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="1912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dorsal gun turret on a <a href="/wiki/Grumman_TBM_Avenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Grumman TBM Avenger">Grumman TBM Avenger</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:B29_ventral_turret.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="B-29 remote controlled aft ventral turret"><img alt="B-29 remote controlled aft ventral turret" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/B29_ventral_turret.jpg/280px-B29_ventral_turret.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/B29_ventral_turret.jpg/420px-B29_ventral_turret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/B29_ventral_turret.jpg/560px-B29_ventral_turret.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">B-29</a> remote controlled aft ventral turret</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 221.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 219.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-668-7197-16,_Reichsgebiet,_Flugzeug_Me_323_Gigant.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wing turrets of an Me 323"><img alt="Wing turrets of an Me 323" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-668-7197-16%2C_Reichsgebiet%2C_Flugzeug_Me_323_Gigant.jpg/329px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-668-7197-16%2C_Reichsgebiet%2C_Flugzeug_Me_323_Gigant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-668-7197-16%2C_Reichsgebiet%2C_Flugzeug_Me_323_Gigant.jpg/493px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-668-7197-16%2C_Reichsgebiet%2C_Flugzeug_Me_323_Gigant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-668-7197-16%2C_Reichsgebiet%2C_Flugzeug_Me_323_Gigant.jpg/658px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-668-7197-16%2C_Reichsgebiet%2C_Flugzeug_Me_323_Gigant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="511" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wing turrets of an Me 323</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lancaster_tail_turret.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Avro Lancaster tail turret"><img alt="Avro Lancaster tail turret" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lancaster_tail_turret.jpg/280px-Lancaster_tail_turret.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lancaster_tail_turret.jpg/420px-Lancaster_tail_turret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lancaster_tail_turret.jpg/560px-Lancaster_tail_turret.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="972" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Avro Lancaster</a> tail turret</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:B52_tail_turret.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The tail turret or "barbette" of a Boeing B-52 Stratofortress"><img alt="The tail turret or "barbette" of a Boeing B-52 Stratofortress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/B52_tail_turret.jpg/280px-B52_tail_turret.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/B52_tail_turret.jpg/420px-B52_tail_turret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/B52_tail_turret.jpg/560px-B52_tail_turret.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="972" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The tail turret or "<a href="/wiki/Barbette#Use_in_bomber_aircraft" title="Barbette">barbette</a>" of a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">Boeing B-52 Stratofortress</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Combat_vehicles">Combat vehicles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_turret&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Combat vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_3">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_turret&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rolls-Royce_Armoured_Car_Bardia_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rolls-Royce_Armoured_Car_Bardia_1940.jpg/220px-Rolls-Royce_Armoured_Car_Bardia_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rolls-Royce_Armoured_Car_Bardia_1940.jpg/330px-Rolls-Royce_Armoured_Car_Bardia_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rolls-Royce_Armoured_Car_Bardia_1940.jpg/440px-Rolls-Royce_Armoured_Car_Bardia_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Armoured_Car" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolls-Royce Armoured Car">Rolls-Royce Armoured Car</a> with its new open-topped turret, 1940.</figcaption></figure> <p>Amongst the first armoured vehicles to be equipped with a gun turret were the <a href="/wiki/Lanchester_4x2_Armoured_Car" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanchester 4x2 Armoured Car">Lanchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Armoured_Car" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolls-Royce Armoured Car">Rolls-Royce Armoured Cars</a>, both produced from 1914. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service" title="Royal Naval Air Service">Royal Naval Air Service</a> (RNAS) raised the first British <a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">armoured car</a> squadron during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1914 all available <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited" title="Rolls-Royce Limited">Rolls-Royce</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Silver_Ghost" title="Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost">Silver Ghost</a></i> chassis were requisitioned to form the basis for the new armoured car. The following month a special committee of the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_Department" title="Air Department">Air Department</a>, among whom was Flight Commander T.G. Hetherington, designed the superstructure which consisted of armoured bodywork and a single fully rotating turret holding a regular water cooled <a href="/wiki/Vickers_machine_gun" title="Vickers machine gun">Vickers machine gun</a>. </p><p>However, the first <a href="/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">tracked</a> <a href="/wiki/Combat_vehicle" title="Combat vehicle">combat vehicles</a> were not equipped with turrets due to the problems with getting sufficient trench crossing while keeping the centre of gravity low, and it was not until late in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> that the French <a href="/wiki/Renault_FT" title="Renault FT">Renault FT</a> light tank introduced the single fully rotating turret carrying the vehicle's main armament that continues to be the standard of almost every modern main battle <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tank</a> and many post-World War II <a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-propelled gun">self-propelled guns</a>. The first turret designed for the FT was a circular, cast steel version almost identical to that of the prototype. It was designed to carry a <a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_M1914_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotchkiss M1914 machine gun">Hotchkiss 8 mm (0.315 in) machine gun</a>. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Berliet" title="Berliet">Berliet</a> Company produced a new design, a polygonal turret of riveted plate, which was simpler to produce than the early cast steel turret. It was given the name "omnibus", since it could easily be adapted to mount either the Hotchkiss machine gun or the Puteaux 37 mm (1.5 in) with its telescopic sight. This turret was fitted to production models in large numbers. </p><p>In the 1930s, several nations produced <a href="/wiki/Category:Multi-turreted_tanks" title="Category:Multi-turreted tanks">multi-turreted tanks</a>—probably influenced by the experimental British <a href="/wiki/Vickers_A1E1_Independent" title="Vickers A1E1 Independent">Vickers A1E1 Independent</a> of 1926. Those that saw combat during the early part of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> performed poorly and the concept was soon dropped. Combat vehicles without turrets, with the main armament mounted in the hull, or more often in a completely enclosed, integral armored <a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">casemate</a> as part of the main hull, saw extensive use by both the German (as <i><a href="/wiki/Sturmgesch%C3%BCtz" title="Sturmgeschütz">Sturmgeschütz</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Jagdpanzer" title="Jagdpanzer">Jagdpanzer</a></i> vehicles) and Soviet (as <i><a href="/wiki/Samokhodnaya_Ustanovka" title="Samokhodnaya Ustanovka">Samokhodnaya Ustanovka</a></i> vehicles) armored forces during World War II as <a href="/wiki/Tank_destroyer" title="Tank destroyer">tank destroyers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assault_gun" title="Assault gun">assault guns</a>. However, post-war, the concept fell out of favour due to its limitations, with the Swedish <a href="/wiki/Stridsvagn_103" title="Stridsvagn 103">Stridsvagn 103</a> 'S-Tank' and the German <a href="/wiki/Kanonenjagdpanzer" title="Kanonenjagdpanzer">Kanonenjagdpanzer</a> being exceptions. </p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layout_3">Layout</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_turret&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_troops_going_forward_to_the_battle_line_in_the_Forest_of_Argonne._France,_September_26,_1918._-_NARA_-_530748.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_troops_going_forward_to_the_battle_line_in_the_Forest_of_Argonne._France%2C_September_26%2C_1918._-_NARA_-_530748.jpg/220px-American_troops_going_forward_to_the_battle_line_in_the_Forest_of_Argonne._France%2C_September_26%2C_1918._-_NARA_-_530748.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_troops_going_forward_to_the_battle_line_in_the_Forest_of_Argonne._France%2C_September_26%2C_1918._-_NARA_-_530748.jpg/330px-American_troops_going_forward_to_the_battle_line_in_the_Forest_of_Argonne._France%2C_September_26%2C_1918._-_NARA_-_530748.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_troops_going_forward_to_the_battle_line_in_the_Forest_of_Argonne._France%2C_September_26%2C_1918._-_NARA_-_530748.jpg/440px-American_troops_going_forward_to_the_battle_line_in_the_Forest_of_Argonne._France%2C_September_26%2C_1918._-_NARA_-_530748.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5744" data-file-height="4304" /></a><figcaption>US Army tank troops with <a href="/wiki/Renault_FT" title="Renault FT">Renault FTs</a> on the Western Front, 1918. The FT was the first operational tank to carry a turret.</figcaption></figure> <p>In modern tanks, the turret is armoured for crew protection and rotates a full 360 degrees carrying a single large-calibre <a href="/wiki/Tank_gun" title="Tank gun">tank gun</a>, typically in the range of 105 and 125 mm (4.1 and 4.9 in) calibre. <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">Machine guns</a> may be mounted inside the turret, which on modern tanks is often on a "coaxial" mount, parallel with the larger main gun. </p><p>Early designs often featured multiple weapons mounts. This concept was carried forwards into the early interwar years in Britain, Germany and the Soviet Union, arguably reaching its most absurd expression in the British <a href="/wiki/Vickers_A1E1_Independent" title="Vickers A1E1 Independent">Vickers A1E1 Independent</a> tank, though this attempt was soon abandoned while the Soviet Union's similar effort produced a <a href="/wiki/T-35" title="T-35">'land battleship' which was actually produced and fought in defence of the Soviet Union</a>. </p><p>In modern tanks, the turret houses all the crew except the driver (who is located in the hull). The crew located in the turret typically consist of tank commander, gunner, and often a gun loader (except in tanks that have an <a href="/wiki/Autoloader" title="Autoloader">autoloader</a>), while the driver sits in a separate compartment with a dedicated entry and exit, though often one that allows the driver to exit via the turret basket (fighting compartment). </p><p>For other combat vehicles, the turrets are equipped with other weapons dependent on role. An <a href="/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle" title="Infantry fighting vehicle">infantry fighting vehicle</a> may carry a smaller calibre gun or an <a href="/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">autocannon</a>, or an <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-tank">anti-tank</a> missile launcher, or a combination of weapons. A modern self-propelled gun mounts a large artillery gun but less armour. Lighter vehicles may carry a one-man turret with a single machine gun, occasionally the same model being shared with other classes of vehicle, such as the <a href="/wiki/Textron_Marine_%26_Land_Systems" title="Textron Marine & Land Systems">Cadillac Gage</a> T50 turret/weapons station. </p><p>The size of the turret is a factor in combat vehicle design. One dimension mentioned in terms of turret design is "turret ring diameter" which is the size of the aperture in the top of the chassis into which the turret is seated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Land_fortifications">Land fortifications<span class="anchor" id="Gun_turret_fortifications"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_turret&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Land fortifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1859, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Defence_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom">Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom</a> were in the process of recommending a huge programme of <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortifications</a> to protect Britain's naval bases. They interviewed Captain Coles, who had bombarded Russian fortifications during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, however Coles repeatedly lost his temper during the discussion and the commissioners failed to ask him about the gun turret that he had patented earlier in that year, with the result that none of the <a href="/wiki/Palmerston_Forts" title="Palmerston Forts">Palmerston Forts</a> mounted turrets.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, the <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Pier_Turret" title="Admiralty Pier Turret">Admiralty Pier Turret</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a> was commissioned in 1877 and completed in 1882. </p><p>In continental Europe, the invention of <a href="/wiki/High_explosive" class="mw-redirect" title="High explosive">high explosive</a> shells in 1885 threatened to make all existing fortifications obsolete; a partial solution was the protection of fortress guns in armoured turrets. Pioneering designs were produced by Commandant <a href="/wiki/Henri-Louis-Philippe_Mougin" title="Henri-Louis-Philippe Mougin">Henri-Louis-Philippe Mougin</a> in France and Captain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximilian_Schumann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maximilian Schumann (page does not exist)">Maximilian Schumann</a> in Germany. Mougin's designs were incorporated in a new generation of <a href="/wiki/Polygonal_fort" title="Polygonal fort">polygonal forts</a> constructed by <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Adolphe_S%C3%A9r%C3%A9_de_Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Raymond Adolphe Séré de Rivières">Raymond Adolphe Séré de Rivières</a> in France and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Alexis_Brialmont" title="Henri Alexis Brialmont">Henri Alexis Brialmont</a> in Belgium. Developed versions of Schumann's turrets were employed after his death in the <a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Metz" title="Fortifications of Metz">fortifications of Metz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1914, the Brialmont forts in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Battle of Liège">Battle of Liège</a> proved unequal to the German <a href="/wiki/Big_Bertha_(howitzer)" title="Big Bertha (howitzer)">"Big Bertha" 42 cm siege howitzers</a>, which were able to penetrate the turret armour and smash turret mountings.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Drum_DN-SN-83-09891.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fort_Drum_DN-SN-83-09891.JPEG/220px-Fort_Drum_DN-SN-83-09891.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fort_Drum_DN-SN-83-09891.JPEG/330px-Fort_Drum_DN-SN-83-09891.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fort_Drum_DN-SN-83-09891.JPEG/440px-Fort_Drum_DN-SN-83-09891.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2661" data-file-height="1762" /></a><figcaption>Fort Drum in 1983, with <a href="/wiki/USS_New_Jersey_(BB-62)" title="USS New Jersey (BB-62)">USS <i>New Jersey</i> (BB-62)</a> in the background</figcaption></figure> <p>Elsewhere, armoured turrets, sometimes described a <a href="/wiki/Cupola" title="Cupola">cupolas</a>, were incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">coastal artillery</a> defences. An extreme example was <a href="/wiki/Fort_Drum_(El_Fraile_Island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Drum (El Fraile Island)">Fort Drum</a>, the "concrete battleship", near <a href="/wiki/Corregidor" title="Corregidor">Corregidor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>; this mounted four huge <a href="/wiki/14%22/45_caliber_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="14"/45 caliber gun">14-inch guns</a> in two naval pattern turrets and was the only permanent turreted fort ever constructed by the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the wars, improved turrets formed the offensive armament of the <a href="/wiki/Maginot_Line" title="Maginot Line">Maginot Line</a> forts in France. During the Second World War, some of the artillery pieces in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a> fortifications, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cross-Channel_guns_in_the_Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Channel guns in the Second World War">Cross-Channel guns</a>, were large naval guns housed in turrets. </p><p>Some nations, from <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> to Switzerland and Austria, have embedded the turrets of obsolete tanks in concrete bunkers, while others have constructed or updated fortifications with modern artillery systems, such as the <a href="/wiki/12_cm_tornautomatpj%C3%A4s_m/70" title="12 cm tornautomatpjäs m/70">1970s era Swedish coastal artillery battery</a> on <a href="/wiki/Landsort" title="Landsort">Landsort Island</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery_2">Gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_turret&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 234.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 232.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DoverTurret2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Admiralty Pier Turret was built to protect the port of Dover in 1882."><img alt="The Admiralty Pier Turret was built to protect the port of Dover in 1882." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/DoverTurret2.jpg/349px-DoverTurret2.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/DoverTurret2.jpg/523px-DoverTurret2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/DoverTurret2.jpg/698px-DoverTurret2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1732" data-file-height="1043" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Pier_Turret" title="Admiralty Pier Turret">Admiralty Pier Turret</a> was built to protect the port of <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a> in 1882.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Forte_de_Copacabana_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A German built 190 mm gun turret at Fort Copacabana in Brazil, completed in 1914."><img alt="A German built 190 mm gun turret at Fort Copacabana in Brazil, completed in 1914." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Forte_de_Copacabana_07.jpg/361px-Forte_de_Copacabana_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Forte_de_Copacabana_07.jpg/541px-Forte_de_Copacabana_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Forte_de_Copacabana_07.jpg/721px-Forte_de_Copacabana_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3022" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A German built 190 mm gun turret at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Copacabana" title="Fort Copacabana">Fort Copacabana</a> in Brazil, completed in 1914.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maginot2ix.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Turret of the Maginot Line; this could retract into the ground when not firing, for added protection."><img alt="Turret of the Maginot Line; this could retract into the ground when not firing, for added protection." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Maginot2ix.jpg/280px-Maginot2ix.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Maginot2ix.jpg/420px-Maginot2ix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Maginot2ix.jpg/560px-Maginot2ix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Turret of the <a href="/wiki/Maginot_Line" title="Maginot Line">Maginot Line</a>; this could retract into the ground when not firing, for added protection.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:305_52_O2_Kuivasaari.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A twin 305 mm gun turret at Kuivasaari, Finland, completed in 1935."><img alt="A twin 305 mm gun turret at Kuivasaari, Finland, completed in 1935." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/305_52_O2_Kuivasaari.JPG/280px-305_52_O2_Kuivasaari.JPG" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/305_52_O2_Kuivasaari.JPG/420px-305_52_O2_Kuivasaari.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/305_52_O2_Kuivasaari.JPG/560px-305_52_O2_Kuivasaari.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A twin 305 mm gun turret at <a href="/wiki/Kuivasaari" title="Kuivasaari">Kuivasaari</a>, Finland, completed in 1935.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 203.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-364-2314-16A,_Atlantikwall,_Batterie_%22Lindemann%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of three 40.6cm guns at Batterie "Lindemann", a German Cross-Channel gun."><img alt="One of three 40.6cm guns at Batterie "Lindemann", a German Cross-Channel gun." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-364-2314-16A%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Batterie_%22Lindemann%22.jpg/305px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-364-2314-16A%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Batterie_%22Lindemann%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-364-2314-16A%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Batterie_%22Lindemann%22.jpg/457px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-364-2314-16A%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Batterie_%22Lindemann%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-364-2314-16A%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Batterie_%22Lindemann%22.jpg/609px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-364-2314-16A%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Batterie_%22Lindemann%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="551" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> One of three <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolf Gun">40.6cm guns</a> at Batterie "Lindemann", a German <a href="/wiki/Cross-Channel_guns_in_the_Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Channel guns in the Second World War">Cross-Channel gun</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:12_cm_tornautomatpj%C3%A4s_m70.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="12 cm tornautomatpjäs m/70 developed to defend vital points like seaports from enemy landing ships, as well as area denial and fire support, even on a nuclear battlefield."><img alt="A ground mounted turret" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/12_cm_tornautomatpj%C3%A4s_m70.JPG/280px-12_cm_tornautomatpj%C3%A4s_m70.JPG" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/12_cm_tornautomatpj%C3%A4s_m70.JPG/420px-12_cm_tornautomatpj%C3%A4s_m70.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/12_cm_tornautomatpj%C3%A4s_m70.JPG/560px-12_cm_tornautomatpj%C3%A4s_m70.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3040" data-file-height="2280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/12_cm_tornautomatpj%C3%A4s_m/70" title="12 cm tornautomatpjäs m/70">12 cm tornautomatpjäs m/70</a> developed to defend vital points like seaports from enemy landing ships, as well as area denial and fire support, even on a nuclear battlefield.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_turret&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbette" title="Barbette">Barbette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">Casemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_carriage" title="Gun carriage">Gun carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_mount" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun mount">Gun mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_shield" title="Gun shield">Gun shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinding_telemeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangefinding telemeter">Rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_weapon_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote weapon system">Remote weapon system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponson" title="Sponson">Sponson</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_turret&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Cupola-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cupola_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cupola_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In architecture, a <a href="/wiki/Cupola" title="Cupola">cupola</a> is a small, most often dome-like, structure on top of a building, so although it is often used to describe a sub-turret such as commander's sub-turret on a tank turret, if a gun turret is mounted on a vessel or above a bunker and is dome shaped it too may be referred to as a cupola in some sources.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Box_battery" title="Box battery">box battery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_battery_ship" title="Central battery ship">central battery ship</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ericsson later admitted that this was a serious flaw in the ship's design and that the pilot house should have been placed atop the turret.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Something similar occurred in American armoured vehicle designs around the time of the Second World War, tanks sprouting 'superfiring' turrets including the <a href="/wiki/M3_Grant" class="mw-redirect" title="M3 Grant">M3 Lee</a> and <a href="/wiki/M60_Patton" class="mw-redirect" title="M60 Patton">M60A2 Patton</a>. Given they were generally intended for an already-overburdened commander to operate, they have largely been abandoned in favour of literally lower-profile arrangements for protected observation with, in some cases, top-mounted remotely-operated weapons.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>Nelson</i> design was an adaption of an earlier planned battleship with two turrets before the bridge and a single one behind the bridge but in front of the aft superstructure.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_turret&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/turret">"Turret n."</a> <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Turret+n.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fturret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+turret" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2012" class="citation book cs1">Davis, William C. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-KbN-xWTj7kC&q=Gillespie+Turret+1805&pg=PT36"><i>Duel Between the First Ironclads</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307817501" title="Special:BookSources/9780307817501"><bdi>9780307817501</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2017</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Duel+Between+the+First+Ironclads&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780307817501&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-KbN-xWTj7kC%26q%3DGillespie%2BTurret%2B1805%26pg%3DPT36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+turret" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-captain1p21-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-captain1p21_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston,_Antony2002" class="citation book cs1">Preston, Antony (2002). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldsworstwarsh00libg"><i>The World's Worst Warships</i></a></span>. London: Conway Maritime Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldsworstwarsh00libg/page/n20">21</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-754-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-754-2"><bdi>978-0-85177-754-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Worst+Warships&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=London%3A+Conway+Maritime+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-85177-754-2&rft.au=Preston%2C+Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldsworstwarsh00libg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+turret" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnaby-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barnaby_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnaby_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnaby_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnaby,_K._C.1968" class="citation book cs1">Barnaby, K. C. (1968). <i>Some ship disasters and their causes</i>. London: Hutchinson. pp. <span class="nowrap">20–</span>30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+ship+disasters+and+their+causes&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Barnaby%2C+K.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+turret" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnaby28-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barnaby28_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnaby,_K.C.1968" class="citation book cs1">Barnaby, K.C. (1968). <i>Some ship disasters and their causes</i>. London: Hutchinson. pp. <span class="nowrap">28–</span>29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+ship+disasters+and+their+causes&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Barnaby%2C+K.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+turret" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandler,_Stanley2004" class="citation book cs1">Sandler, Stanley (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i9-0ZuKsMvIC"><i>Battleships: An Illustrated History of Their Impact</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">27–</span>33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851094103" title="Special:BookSources/9781851094103"><bdi>9781851094103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battleships%3A+An+Illustrated+History+of+Their+Impact&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781851094103&rft.au=Sandler%2C+Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di9-0ZuKsMvIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+turret" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Tucker06" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer (2006). <i>Blue & gray navies: the Civil War afloat</i>. Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-882-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-882-1"><bdi>978-1-59114-882-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blue+%26+gray+navies%3A+the+Civil+War+afloat&rft.place=Maryland&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-882-1&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+turret" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Thompson90" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Stephen C. (1990). "The Design and Construction of the USS Monitor". <i>Warship International</i>. <b>XXVII</b> (3). Toledo, Ohio: International Naval Research Organization. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374">0043-0374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Warship+International&rft.atitle=The+Design+and+Construction+of+the+USS+Monitor&rft.volume=XXVII&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0043-0374&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Stephen+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+turret" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Mindell" class="citation book cs1">Mindell, David A. (2000). <i>War, Technology, and Experience Aboard the USS Monitor</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6250-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6250-2"><bdi>978-0-8018-6250-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%2C+Technology%2C+and+Experience+Aboard+the+USS+Monitor&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6250-2&rft.aulast=Mindell&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+turret" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="McCordock" class="citation book cs1">McCordock, Robert Stanley (1938). <i>The Yankee Cheese Box</i>. Dorrance. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yankee+Cheese+Box&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Dorrance&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=McCordock&rft.aufirst=Robert+Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+turret" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Baxter" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Phinney_Baxter_III" title="James Phinney Baxter III">Baxter, James Phinney, 3rd</a> (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductionofi00baxt"><i>The Introduction of the Ironclad Warship</i></a></span> (1933 reprintpublication ed.). Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductionofi00baxt/page/256">256</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/695838727">695838727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Introduction+of+the+Ironclad+Warship&rft.place=Hamden%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=256&rft.edition=1933+reprintpublication&rft.pub=Archon+Books&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F695838727&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=James+Phinney%2C+3rd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductionofi00baxt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+turret" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Canney" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Canney, Donald L. (1993). <i>The Old Steam Navy</i>. Vol. 2: The Ironclads, <span class="nowrap">1842–</span>1885. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">79–</span>80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-586-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-586-5"><bdi>978-0-87021-586-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Steam+Navy&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-87021-586-5&rft.aulast=Canney&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+turret" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reed" class="citation book cs1">Reed, Sir Edward James (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourironcladship01reedgoog"><i>Our Iron-clad Ships: Their Qualities, Performances, and Cost. With Chapters on Turret Ships, Iron-clad Rams</i></a>. London: J. Murray. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourironcladship01reedgoog/page/n295">253</a>–254.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Iron-clad+Ships%3A+Their+Qualities%2C+Performances%2C+and+Cost.+With+Chapters+on+Turret+Ships%2C+Iron-clad+Rams&rft.place=London&rft.pages=253-254&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Sir+Edward+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fourironcladship01reedgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+turret" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Broadwater" class="citation book cs1">Broadwater, John D. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ht7Im50Mec8C"><i>USS Monitor: A Historic Ship Completes Its Final Voyage</i></a>. Texas A&M University Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-473-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-473-6"><bdi>978-1-60344-473-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=USS+Monitor%3A+A+Historic+Ship+Completes+Its+Final+Voyage&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-60344-473-6&rft.aulast=Broadwater&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dht7Im50Mec8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+turret" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wilson" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, H. W. (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M3DgGKmaHDEC"><i>Ironclads in Action: A Sketch of Naval Warfare From 1855 to 1895</i></a>. Vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ironclads+in+Action%3A+A+Sketch+of+Naval+Warfare+From+1855+to+1895&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM3DgGKmaHDEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+turret" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Field" class="citation book cs1">Field, Ron (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OXaICwAAQBAJ&q=1860+ordinance"><i>Confederate Ironclad vs Union Ironclad: Hampton Roads</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-141-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-141-5"><bdi>978-1-78096-141-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confederate+Ironclad+vs+Union+Ironclad%3A+Hampton+Roads&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-78096-141-5&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOXaICwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1860%2Bordinance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+turret" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Olmstead" class="citation book cs1">Olmstead, Edwin; Stark, Wayne E.; Tucker, Spencer C. (1997). <i>The Big Guns: Civil War Siege, Seacoast, and Naval Cannon</i>. Alexandria Bay, New York: Museum Restoration Service. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88855-012-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88855-012-5"><bdi>978-0-88855-012-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Guns%3A+Civil+War+Siege%2C+Seacoast%2C+and+Naval+Cannon&rft.place=Alexandria+Bay%2C+New+York&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Museum+Restoration+Service&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-88855-012-5&rft.aulast=Olmstead&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft.au=Stark%2C+Wayne+E.&rft.au=Tucker%2C+Spencer+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+turret" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyon, David & Winfield, Rif (2004). <i>The Sail and Steam Navy List, all the ships of the Royal Navy 1815-1889</i>. Chatham. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86176-032-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-86176-032-9">1-86176-032-9</a> pp. 240–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJurensGarzkeDulinRoberts" class="citation cs2">Jurens, William; Garzke, William H. Jr.; Dulin, Robert O. Jr.; Roberts, John; Fiske, Richard, <i>A Marine Forensic Analysis of HMS Hood and DKM Bismarck</i>, p. 14, <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.202.317">10.1.1.202.317</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Marine+Forensic+Analysis+of+HMS+Hood+and+DKM+Bismarck&rft.pages=14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.202.317%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Jurens&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Garzke%2C+William+H.+Jr.&rft.au=Dulin%2C+Robert+O.+Jr.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+John&rft.au=Fiske%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+turret" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2015/february/armaments-innovations-navys-supershells">"Armaments & Innovations - The Navy's 'Supershells'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>U.S. Naval Institute</i>. 2015-02-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Naval+Institute&rft.atitle=Armaments+%26+Innovations+-+The+Navy%27s+%27Supershells%27&rft.date=2015-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usni.org%2Fmagazines%2Fnaval-history-magazine%2F2015%2Ffebruary%2Farmaments-innovations-navys-supershells&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+turret" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roskill, S. W. (1997). <i>Warspite</i>, Classics of Naval Literature, Naval Institute Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-719-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-719-8">1-55750-719-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keegan" title="John Keegan">Keegan, John</a> (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/priceofadmiralty00keeg/page/281"><i>The Price of Admiralty</i></a></span>. New York: Viking. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/priceofadmiralty00keeg/page/281">281</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-81416-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-81416-9"><bdi>978-0-670-81416-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Price+of+Admiralty&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-670-81416-9&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpriceofadmiralty00keeg%2Fpage%2F281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+turret" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reuter, Claus (2000). <i>Development of Aircraft Turrets in the AAF, 1917–1944</i>, Scarborough, Ont., German Canadian Museum of Applied History, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1936/1936%20-%202850.html">"The Overstrand's Turret".</a> <i>Flight</i>, 1936.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonesentry.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/controller-operation-chin-turret.jpg">"Graphic of usage and stowage positions for B-17G chin turret control yoke"</a>. <i>www.lonesentry.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lonesentry.com&rft.atitle=Graphic+of+usage+and+stowage+positions+for+B-17G+chin+turret+control+yoke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonesentry.com%2Fblog%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F12%2Fcontroller-operation-chin-turret.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+turret" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willmott, H. P. (2003). <i>First World War</i>. <a href="/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorling Kindersley">Dorling Kindersley</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crick, Timothy (2012). <i>Ramparts of Empire: The Fortifications of Sir William Jervois, Royal Engineer 1821–1897</i>, University of Exeter Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905816-04-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905816-04-0">978-1-905816-04-0</a>, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donnell, Clayton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UIFsBAAAQBAJ&dq=brialmont+gun+turrets&pg=PA12"><i>Breaking the Fortress Line 1914</i>, pp. 8–13.</a> Pen & Sword Military, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848848139" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848848139">978-1848848139</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hogg, Ian V. (1975). <i>Fortress: A History of Military Defence</i>, pp. 118–19. Macdonald and Jane's. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-356-08122-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-356-08122-2">0-356-08122-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hogg. p. 116</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_turret&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1977" class="citation magazine cs1">Brown, J. (1977). "RCT Armament in the Boeing B-29". <i><a href="/wiki/Air_Enthusiast" title="Air Enthusiast">Air Enthusiast</a></i>. No. 3. pp. <span class="nowrap">80–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450">0143-5450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Enthusiast&rft.atitle=RCT+Armament+in+the+Boeing+B-29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=1977&rft.issn=0143-5450&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+turret" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun_turret&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gun_turrets" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gun turrets">Gun turrets</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popsci.com/archive-viewer?id=wCcDAAAAMBAJ&pg=112&query=B-25">Air Gunnery</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111014917/http://www.popsci.com/archive-viewer?id=wCcDAAAAMBAJ&pg=112&query=B-25">Archived</a> 2014-01-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> November 1943 <a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a> article on aircraft turrets</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1940/1940%20-%201443.html"><i>Flight</i> article on aircraft gun turrets amongst others</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonesentry.com/blog/bendix-chin-turret.html">Lone Sentry's Bendix B-17 chin turret manual and details</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">Acropolis</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Agger_(ancient_Rome)" title="Agger (ancient Rome)">Agger</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco"><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Burgus" title="Burgus">Burgus</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caltrop" title="Caltrop">Caltrop</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Castellum" title="Castellum">Castellum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">Castra</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Castro_culture" title="Castro culture">Castros</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_city_wall" title="Chinese city wall">Chengqiang</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_rampart" title="Circular rampart">Circular rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_gate" title="City gate">City gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crannog" title="Crannog">Crannog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditch_(fortification)" title="Ditch (fortification)">Ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">Defensive wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dun_(fortification)" title="Dun (fortification)">Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faussebraye" title="Faussebraye">Faussebraye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatehouse" title="Gatehouse">Gatehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gord_(archaeology)" title="Gord (archaeology)">Gord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">Hillfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landwehr_(border)" title="Landwehr (border)">Landwehr</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Limes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuraghe" title="Nuraghe">Nuraghe</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">Oppidum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">Palisade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pincer_gate" title="Pincer gate">Pincer gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promontory_fort" title="Promontory fort">Promontory fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampart_(fortification)" title="Rampart (fortification)">Rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringfort" title="Ringfort">Ringfort</a> (Rath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_castle" title="Refuge castle">Refuge castle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schwedenschanze" title="Schwedenschanze">Schwedenschanze</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockade" title="Stockade">Stockade</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sudis_(stake)" title="Sudis (stake)">Sudis</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Trou_de_loup" title="Trou de loup">Trou de loup</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Vallum" title="Vallum">Vallum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagon_fort" title="Wagon fort">Wagon fort</a> (<span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af">Laager</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrified_fort" title="Vitrified fort">Vitrified fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_work" title="Advanced work">Advanced work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcazaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcazaba">Alcazaba</a></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amba_(landform)" title="Amba (landform)">Amba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrowslit" title="Arrowslit">Arrowslit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbican" title="Barbican">Barbican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartizan" title="Bartizan">Bartizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">Bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_tower" title="Battery tower">Battery tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlement" title="Battlement">Battlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawn" title="Bawn">Bawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bent_entrance" title="Bent entrance">Bent entrance</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bergfried" title="Bergfried">Bergfried</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Berm" title="Berm">Berm</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_(navigational_barrier)" title="Boom (navigational barrier)">Boom</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Bret%C3%A8che" title="Bretèche">Bretèche</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_castle" title="Bridge castle">Bridge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_tower" title="Bridge tower">Bridge tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burh" title="Burh">Burh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter-churn_tower" title="Butter-churn tower">Butter-churn tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caer" title="Caer">Caer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_gate" title="Chamber gate">Chamber gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartaque" title="Chartaque">Chartaque</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chashi" title="Chashi">Chashi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Chemin_de_ronde" title="Chemin de ronde">Chemin de ronde</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Chemise_(wall)" title="Chemise (wall)">Chemise</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Cheval_de_frise" title="Cheval de frise">Cheval de frise</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">Citadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion_castle" title="Coercion castle">Coercion castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_castle" title="Concentric castle">Concentric castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corner_tower" title="Corner tower">Corner tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-castle" title="Counter-castle">Counter-castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification)" title="Curtain wall (fortification)">Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawbridge" title="Drawbridge">Drawbridge</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Enceinte" title="Enceinte">Enceinte</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Embrasure" title="Embrasure">Embrasure</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanking_tower" title="Flanking tower">Flanking tower</a></li> <li>Fortified buildings (<a href="/wiki/Fortified_church" title="Fortified church">church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortified_house" title="Fortified house">house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_tulou" title="Fujian tulou">Fujian tulou</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganerbenburg" title="Ganerbenburg">Ganerbenburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_tower" title="Gate tower">Gate tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Glacis" title="Glacis">Glacis</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Guard tower">Guard tower</a></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gulyay-gorod" title="Gulyay-gorod">Gulyay-gorod</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gusuku" title="Gusuku">Gusuku</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_tower" title="Half tower">Half tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoarding_(castle)" title="Hoarding (castle)">Hoarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_bailey" title="Inner bailey">Inner bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep" title="Keep">Keep</a></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kremlin_(fortification)" title="Kremlin (fortification)">Kremlin</a></i></span> <small>(<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Detinets" title="Detinets">Detinets</a></i></span>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksar</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Landesburg" title="Landesburg">Landesburg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loophole" title="Loophole">Loophole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-plan_castle" title="L-plan castle">L-plan castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machicolation" title="Machicolation">Machicolation</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Merlon" title="Merlon">Merlon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">Moat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">Motte-and-bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_hole" title="Murder hole">Murder hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ditch" title="Neck ditch">Neck ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_bailey" title="Outer bailey">Outer bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outwork" title="Outwork">Outwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapet" title="Parapet">Parapet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peel_tower" title="Peel tower">Peel tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portcullis" title="Portcullis">Portcullis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postern" title="Postern">Postern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_tower" title="Powder tower">Powder tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduit" title="Reduit">Reduit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricetto" title="Ricetto">Ricetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringwork" title="Ringwork">Ringwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundel_(fortification)" title="Roundel (fortification)">Roundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrangular_castle" title="Quadrangular castle">Quadrangular castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_keep" title="Shell keep">Shell keep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_wall_(castle)" title="Shield wall (castle)">Shield wall</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_castle" title="Japanese castle">Shiro</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_castle" title="Toll castle">Toll castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_castle" title="Tower castle">Tower castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_house" title="Tower house">Tower house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">Turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ring_fortress" title="Viking ring fortress">Viking ring fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_tower" title="Fortified tower">Wall tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_(castle)" title="Bailey (castle)">Bailey (or ward)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchtower" title="Watchtower">Watchtower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_tower" title="Witch tower">Witch tower</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yagura_(tower)" title="Yagura (tower)">Yagura</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yett" title="Yett">Yett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwinger" title="Zwinger">Zwinger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Abwurfdach" class="mw-redirect" title="Abwurfdach">Abwurfdach</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenal" title="Arsenal">Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barricade" title="Barricade">Barricade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">Bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockhouse" title="Blockhouse">Blockhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastwork_(fortification)" title="Breastwork (fortification)">Breastwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Caponier" title="Caponier">Caponier</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">Casemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_(fortification)" title="Cavalier (fortification)">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterguard" title="Counterguard">Counterguard</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Couvreface" title="Couvreface">Couvreface</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Coupure" title="Coupure">Coupure</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covertway" title="Covertway">Covertway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crownwork" title="Crownwork">Crownwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_Forts" title="Device Forts">Device Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrenchment_(fortification)" title="Entrenchment (fortification)">Entrenchment</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A8che_(fortification)" title="Flèche (fortification)">Flèche</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorge_(fortification)" title="Gorge (fortification)">Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_magazine" title="Gunpowder magazine">Gunpowder magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornwork" title="Hornwork">Hornwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotta_mara" title="Kotta mara">Kotta mara</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Lunette_(fortification)" title="Lunette (fortification)">Lunette</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)" title="Magazine (artillery)">Magazine</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Orillon" title="Orillon">Orillon</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ostrog_(fortress)" title="Ostrog (fortress)">Ostrog</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palanka_(fortification)" title="Palanka (fortification)">Palanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place-of-arms" title="Place-of-arms">Place-of-arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_fort" title="Polygonal fort">Polygonal fort</a></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Presidio" title="Presidio">Presidio</a></i></span> (Spanish America)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punji_stick" title="Punji stick">Punji sticks</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ravelin" title="Ravelin">Ravelin</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Redan" title="Redan">Redan</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redoubt" title="Redoubt">Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrenchment_(military)" title="Retrenchment (military)">Retrenchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_port" title="Sally port">Sally port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandbag" title="Sandbag">Sandbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterscarp" title="Counterscarp">Scarp and Counterscarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sconce_(fortification)" title="Sconce (fortification)">Sconce</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Schanze" title="Schanze">Schanze</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea fort">Sea fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_(frontier_defensive_structure)" title="Station (frontier defensive structure)">Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Star fort">Star fort</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Tenaille" title="Tenaille">Tenaille</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">Barbed wire</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Barbette" title="Barbette">Barbette</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_outpost" title="Border outpost">Border outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">Bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">Coastal artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearing_gun" title="Disappearing gun">Disappearing gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_control_tower" title="Fire control tower">Fire control tower</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gun turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">Land mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martello_tower" title="Martello tower">Martello tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_fort" title="Polygonal fort">Polygonal fort</a></li> <li><span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sangar_(fortification)" title="Sangar (fortification)">Sangar</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_obstacle" title="Wire obstacle">Wire obstacles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_scaffolding" title="Admiralty scaffolding">Admiralty scaffolding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_shelter" title="Air raid shelter">Air raid shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_trench" title="Anti-tank trench">Anti-tank trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbed_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbed tape">Barbed tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cointet-element" title="Cointet-element">Belgian gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_shelter" title="Blast shelter">Blast shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_wall" title="Blast wall">Blast wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Border security">Border security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_shelter" title="Bomb shelter">Bomb shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buoy_anti-tank_obstacle" title="Buoy anti-tank obstacle">Buoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremer_wall" title="Bremer wall">Bremer wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concertina_wire" title="Concertina wire">Concertina wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Defensive fighting position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_anti-invasion_preparations_of_the_Second_World_War#Lines_and_islands" title="British anti-invasion preparations of the Second World War">British "hedgehog" road block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_hedgehog" title="Czech hedgehog">Czech hedgehog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_teeth_(fortification)" title="Dragon's teeth (fortification)">Dragon's teeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">Entry control point (ECP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_fence" title="Electric fence">Electric fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallout_shelter" title="Fallout shelter">Fallout shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_support_base" title="Fire support base">Fire support base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flak_tower" title="Flak tower">Flak tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardened_aircraft_shelter" title="Hardened aircraft shelter">Hardened aircraft shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesco_bastion" title="Hesco bastion">Hesco bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabal_(earthworks)" title="Kabal (earthworks)">Kabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loophole_(firearm)" title="Loophole (firearm)">Loophole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_line_of_resistance" title="Main line of resistance">Main line of resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_launch_facility" title="Missile launch facility">Missile launch facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillbox_(military)" title="Pillbox (military)">Pillbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revetment_(aircraft)" title="Revetment (aircraft)">Revetment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentry_gun" title="Sentry gun">Sentry gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_hole" title="Spider hole">Spider hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pen" title="Submarine pen">Submarine pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hangar" title="Underground hangar">Underground hangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon_storage_area" title="Weapon storage area">Weapon storage area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_Storage_and_Security_System" title="Weapons Storage and Security System">Weapons Storage and Security System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_castle" title="Cave castle">Cave castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_castle" title="Hill castle">Hill castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">Hillfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillside_castle" title="Hillside castle">Hillside castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilltop_castle" title="Hilltop castle">Hilltop castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_castle" title="Island castle">Island castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_castle" title="Lowland castle">Lowland castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_castle" title="Marsh castle">Marsh castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_castle" title="Water castle">Moated castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promontory_fort" title="Promontory fort">Promontory fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge_castle" title="Ridge castle">Ridge castle</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Rocca_(fortification)" title="Rocca (fortification)">Rocca</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_castle" title="Rock castle">Rock castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spur_castle" title="Spur castle">Spur castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_castle" title="Water castle">Water castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotta_mara" title="Kotta mara">Floating water castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By role</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_barrier" title="Border barrier">Border barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion_castle" title="Coercion castle">Coercion castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-castle" title="Counter-castle">Counter-castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fence" title="Fence">Fence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganerbenburg" title="Ganerbenburg">Ganerbenburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdschloss" title="Jagdschloss">Hunting lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_castle" title="Imperial castle">Imperial castle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kaiserpfalz" title="Kaiserpfalz">Kaiserpfalz</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Landesburg" title="Landesburg">Landesburg</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Lustschloss" title="Lustschloss">Lustschloss</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Military base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstacle" title="Obstacle">Obstacle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ordensburg" title="Ordensburg">Ordensburg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_castle" title="Refuge castle">Refuge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_castle" title="Toll castle">Toll castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_castle" title="Urban castle">Urban castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bastion_fort" title="Bastion fort">Bastion fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_castle" title="Bridge castle">Bridge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_rampart" title="Circular rampart">Circular rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_castle" title="Concentric castle">Concentric castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-plan_castle" title="L-plan castle">L-plan castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">Motte-and-bailey castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrangular_castle" title="Quadrangular castle">Quadrangular castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringfort" title="Ringfort">Ringfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringwork" title="Ringwork">Ringwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_castle" title="Tower castle">Tower castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-plan_castle" title="Z-plan castle">Z-plan castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bastion_forts" title="List of bastion forts">Bastion forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles" title="List of castles">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_with_defensive_walls" title="List of cities with defensive walls">Cities with defensive walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_line" title="Defense line">Defense line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortified estate">Fortified estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fortifications" title="List of fortifications">Fortifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forts" title="List of forts">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_installations" title="Lists of military installations">Military installations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_walls" title="List of walls">Walls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related word</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle_town" title="Castle town">Castle town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Château">Château</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon" title="Dungeon">Dungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festung" title="Festung">Festung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_gateway" title="Fortified gateway">Fortified gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeper" 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title="Military urbanism">Military urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">Siege engine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_siege_engines" title="List of siege engines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_guerrilla_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nobold">See also</span>: <b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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