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id="toc-Example_for_a_non-partisan_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_for_a_non-partisan_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Example for a non-partisan election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_for_a_non-partisan_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compared_to_other_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compared_to_other_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Compared to other systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compared_to_other_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_for_an_election_with_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_for_an_election_with_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Example for an election with parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_for_an_election_with_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_round" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_round"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>First round</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_round-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second,_third_and_fourth_rounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second,_third_and_fourth_rounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Second, third and fourth rounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second,_third_and_fourth_rounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifth_and_sixth_rounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_and_sixth_rounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Fifth and sixth rounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_and_sixth_rounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seventh_round" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventh_round"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Seventh round</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventh_round-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compared_to_other_systems_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compared_to_other_systems_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Compared to other systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compared_to_other_systems_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_voting_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_voting_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Related voting systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_voting_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balloting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balloting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Balloting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balloting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seat_filling_by_quota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seat_filling_by_quota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Seat filling by quota</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Seat_filling_by_quota-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Seat filling by quota subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Seat_filling_by_quota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vote_transfers_and_quota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vote_transfers_and_quota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Vote transfers and quota</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vote_transfers_and_quota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transfers_of_votes_of_eliminated_candidates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transfers_of_votes_of_eliminated_candidates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Transfers of votes of eliminated candidates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transfers_of_votes_of_eliminated_candidates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transfers_of_surplus_votes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transfers_of_surplus_votes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Transfers of surplus votes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transfers_of_surplus_votes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-District_magnitudes_and_proportionality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#District_magnitudes_and_proportionality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>District magnitudes and proportionality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-District_magnitudes_and_proportionality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_legislatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_legislatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>National legislatures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_legislatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Other bodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indirect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indirect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Indirect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indirect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_use_of_STV_for_election_of_legislative_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_use_of_STV_for_election_of_legislative_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Historic use of STV for election of legislative bodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_use_of_STV_for_election_of_legislative_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Degree_of_proportionality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Degree_of_proportionality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Degree of proportionality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Degree_of_proportionality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Difficulty_of_implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Difficulty_of_implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Difficulty of implementation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Difficulty_of_implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_political_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_political_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Role of political parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By-elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By-elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>By-elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By-elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Tactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elector_confusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elector_confusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Elector confusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elector_confusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis_of_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis_of_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Analysis of results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analysis_of_results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Analysis of results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Analysis_of_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Migration_of_preferences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration_of_preferences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Migration of preferences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration_of_preferences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effective_votes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effective_votes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Effective votes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effective_votes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Single transferable vote</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84" title="صوت واحد قابل للتحويل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صوت واحد قابل للتحويل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votu_%C3%BAnicu_tresferible" title="Votu únicu tresferible – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Votu únicu tresferible" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vot_%C3%BAnic_transferible" title="Vot únic transferible – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vot únic transferible" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A9m_jednoho_p%C5%99enosn%C3%A9ho_hlasu" title="Systém jednoho přenosného hlasu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Systém jednoho přenosného hlasu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleidlais_sengl_drosglwyddadwy" title="Pleidlais sengl drosglwyddadwy – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pleidlais sengl drosglwyddadwy" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cbertragbare_Einzelstimmgebung" title="Übertragbare Einzelstimmgebung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Übertragbare Einzelstimmgebung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μεταφερόμενη μονοσταυρία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεταφερόμενη μονοσταυρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voto_%C3%BAnico_transferible" title="Voto único transferible – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Voto único transferible" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unuopa_transdonebla_vo%C4%89dono" title="Unuopa transdonebla voĉdono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Unuopa transdonebla voĉdono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%D8%A3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B0%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="تک‌رأی انتقال‌پذیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تک‌رأی انتقال‌پذیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrutin_%C3%A0_vote_unique_transf%C3%A9rable" title="Scrutin à vote unique transférable – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Scrutin à vote unique transférable" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aonv%C3%B3ta_inaistrithe" title="Aonvóta inaistrithe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aonvóta inaistrithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EA%B8%B0_%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%91%EC%8B%9D_%ED%88%AC%ED%91%9C_%EC%A0%9C%EB%8F%84" title="단기 이양식 투표 제도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="단기 이양식 투표 제도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_(%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80)" title="सिंगल ट्रांसफरेबल वोट (एसटीवी) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिंगल ट्रांसफरेबल वोट (एसटीवी)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgangsr%C3%B6%C3%B0unara%C3%B0fer%C3%B0in" title="Forgangsröðunaraðferðin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Forgangsröðunaraðferðin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voto_singolo_trasferibile" title="Voto singolo trasferibile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Voto singolo trasferibile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93" title="שיטת הקול הנייד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיטת הקול הנייד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vieno_perleid%C5%BEiamo_balso_sistema" title="Vieno perleidžiamo balso sistema – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vieno perleidžiamo balso sistema" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyetlen_%C3%A1truh%C3%A1zhat%C3%B3_szavazat" title="Egyetlen átruházható szavazat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egyetlen átruházható szavazat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Систем на единствен пренослив глас – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Систем на единствен пренослив глас" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="ഒറ്റ കൈമാറ്റ വോട്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒറ്റ കൈമാറ്റ വോട്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undian_tunggal_boleh_pindah" title="Undian tunggal boleh pindah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Undian tunggal boleh pindah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkelvoudige_overdraagbare_stem" title="Enkelvoudige overdraagbare stem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Enkelvoudige overdraagbare stem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="एकल सङ्क्रमणीय मत प्रणाली – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एकल सङ्क्रमणीय मत प्रणाली" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%98%E8%A8%98%E7%A7%BB%E8%AD%B2%E5%BC%8F%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8" title="単記移譲式投票 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="単記移譲式投票" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Single transferable vote" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pojedynczy_g%C5%82os_przechodni" title="Pojedynczy głos przechodni – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pojedynczy głos przechodni" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voto_%C3%BAnico_transfer%C3%ADvel" title="Voto único transferível – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Voto único transferível" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Система единого передаваемого голоса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Система единого передаваемого голоса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Single transferable vote" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A9m_jedn%C3%A9ho_prenosn%C3%A9ho_hlasu" title="Systém jedného prenosného hlasu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Systém jedného prenosného hlasu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siirto%C3%A4%C3%A4nivaalitapa" title="Siirtoäänivaalitapa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Siirtoäänivaalitapa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkel_%C3%B6verf%C3%B6rbar_r%C3%B6st" title="Enkel överförbar röst – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Enkel överförbar röst" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87" title="การเลือกตั้งแบบถ่ายโอนคะแนนเสียง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเลือกตั้งแบบถ่ายโอนคะแนนเสียง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devredilebilir_tek_oy" title="Devredilebilir tek oy – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Devredilebilir tek oy" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%94%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83" title="Система єдиного перехідного голосу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Система єдиного перехідного голосу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84_%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%B9" title="سنگل ٹرانسفرایبل ووٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سنگل ٹرانسفرایبل ووٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB%E5%96%AE%E7%A5%A8%E5%88%B6" title="可轉移單票制 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="可轉移單票制" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Multi-winner electoral system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the single-winner version of STV, see <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff voting</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preferential_ballot.svg" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">A joint <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics</a> series</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Electoral-systems-gears.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/128px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/192px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/256px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_voting_rules" title="Comparison of voting rules">Comparison</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems" title="List of electoral systems">List</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems_by_country" title="List of electoral systems by country">By country</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">Single-winner methods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Single vote - <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality</a> methods</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First preference plurality (FPP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_primary" title="Nonpartisan primary">Jungle primary</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Partisan primary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff</a> <ul><li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>:</abbr> Alternative vote (AV)</li> <li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>:</abbr> Ranked-choice (RCV)</li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_method" title="Condorcet method">Condorcet methods</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tideman_alternative_method" title="Tideman alternative method">Condorcet-IRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_voting" title="Round-robin voting">Round-robin voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimax_Condorcet_method" title="Minimax Condorcet method">Minimax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_method" title="Schulze method">Schulze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_pairs" title="Ranked pairs">Ranked pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximal_lottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximal lottery">Maximal lottery</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Positional_voting" title="Positional voting">Positional voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-preference_plurality" class="mw-redirect" title="First-preference plurality">Plurality</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">IRV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda count</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Baldwin%27s_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin's method">Baldwin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-plurality_voting" title="Anti-plurality voting">Antiplurality</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Coombs_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Coombs method">Coombs</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Rated_voting" title="Rated voting">Cardinal voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Score_voting" title="Score voting">Score voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">Approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_median_voting_rules" title="Highest median voting rules">Majority judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAR_voting" title="STAR voting">STAR voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional representation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">Apportionment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highest_averages_method" title="Highest averages method">Highest averages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainder_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainder method">Largest remainders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_remnant" title="National remnant">National remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biproportional_apportionment" title="Biproportional apportionment">Biproportional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_list" title="Electoral list">List type</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panachage" title="Panachage">Panachage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justified_representation" title="Justified representation">List-free PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localized_list" title="Localized list">Localized list</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Electoral_quota" title="Electoral quota">Quota-remainder methods</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hare STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_STV" title="Schulze STV">Schulze STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPO-STV" title="CPO-STV">CPO-STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quota_Borda_system" title="Quota Borda system">Quota Borda</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Approval-based_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Approval-based committee">Approval-based committees</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_approval_voting" title="Proportional approval voting">Thiele's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmen%27s_voting_rules" title="Phragmen's voting rules">Phragmen's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanding_approvals_rule" title="Expanding approvals rule">Expanding approvals rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_of_equal_shares" title="Method of equal shares">Method of equal shares</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Fractional_social_choice" title="Fractional social choice">Fractional social choice</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_representation" title="Direct representation">Direct representation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_representation" title="Interactive representation">Interactive representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_democracy" title="Liquid democracy">Liquid democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_approval_voting" title="Fractional approval voting">Fractional approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximal_lottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximal lottery">Maximal lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_ballot" title="Random ballot">Random ballot</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">Semi-proportional representation</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">Cumulative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">SNTV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">Limited voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Mixed systems</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>By results of combination</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_majoritarian_representation" title="Mixed-member majoritarian representation">Mixed-member majoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member proportional</a></li></ul> <hr /><b>By mechanism of combination</b> <ul><li><b>Non-<a href="/wiki/Compensation_(electoral_systems)" title="Compensation (electoral systems)">compensatory</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel (superposition)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coexistence_(electoral_systems)" title="Coexistence (electoral systems)">Coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conditional_electoral_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conditional electoral system (page does not exist)">Conditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">Fusion (majority bonus)</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Compensation_(electoral_systems)" title="Compensation (electoral systems)">Compensatory</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seat_linkage_mixed_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seat linkage mixed system (page does not exist)">Seat linkage system</a> <ul><li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">'AMS'</a></li> <li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">NZ</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-member proportional">'MMP'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_linkage_mixed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote linkage mixed system">Vote linkage system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scorporo" title="Scorporo">Negative vote transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">Mixed ballot</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Supermixed systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual-member_proportional_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-member proportional representation">Dual-member proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural%E2%80%93urban_proportional_representation" title="Rural–urban proportional representation">Rural–urban proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_jackpot_system" title="Majority jackpot system">Majority jackpot</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>By ballot type</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">Single vote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_simultaneous_vote" title="Double simultaneous vote">Double simultaneous vote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed electoral systems">Dual-vote</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pathological_(mathematics)#Voting" title="Pathological (mathematics)">Paradoxes and pathologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Spoiler effects</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_effect" title="Spoiler effect">Spoiler effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_clones" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of clones">Cloning paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner_criterion" title="Condorcet winner criterion">Frustrated majorities paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_squeeze" title="Center squeeze">Center squeeze</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Pathological response</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perverse_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Perverse response">Perverse response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best-is-worst_paradox" title="Best-is-worst paradox">Best-is-worst paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-show_paradox" title="No-show paradox">No-show paradox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_districts_paradox" title="Multiple districts paradox">Multiple districts paradox</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Strategic_voting" title="Strategic voting">Strategic voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sincere_favorite_criterion" title="Sincere favorite criterion">Lesser evil voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_voting#Exaggeration" title="Strategic voting">Exaggeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truncation_(voting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Truncation (voting)">Truncation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey-raising" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey-raising">Turkey-raising</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Paradoxes of <a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">majority rule</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discursive_dilemma" title="Discursive dilemma">Discursive dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_paradox" title="Condorcet paradox">Conflicting majorities paradox</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social and collective choice</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_impossibility" title="Proof of impossibility">Impossibility theorems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow%27s_impossibility_theorem" title="Arrow's impossibility theorem">Arrow's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_paradox" title="Condorcet paradox">Majority impossibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulin%27s_impossibility_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Moulin's impossibility theorem">Moulin's impossibility theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKelvey%E2%80%93Schofield_chaos_theorem" title="McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem">McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbard%27s_theorem" title="Gibbard's theorem">Gibbard's theorem</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Positive results</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_voter_theorem" title="Median voter theorem">Median voter theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet%27s_jury_theorem" title="Condorcet's jury theorem">Condorcet's jury theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May%27s_theorem" title="May's theorem">May's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow%27s_theorem#Minimizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrow's theorem">Condorcet dominance theorems</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harsanyi%27s_utilitarian_theorem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem (page does not exist)">Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickrey-Clarke-Groves_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vickrey-Clarke-Groves mechanism">VCG mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratic_voting" title="Quadratic voting">Quadratic voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: inherit; padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" 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.navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Template:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Template talk:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_Election_2011_-_The_Count_At_The_RDS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Irish_Election_2011_-_The_Count_At_The_RDS.jpg/220px-Irish_Election_2011_-_The_Count_At_The_RDS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Irish_Election_2011_-_The_Count_At_The_RDS.jpg/330px-Irish_Election_2011_-_The_Count_At_The_RDS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Irish_Election_2011_-_The_Count_At_The_RDS.jpg/440px-Irish_Election_2011_-_The_Count_At_The_RDS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4661" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>STV ballot papers from the <a href="/wiki/2011_Irish_general_election" title="2011 Irish general election">2011 Irish general election</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>single transferable vote</b> (<b>STV</b>) or <b>proportional-ranked choice voting</b> (<b>P-RCV</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a multi-winner electoral system in which each voter casts a single vote in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Ranked_ballot" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranked ballot">ranked ballot</a>. Voters have the option to rank candidates, and their vote may be transferred according to alternative preferences if their preferred candidate is eliminated or elected with surplus votes, so that their vote is used to elect someone they prefer over others in the running. STV aims to approach proportional representation based on votes cast in the district where it is used, so that each vote is worth about the same as another. </p><p>STV is a family of <a href="/wiki/Proportionality_for_solid_coalitions" title="Proportionality for solid coalitions">proportional</a> multi-winner <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral systems</a> whose results are equivalent to those produced by <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> election systems based on lists. STV systems can be thought of as a variation on the <a href="/wiki/Largest_remainders_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainders method">largest remainders method</a> that uses candidate-based <a href="/wiki/Solid_coalition" title="Solid coalition">solid coalitions</a>, rather than <a href="/wiki/Party_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Party list">party lists</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surplus votes belonging to winning candidates (those in excess of an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_quota" title="Electoral quota">electoral quota</a>) may be thought of as remainder votes. As a remainder under the largest remainder system, they are used to possibly obtain another seat for the party. As a remainder under STV, they are transferred to a voter's subsequent preferences if necessary, and thus a vote may be transferred across party lines, to a candidate on a different party slate, if that is how the voter marked their preferences. </p><p>Under STV, no one party or <a href="/wiki/Voting_bloc" title="Voting bloc">voting bloc</a> can take all the seats in a district unless the number of seats in the district is very small or almost all the votes cast are cast for one party's candidates (which is seldom the case). This makes it different from other commonly used candidate-based systems. In <a href="/wiki/Majoritarian_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Majoritarian representation">winner-take-all</a> or plurality systems – such as <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post</a> (FPTP), <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">instant-runoff voting</a> (IRV), and <a href="/wiki/Plurality_block_voting" title="Plurality block voting">block voting</a> – one party or <a href="/wiki/Voting_bloc" title="Voting bloc">voting bloc</a> can take all seats in a district. </p><p>The key to STV's approximation of proportionality is that each voter effectively only casts a single vote in a district contest electing multiple winners, while the ranked ballots (and sufficiently large districts) allow the results to achieve a high degree of proportionality with respect to partisan affiliation within the district, as well as representation by gender and other descriptive characteristics. The use of a quota means that, for the most part, each successful candidate is elected with the same number of votes. This equality produces fairness in the particular sense that a party taking twice as many votes as another party will generally take twice the number of seats compared to that other party. </p><p>Under STV, winners are elected in a multi-member <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">constituency</a> (district) or at-large, also in a multiple-winner contest. Every sizeable group within the district wins at least one seat: the more seats the district has, the smaller the size of the group needed to elect a member. In this way, STV provides approximately proportional representation overall, ensuring that substantial minority factions have some representation. </p><p>There are several STV variants. Two common distinguishing characteristics are whether or not ticket voting is allowed and the manner in which surplus votes are transferred. In Australia, lower house elections do not allow ticket voting; some but not all state upper house systems do allow ticket voting. In Ireland and Malta, surplus votes are transferred as whole votes (there may be some randomness) and neither allows ticket voting. In <a href="/wiki/Hare%E2%80%93Clark_electoral_system" title="Hare–Clark electoral system">Hare–Clark</a>, used in <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a>, there is no ticket voting and surplus votes are fractionally transferred based on the last parcel of votes received by winners in accordance with the Gregory method.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Systems that use the Gregory method for surplus vote transfers are strictly non-random. Other distinguishing features include District Magnitude (number of members in the district) (with all districts having the same DM or varying DM), how to fill casual vacancies (by-elections or other), and the number of preferences that the voter must mark (<a href="/wiki/Optional_preferential_voting" title="Optional preferential voting">optional-preferential voting</a> or other).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Single_transferable_vote" title="Special:EditPage/Single transferable vote">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Single+transferable+vote%22">"Single transferable vote"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Single+transferable+vote%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Single+transferable+vote%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Single+transferable+vote%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Single+transferable+vote%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Single+transferable+vote%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In a single transferable vote (STV) system, the voter ranks candidates in order of preference on their ballot. A vote is initially allocated to the voter's first preference. </p><p>A quota (the minimum number of votes that guarantees election) is calculated by a specified method (STV generally uses <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_the_Hare_and_Droop_quotas" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of the Hare and Droop quotas">the Hare or Droop quota</a>), and candidates who accumulate that many votes are declared elected. In many STV systems, the quota is also used to determine surplus votes, the number of votes received by successful candidates over and above the quota. Surplus votes are transferred to candidates ranked lower in the voters' preferences, if possible, so they are not wasted by remaining with a candidate who does not need them. </p><p>If seats remain open after the first count, any surplus votes are transferred. This may generate the necessary winners. As well, least popular candidates may be eliminated as a way to generate winners. </p><p>The specific method of transferring votes varies in different systems (see <a href="#Vote_transfers_and_quota">§ Vote transfers and quota</a>). Transfer of any existing surplus votes is done before eliminations of candidates. This prevents a party from losing a candidate in the early stage who might be elected later through transfers.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When surplus votes are transferred under some systems, some or all of the votes held by the winner are apportioned fractionally to the next marked preference on the ballot. In others, the transfers to the next available marked preference is done using whole votes. </p><p>When seats still remain to be filled and there are no surplus votes to transfer (none of the remaining candidates' votes have surplus votes needing to be transferred), the least popular candidate is eliminated. The eliminated candidate's votes are transferred to the next-preferred candidate rather than being discarded; if the next-preferred choice has already been eliminated or elected, the procedure is iterated to lower-ranked candidates. </p><p>Counting, eliminations, and vote transfers continue until enough candidates are declared elected (all seats are filled by candidates reaching the quota) or until there are only as many remaining candidates as there are unfilled seats, at which point the remaining candidates are declared elected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example_for_a_non-partisan_election">Example for a non-partisan election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Example for a non-partisan election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suppose an election is conducted to determine what three foods to serve at a party. There are seven choices: Oranges, Pears, Strawberries, Cake (of the strawberry/chocolate variety), Chocolate, Hamburgers and Chicken. Only three of these may be served to the 23 guests. STV is chosen to make the decision, with the whole-vote method used to transfer surplus votes. The hope is that each guest will be served at least one food that they are happy with. </p><p>To select the three foods, each guest is given one vote – they each mark their first preference and are also allowed to cast two back-up preferences to be used only if their first-preference food cannot be selected or to direct a transfer if the first-preference food is chosen with a surplus of votes. The 23 guests at the party mark their ballots: some mark first, second and third preferences; some mark only two preferences. </p><p>When the ballots are counted, it is found that the ballots are marked in seven distinct combinations, as shown in the table below: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>1st preference </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F34A.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orange"><img alt="Oranges" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Emojione_1F34A.svg/50px-Emojione_1F34A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Emojione_1F34A.svg/75px-Emojione_1F34A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Emojione_1F34A.svg/100px-Emojione_1F34A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F350.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pear"><img alt="Pears" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emojione_1F350.svg/50px-Emojione_1F350.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emojione_1F350.svg/75px-Emojione_1F350.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emojione_1F350.svg/100px-Emojione_1F350.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F353.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Strawberry"><img alt="Strawberry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Emojione_1F353.svg/50px-Emojione_1F353.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Emojione_1F353.svg/75px-Emojione_1F353.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Emojione_1F353.svg/100px-Emojione_1F353.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F370.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Strawberry Chocolate Cake"><img alt="Strawberry Chocolate Cake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Emojione_1F370.svg/50px-Emojione_1F370.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Emojione_1F370.svg/75px-Emojione_1F370.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Emojione_1F370.svg/100px-Emojione_1F370.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F36B.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chocolate"><img alt="Chocolate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Emojione_1F36B.svg/50px-Emojione_1F36B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Emojione_1F36B.svg/75px-Emojione_1F36B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Emojione_1F36B.svg/100px-Emojione_1F36B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F354.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hamburger"><img alt="Hamburger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emojione_1F354.svg/50px-Emojione_1F354.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emojione_1F354.svg/75px-Emojione_1F354.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emojione_1F354.svg/100px-Emojione_1F354.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F357.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chicken"><img alt="Chicken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Emojione_1F357.svg/50px-Emojione_1F357.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Emojione_1F357.svg/75px-Emojione_1F357.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Emojione_1F357.svg/100px-Emojione_1F357.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd preference </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F350.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pear"><img alt="Pears" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emojione_1F350.svg/50px-Emojione_1F350.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emojione_1F350.svg/75px-Emojione_1F350.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emojione_1F350.svg/100px-Emojione_1F350.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F353.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Strawberry"><img alt="Strawberry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Emojione_1F353.svg/50px-Emojione_1F353.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Emojione_1F353.svg/75px-Emojione_1F353.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Emojione_1F353.svg/100px-Emojione_1F353.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F34A.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orange"><img alt="Oranges" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Emojione_1F34A.svg/50px-Emojione_1F34A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Emojione_1F34A.svg/75px-Emojione_1F34A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Emojione_1F34A.svg/100px-Emojione_1F34A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F36B.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chocolate"><img alt="Chocolate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Emojione_1F36B.svg/50px-Emojione_1F36B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Emojione_1F36B.svg/75px-Emojione_1F36B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Emojione_1F36B.svg/100px-Emojione_1F36B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F370.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Strawberry Chocolate Cake"><img alt="Strawberry Chocolate Cake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Emojione_1F370.svg/50px-Emojione_1F370.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Emojione_1F370.svg/75px-Emojione_1F370.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Emojione_1F370.svg/100px-Emojione_1F370.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F357.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chicken"><img alt="Chicken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Emojione_1F357.svg/50px-Emojione_1F357.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Emojione_1F357.svg/75px-Emojione_1F357.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Emojione_1F357.svg/100px-Emojione_1F357.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F36B.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chocolate"><img alt="Chocolate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Emojione_1F36B.svg/50px-Emojione_1F36B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Emojione_1F36B.svg/75px-Emojione_1F36B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Emojione_1F36B.svg/100px-Emojione_1F36B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd preference </th> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F370.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Strawberry Chocolate Cake"><img alt="Strawberry Chocolate Cake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Emojione_1F370.svg/50px-Emojione_1F370.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Emojione_1F370.svg/75px-Emojione_1F370.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Emojione_1F370.svg/100px-Emojione_1F370.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F350.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pear"><img alt="Pears" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emojione_1F350.svg/50px-Emojione_1F350.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emojione_1F350.svg/75px-Emojione_1F350.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emojione_1F350.svg/100px-Emojione_1F350.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F354.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hamburger"><img alt="Hamburger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emojione_1F354.svg/50px-Emojione_1F354.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emojione_1F354.svg/75px-Emojione_1F354.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emojione_1F354.svg/100px-Emojione_1F354.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F354.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hamburger"><img alt="Hamburger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emojione_1F354.svg/50px-Emojione_1F354.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emojione_1F354.svg/75px-Emojione_1F354.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emojione_1F354.svg/100px-Emojione_1F354.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th># of ballots </th> <th>3 </th> <th>8 </th> <th>1 </th> <th>3 </th> <th>1 </th> <th>4 </th> <th>3 </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The table is read as columns: the left-most column shows that there were three ballots with Orange as the first choice and Pear as second, while the right-most column shows there were three ballots with Chicken as first choice, Chocolate as second, and Hamburger as third. </p><p>The election step-by-step: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Step </th> <th colspan="7">Votes for each option </th></tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F34A.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orange"><img alt="Oranges" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Emojione_1F34A.svg/50px-Emojione_1F34A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Emojione_1F34A.svg/75px-Emojione_1F34A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Emojione_1F34A.svg/100px-Emojione_1F34A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F350.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pear"><img alt="Pears" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emojione_1F350.svg/50px-Emojione_1F350.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emojione_1F350.svg/75px-Emojione_1F350.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emojione_1F350.svg/100px-Emojione_1F350.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F353.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Strawberry"><img alt="Strawberry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Emojione_1F353.svg/50px-Emojione_1F353.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Emojione_1F353.svg/75px-Emojione_1F353.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Emojione_1F353.svg/100px-Emojione_1F353.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F370.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Strawberry"><img alt="Strawberry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Emojione_1F370.svg/50px-Emojione_1F370.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Emojione_1F370.svg/75px-Emojione_1F370.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Emojione_1F370.svg/100px-Emojione_1F370.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F36B.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chocolate"><img alt="Chocolate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Emojione_1F36B.svg/50px-Emojione_1F36B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Emojione_1F36B.svg/75px-Emojione_1F36B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Emojione_1F36B.svg/100px-Emojione_1F36B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F354.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hamburger"><img alt="Hamburger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emojione_1F354.svg/50px-Emojione_1F354.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emojione_1F354.svg/75px-Emojione_1F354.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emojione_1F354.svg/100px-Emojione_1F354.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F357.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hamburger"><img alt="Hamburger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Emojione_1F357.svg/50px-Emojione_1F357.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Emojione_1F357.svg/75px-Emojione_1F357.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Emojione_1F357.svg/100px-Emojione_1F357.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Setting the quota </th> <td colspan="7">The quota is 6 (<a href="/wiki/Droop_quota" title="Droop quota">Droop quota</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Step 1 </th> <td>3 </td> <td>8 <p>ELECTED </p><p>(2 surplus vote) </p> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Step 2 </th> <td>3 </td> <td>ELECTED </td> <td><span class="nowrap">1 + 2 = 3</span> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Step 3 </th> <td>3 </td> <td>ELECTED </td> <td>3 </td> <td><span class="nowrap">3 + 1 = 4</span> </td> <td><i>eliminated</i> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Step 4 </th> <td><span class="nowrap">3 + 1 = 4</span> </td> <td>ELECTED </td> <td><i>eliminated</i> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">4 + 2 = 6</span> <p>ELECTED </p><p>(0 surplus votes) </p> </td> <td><i>eliminated</i> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Step 5 </th> <td>4 </td> <td>ELECTED </td> <td><i>eliminated</i> </td> <td>ELECTED </td> <td><i>eliminated</i> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">4 + 3 = 7</span> <p>ELECTED </p><p>(1 surplus vote) </p> </td> <td><i>eliminated</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Result </th> <td> </td> <td>ELECTED </td> <td> </td> <td>ELECTED </td> <td> </td> <td>ELECTED </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Single_Transferrable_Vote_example.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Single_Transferrable_Vote_example.png/220px-Single_Transferrable_Vote_example.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Single_Transferrable_Vote_example.png/330px-Single_Transferrable_Vote_example.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Single_Transferrable_Vote_example.png/440px-Single_Transferrable_Vote_example.png 2x" data-file-width="1446" data-file-height="1370" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sankey_diagram" title="Sankey diagram">Sankey chart</a> illustrating the vote process. Not shown is the one-vote transfer from Strawberry to Oranges in Step 4.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Setting the quota:</b> The <a href="/wiki/Droop_quota" title="Droop quota">Droop quota</a> formula is used to produce the quota (the number of votes required to be automatically declared elected) = floor(valid votes / (seats to fill + 1)) + 1 = floor(23 / (3 + 1)) + 1 = floor(5.75) + 1 = 5 + 1 = 6 </p><p><b>Step 1:</b> First-preference votes are counted. Pears reaches the quota with 8 votes and is therefore elected on the first count, with 2 surplus votes. </p><p><b>Step 2:</b> All of the voters who gave first preference to Pears preferred Strawberry next, so the surplus votes are awarded to Strawberry. </p><p>No other option has reached the quota, and there are still two to elect with six options in the race, so elimination of lower-scoring options starts. </p><p><b>Step 3:</b> Chocolate has the fewest votes and is eliminated. According to their only voter's next preference, this vote is transferred to Cake. No option has reached the quota, and there are still two to elect with five in the race, so elimination of options will continue next round. </p><p><b>Step 4:</b> Of the remaining options, Oranges, Strawberry and Chicken now are tied for the fewest votes. Strawberry had the fewest first preference votes so is eliminated. In accordance with the next preference marked on the vote cast by the voter who voted Strawberry as first preference, that vote is transferred to Oranges. In accordance with the next preference marked on the two votes cast by the Pear–Strawberry–Cake voters (which had been transferred to Strawberry in step 2), the two votes are transferred to Cake. (The Cake preference had been "piggy-backed" along with the transfer to Strawberry.) Cake reaches the quota and is elected. </p><p>Cake has no surplus votes, no other option has reached the quota, and there is still one choice to select with three in the race, so the vote count proceeds, with the elimination of the least popular candidate. </p><p><b>Step 5:</b> Chicken has the fewest votes and is eliminated. The Chicken voters' next preference is Chocolate but Chocolate has already been eliminated. The next usable preference is Hamburgers, so the three votes are transferred to Hamburgers. </p><p>Hamburgers is elected with 7 votes in total. Hamburgers now has a surplus vote, but this does not matter since the election is over. There are no more foods needing to be chosen – three have been chosen. </p><p><b>Result:</b> The winners are Pears, Cake, and Hamburgers. </p><p>Orange ends up being neither elected nor eliminated. </p><p>STV in this case produced a large number of effective votes – 19 votes were used to elect the successful candidates. (Only the votes for Oranges at the end were not used to select a food. The Orange voters have satisfaction of seeing their second choice – Pears – selected, even if their votes were not used to select any food.) </p><p>As well, there was general satisfaction with the choices selected. Nineteen voters saw either their first or second choice elected, although four of them did not actually have their vote used to achieve the result. Four saw their third choice elected. Fifteen voters saw their first preference chosen; eight of these 15 saw their first and third choices selected. Four others saw their second preference chosen, with one of them having their second and third choice selected. </p><p>Note that if Hamburger had received only one vote when Chicken was eliminated, it still would have won because the only other remaining candidate, Oranges, had fewer votes so would have been declared defeated in the next round. This would have left Hamburger as the last remaining candidate to fill the last open seat, even if it did not have quota. </p><p>As in many STV elections most of the candidates in winning position in the first round went on to be elected in the end. The leading front runners were Pears and Hamburgers, both of whom were elected. There was a three-way tie for third between Cake, Chicken and Oranges, Cake coming out on top in the end. Transfers seldom affect the election of more than one or two of the initial front runners and sometimes none at all.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Compared_to_other_systems">Compared to other systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Compared to other systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This result differs from the one that would have occurred if the voting system used had been non-PR, such as <a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">single non-transferable vote</a> (SNTV), <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post</a> (FPTP) in three districts, first-past-the-post at-large <a href="/wiki/Group_voting_ticket" title="Group voting ticket">group ticket voting</a> as used to elect members of the US electoral college, or a single-winner winner-take-all system in three districts. </p><p>Single non-transferable vote would have seen a three-way tie for third place with Oranges, Cake and Chicken tied. The tie would have been resolved by the flip of a coin or the choice of an election official. Possibly Oranges or Chicken would have been determined to be the winner among the three, even though Cake was seen in the vote count process to have more general support. Under SNTV, 15 voters would have seen their first preference win – Oranges (or Chicken or Cake), Pears and Hamburgers. Eight voters would have not seen their first-preference food served. The pro-Oranges voter, if Oranges was not chosen, may have been consoled by their second choice, Pears, being served, but the others would not be served any of the foods they like, except maybe the voter who likes Strawberry and the one who likes Chocolate whose third choice, Hamburgers, was a winner. At least three voters would not be served any of their favorites. </p><p>Under first-past-the-post, the guests would have been split into three groups with one food chosen by each group based on just the most popular food in each group. The result in this case would have been dependent on how the groups are formed (<a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">gerrymandering</a> of the groups to bias the election toward a particular result could occur). It might have been Strawberry cake, Pears and Hamburgers, but also the foods chosen might have been Pears in two groups (districts) and Hamburgers in the other. Or even just Pears alone might have won in each of the three "districts", in which case only 8 guests out of 23 would have seen their first choice served, a very unrepresentative outcome, given that three different foods could have been served. </p><p>Using FPTP, it could happen that under any three-district single-winner system, none of the groups elect Pears, if the 7 votes for it are split and in each "district" there is another food that beats it (e.g. Oranges, Hamburgers and Chicken). </p><p>Similar problems arise to a lesser degree if all districts use a majority system instead of plurality (for instance, <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">two-round</a> or <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">instant-runoff</a> voting) as at least in all districts the majority would have been quite happy, but that still leaves the minority unrepresented. </p><p>If the voters had been able to choose only one food to serve such as in the ticket voting system used in the US electoral college (first-past-the-post but without "districts"), it is likely that Pears, the choice of less than a third of the 23 party-goers, would have won, meaning Pears would be the only food served at the party. </p><p>Even if they held two rounds of voting (as in the <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">two-round system</a>), the bare majority that prefers some other kind of fruit (Oranges, Pears, Strawberries) would have dominated all other choices. </p><p>Giving electors a <em>single</em> transferable vote is very different from simply having more seats to fill and giving each voter more votes to cast. <a href="/wiki/Plurality_block_voting" title="Plurality block voting">Plurality block voting</a> is such a system. Under it, each voter is given as many votes as there can be winners. This system can produce very unrepresentative results. In the example above, if every voter voted for three options, the small majority of voters who chose a fruit could easily force all three outcomes to be fruit of some kind: an outcome that is unlikely to be more representative than simply choosing only one winner. In an extreme example, where no faction can command an absolute majority, the largest of the minority groups can force a one-outcome result by running <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_clones_criterion" title="Independence of clones criterion">clone candidates</a>. For example, the seven supporters of Pears could arrange in advance to have three types of Pears included on the ballot, then vote for all three, and if no other option reaches more than 7 votes, all three foods served would be a type of Pear. The only way this could be avoided would be for those who do not want Pears to vote <a href="/wiki/Tactical_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical voting">tactically</a>, by not voting for their preferred option but instead voting for whatever they consider to be the least bad outcome that is still likely to gain the required number of votes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example_for_an_election_with_parties">Example for an election with parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Example for an election with parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elections with parties are conducted in very similar manner to the non-partisan STV election presented above. Parties actually play no role in STV elections – each voter marks preferences for individual candidates and the voter's secondary preferences may be of a different party. </p><p>This example shows election of five members in a district. Party A runs five candidates, Party B runs three, and there is one independent in the race. The election is conducted under STV with the Hare quota, which for five seats is 20% (100% divided by five). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_round">First round</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First round"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Candidate </th> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Votes <p>(first preferences) </p> </th> <th>Quota </th> <th>Elected? </th> <th>If elected: surplus votes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate A1 </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td>1% </td> <td rowspan="9">20% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate A2 </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td>9% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Candidate A3</b> </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td><b>25%</b> </td> <td><b>Yes</b> </td> <td>5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate A4 </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td>8% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate A5 </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td>5% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate I </td> <td> </td> <td>Independent </td> <td>7% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate B1 </td> <td style="background:#0008A5"> </td> <td>Party B </td> <td>11% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate B2 </td> <td style="background:#0008A5"> </td> <td>Party B </td> <td>18% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate B3 </td> <td style="background:#0008A5"> </td> <td>Party B </td> <td>16% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><i>TOTAL</i> </td> <td><i>100%</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the first round, the vote tally of the most popular candidate of Party A, Candidate A3, is more than quota, so they win a seat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second,_third_and_fourth_rounds"><span id="Second.2C_third_and_fourth_rounds"></span>Second, third and fourth rounds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second, third and fourth rounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surplus votes are distributed; the voters of Candidate A3 have marked their second preference for another politician of the same party, Candidate A4, so A4 now receives Candidate A3's surplus votes. This transfer of 5 percent of the votes leaves A3 with the quota (20 percent) and A4 with 13 percent. </p><p>In the third and fourth rounds, the least popular candidates are eliminated (Candidates A1 and A5) and their votes transferred to their next preferences. Voters of Candidate A5 are not very partisan, preferring the independent candidate over the other candidates of Party A. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Candidate </th> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>Quota </th> <th>Elected? </th> <th>If elected: surplus votes </th></tr> <tr> <td><s>Candidate A1</s> </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td>1% − 1% = 0% </td> <td rowspan="9">20% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate A2 </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td>9% + 1% = 10% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Candidate A3</b> </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td><b>Party A</b> </td> <td>25% − 5% = 20% </td> <td><b>Yes</b> </td> <td><b>already elected</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate A4 </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td>8% + 5% = 13% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><s>Candidate A5</s> </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td>5% − 5% = 0% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate I </td> <td> </td> <td>Independent </td> <td>7% + 5% = 12% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate B1 </td> <td style="background:#0008A5"> </td> <td>Party B </td> <td>11% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate B2 </td> <td style="background:#0008A5"> </td> <td>Party B </td> <td>18% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate B3 </td> <td style="background:#0008A5"> </td> <td>Party B </td> <td>16% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><i>TOTAL</i> </td> <td>80% (1 already elected) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fifth_and_sixth_rounds">Fifth and sixth rounds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fifth and sixth rounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the fifth round, Candidate A2 is eliminated with all their votes going to the candidate A4, the last remaining candidate from Party A, who is elected. The surplus votes of Candidate A4 are transferred. All the voters who helped elect Candidate A4 prefer the independent candidate to the candidates of the other party so their 3% surplus votes will go to Candidate I in the sixth round. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Candidate </th> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>Quota </th> <th>Elected? </th> <th>If elected: surplus votes </th></tr> <tr> <td><s>Candidate A1</s> </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="9">20% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><s>Candidate A2</s> </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td>10% − 10% = 0% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Candidate A3</b> </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td><b>Party A</b> </td> <td><b>already elected</b> </td> <td><b>Yes</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Candidate A4</b> </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td><b>Party A</b> </td> <td><b>13% + 10% = 23%</b> </td> <td><b>Yes</b> </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><s>Candidate A5</s> </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate I </td> <td> </td> <td>Independent </td> <td>12% + 3% = 15% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate B1 </td> <td style="background:#0008A5"> </td> <td>Party B </td> <td>11% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate B2 </td> <td style="background:#0008A5"> </td> <td>Party B </td> <td>18% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate B3 </td> <td style="background:#0008A5"> </td> <td>Party B </td> <td>16% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><i>TOTAL</i> </td> <td>80% (1 already elected) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seventh_round">Seventh round</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Seventh round"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are now only four candidates remaining and three seats remaining open. The least popular candidate (Candidate B1) is declared defeated. The remaining three are declared elected regardless of whether they reached the quota. </p><p>If there is no reason to establish relative popularity of the elected members, the count ends there when the last seats are declared filled. If the ranking of the candidates is important, the votes belonging to the eliminated Candidate B1 might be transferred as per below, assuming voters' alternate preferences are marked that way. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Candidate </th> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>Quota </th> <th>Elected? </th> <th>If elected: surplus votes </th></tr> <tr> <td><s>Candidate A1</s> </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="9">20% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><s>Candidate A2</s> </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Candidate A3</b> </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td><b>Party A</b> </td> <td><b>already elected</b> </td> <td><b>Yes</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Candidate A4</b> </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td><b>Party A</b> </td> <td><b>already elected</b> </td> <td><b>Yes</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><s>Candidate A5</s> </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Candidate I</b> </td> <td> </td> <td>Independent </td> <td>15% + 5% = 20% </td> <td><b>Yes</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><s>Candidate B1</s> </td> <td style="background:#0008A5"> </td> <td>Party B </td> <td>11% − 11% = 0% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Candidate B2</b> </td> <td style="background:#0008A5"> </td> <td>Party B </td> <td>18% + 6% = 24% </td> <td><b>Yes</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Candidate B3</b> </td> <td style="background:#0008A5"> </td> <td>Party B </td> <td>16% </td> <td><b>Yes</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><i>TOTAL</i> </td> <td>60% (2 already elected) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Under STV, candidates A3, A4, I, B2 and B3 were elected. </p><p>This vote count varies from the reality of many STV systems because there were no "exhausted" non-transferable votes. In most real-life STV elections, some votes that are set to be transferred cannot be and the number of votes still in play at the end is lower than the number of votes cast and counted in the 1st round. As well, the Droop quota is usually used in real-life STV elections. With the Droop quota in effect and five seats, it would have taken 17 percent to be elected with quota, not 20 percent as under the Hare quota. However, if B2's surplus votes under the Droop quota are transferred to any non–Party A candidate, the same five candidates are elected each time, albeit in a slightly different order. </p><p>In the first round, 74 percent of votes were cast for candidates who were successful in the end. In this case, as in all STV elections, about 80 percent or more of the votes were used to actually elect someone. Only the 11 percent of votes cast in the end for B1 were not used to elect someone. The members elected in the district represent the sentiments of a large majority of the voters. Due to the diversity of members elected, each voter has someone elected who shares the party label that they voted for in the first place, even if not the individual candidate they preferred, or has seen the election of the independent candidate that they prefer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Compared_to_other_systems_2">Compared to other systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Compared to other systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This result differs from the one that would have occurred if the voting system used had been non-PR, such as single non-transferable vote (SNTV), first-past-the-post (FPTP) in five districts, first-past-the-post at-large <a href="/wiki/General_ticket" title="General ticket">general ticket</a> voting (as used to elect members of the US electoral college), or a single-winner winner-take-all system in five districts </p><p>This result is different from if all voters could only vote for their first preference but still all seats were filled in a single contest, which is called the <a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">single non-transferable vote</a>. Under SNTV, the five candidates most popular when only first preferences are considered were candidates A2, A3, B1, B2 and B3. This means even though Party B's candidates had less support together, they would have received 60% of seats, and Party A only 40%. In this case, Party A overextended themselves by fielding too many candidates, but even if they had <a href="/wiki/Strategic_nomination" title="Strategic nomination">strategically nominated</a> only three, they would not necessarily have been successful in gaining three seats instead of two seats, because one or two of their candidates might have taken the lion share of their party votes, leaving not enough votes for the other(s) to be elected. This could be addressed under SNTV if the party voters used coordinated <a href="/wiki/Tactical_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical voting">strategic voting</a>. </p><p>If voters could vote for five candidates (but not cast ranked votes) – ) as under the <a href="/wiki/Plurality_block_voting" title="Plurality block voting">plurality block voting</a> system, a type of <a href="/wiki/Multiple_non-transferable_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple non-transferable vote">multiple non-transferable vote</a> – , Party A could have won all seats, leaving Party B and voters of the independent candidate without representation. This is because if all those who voted for A3 marked their votes for all five of the Party A candidates, every Party A candidate would be among the five candidates with the most votes and would be declared elected. That would mean that a voting block of only 25 percent of the electorate would have all the representation. </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Majority_block_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority block voting">majority block voting</a>, if voters voted along party lines, every Party A candidate would receive a vote from 48 percent of the voters, and some even up to 55% if voters of Candidate I also vote for some Party A candidates with their 4 other votes. At the same time, Party B's candidates could only get up to 52% of the votes with the same tactics. If the voters are partisan enough, the likely outcome is that party A would take all the seats although Party A took less than half the votes (minority representation) and all other votes are wasted. </p><p>In single-winner <a href="/wiki/First_past_the_post" class="mw-redirect" title="First past the post">First past the post</a>, the outcome is uncertain. It likely would be that Party A, with 48 percent of the votes, would achieve a clean sweep of all five seats or that Party A might easily take four of the five seats, with Party B taking just one. (The first case would be achieved by Party B votes being cracked by the district boundaries; the second case would be achieved by Party B voters being mostly packed into just one district, leaving Party A with easy victories in the other four districts.) On the other hand, if districts were drawn in a different fashion, Party A and Party B might divide the seats in a three-to-two ratio. Even under certain circumstances, the independent candidate might take a seat if their supporters are sufficiently concentrated in one district. </p><p>STV election results are roughly proportional (as much as the number of seats allows) and take into account more than the first preferences of voters. However, it could happen that the independent candidate is eliminated in an early round and so is unable to receive transfers from party voters. If that happens, the supporters of the independent candidate might aid one or another of the main parties. The five seats would be divided among the two main parties, in a more or less fair fashion. </p><p>However, under STV (as seen in the example above), the final result may be modulated by cross-party transfers, say from a party A or B candidate to a candidate of the other party or to the independent candidate. When secondary preferences are applied, some voters who gave their first preference to a candidate from a certain party, if that person cannot be elected, might prefer an independent (or even a rival party candidate) before other candidates of their first choice's party. This means that even if it seems that the outcome over-represents or under-represents some faction (based on first preferences), the outcome actually closely adheres to a combination of the first preferences of many voters and secondary preferences of most of the other voters. Under STV, about 80 percent of voters see their vote used to elect someone they prefer (and even more than that portion see someone they prefer elected, even if their vote itself was not used to elect anyone), while under FPTP, often less than half of the votes are used to elect anyone and only the largest group in each district is represented. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Party </th> <th>Popular vote<sup id="cite_ref-1st-preference_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1st-preference-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">STV – Hare quota </th> <th colspan="2"><abbr title="Single non-transferable vote">SNTV</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">Plurality block voting<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">Party-list PR<sup id="cite_ref-1st-preference_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1st-preference-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td>48% </td> <td>2 </td> <td>40% </td> <td>2 </td> <td>40% </td> <td>5 </td> <td>100% </td> <td>3 </td> <td>60% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#0008A5"> </td> <td>Party B </td> <td>45% </td> <td>2 </td> <td>40% </td> <td>3 </td> <td>60% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>2 </td> <td>40% </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Independent </td> <td>7% </td> <td>1 </td> <td>20% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_voting_systems">Related voting systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Related voting systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff voting</a> (IRV) is the single-winner analogue of STV. It is also called "single-winner ranked-choice voting" (and "preferential voting"). Its goal is representation of a majority of the voters in a district by a single official, as opposed to STV's goals of not only the representation of a majority of voters through the election of multiple officials but also of proportional representation of all the substantial voting blocks in the district. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">Single non-transferable vote</a> (SNTV) produces much the same representation as STV, without the work and complication of preferential ballots and vote transfers. Single voting in a multiple-member district produces mixed roughly proportional representation, which STV's vote transfers sometimes does not alter. (An example was the <a href="/wiki/1930_Alberta_general_election" title="1930 Alberta general election">election of Edmonton, Alberta, MLAs through STV in 1930</a>. The winners were the same under STV as would have been elected under SNTV.) </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Spare_vote" title="Spare vote">spare vote</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a version of single transferable voting applied to the ranking of parties, first proposed for elections in Germany in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-first_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spare vote system includes the step of transferring the votes of eliminated choices to the next-indicated choice, but it does not transfer surplus votes. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">mixed ballot transferable vote</a> (MBTV) is a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">mixed</a> version of STV, where voters may rank both candidates and parties, even both interchangeably, depending on the ballot type, but must choose at least a local (district) candidate (1st preference) and a national list (2nd preference). The list preferences are used if the vote is unused in the district election, which may use FPTP, IRV or STV rules; in the STV case, the vote is transferred to another tier in favour of the chosen party list. (This is in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">mixed single vote</a>, which is currently used in Hungary, where voters may not define a separate party-list preference and do not cast preferential votes.) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indirect_single_transferable_voting" title="Indirect single transferable voting">Indirect single transferable voting</a> is a non-ranked-vote version of STV. Single voting in a multi-seat district is retained. Voters do not mark their ballots with rankings, but votes are transferred, as needed, based on the eliminated or elected candidate's pre-set instructions. This is a useful system to achieve many of the benefits of STV in districts where it is difficult to collect all the ballots in one central place to conduct STV transfers or where X voting is preferred over ranked voting due to voters' inability or disinterest in ranking candidates. Once known as the Gove system, or the schedule system of PR, it was invented by <a href="/wiki/1904_Massachusetts_legislature" title="1904 Massachusetts legislature">Massachusetts</a> legislator William H. Gove of Salem and Archibald E. Dobbs of Ireland, author of <i>Representative Reform for Ireland</i> (1879).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1884, Charles L. Dodgson (Lewis Caroll) argued for a proportional representation system based on multi-member districts similar to indirect STV, with each voter casting only a single vote, quotas as minimum requirements to take seats, and votes transferable by candidates through what is now called <a href="/wiki/Liquid_democracy" title="Liquid democracy">liquid democracy</a>. The difference from "indirect STV" is that under liquid democracy, candidates, elected members and sometimes voters may transfer votes after the votes are cast to build coalitions; candidates do not have to publish their list beforehand. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Modified_d%27Hondt_electoral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Modified d'Hondt electoral system">modified d'Hondt electoral system</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a variant of STV, where an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_threshold" title="Electoral threshold">electoral threshold</a> for parties is applied. </p><p>Two-vote <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">MMP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">additional member system</a> systems may also be interpreted as a related, effectively preferential mixed system. Votes are not transferred, but a voter may vote differently for the local election and the overall party vote, with one, both or neither of those votes electing someone.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also several proportional <a href="/wiki/Multiwinner_approval_voting" title="Multiwinner approval voting">multiwinner approval voting</a> rules behaving similarly to STV, for instance the <a href="/wiki/Method_of_equal_shares" title="Method of equal shares">method of equal shares</a>, which also sequentially selects candidates and reweights the voters approving these selected candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Balloting">Balloting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Balloting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Single_transferable_vote" title="Special:EditPage/Single transferable vote">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballot_paper_for_the_2016_ACT_election.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ballot_paper_for_the_2016_ACT_election.jpg/220px-Ballot_paper_for_the_2016_ACT_election.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ballot_paper_for_the_2016_ACT_election.jpg/330px-Ballot_paper_for_the_2016_ACT_election.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ballot_paper_for_the_2016_ACT_election.jpg/440px-Ballot_paper_for_the_2016_ACT_election.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A single transferable vote ballot paper for the electorate of <a href="/wiki/Brindabella_electorate" title="Brindabella electorate">Brindabella</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Australian_Capital_Territory_election" title="2016 Australian Capital Territory election">2016 Australian Capital Territory election</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In STV, each voter casts just one vote although multiple seats are to be filled in the district. Voters mark first preference and can provide alternate preferences, to be used if needed. </p><p>Alternate (secondary) preferences may be required or strictly optional depending on the system used. Some systems declare a ballot spoiled if it is not marked with at least a set number or minimum number of preferences. Rules vary. Sometimes a voter is allowed to mark just their first preference (plump) and not mark any more. In <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a> elections, voters are told they must mark at least five preferences if the ballot is to be counted.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even where second and subsequent preferences are marked, in some cases they may not be consulted at all, such as if the first preference candidate is elected at the end of the count to fill the last seat. </p><p>Under full-preferential voting, a voter must rank all candidates. Under "<a href="/wiki/Optional_preferential_voting" title="Optional preferential voting">optional preferential voting</a>," a voter can mark as many preferences as they desire. Under semi-optional preferential voting, the voter is required to rank some number of candidates greater than one but less than the total number of candidates in the running. A vote not fully marked as per requirement under full-preferential voting or semi-optional preferential voting may be declared rejected altogether or declared rejected when, in the course of the vote count process, the vote's insufficiency has an effect on the count. Under some full-preferential voting systems, it is impossible to have many votes declared exhausted and thus, in systems that use the Droop quota and sometimes under systems that use the Hare, all, or almost all, winners will receive quota. But where there are many exhausted votes, as happens often under optional or semi-optional preferential voting systems, it is possible to have three winners in a district elected with partial quota, even if the <a href="/wiki/Droop_quota" title="Droop quota">Droop quota</a> is used.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In practice, the candidates' names are usually organized in columns so that voters are informed of the candidates' party affiliations or whether they are standing as independents. Voters indicate their preferences by ranking the candidates in order of preference. They usually use numbers (1, 2, 3 etc.) to show this, with 1 representing the voter's first preference. </p><p>An alternative way to mark preferences for candidates is to use columns for the voters' preference with the name of each candidate appearing in each column. A marking in the first column indicates the most preferred candidate. A marking in the second column indicates the second-preference candidate, etc. </p><p>Some balloting systems allow <a href="/wiki/Group_voting_ticket" title="Group voting ticket">ticket voting</a>, where a voter simply indicates preference for a party slate, sometimes even ranking party slates, instead of marking preferences for individual candidates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seat_filling_by_quota">Seat filling by quota</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Seat filling by quota"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Single_transferable_vote" title="Special:EditPage/Single transferable vote">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Counting_single_transferable_votes" title="Counting single transferable votes">Counting single transferable votes</a></div> <p>In most STV elections, a quota is established to ensure that all elected candidates are elected with approximately equal numbers of votes. In some STV varieties, votes are totalled, and a quota (the minimum number of votes that guarantees election) is derived. Those who are elected are the most popular, and attainment of quota is the benchmark of that popularity. Some say that the importance of quota is to set the number of votes that are surplus; that is, the number that should be transferred away from successful candidates. </p><p>A common formula sets quota as a fraction of the votes cast. A four-seat district using the Hare quota sets quota as one-fourth of the valid votes; a four-seat district using the Droop quota sets the quota as one more than one-fifth of the valid votes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some implementations, a "uniform quota" is simply set by law – any candidate receiving that set number of votes is declared elected, with surplus transferred away. Something like this system was used in New York City from 1937 to 1947, where seats were allocated to each borough based on voter turnout. Under such a system, the number of representatives elected varied from election to election depending on voter turnout. In the <a href="/wiki/1937_New_York_City_Council_election" title="1937 New York City Council election">1937 New York City Council election</a>, 26 councillors were elected; in the <a href="/wiki/1939_New_York_City_Council_election" title="1939 New York City Council election">1939 New York City Council election</a>, newspapers reported that it was expected that the number of councillors would drop to 17 due to lower voter turnout.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under NYC's STV, total seats on council varied: <a href="/wiki/1937_New_York_City_Council_election" title="1937 New York City Council election">1937 New York City Council election</a> 26 seats, <a href="/wiki/1939_New_York_City_Council_election" title="1939 New York City Council election">1939 New York City Council election</a> 21 seats, 1941 26 seats, 1943 17 seats, and 1945 23 seats.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once a quota is determined, candidates' vote tallies are consulted. If at any time a candidate achieves the quota, they are declared elected. Then if there are still unfilled seats, in some STV systems, any surplus votes (those over and above the quota) are transferred to other candidates in proportion to the next-highest preference marked on the ballots received by that candidate, if any. </p><p>Usually one or more candidates achieve quota in the first count. If there are still unfilled seats after the surplus is transferred, the count would proceed with the candidate with the fewest votes being eliminated. Their votes would be transferred to other candidates as determined by those voters' next preference, if any. Elections and eliminations, and vote transfers where applicable, continue until enough candidates are declared elected to fill the open seats or until there are only as many remaining candidates as there are unfilled seats, at which point the remaining candidates are declared elected. These last candidates may be elected without surpassing quota, but their survival until the end is taken as proof of their general acceptability by the voters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election">Election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An STV election count starts with a count of each voter's first choice, recording how many for each candidate, calculation of the total number of votes and the quota and then taking the following steps: </p> <ol><li>A candidate who has reached or exceeded the quota is declared elected.</li> <li>If any such elected candidate has more votes than the quota, surplus votes are then transferred to other candidates proportionally based on their next-indicated choice on all the ballots that had been received by that candidate. There are several different ways to do this. (see <a href="#Vote_transfers_and_quota">§ Vote transfers and quota</a> ).</li> <li>If there are still seats to be filled after the surplus votes of all candidates elected in the first count have been transferred, if any new candidates have been elected, their surplus votes are transferred proportionally.</li> <li>If there are still seats to be filled after all surplus votes have been transferred, the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated and their votes are transferred to the next candidate marked on each ballot. Candidates already elected or eliminated cannot receive votes in most systems.</li> <li>This process repeats until either every seat has been filled by candidates surpassing quota or until there are only as many remaining candidates as there are remaining seats, at which point the remaining candidates are declared elected.</li></ol> <p>There are variations in conducting transfers (see <a href="#Vote_transfers_and_quota">§ Vote transfers and quota</a>). </p><p>When the number of votes transferred from the losing candidate with the fewest votes is too small to change the ordering of remaining candidates, no transfer is made or more than one candidate is eliminated simultaneously. In most systems, once a candidate has been eliminated or elected, they do not receive any more votes.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vote_transfers_and_quota">Vote transfers and quota</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vote transfers and quota"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_the_Hare_and_Droop_quotas" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of the Hare and Droop quotas">Comparison of the Hare and Droop quotas</a></div> <p>STV systems primarily differ in how they transfer surplus votes and in the size of the quota. For this reason, it has been suggested that STV can be considered a family of voting systems rather than a single system. </p><p>If fair results are to be produced and the number of candidates is fixed, a quota must be set such that any candidate who receives that many votes is elected. The quota, if used, must be set at a level where no more candidates can reach quota than there are seats to be filled. It cannot be so small that more candidates can be elected than the number of open seats, but the smaller it is, the fairer the result. There are several ways to specify quotas. </p><p>The Droop quota is the one most commonly used. It is generally considered to be the absolute lowest number that elects the correct number of candidates to fill the available seats, at least based on the original number of votes cast. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Droop_quota" title="Droop quota">Droop quota</a> is given by the <a href="/wiki/Floor_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Floor function">floor function</a> formula: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{votes needed to win}}=\left\lfloor {\frac {\text{valid votes cast}}{{\text{seats to fill}}+1}}\right\rfloor +1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>votes needed to win</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>⌊</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>valid votes cast</mtext> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>seats to fill</mtext> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>⌋</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{votes needed to win}}=\left\lfloor {\frac {\text{valid votes cast}}{{\text{seats to fill}}+1}}\right\rfloor +1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/34768f27d593763eb96faf322a6fb3687b627b32" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:45.689ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{votes needed to win}}=\left\lfloor {\frac {\text{valid votes cast}}{{\text{seats to fill}}+1}}\right\rfloor +1}"></span> </p><p>The Droop quota is an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Majoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Majoritarian">majoritarian</a> principle of successful candidate having to get at least 50% + 1 in single-winner elections. No one else can get as much. In a three-seat contest 25% plus 1 is the Droop quota because no more than three people can each have 25% of the vote + 1; using Droop means 10% of the vote + 1 is the quota in a nine-seat district because no more than nine people can each have 10% of the vote + 1, and so on. </p><p>Droop being relatively low means that the largest party, if it has the majority of votes, is likely to take the majority of the seats in a district. And as well, a small party may have a chance to take a seat. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a> was used in the original proposals by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hare_(political_scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Hare (political scientist)">Thomas Hare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambertLakeman1955245_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambertLakeman1955245-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is larger than the Droop and sometimes ensures greater representation to less-popular parties within a district. But also, being larger than Droop, Hare presents more of an obstacle to small parties that hope to take just one seat. Being smaller than Hare, the Droop quota may give a seat to a small party that does not have the votes to take a seat under Hare. </p><p>Surplus votes cast for a winning candidate are sometimes transferred to the voter's next choice candidate, who is also preferred by the voter. (Any vote is only used once but may be allocated to different candidates along the way until it finds its final place.) Most first-count votes cast for a candidate who wins in the end are never transferred – just the surplus votes are transferred (unless all seats are already filled). Alternate preferences are only consulted if the candidate is unpopular or elected, and not always then. Votes lie where they are when the last seats filled so even under STV not all votes are used to elect someone.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are variations in the conduct of transfers in different variations of STV, such as how to transfer surplus votes from winning candidates and whether to transfer votes to already-elected candidates. </p><p>It can happen that a vote is eligible to be transferred but cannot be because it bears no subsequent preference for any remaining candidate. In the case of transfers of surplus votes, an "exhausted" vote remains with the victorious candidates and only transferable votes (votes bearing a usable alternate preference) are used to determine the transfer of the surplus. If the number of transferable votes is less than the number of the surplus, no calculations are needed to make the transfer. Transfer of the transferable votes is done simply by reference to subsequent preference on the votes. Not all the surplus will be transferred if there are not enough transferable votes. </p><p>If the variation of STV used allows transfers to candidates already elected, when a candidate is eliminated and the next preference on the ballot shows preference for a candidate already elected, votes are transferred to already victorious candidate, forming a new surplus. The new surplus votes for the victorious candidate (transferred from the eliminated candidate) are then transferred to the next preference of the victorious candidate, as happened with their initial surplus, but just using the recently transferred votes as guide. Vote transfers from the victorious candidate to a candidate who has been eliminated are impossible, and reference must be made to the next marked preference, if any. See <a href="#Seat_filling_by_quota">§ Seat filling by quota</a> for details. </p><p>A different quota, one set lower than Droop, is sometimes workable. If fractional votes are used in an STV method, a quota smaller than the Droop quota may be used, where less than a whole number is added to votes/(seats plus 1). </p><p>The use of an even smaller quota is sometimes defended, although under such a quota, it is theoretically possible to have more candidates receive quota than the number of empty seats. Frank Britton, of the Election Ballot Services at the Electoral Reform Society, stated that the final "plus one" of the Droop quota is not needed; the quota he proposed was simply <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\text{valid votes cast}})/({\text{seats to fill}}+1)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>valid votes cast</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>seats to fill</mtext> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ({\text{valid votes cast}})/({\text{seats to fill}}+1)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9531d04f313c6ce556336bdb86eeab585b429d32" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:34.993ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\text{valid votes cast}})/({\text{seats to fill}}+1)}"></span>. The equivalent integer quota may be written: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{votes needed to win}}=\left\lceil {\frac {\text{valid votes cast}}{\rm {{\text{seats to fill}}+1}}}\right\rceil }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>votes needed to win</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>⌈</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>valid votes cast</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>seats to fill</mtext> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>⌉</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{votes needed to win}}=\left\lceil {\frac {\text{valid votes cast}}{\rm {{\text{seats to fill}}+1}}}\right\rceil }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/093e2c3f0f9f858a0e751b70bcaf9e5ab776c5df" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:41.686ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{votes needed to win}}=\left\lceil {\frac {\text{valid votes cast}}{\rm {{\text{seats to fill}}+1}}}\right\rceil }"></span> </p><p>So, the quota for one seat is 50 of 100 votes, not 51.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewland1984_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewland1984-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In any case, in most STV elections the appearance of non-transferable votes means that the quota could be lowered significantly below Droop during the counting of the vote with no danger of having too many elected. </p><p>In STV, vote transfers are of two types – transfers of votes of eliminated candidates and transfers of surplus votes of elected candidates. The first type happens more often than the second type. Surplus votes are transferred only after a candidate is elected and then only if there are still open seats to be filled and if the transfers may affect the ranking of the remaining candidates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transfers_of_votes_of_eliminated_candidates">Transfers of votes of eliminated candidates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Transfers of votes of eliminated candidates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transfers of votes of eliminated candidates is done simply, without the use of complex math. The next usable preference on the vote gives the destination for the transfer of the vote. If there is no usable preference on the ballot, the vote goes to the "exhausted" or non-transferable pile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transfers_of_surplus_votes">Transfers of surplus votes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Transfers of surplus votes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various methods are used in STV systems to transfer surplus votes held by elected candidates. The transfer of surplus votes of an elected candidate may be very simply done or may be done more intricately, depending on the circumstances and the choice of the government or election officials. </p><p>It can happen that a vote is set to be transferred but cannot be because it bears no subsequent preference for any remaining candidate. In transfers of surplus votes, any non-transferable votes are left with the elected candidate. </p><p>If the number of transferable votes is less than the surplus, the transfer of surplus votes can be performed just as it is done in the case of transfer of votes of eliminated candidates, the only difference being that non-transferable votes remain with the elected candidate. They do not go to the exhausted pile. Transfer of the transferable votes is done in these cases simply by reference to the next usable preference on the vote. </p><p>In cases where the number of transferable votes is more than the surplus, a more-involved method may be used to make the transfer proportional and to ensure that the quota left with the successful candidate is proportional as well. But election officials here have a choice of using simpler methods or more involved methods. </p><p>Votes to the number of the surplus can be drawn at random from the candidate's votes. Choosing the votes at random from the pile means that each transfer should be mixed and will likely closely resemble the composition of the entire pile. (This is the system used in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, city elections.) <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the STV systems used in the Republic of Ireland (except Senate elections) and Malta, the next preference is examined and then surplus votes are transferred as whole votes in proportion to the proportions of votes marked for each of the other candidates. This is called the "exact method".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Randomness may arise from the later preferences, if any, if they have to be used later. But if they do have to be used later, choosing the votes at random to compose each transfer means that the votes that make up each transfer should carry back-up preferences in approximately true proportion to the whole. </p><p>The basic formula for how to transfer surplus votes when there are more transferable votes than the surplus to be transferred is: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\text{transferred votes given to the next preference}}\\[6pt]={}&\left({\frac {\text{votes for next preference belonging to the original candidate}}{\text{total votes for the original candidate or total transferable votes}}}\right)\times {\text{surplus votes for original candidate}}\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="0.9em 0.3em" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd /> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>transferred votes given to the next preference</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>votes for next preference belonging to the original candidate</mtext> <mtext>total votes for the original candidate or total transferable votes</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>surplus votes for original candidate</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\text{transferred votes given to the next preference}}\\[6pt]={}&\left({\frac {\text{votes for next preference belonging to the original candidate}}{\text{total votes for the original candidate or total transferable votes}}}\right)\times {\text{surplus votes for original candidate}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5f675bb5052b4fdc13cf89eaff5a7f77036a6352" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.671ex; width:108.166ex; height:10.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\text{transferred votes given to the next preference}}\\[6pt]={}&\left({\frac {\text{votes for next preference belonging to the original candidate}}{\text{total votes for the original candidate or total transferable votes}}}\right)\times {\text{surplus votes for original candidate}}\end{aligned}}}"></span> </p><p>This can produce fractional votes, which are handled differently under different <a href="/wiki/Counting_single_transferable_votes" title="Counting single transferable votes">counting methods</a>. </p><p>Transferring votes without considering later preferences may influence later transfers and such systems are sometimes thought of as being random. Alternatively, some jurisdictions use systems that break down the elected candidate's votes into many separate piles, separating the various combinations of marked preferences on the ballots, or do the same by transferring part of each vote at the transfer value rate. The vote is transferred in the form of the ballot paper, carrying its own back-up preferences with it for possible later use. This is the <a href="/wiki/Gregory_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory method">Gregory method</a>. </p><p>The Gregory method (also known as Newland–Britain or Senatorial rules) eliminates randomness by examining all the preferences marked on the last parcel of ballots received by the elected candidate. The later preferences dictate how later transfers, if any, will go. Votes are transferred as fractions of votes. Gregory is in use in Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland (Senate elections) and in some electoral systems used in Australia. </p><p>As well, there are variants named the inclusive Gregory method (IGM) and the weighted inclusive Gregory method (WIGM).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillWichmannWoodall1987_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillWichmannWoodall1987-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> WIGM is used in the Scottish local government elections.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Unlike the ordinary Gregory method, these systems look at secondary preferences on all the votes held by the elected candidate, not just the votes that make up the last parcel of votes received.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Gregory and earlier methods have the problem that, in some circumstances, they do not treat all votes equally. For this reason, <a href="/wiki/Meek%27s_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Meek's method">Meek's method</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warren%27s_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren's method">Warren's method</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wright_system" title="Wright system">Wright system</a> were invented. </p><p>Meek, in 1969,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeek1994a_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeek1994a-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the first to realize that computers make it possible to count votes in a way that is conceptually simpler and closer to the original concept of STV. One advantage of Meek's method is that the quota is adjusted at each stage of counting when the number of votes decreases because some become non-transferable. Meek also considered a variant of his system which allows for equal preferences to be expressed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeek1994b_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeek1994b-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has subsequently (since 1998) been used by the <a href="/wiki/John_Muir_Trust" title="John Muir Trust">John Muir Trust</a> for electing its trustees.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="District_magnitudes_and_proportionality">District magnitudes and proportionality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: District magnitudes and proportionality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formally, STV satisfies a fairness criterion known as <a href="/wiki/Proportionality_for_solid_coalitions" title="Proportionality for solid coalitions">proportionality for solid coalitions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the district magnitude under STV elections has ranged from two (the absolute minimum) to 21 (currently being used in New South Wales, Australia to elect the Legislative Council, half at a time). In higher-level government elections district magnitude is usually in the 3 to 5 or 7 range, with NSW being an obvious exception.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In local government elections such as city councils, STV elections are often held citywide with district magnitudes in the 6 to 13 range, or wards may be used, usually electing 2 to 5 members in each ward.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the Droop quota is used, for example, in a nine-seat district, the quota is 10% (plus one vote); in a three-seat district, it is 25% (plus one vote). The quota acts in some ways as an electoral threshold and the Droop quota in a district is a significantly higher proportion of district votes than the usual electoral threshold in use for most party-list PR systems, but the Droop quota in a district covering just part of a jurisdiction may be set at as few votes as a smaller proportion of the votes cast across a whole jurisdiction. </p><p>District elections grow more proportionally representative in direct relation to the increase in the number of seats to be elected in a constituency – the more seats, the more the distribution of the seats in a district will be proportional. For example, in a three-seat STV election using the <a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a> of <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\rm {\mbox{valid votes cast}}})/({\rm {\mbox{seats to fill}}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>valid votes cast</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>seats to fill</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ({\rm {\mbox{valid votes cast}}})/({\rm {\mbox{seats to fill}}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d1040c97e5e87c5761a48553a9d52fa7f643f9d9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:30.99ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\rm {\mbox{valid votes cast}}})/({\rm {\mbox{seats to fill}}})}"></span>, a candidate or party with at least one-third of the votes is guaranteed to win a seat. In a seven-seat STV contest using the Hare quota, any candidate with one-seventh of the vote (either first preferences alone, or a combination of first preferences and lower-ranked preferences transferred from other candidates) will win a seat. Many systems use the Droop quota, which is even smaller than the Hare for the same number of seats, as it produces more proportional results. </p><p>Because of this quota-based fairness, under STV it is extremely rare for a party to take a majority of the seats in a district without the support of a majority of the district's voters. Additionally, a large majority of voters (generally around 80 percent or more) see their vote used to elect someone. Thus under STV, the candidates who make up a majority of the district's elected members are supported directly by a majority of the voters in the district. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_and_use_of_the_single_transferable_vote" title="History and use of the single transferable vote">History and use of the single transferable vote</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Christoffer_Georg_Andr%C3%A6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Carl_Christoffer_Georg_Andr%C3%A6.jpg/220px-Carl_Christoffer_Georg_Andr%C3%A6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Carl_Christoffer_Georg_Andr%C3%A6.jpg/330px-Carl_Christoffer_Georg_Andr%C3%A6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Carl_Christoffer_Georg_Andr%C3%A6.jpg/440px-Carl_Christoffer_Georg_Andr%C3%A6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1749" data-file-height="2206" /></a><figcaption>Carl Andræ</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of transferable voting was first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wright_Hill" title="Thomas Wright Hill">Thomas Wright Hill</a> in 1819. The system remained unused in public elections until 1855, when <a href="/wiki/Carl_Christoffer_Georg_Andr%C3%A6" title="Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ">Carl Andræ</a> proposed a transferable vote system for elections in Denmark, and his system was used in 1856 to elect the <a href="/wiki/Rigsraad" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigsraad">Rigsraad</a> and from 1866 it was also adapted for indirect elections to the second chamber, the <a href="/wiki/Landsting_(Denmark)" title="Landsting (Denmark)">Landsting</a>, until 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thare.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Thare.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="96" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>Thomas Hare</figcaption></figure> <p>Although he was not the first to propose transferable votes, the British <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barrister</a> Thomas Hare is generally credited with the conception of STV, and he may have independently developed the idea in 1857. Hare's view was that STV should be a means of "making the exercise of the suffrage a step in the elevation of the individual character, whether it be found in the majority or the minority." In Hare's original system, he further proposed that electors should have the opportunity of discovering which candidate their vote had ultimately counted for, to improve their personal connection with voting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambertLakeman1955245_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambertLakeman1955245-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of Hare's original proposal, the UK did not use the <a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">secret ballot</a>, so not only could the voter determine the ultimate role of their vote in the election, the elected MPs would have been able to determine who had voted for them. As Hare envisaged that the whole House of Commons be elected "at large" this would have replaced geographical constituencies with what Hare called "constituencies of interest" – those people who had actually voted for each MP. </p><p>In the 1890s in Australia, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Helen_Spence" title="Catherine Helen Spence">Catherine Helen Spence</a> amended Hare's proposal by adding multi-member districts instead of at-large voting. Instead of a single member being said to represent a whole district of varied sentiment, as under first-past-the-post, under STV multiple members represent the range of sentiments of the district, each one representing a "constituency of interest" made up of only those who voted for the elected member.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern elections, held by secret ballot, a voter may discover how their vote was distributed by viewing detailed election results (or at least trace the routes along which their vote, or other votes identical to the one they cast, may have been transferred and see to whom it may have been used to elect). This is particularly easy to do using <a href="/wiki/Meek%27s_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Meek's method">Meek's method</a>, where only the final weightings of each candidate need to be published. However, the elected member cannot verify who their supporters are. </p><p>The political essayist <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> was a friend of Hare's and an early proponent of STV, praising it at length in his essay <i><a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_Representative_Government" title="Considerations on Representative Government">Considerations on Representative Government</a></i>, in which he writes: "Of all modes in which a national representation can possibly be constituted, this one affords the best security for the intellectual qualifications desirable in the representatives. At present... the only persons who can get elected are those who possess local influence, or make their way by lavish expenditure...."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMill1861144_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMill1861144-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His contemporary, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bagehot" title="Walter Bagehot">Walter Bagehot</a>, also praised the Hare system for allowing everyone to elect an MP, even ideological minorities, but also argued that the Hare system would create more problems than it solved: "[the Hare system] is inconsistent with the extrinsic independence as well as the inherent moderation of a Parliament – two of the conditions we have seen, are essential to the bare possibility of parliamentary government."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagehot1894[[File:Wikisource-logo.svg|12px|alt=Wikisource_page_link]]&nbsp;[[s:Page:The_English_Constitution_(1894).djvu/238|p._158]]_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagehot1894[[File:Wikisource-logo.svg|12px|alt=Wikisource_page_link]]&nbsp;[[s:Page:The_English_Constitution_(1894).djvu/238|p._158]]-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Advocacy of STV spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, leading it to be sometimes known as <i>British Proportional Representation</i>. In 1896, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Inglis_Clark" title="Andrew Inglis Clark">Andrew Inglis Clark</a> was successful in persuading the <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_House_of_Assembly" title="Tasmanian House of Assembly">Tasmanian House of Assembly</a> to be the first parliament in the world to be at least partially elected by a form of STV, specifically the <i><a href="/wiki/Hare-Clark_electoral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hare-Clark electoral system">Hare-Clark electoral system</a></i>, named after himself and Thomas Hare. <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> was a strong advocate, calling it "Proportional Representation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1918121–129_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1918121–129-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The HG Wells formula for scientific voting, repeated, over many years, in his PR writings, to avoid misunderstanding, is Proportional Representation by the single transferable vote in large constituencies.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>STV in large constituencies and multiple-member districts permits an approach to the Hare-Mill-Wells ideal of mirror representation. The UK National Health Service previously used the <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post</a> system in local or regional elections, and only white male general practitioners were elected to the General Medical Council. In 1979, the UK National Health Service used STV to proportionally elect women and immigrant GPs, and specialists, to the General Medical Council.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victorian-senate-paper-folded-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Victorian-senate-paper-folded-01.png/500px-Victorian-senate-paper-folded-01.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Victorian-senate-paper-folded-01.png/750px-Victorian-senate-paper-folded-01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Victorian-senate-paper-folded-01.png/1000px-Victorian-senate-paper-folded-01.png 2x" data-file-width="4961" data-file-height="3508" /></a><figcaption>Australian Senate ballot paper used in Victoria for 2016</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> first used STV for election of members of the <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_House_of_Assembly" title="Tasmanian House of Assembly">Tasmanian House of Assembly</a> from 1896 to 1902. In 1909, it began to be used on a permanent basis for House of Assembly elections and to elect all House of Assembly members. (Instant-runoff voting was used for elections to the <a href="/wiki/Tasmania_Legislative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasmania Legislative Council">Tasmania Legislative Council</a> (its upper house), with some of the members elected through <a href="/wiki/Hare-Clark_electoral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hare-Clark electoral system">STV</a> prior to 1946.) </p><p>In 1948, single transferable vote <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> on a state-by-state basis became the method for electing Senators to the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Australian Senate</a>. This change has led to the rise of a number of minor parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Labor_Party_(Australia,_1955)" title="Democratic Labor Party (Australia, 1955)">Democratic Labor Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Democrats" title="Australian Democrats">Australian Democrats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Greens" title="Australian Greens">Australian Greens</a> who have taken advantage of this system to achieve parliamentary representation and the balance of power. From the 1984 election, <a href="/wiki/Group_voting_ticket" title="Group voting ticket">group ticket voting</a> was introduced to reduce a high rate of informal voting but in 2016, group tickets were abolished to avoid undue influence of preference deals amongst parties that were seen as distorting election results<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a form of <a href="/wiki/Optional_preferential_voting" title="Optional preferential voting">optional preferential voting</a> was introduced. </p><p>Beginning in the 1970s, Australian states began to reform their upper houses to introduce proportional representation in line with the Federal Senate. The first was the <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Legislative_Council" title="South Australian Legislative Council">South Australian Legislative Council</a> in 1973, which initially used a <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party list</a> system (replaced with STV in 1982),<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by the single transferable vote being introduced for the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Council" title="New South Wales Legislative Council">New South Wales Legislative Council</a> in 1978,<sup id="cite_ref-LA_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LA-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_Legislative_Council" title="Western Australian Legislative Council">Western Australian Legislative Council</a> in 1987<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Legislative_Council" title="Victorian Legislative Council">Victorian Legislative Council</a> in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The single transferable vote was also introduced for the elections to the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory_Legislative_Assembly" title="Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly">Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly</a> after a <a href="/wiki/1992_Australian_Capital_Territory_electoral_system_referendum" title="1992 Australian Capital Territory electoral system referendum">1992 referendum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>STV</i> in Australia refers to the Senate electoral system, a variant of <i>Hare-Clark</i> characterized by the "above the line" <a href="/wiki/Group_voting_ticket" title="Group voting ticket">group voting ticket</a>, a party list option. It is used in the Australian upper house, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a>, most state upper houses, the <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmanian</a> lower house and the Capital Territory assembly. There is a compulsory number of preferences for a vote for candidates (below-the-line) to be valid: for the Senate a minimum of 90% of candidates must be scored, in 2013 in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> that meant writing 99 preferences on the ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-prsaHC_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prsaHC-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, 95% and more of voters use the above-the-line option, making the system, in all but name, a party list system.<sup id="cite_ref-uwaAbove_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uwaAbove-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-abcGlossaryGVT_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcGlossaryGVT-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parties determine the order in which candidates are elected and also control transfers to other lists and this has led to anomalies: preference deals between parties, and "micro parties" which rely entirely on these deals. Additionally, independent candidates are unelectable unless they form, or join, a group above-the-line.<sup id="cite_ref-anthonyGreen04_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anthonyGreen04-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ersDog_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ersDog-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerning the development of STV in Australia researchers have observed: "... we see real evidence of the extent to which Australian politicians, particularly at national levels, are prone to fiddle with the electoral system".<sup id="cite_ref-AusOVC_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AusOVC-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 86">: 86 </span></sup> </p><p>As a result of a parliamentary commission investigating the 2013 election, from 2016 the system has been considerably reformed, with group voting tickets (GVTs) abolished and voters no longer required to fill all boxes. </p><p>In 2023, the single transferable vote was also chosen as the electoral method in South Australia for the state's First Nation's <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Voice_to_Parliament" title="Indigenous Voice to Parliament">Voice to Parliament</a> as part of Schedule 1 of the Act.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Single_transferable_vote" title="Special:EditPage/Single transferable vote">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>STV was used to elect legislators in two Canadian provinces between 1920 and 1955. The cities of Edmonton and Calgary elected their MLAs through STV from 1924 to 1956, when the Alberta provincial government changed those elections to use the first-past-the-post system. The city of Winnipeg elected its MLAs through STV from 1920 to 1955, when the Manitoba provincial government changed those elections to use first-past-the-post.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Less well known is STV use at the municipal level in western Canada. Calgary and Winnipeg used STV for more than 50 years before city elections were changed to use the first-past-the-post system. Nineteen other municipalities, including the capital cities of the other three western provinces, also used STV For elections in about 100 elections during the 1918 to 1931 period.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, Canada, a type of STV called <a href="/wiki/BC-STV" title="BC-STV">BC-STV</a> was recommended for provincial elections by the British Columbia <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Assembly_on_Electoral_Reform_(British_Columbia)" title="Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform (British Columbia)">Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform</a> in 2004. In a <a href="/wiki/2005_British_Columbia_electoral_reform_referendum" title="2005 British Columbia electoral reform referendum">2005 provincial referendum</a>, it received 58 percent support and achieved a simple majority in 77 of 79 electoral districts. It was rejected for falling short of the 60 percent threshold that had been set by the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Liberal_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Columbia Liberal Party">BC Liberal</a> provincial government.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a <a href="/wiki/2009_British_Columbia_electoral_reform_referendum" title="2009 British Columbia electoral reform referendum">second referendum</a>, on 12 May 2009, BC-STV was defeated 61 percent to 39 percent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ranked-choice_voting_in_the_United_States" title="Ranked-choice voting in the United States">Ranked-choice voting in the United States</a></div> <p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Proportional_Representation_League" title="Proportional Representation League">Proportional Representation League</a> was founded in 1893 to promote STV, and their efforts resulted in its adoption by many city councils in the first half of the 20th century. More than twenty cities have used STV, including <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a> and New York City. As of January 2010, it is used to elect the city council and school committee in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, the park board in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis, Minnesota</a>, and the board of assessors in <a href="/wiki/Arden,_Delaware" title="Arden, Delaware">Arden, Delaware</a>. STV has also been adopted for student government elections at several American universities, including <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reed_College" title="Reed College">Reed</a>, <a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/UC_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Davis">UC Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vassar_College" title="Vassar College">Vassar</a>, <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitman_College" title="Whitman College">Whitman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">UT Austin</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Fair_Representation_Act_(United_States)" title="Fair Representation Act (United States)">Fair Representation Act</a>, introduced in the US Congress in June 2017, would have established STV for US House elections starting in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>STV has seen its widest adoption in the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>, two countries  – Malta and Australia –  use STV at the federal level. Australia also uses it at the state level, and some Australian cities use it as well.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ireland uses STV at local and national levels. Estonia and Denmark used a form of STV previously, for national elections.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nepal uses STV to elect some of each state's electoral college, which in turn is used to elect members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nepal)" title="National Assembly (Nepal)">National Assembly</a>. </p><p>More than 80 countries in the world use a form of <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party-list proportional representation</a> for their national legislature. Few use STV. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_legislatures">National legislatures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: National legislatures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The table below lists countries that use STV to fill a nationally elected <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative body</a> by direct elections. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Body </th> <th>Type of body </th> <th>Quota </th> <th>Constituencies </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation#District_magnitude" title="Proportional representation">District magnitude</a> </th> <th>Governmental system </th> <th>Since </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a> of legislature </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Droop_quota" title="Droop quota">Droop quota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories of Australia</a> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>6 (for each <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia#States" title="States and territories of Australia">state</a>)</li> <li>2 (for the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">ACT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">NT</a>, each)</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a> </td> <td>1948<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>With the option of using a <a href="/wiki/Group_voting_ticket" title="Group voting ticket">group voting ticket</a> from 1983 until 2016 <p>At a full senate election triggered by a <a href="/wiki/Double_dissolution" title="Double dissolution">double dissolution</a>, all 12 senators for each state are elected. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Elections in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a> of legislature </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Droop_quota" title="Droop quota">Droop quota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_constituencies" title="Dáil constituencies">Constituencies</a> </td> <td>3–5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a> </td> <td>1921<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Constituencies have a constitutionally mandated minimum magnitude of 3, and a legally mandated maximum magnitude of 5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Malta" title="Elections in Malta">Malta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malta" title="Parliament of Malta">House of Representatives</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">Unicameral</a> legislature </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Droop_quota" title="Droop quota">Droop quota</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Malta#Electoral_Districts" title="Districts of Malta">Constituencies</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a> </td> <td>1921 </td> <td>If elected members are from only two parties, the party with the most first-preference votes is allocated additional members to reach majority of seats in the chamber if necessary </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_bodies">Other bodies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Other bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Body/region </th> <th>Type of body </th> <th>Quota </th> <th>District magnitude </th> <th>Since </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="14"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory_Legislative_Assembly" title="Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td>State legislature (lower house) </td> <td>Droop </td> <td>5–7 </td> <td>1992 </td> <td>elections (since 1992) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a> </td> <td>Local governments </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2016 </td> <td>Local government elections (since 2016) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> </td> <td>Local governments </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2011 </td> <td>Local government elections (since 2011) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> </td> <td>State legislature (upper house) </td> <td>Droop </td> <td>21 (half the chamber at a time – staggered terms) </td> <td>1978 </td> <td>with the option of using a group voting ticket until 2003 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Local governments </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2012 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> </td> <td>State legislature (upper house) </td> <td>Droop </td> <td>11 (half the chamber at a time – staggered terms) </td> <td>1981 </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Legislative_Council" title="South Australian Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a> elections (since 1982 – with the option of using a <a href="/wiki/Group_voting_ticket" title="Group voting ticket">group voting ticket</a> from 1985 until 2017)</li> <li>Local government elections (since 1999)</li> <li>Local First Nations Voice elections (since 2023)</li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Local governments </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> </td> <td>State legislature (lower house) </td> <td>Droop </td> <td>5 </td> <td>1907 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Local governments </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_House_of_Assembly" title="Tasmanian House of Assembly">House of Assembly</a> elections (since 1896)</li> <li>Local government elections (since 1993)</li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> </td> <td>State legislature (upper house) </td> <td>Droop </td> <td>5 </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Legislative_Council" title="Victorian Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a> elections (since 2003 – with the option of using a <a href="/wiki/Group_voting_ticket" title="Group voting ticket">group voting ticket</a>)</li> <li>Local government elections (since 2003)</li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Local governments </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> </td> <td>State legislature (upper house) </td> <td>Droop </td> <td>5–7<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia_Legislative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Australia Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a> elections (since 1987 – with the option of using a <a href="/wiki/Group_voting_ticket" title="Group voting ticket">group voting ticket</a> until 2021)</li> <li>Local government elections (since 2023)</li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Local governments </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Elections in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td>Ireland's delegation to the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> </td> <td>Supranational parliament </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_Ireland" title="1979 European Parliament election in Ireland">1979</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">Local government elections</a> </td> <td>Local governments </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1920<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Malta" title="Elections in Malta">Malta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malta_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="Malta (European Parliament constituency)">Malta's delegation</a> to the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> </td> <td>Supranational parliament </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2004 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Local government elections </td> <td>Local governments </td> <td> </td> <td>5–13 </td> <td>1993 </td> <td>2015 reform abolished staggered terms and half-council elections. Range of district magnitude: 5 (Mosta) to 13 (Birkirkara).<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Zealand" title="Elections in New Zealand">New Zealand</a><sup id="cite_ref-STV_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STV-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_New_Zealand" title="Local government in New Zealand">Local government elections</a> </td> <td>Local governments </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">Regional council</a> elections: <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Region" title="Wellington Region">Wellington Regional</a> Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority#New_Zealand" title="Unitary authority">Unitary authority</a> elections: <a href="/wiki/Marlborough_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Marlborough Region">Marlborough District Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_authorities_of_New_Zealand" title="Territorial authorities of New Zealand">Territorial authority</a> elections:</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent"><a href="/wiki/Dunedin_City_Council" title="Dunedin City Council">Dunedin City Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaipara_District#Local_government" title="Kaipara District">Kaipara District Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81piti_Coast_District" title="Kāpiti Coast District">Kāpiti Coast District</a> Council, <a href="/wiki/New_Plymouth_District#Local_government" title="New Plymouth District">New Plymouth District Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmerston_North_City_Council" title="Palmerston North City Council">Palmerston North City Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porirua_City_Council" title="Porirua City Council">Porirua City Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruapehu_District#Ruapehu_District_Council" title="Ruapehu District">Ruapehu District Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tauranga_City_Council" title="Tauranga City Council">Tauranga City Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wellington_City_Council" title="Wellington City Council">Wellington City Council</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">Later additions – <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_City_Council_(New_Zealand)" title="Hamilton City Council (New Zealand)">Hamilton City Council</a> (2020);<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2022, this number further increased.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_health_board" title="District health board">District health board</a> elections: all 20 boards (until the district health boards were replaced in 2021)</li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Elections in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> </td> <td>Devolved legislature </td> <td> </td> <td>5 </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a> elections (since <a href="/wiki/1998_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="1998 Northern Ireland Assembly election">1998</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Local government elections</li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Local governments </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Scotland" title="Elections in Scotland">Scotland</a> </td> <td>Local governments </td> <td> </td> <td>1–5 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland" title="Local government in Scotland">Local government elections</a> (since <a href="/wiki/2007_Scottish_local_elections" title="2007 Scottish local elections">May 2007</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (districts of 1 to 5 members)<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">United States</a> </td> <td>Local government elections </td> <td>Local governments </td> <td> </td> <td>9 at-large (Cambridge); <p>3-seat wards (Portland, Oregon) </p> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>City elections in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a> (multi-member, at-large district); <a href="/wiki/Eastpointe,_Michigan" title="Eastpointe, Michigan">Eastpointe, Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palm_Desert,_California" title="Palm Desert, California">Palm Desert, California</a>; Albany, New York; St. Paul, Minnesota; St. Louis Park, Minnesota; Portland, Oregon (multi-member wards); and <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland, Maine</a> (multi-member, at-large district).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>At-large municipal board seats<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, Minnesota</li> <li>Historically, during the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a>, in 21 other cities <a href="/wiki/History_and_use_of_the_single_transferable_vote" title="History and use of the single transferable vote">between 1915 and 1960</a>, including New York City for <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Council" title="New York City Council">New York City Council</a> from 1937 to 1947 (multi-winner districts; uniform quota)<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indirect">Indirect</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Indirect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indirect use of STV, where not citizens, but bodies elected by citizens elect another body. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Indirect_single_transferable_voting" title="Indirect single transferable voting">indirect single transferable voting</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Body/region </th> <th>Type of body </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Elections in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Seanad</a> general elections </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a> of legislature </td> <td>Upper house, since 1925 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">India</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a> of legislature </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/State_Legislative_Council_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Legislative Council (India)">Vidhan Parishad</a> (in few states) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nepal" title="Elections in Nepal">Nepal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nepal)" title="National Assembly (Nepal)">National Assembly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a> of legislature </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nepal)" title="National Assembly (Nepal)">Upper house</a> elections by provinces and local assemblies since 2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pakistan" title="Elections in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Senate of Pakistan">Senate</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a> of legislature </td> <td>Indirect by provincial assemblies and direct by <a href="/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas" title="Federally Administered Tribal Areas">Federally Administered Tribal Areas</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_use_of_STV_for_election_of_legislative_bodies">Historic use of STV for election of legislative bodies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Historic use of STV for election of legislative bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Body/region </th> <th>Type of body </th> <th>From </th> <th>Until </th> <th>Replaced by </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Canada </td> <td>Provincial legislative assemblies of <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> </td> <td>Unicameral provincial governments </td> <td>1920s </td> <td>1950s </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post voting</a><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian SSR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Supreme Soviet of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Supreme Soviet</a> </td> <td>Unicameral legislature </td> <td>1990 </td> <td>1992 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list proportional representation</a><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Fiji" title="Parliament of Fiji">Parliament</a> </td> <td>Unicameral legislature </td> <td>1998 </td> <td>2013 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list proportional representation</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ireland </td> <td>Seanad </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a> of legislature </td> <td>1925 </td> <td>1925 </td> <td>Indirect elections, university elections </td> <td>Direct (19 elected in single country-wide contest)<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Keys" title="House of Keys">House of Keys</a> </td> <td>Lower house of legislature </td> <td>1982 </td> <td>1995 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plurality_block_voting" title="Plurality block voting">Plurality block voting</a> in two-seat districts </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits">Benefits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Advocates<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2019)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> for STV argue it is an improvement over winner-take-all non-proportional voting systems such as first-past-the-post, where vote splits commonly result in a majority of voters electing no one and the successful candidate having support from just a minority of the district voters. STV prevents in most cases one party taking all the seats and in its thinning out of the candidates in the field prevents the election of an extreme candidate or party if it does not have enough overall general appeal. </p><p>STV is the system of choice of the <a href="/wiki/Proportional_Representation_Society_of_Australia" title="Proportional Representation Society of Australia">Proportional Representation Society of Australia</a> (which calls it <b>quota-preferential proportional representation</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Reform_Society" title="Electoral Reform Society">Electoral Reform Society</a> in the United Kingdom<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/FairVote" title="FairVote">FairVote</a> in the United States (which refers to STV as proportional ranked choice voting<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and instant-runoff voting as "ranked choice voting",<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there are other preferential voting methods that use <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting" title="Ranked voting">ranked-choice</a> ballots). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Issues_affecting_the_single_transferable_vote" title="Issues affecting the single transferable vote">Issues affecting the single transferable vote</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Degree_of_proportionality">Degree of proportionality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Degree of proportionality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The degree of proportionality of STV election results depends directly on the district magnitude (i.e. the number of seats in each district). While Ireland originally had a median district magnitude of five (ranging from three to nine) in 1923, successive governments lowered this. Systematically lowering the number of representatives from a given district directly benefits larger parties at the expense of smaller ones. </p><p>Supposing that the <a href="/wiki/Droop_quota" title="Droop quota">Droop quota</a> is used: in a nine-seat district, the Droop quota is 10% (plus one vote); in a three-seat district, it would be 25% (plus one vote). This electoral threshold seems significantly higher than for most party-list PR systems, based on percentage points. However, the Droop quota in a district covering just part of a jurisdiction may be set at as few votes as an list PR system's electoral threshold set at a lower percentage but based on the votes cast across a whole jurisdiction. For instance, in the <a href="/wiki/2022_Danish_general_election" title="2022 Danish general election">2022 Danish election</a>, the main electoral threshold of 2 percent in use meant 71,000 of the 3.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>million votes cast overall were required to be eligible for leveling seats, while in the 10-seat North Zealand Folketing constituency, the Droop quota (set at 9 percent) would have been 26,500 (1/11th of 292,000 valid votes). In the North Zealand constituency in the 2022 election, held using list PR (where the theoretical threshold is ten percent of district votes), the Conservative People's party – with just 22,000 votes – won one out of ten seats in the district. When levelling seats were allocated, the Independent Greens – with almost 32,000 votes overall – were not allocated any seats.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A parliamentary committee in 2010 discussed the "increasing trend towards the creation of three-seat constituencies in Ireland" and recommended not less than four-seaters, except where the geographic size of such a constituency would be disproportionately large.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIreland2010177_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIreland2010177-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>STV provides proportionality by transferring votes to minimize waste, and therefore also minimizes the number of unrepresented or <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement" title="Disfranchisement">disenfranchised</a> voters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Difficulty_of_implementation">Difficulty of implementation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Difficulty of implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A frequent concern about STV is its complexity compared with single-mark voting methods, such as <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">plurality voting</a> or <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party-list proportional representation</a>. Before the advent of computers, this complexity made ballot-counting more difficult than in other methods, though Winnipeg used it to elect ten MLAs in seven elections (1920–1945).<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The algorithm is complicated, particularly if Gregory or another fractional-vote method is used. In large elections with many candidates, a computer may be required. (This is because after several rounds of counting, there may be many different categories of previously transferred votes, each with a different permutation of early preferences and thus each with a different carried-forward weighting, all of which have to be kept track of.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_political_parties">Role of political parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Role of political parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>STV differs from other proportional representation systems in that candidates of one party can be elected on transfers from voters for other parties, a phenomenon sometimes referred to as vote <i>leakage</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Santucci2022_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santucci2022-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, STV may reduce the role of political parties in the electoral process and corresponding <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan (political)">partisanship</a> in the resulting government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By-elections">By-elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: By-elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As STV is a multi-member system, filling vacancies between elections can be problematic, and a variety of methods have been devised: </p> <ul><li>The countback method is used in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, Victoria, Malta, and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Casual_vacancy" title="Casual vacancy">Casual vacancies</a> can be filled by re-examining the ballot papers data from the previous election.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officials determine the next-ranked candidate for those voters who supported the official who seat was vacated.</li> <li>A head official or remaining members of the elected body appoint a new member to fulfill the vacancy. This may change the ideology of the seat.</li> <li>Hold a single-winner by-election (effectively instant-runoff voting); this allows each party to choose a new candidate and all voters to participate. This is the method used in the Republic of Ireland in national elections, and in Scotland's local elections. This is likely to produce a winner from the majority, which would be non-proportional if the seat was vacated by someone from a minority faction.</li> <li>The party of the vacant member nominates a successor, possibly subject to the approval of the voting population or the rest of the government. This is the method used in the Republic of Ireland in local elections.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Officeholders create an ordered list of successors before leaving their seats. In the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, a departing member from the Republic of Ireland or Northern Ireland is replaced with the top eligible name from a replacement list submitted by the candidate at the time of the original election. This method was also used in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a>, until 2009, when the practice was changed to allow political parties to nominate new MLAs in the event of vacancies. Independent MLAs may still draw up lists of potential replacements.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Elect the candidate eliminated last, which may represent a smaller minority than any of the candidates successfully elected. Malta did this as a one-off for its <a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_Malta" title="2009 European Parliament election in Malta">2009 European elections</a>, to fill the prospective vacancy for the extra seat that arose from the <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisbon Treaty">Lisbon Treaty</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tactics">Tactics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Tactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tactical_voting#Single_transferable_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical voting">Tactical voting § Single transferable vote</a></div> <p>If there are not enough candidates to represent one of the priorities the electorate vote for (such as a party), all of them may be elected in the early stages, with votes being transferred to candidates with other views. On the other hand, putting up too many candidates might result in first-preference votes being spread too thinly among them, and consequently several potential winners with broad second-preference appeal may be eliminated before others are elected and their second-preference votes distributed. In practice, the majority of voters express preference for candidates from the same party in order,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which minimizes the impact of this potential effect of STV. </p><p>The outcome of voting under STV is proportional within a single election to the collective preference of voters, assuming voters have ranked their real preferences. Due to other voting mechanisms usually used in conjunction with STV, such as a district or constituency system, an election by STV does not guarantee proportionality across all districts. If proportionality is measured by looking at first preference votes, the final result may vary from that proportionality due to some votes being transferred from one party to another during the vote count procedure. </p><p>Accordingly, in many elections, each party has their vote spread over the party's slate (if the party runs multiple candidates so that all the large parties' votes are spread somewhat equally), and candidates of popular parties are mostly all more popular than candidates of less-popular parties. This happened in <a href="/wiki/Cavan%E2%80%93Monaghan_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)" title="Cavan–Monaghan (Dáil constituency)">Cavan-Monaghan</a> in the 2020 Irish general election, where Labour, PBP, Green and Aontu parties were the least popular. Their candidates were four of the five least-popular candidates in the first count and were eliminated quickly. SF, FG and FF parties were more popular – their candidates took the five seats – and candidates of those parties were already leading in the first count.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of methods of tactical or strategic voting exist that can be used in STV elections but much less so than with first-past-the-post elections. In STV elections, most constituencies will be marginal, at least with regard to the allocation of a final seat. Manipulating STV requires knowledge of the contents of all the ballots, effectively only being possible after the ballots are counted; and discovering the correct votes to cast to manipulate the outcome strategically is <a href="/wiki/NP-complete" class="mw-redirect" title="NP-complete">NP-complete</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The difficulty of manipulating results under STV is credited with why it is chosen for use in part of the process of allocating the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a>. As part of the process of selecting winners for the Academy Awards, STV is used to choose nominees within each category. The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences claims that STV is preferred because "[a]lthough there are always instances in which an election procedure can be manipulated, an advantage of STV procedures is that the computations are too complex to be manipulated by a voter attempting to rank competitors of its most preferred candidate at the bottom of its preference list."<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>STV satisfies the <a href="/wiki/Majority-rule_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority-rule principle">majority-rule principle</a> in that the winners taken together are supported by a majority of the valid votes cast in the district. Variants like <a href="/wiki/Schulze_STV" title="Schulze STV">Schulze STV</a> and <a href="/wiki/CPO-STV" title="CPO-STV">CPO-STV</a> also do. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elector_confusion">Elector confusion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Elector confusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critics<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2019)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> contend that some voters find the mechanisms behind STV difficult to understand, but this does not make it more difficult for voters to rank the list of candidates in order of preference on an STV ballot paper (see <a href="#Balloting">§ Balloting</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargetts200368_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargetts200368-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>STV systems vary, both in ballot design and in whether or not voters are obliged to provide a full list of preferences. </p><p>In jurisdictions such as Malta, Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, voters may rank as many or as few candidates as they wish. Consequently, voters sometimes, for example, rank only the candidates of a single party, or of their most preferred parties. Voters who do not fully understand the system may only vote for as many candidates as the instruction on the ballot gives before "and so on",<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may even "bullet vote", only expressing a first preference, or indicate a first preference for multiple candidates, especially when both STV and <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">plurality</a> are being used in concurrent elections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmbler2006_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmbler2006-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Allowing voters to rank only as many candidates as they wish grants them greater freedom, but can also lead to some voters ranking so few candidates that their vote eventually becomes exhausted – that is, at a certain point during the count, it can no longer be transferred and influence the result. Some are non-transferable because the choices marked have already been elected, so the voter may be pleased with the overall election result even though their first preference was not elected and their vote itself was not used to elect anyone. Even if a voter marks many preferences, the vote may still be found to be non-transferable, if at any point the vote needs to be transferred and all the preferences ranked lower have already been eliminated or elected. But the number of non-transferable votes is fewer than the number of ignored votes under first-past-the-post and the number of effective votes, votes actually used to elect someone, is higher than under all but the most landslide first-past-the-post election contests. </p><p>The STV method may be confusing to some and may cause some people to vote incorrectly with respect to their actual preferences. </p><p>STV ballots can also be long; having multiple pages increases the chances of people not marking multiple preferences and thus missing later opportunities to have their vote transferred. After a vote is transferred twice, is at the end of the count and three candidates remain in the running for the last seat, the voter may have little interest in the choice. None of them were the voter's first choice, nor their second or third preference. And perhaps the voter has already seen one or two of their earlier choices already elected. Many votes up for transfer are found to be non-transferable in the last vote transfers. One to three members at the end are often elected with partial quotas, due to the number of exhausted votes. In STV elections, a majority of votes are used to elect the members who are elected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some opponents<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2014)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> argue that larger, multi-seat districts would require more campaign funds to reach the voters. Proponents<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2022)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> argue that STV can lower campaign costs because like-minded candidates can share some expenses. Proponents reason that negative advertising is disincentivized in such a system, as its effect is diluted among a larger pool of candidates. </p><p>In addition, candidates do not have to secure the support of the largest voting block to be elected as under FPTP. STV ensures that each substantial group gets at least one seat, allowing candidates to focus campaign spending primarily on supportive voters. Under STV, it is not necessary to be the most popular candidate in the district to be elected; it is only necessary to have quota (or survive to the end when the remaining candidates are declared elected). To have quota, you do not need support from across the district necessarily. If a corner of the district has a quota worth of votes and the voters there support a candidate, that candidate will be elected and there is nothing the others elsewhere in the district can do about it. So, at least theoretically, you would not need to campaign across the district.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The larger, multi-member constituencies can result in less, rather than more, representation of local communities within the electoral district. The representatives could potentially all be from one part of the region, leaving other communities without representation. </p><p>Furthermore, STV requires multi-member districts (MMDs). It is thus impossible to use MMDs in the Scottish Highlands to elect member of the UK Parliament because only one member is elected in that area.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To create an MMD in a sparsely-settled area, an electoral district would have to cover a large area just to capture the required population to be represented by multiple members. There can be a greater disconnect between the voter, or community, and their representatives. If areas with low population density were using multi-member districts to elect the relatively few high-level members of Parliament in Scotland or of the UK Parliament, constituencies could become so large as to seem to be impractical.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Scotland successfully uses multiple-member regions in its Scottish Parliament elections and STV in its Local Authority elections. The large number of Local Authority or Scottish Parliament members allows the creation of MMDs without having each district cover too large an area.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, MMDs even of immense size can be used successfully. In New South Wales, Australia, the whole state elects 21 members of the upper house in one single STV contest and has done so since 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis_of_results">Analysis of results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Analysis of results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration_of_preferences">Migration of preferences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Migration of preferences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The relative performance of political parties in STV systems is sometimes analysed in a different fashion from that used in other electoral schemes. For example, seeing which candidates are declared elected on first-preference votes alone in the 2012 Scottish local elections, where 1223 members were elected, can be shown as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/2012_Scottish_local_elections" title="2012 Scottish local elections">2012 Scottish local elections</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtice201222_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtice201222-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Party</th> <th rowspan="2">Total elected</th> <th colspan="3">Elected on 1st prefs alone </th></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th>%</th> <th>% (2007) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #0087DC;" data-sort-value="Scottish Conservatives"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Conservatives" title="Scottish Conservatives">Conservative</a> </td> <td>115</td> <td>46</td> <td>40</td> <td>41 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #E4003B;" data-sort-value="Scottish Labour"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Labour" title="Scottish Labour">Labour</a> </td> <td>394</td> <td>199</td> <td>51</td> <td>37 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #FAA61A;" data-sort-value="Scottish Liberal Democrats"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberal_Democrats" title="Scottish Liberal Democrats">Liberal Democrats</a> </td> <td>71</td> <td>20</td> <td>28</td> <td>22 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #FDF38E;" data-sort-value="Scottish National Party"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">SNP</a> </td> <td>425</td> <td>185</td> <td>44</td> <td>57 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #00B140;" data-sort-value="Scottish Greens"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Greens" title="Scottish Greens">Scottish Green</a> </td> <td>14</td> <td>1</td> <td>7</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #DCDCDC;" data-sort-value="Independent politician"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td>200</td> <td>79</td> <td>40</td> <td>32 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5px; data-sort-value="> </td> <td style="text-align: left;" scope="row">Other </td> <td>4</td> <td>2</td> <td>50</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><b>Totals</b> </td> <td>1,223</td> <td>532</td> <td>44</td> <td>40 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The data can also be analysed to find the proportion of voters who express only a single preference,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtice201213_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtice201213-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or those who express a minimum number of preferences,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtice201214_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtice201214-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to assess party strength. Where parties nominate multiple candidates in an electoral district, analysis can also be done to assess their relative strength.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtice201217–18_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtice201217–18-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other useful information can be found by analysing terminal transfers—i.e., when the votes of a candidate are transferred and no other candidate from that party remains in the count<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtice201214_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtice201214-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—especially with respect to the first instance in which that occurs: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Average first terminal transfer rates (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtice201215–16_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtice201215–16-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Transferred from</th> <th rowspan="2">% non-transferable</th> <th colspan="5">% transferred to </th></tr> <tr> <th>Con</th> <th>Lab</th> <th>LD</th> <th>SNP</th> <th>Ind/Other </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #0087DC;" data-sort-value="Scottish Conservatives"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Conservatives" title="Scottish Conservatives">Conservative</a> </td> <td>34</td> <td>–</td> <td>8</td> <td>32</td> <td>8</td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #E4003B;" data-sort-value="Scottish Labour"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Labour" title="Scottish Labour">Labour</a> </td> <td>48</td> <td>6</td> <td>–</td> <td>13</td> <td>17</td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #FAA61A;" data-sort-value="Scottish Liberal Democrats"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberal_Democrats" title="Scottish Liberal Democrats">Liberal Democrats</a> </td> <td>23</td> <td>22</td> <td>20</td> <td>–</td> <td>16</td> <td>19 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #FDF38E;" data-sort-value="Scottish National Party"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">SNP</a> </td> <td>44</td> <td>6</td> <td>18</td> <td>14</td> <td>–</td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #00B140;" data-sort-value="Scottish Greens"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Greens" title="Scottish Greens">Scottish Green</a> </td> <td>20</td> <td>5</td> <td>19</td> <td>20</td> <td>18</td> <td>17 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The transfers of votes under STV mean that candidates who did well on first-preference votes in the first count (but not well enough to be immediately declared elected) may not be elected in the end, and those who did poorly on the first count may be elected in the end. This is due to transfers made according to second and later preferences. This can also be analysed, again using the 1223 members elected in the Scottish local elections. Some of the leading candidates in the first count were not elected but, comparing the number to the total number of members elected in these elections, the successful candidates were mostly set in the first count (through the simple mechanics of single voting in multi-member districts), before any vote transfers are done. Only about ten percent or less of the front runners in the first count were not elected in the end. </p><p>Only 68 of the elected members, of the overall 1,223 successful candidates, were not already in a winning position in the first count, thus showing that vote transfers merely put a polish on the first-count ranking of candidates established through single voting in multi-seat districts. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Candidates not in a winning position on 1st preference who secured election, by party (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtice201223_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtice201223-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Political party</th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Elected though not in top 3 or 4</th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Not elected though in top 3 or 4</th> <th colspan="2">Net gain/loss </th></tr> <tr> <th>2012</th> <th>2007 </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #0087DC;" data-sort-value="Scottish Conservatives"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Conservatives" title="Scottish Conservatives">Conservative</a> </td> <td>1</td> <td>16</td> <td>−15</td> <td>−24 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #E4003B;" data-sort-value="Scottish Labour"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Labour" title="Scottish Labour">Labour</a> </td> <td>21</td> <td>8</td> <td>+13</td> <td>−17 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #FAA61A;" data-sort-value="Scottish Liberal Democrats"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberal_Democrats" title="Scottish Liberal Democrats">Liberal Democrats</a> </td> <td>4</td> <td>3</td> <td>+1</td> <td>+29 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #FDF38E;" data-sort-value="Scottish National Party"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">SNP</a> </td> <td>19</td> <td>29</td> <td>−10</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #00B140;" data-sort-value="Scottish Greens"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Greens" title="Scottish Greens">Scottish Green</a> </td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>–</td> <td>+1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #DCDCDC;" data-sort-value="Independent politician"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td>22</td> <td>9</td> <td>+13</td> <td>+8 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5px; data-sort-value="> </td> <td style="text-align: left;" scope="row">Other </td> <td>–</td> <td>2</td> <td>−2</td> <td>+3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Thus, of 1223 seats filled in 2012, only 68 were filled by candidates who were not in top three or four spots in the first count. Therefore, transfers changed the outcome of only about 6 percent of the spots. <a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">Single non-transferable vote</a> would have provided the same results in a great majority of cases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effective_votes">Effective votes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Effective votes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2020_Irish_general_election" title="2020 Irish general election">2020 Irish election</a> where members of Dáil Éireann, known as TDs (Dáil deputies), were elected by single transferable vote from 39 constituencies, each with between three and five seats, members were elected under STV with about the same number of votes and a large proportion of votes cast in each district were used to actually elect someone. </p><p>Most elected members were elected by achieving the quota. Thus they were elected by receiving approximately the same number of votes. The few elected without quota received a number of votes close to quota as well.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large proportion of the votes were used to elect someone, with relatively few being <a href="/wiki/Wasted_vote" title="Wasted vote">wasted</a>. Perhaps one full quota or less is not used to elect someone.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Cambridge, Massachusetts, under STV in 2021, 90 percent of voters saw their vote help to elect a candidate, more than 65 percent of voters saw their first choice candidate elected, and more than 95 percent of voters saw at least one of their top three choices elected.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Plato-raphael.jpg/26px-Plato-raphael.jpg" decoding="async" width="26" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Plato-raphael.jpg/39px-Plato-raphael.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Plato-raphael.jpg/53px-Plato-raphael.jpg 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="262" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Political_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Political science">Political science portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tally_(voting)" title="Tally (voting)">Tally (voting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/None_of_the_above" title="None of the above">None of the above</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">Approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">Single non-transferable vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_voting_systems_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Table of voting systems by country">Table of voting systems by country</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voting_matters" title="Voting matters">Voting matters</a></i>, a journal concerned with the technical aspects of STV</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This name is a misnomer, as there exist several other proportional ranked voting methods including <a href="/wiki/CPO-STV" title="CPO-STV">CPO-STV</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Expanding_approvals_rule" title="Expanding approvals rule">Expanding approvals rule</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Schulze_STV" title="Schulze STV">Schulze STV</a>. See also <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting#Terminology" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff voting#Terminology</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1st-preference-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1st-preference_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1st-preference_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on 1st preference candidates</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on single vote cast for 1st preferences, no tactical voting</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Likely outcome based on first preferences and assuming most voters also cast their second and third votes for candidates of the same party</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">STV was previously used to elect the <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmanian</a> members of both the Senate and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> in the inaugural <a href="/wiki/1901_Australian_federal_election" title="1901 Australian federal election">1901 federal election</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">STV was previously used for the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_University_(constituency)" title="Dublin University (constituency)">Dublin University constituency</a> in <a href="/wiki/1918_Irish_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 Irish general election">the 1918 general election</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">STV was previously used for the <a href="/wiki/1919_Sligo_Corporation_election" title="1919 Sligo Corporation election">1919 special election</a> for <a href="/wiki/Sligo_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sligo Corporation">Sligo Corporation</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">STV was previously used for the <a href="/wiki/1921_Northern_Ireland_general_election" title="1921 Northern Ireland general election">1921</a> and <a href="/wiki/1925_Northern_Ireland_general_election" title="1925 Northern Ireland general election">1925 elections</a> to the Northern Ireland parliament.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGallagher1992" class="citation journal cs1">Gallagher, Michael (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/194023">"Comparing Proportional Representation Electoral Systems: Quotas, Thresholds, Paradoxes and Majorities"</a>. <i>British Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>22</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">469–</span>496. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007123400006499">10.1017/S0007123400006499</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1234">0007-1234</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/194023">194023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Comparing+Proportional+Representation+Electoral+Systems%3A+Quotas%2C+Thresholds%2C+Paradoxes+and+Majorities&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E469-%3C%2Fspan%3E496&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0007-1234&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F194023%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0007123400006499&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F194023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingle+transferable+vote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Terry Newman, Hare-Clark in Tasmania</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Howatt, Democratic Representation under the Hare-Clark System – The Need for Seven-Member Electorates</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrell_and_McAllister2006" class="citation book cs1">Farrell and McAllister (2006). <i>The Australian Electoral System</i>. UNSW Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">58–</span>61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australian+Electoral+System&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.pub=UNSW+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Farrell+and+McAllister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingle+transferable+vote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarell_and_McAllister" class="citation book cs1">Farell and McAllister. <i>The Australian Electoral System</i>. p. 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australian+Electoral+System&rft.pages=60&rft.au=Farell+and+McAllister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingle+transferable+vote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prsa.org.au/quota_droop_vs_hare_voting_in_democracies_lakeman_&_lambert.pdf">"Which quota?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>prsa.org.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Abingdon, England: Routledge (published 2014). pp. <span class="nowrap">64–</span>82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582437272" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582437272"><bdi>978-0582437272</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Electoral+Reform&rft.btitle=Central+Debates+in+British+Politics&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0582437272&rft.aulast=Margetts&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingle+transferable+vote" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeek1994a" class="citation journal cs1">Meek, B. L. (1994a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcdougall.org.uk/VM/ISSUE1/P1.HTM">"A New Approach to the Single Transferable Vote. Paper I: Equality of Treatment of Voters and a Feedback Mechanism for Vote Counting"</a>. <i>Voting Matters</i> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1745-6231">1745-6231</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Paper II: The Problem of Non-transferable Votes"</a>. <i>Voting Matters</i> (1): <span class="nowrap">7–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1745-6231">1745-6231</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London: Parker, Son, and Bourn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1414254685" title="Special:BookSources/978-1414254685"><bdi>978-1414254685</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2014</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Considerations+on+Representative+Government&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Parker%2C+Son%2C+and+Bourn&rft.date=1861&rft.isbn=978-1414254685&rft.aulast=Mill&rft.aufirst=John+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DemABAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingle+transferable+vote" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewland1984" class="citation journal cs1">Newland, Robert A. (1984). "The STV Quota". <i>Representation</i>. <b>24</b> (95): <span class="nowrap">14–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00344898408459347">10.1080/00344898408459347</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-4893">0034-4893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Representation&rft.atitle=The+STV+Quota&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=95&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00344898408459347&rft.issn=0034-4893&rft.aulast=Newland&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingle+transferable+vote" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmbler2006" class="citation journal cs1">Ombler, Franz (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.votingmatters.org.uk/ISSUE21/I21P3.pdf">"Booklet Position Effects, and Two New statistics to Gauge Voter Understanding of the Need to Rank Candidates in Preferential Elections"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Voting Matters</i> (21): <span class="nowrap">12–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1745-6231">1745-6231</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voting+Matters&rft.atitle=Booklet+Position+Effects%2C+and+Two+New+statistics+to+Gauge+Voter+Understanding+of+the+Need+to+Rank+Candidates+in+Preferential+Elections&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=1745-6231&rft.aulast=Ombler&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.votingmatters.org.uk%2FISSUE21%2FI21P3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingle+transferable+vote" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1918" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">Wells, H. G.</a> (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/infourthyear00well#page/120/mode/2up"><i>In the Fourth Year: Anticipation of a World Peace</i></a>. London: Chatto & Windus<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2016</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Fourth+Year%3A+Anticipation+of+a+World+Peace&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=H.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Finfourthyear00well%23page%2F120%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingle+transferable+vote" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBach2003" class="citation book cs1">Bach, Stanley (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/platparl"><i>Platypus and Parliament: The Australian Senate in Theory and Practice</i></a>. Department of the Senate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0642712912" title="Special:BookSources/978-0642712912"><bdi>978-0642712912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Platypus+and+Parliament%3A+The+Australian+Senate+in+Theory+and+Practice&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Senate&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0642712912&rft.aulast=Bach&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FAbout_Parliament%2FSenate%2FPowers_practice_n_procedures%2Fplatparl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingle+transferable+vote" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshworthAshworth1900" class="citation book cs1">Ashworth, H.P.C.; Ashworth, T.R. (1900). <i>Proportional Representation Applied to Party Government</i>. Melbourne: Robertson and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proportional+Representation+Applied+to+Party+Government&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Robertson+and+Co&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Ashworth&rft.aufirst=H.P.C.&rft.au=Ashworth%2C+T.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingle+transferable+vote" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartholdiOrlin1991" class="citation journal cs1">Bartholdi, John J. III; <a href="/wiki/James_B._Orlin" title="James B. Orlin">Orlin, James B.</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isye.gatech.edu/~jjb/papers/stv.pdf">"Single Transferable Vote Resists Strategic Voting"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Social Choice and Welfare</i>. <b>8</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">341–</span>354. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.127.97">10.1.1.127.97</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00183045">10.1007/BF00183045</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0176-1714">0176-1714</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41105995">41105995</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17749613">17749613</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Choice+and+Welfare&rft.atitle=Single+Transferable+Vote+Resists+Strategic+Voting&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E341-%3C%2Fspan%3E354&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41105995%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00183045&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.127.97%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.issn=0176-1714&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17749613%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bartholdi&rft.aufirst=John+J.+III&rft.au=Orlin%2C+James+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isye.gatech.edu%2F~jjb%2Fpapers%2Fstv.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingle+transferable+vote" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenadeBuckDuchinGold2021" class="citation journal cs1">Benade, Gerdus; Buck, Ruth; Duchin, Moon; Gold, Dara; Weighill, Thomas (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID3778021_code4567889.pdf">"Ranked Choice Voting and Minority Representation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>SSRN</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.3778021">10.2139/ssrn.3778021</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234062227">234062227</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SSRN&rft.atitle=Ranked+Choice+Voting+and+Minority+Representation&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.3778021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234062227%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Benade&rft.aufirst=Gerdus&rft.au=Buck%2C+Ruth&rft.au=Duchin%2C+Moon&rft.au=Gold%2C+Dara&rft.au=Weighill%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2FDelivery.cfm%2FSSRN_ID3778021_code4567889.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingle+transferable+vote" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeller2002" class="citation web cs1">Geller, Chris (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deakin.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/402575/wp2201.pdf">"Single Transferable Vote with Borda Elimination: A New Vote-Counting System"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Deakin_University" title="Deakin University">Deakin University</a>, Faculty of Business and Law.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Single+Transferable+Vote+with+Borda+Elimination%3A+A+New+Vote-Counting+System&rft.pub=Deakin+University%2C+Faculty+of+Business+and+Law&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Geller&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deakin.edu.au%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0005%2F402575%2Fwp2201.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingle+transferable+vote" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeller2004" class="citation journal cs1"> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  (2004). "Single Transferable Vote with Borda Elimination: Proportional Representation, Moderation, Quasi-chaos and Stability". <i>Electoral Studies</i>. <b>24</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">265–</span>280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.electstud.2004.06.004">10.1016/j.electstud.2004.06.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-6890">1873-6890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electoral+Studies&rft.atitle=Single+Transferable+Vote+with+Borda+Elimination%3A+Proportional+Representation%2C+Moderation%2C+Quasi-chaos+and+Stability&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E265-%3C%2Fspan%3E280&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.electstud.2004.06.004&rft.issn=1873-6890&rft.aulast=Geller&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingle+transferable+vote" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill2004" class="citation journal cs1">O'Neill, Jeffrey C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.votingmatters.org.uk/ISSUE18/I18P6.PDF">"Tie-Breaking with the Single Transferable Vote"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Voting Matters</i> (18): <span class="nowrap">14–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1745-6231">1745-6231</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voting+Matters&rft.atitle=Tie-Breaking+with+the+Single+Transferable+Vote&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=1745-6231&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.votingmatters.org.uk%2FISSUE18%2FI18P6.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingle+transferable+vote" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawerMiskin1999" class="citation book cs1">Sawer, Marian & Miskin, Sarah (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/senate/pubs/pops/pop34/pop34.pdf"><i>Papers on Parliament No. 34 Representation and Institutional Change: 50 Years of Proportional Representation in the Senate</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Department of the Senate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0642710619" title="Special:BookSources/0642710619"><bdi>0642710619</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papers+on+Parliament+No.+34+Representation+and+Institutional+Change%3A+50+Years+of+Proportional+Representation+in+the+Senate&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Senate&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0642710619&rft.aulast=Sawer&rft.aufirst=Marian&rft.au=Miskin%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2Fbinaries%2Fsenate%2Fpubs%2Fpops%2Fpop34%2Fpop34.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingle+transferable+vote" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2008" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Bruce (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/files/1485835/5257_PID5257.pdf"><i>"State legislative councils: designing for accountability." In N. Aroney, S. Prasser, & J. R. Nethercote (Eds.), Restraining Elective Dictatorship</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UWA Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">175–</span>195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1921401-091" title="Special:BookSources/978-1921401-091"><bdi>978-1921401-091</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22State+legislative+councils%3A+designing+for+accountability.%22+In+N.+Aroney%2C+S.+Prasser%2C+%26+J.+R.+Nethercote+%28Eds.%29%2C+Restraining+Elective+Dictatorship&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E195&rft.pub=UWA+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1921401-091&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-repository.uwa.edu.au%2Ffiles%2F1485835%2F5257_PID5257.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingle+transferable+vote" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single_transferable_vote&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es/esd/esd02/esd02d/">ACE Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accuratedemocracy.com/d_stv.htm">A concise STV analogy</a> – from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accuratedemocracy.com/">Accurate Democracy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accuratedemocracy.com/z_tools.htm#multi-winner">Accurate Democracy</a> lists a dozen programs for computing the single transferable vote.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/rearvision/australias-upper-houses/11038996">Australia's Upper Houses – ABC Rear Vision</a> A podcast about the development of Australia's upper houses into STV elected chambers.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/ranked-choice-voting-maine-alaska-elections-3c671352c0a6aa3604502955e6df3097">Ranked choice voting could decide which party controls the US House. How does it work?</a> Ranked choice voting process for <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electoral_systems390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_systems_footer" title="Template:Electoral systems footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electoral_systems_footer" title="Template talk:Electoral systems footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral_systems_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral systems footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electoral_systems390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics</a> series</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Single-winner_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-winner voting system">Single-winner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">Approval voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_approval_voting" title="Combined approval voting">Combined approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_primary" title="Unified primary">Unified primary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucklin_voting" title="Bucklin voting">Bucklin voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Condorcet methods">Condorcet methods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copeland%27s_method" title="Copeland's method">Copeland's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodgson%27s_method" title="Dodgson's method">Dodgson's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemeny%E2%80%93Young_method" title="Kemeny–Young method">Kemeny–Young method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimax_Condorcet_method" title="Minimax Condorcet method">Minimax Condorcet method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanson%27s_method" title="Nanson's method">Nanson's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_pairs" title="Ranked pairs">Ranked pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_method" title="Schulze method">Schulze method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaustive_ballot" title="Exhaustive ballot">Exhaustive ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coombs%27_method" title="Coombs' method">Coombs' method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_vote" title="Contingent vote">Contingent vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Supplementary vote">Supplementary vote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">Simple majoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">Plurality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positional_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Positional voting system">Positional voting system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Score_voting" title="Score voting">Score voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAR_voting" title="STAR voting">STAR voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduated_majority_judgment" title="Graduated majority judgment">Graduated majority judgment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote#Proportional_systems" title="Mixed single vote">Mixed single vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_approval_voting" title="Proportional approval voting">Proportional approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural%E2%80%93urban_proportional_representation" title="Rural–urban proportional representation">Rural–urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_proportional_approval_voting" title="Sequential proportional approval voting">Sequential proportional approval voting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Single transferable vote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPO-STV" title="CPO-STV">CPO-STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare%E2%80%93Clark_electoral_system" title="Hare–Clark electoral system">Hare–Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_STV" title="Schulze STV">Schulze STV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spare_vote" title="Spare vote">Spare vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_single_transferable_voting" title="Indirect single transferable voting">Indirect single transferable voting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Allocation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highest_averages_method" title="Highest averages method">Highest averages method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Webster/Sainte-Laguë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainders_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainders method">Largest remainders method</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quotas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Droop_quota" title="Droop quota">Droop quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagenbach-Bischoff_quota" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagenbach-Bischoff quota">Hagenbach-Bischoff quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperiali_quota" title="Imperiali quota">Imperiali quota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">MMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">Additional member system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_vote_plus" title="Alternative vote plus">Alternative vote plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">Mixed single vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">Mixed ballot transferable vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorporo" title="Scorporo">Scorporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_linkage_mixed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote linkage mixed system">Vote linkage mixed system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">Semi-proportional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">Single non-transferable vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">Limited voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">Cumulative voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_approval_voting" title="Satisfaction approval voting">Satisfaction approval voting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criteria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner_criterion" title="Condorcet winner criterion">Condorcet winner criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_loser_criterion" title="Condorcet loser criterion">Condorcet loser criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistency_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Consistency criterion">Consistency criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_clones_criterion" title="Independence of clones criterion">Independence of clones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_irrelevant_alternatives" title="Independence of irrelevant alternatives">Independence of irrelevant alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Smith-dominated_alternatives" title="Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives">Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later-no-harm_criterion" title="Later-no-harm criterion">Later-no-harm criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_favorite_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority favorite criterion">Majority criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_loser_criterion" title="Majority loser criterion">Majority loser criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotonicity_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotonicity criterion">Monotonicity criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_majority_criterion" title="Mutual majority criterion">Mutual majority criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Participation criterion">Participation criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurality_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality criterion">Plurality criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolvability_criterion" title="Resolvability criterion">Resolvability criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Reversal symmetry">Reversal symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith criterion">Smith criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seats-to-votes_ratio" title="Seats-to-votes ratio">Seats-to-votes ratio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballot" title="Ballot">Ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_threshold" class="mw-redirect" title="Election threshold">Election threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-preference_votes" title="First-preference votes">First-preference votes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_democracy" title="Liquid democracy">Liquid democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoilt_vote" title="Spoilt vote">Spoilt vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">Sortition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unseating" title="Unseating">Unseating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparison</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of electoral systems">Comparison of voting systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems_by_country" title="List of electoral systems by country">Voting systems by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Portal</a></b> — <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Politics" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Politics">Project</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parliament_of_Australia172" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parliament_of_Australia" title="Template:Parliament of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parliament_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Parliament of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parliament_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parliament of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parliament_of_Australia172" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">King</a> <small>(represented by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="397" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parliamentary<br />officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_(Australia)" title="President of the Senate (Australia)">President of the Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Australian_Senate" title="Clerk of the Australian Senate">Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Government_in_the_Senate_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Government in the Senate (Australia)">Leader of the Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manager_of_Government_Business_in_the_Senate" title="Manager of Government Business in the Senate">Manager of Government Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_in_the_Senate_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Opposition in the Senate (Australia)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manager_of_Opposition_Business_in_the_Senate" title="Manager of Opposition Business in the Senate">Manager of Opposition Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_whip_(Australia)" title="Party whip (Australia)">Whips</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_whips_in_the_Australian_Senate" title="List of whips in the Australian Senate">list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of<br />Representatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives">Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Clerk of the Australian House of Representatives">Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_(Australia)" title="Leader of the House (Australia)">Leader of the House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Australia)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manager_of_Opposition_Business_in_the_House_(Australia)" title="Manager of Opposition Business in the House (Australia)">Manager of Opposition Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_whip_(Australia)" title="Party whip (Australia)">Whips</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_whips_in_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="List of whips in the Australian House of Representatives">list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_served_in_both_Houses_of_the_Australian_Parliament" title="List of people who have served in both Houses of the Australian Parliament">Served in both houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Australian_Parliament_who_represented_more_than_one_state_or_territory" title="Members of the Australian Parliament who represented more than one state or territory">Represented multiple states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-serving_members_of_the_Parliament_of_Australia" title="List of longest-serving members of the Parliament of Australia">Longest service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politicians_in_Australia#Federal" title="Independent politicians in Australia">Independents</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Australian_Senate,_2022%E2%80%932025" title="Members of the Australian Senate, 2022–2025">Current</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Australian_Senate" title="Members of the Australian Senate">previous</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Senate_appointments" title="List of Australian Senate appointments">Appointees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Australian_Senate" title="Women in the Australian Senate">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of<br />Representatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives,_2022%E2%80%932025" title="Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 2022–2025">Current</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Members of the Australian House of Representatives">previous</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Women in the Australian House of Representatives">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Australian_federal_parliaments" title="Chronology of Australian federal parliaments">Chronology of Australian federal parliaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/45th_Parliament_of_Australia" title="45th Parliament of Australia">45th Parliament of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/46th_Parliament_of_Australia" title="46th Parliament of Australia">46th Parliament of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/47th_Parliament_of_Australia" title="47th Parliament of Australia">47th Parliament of Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Procedure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne" title="Speech from the throne">Speech from the throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_meetings_of_the_Australian_Parliament" title="Joint meetings of the Australian Parliament">Joint meetings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_time" title="Question time">Question time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_public_importance" title="Matter of public importance">Matter of public importance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_(legislature)" title="Reading (legislature)">Readings of bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Consent" title="King's Consent">King's Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Australia" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Australia">List of acts of the Parliament of Australia</a></li> <li>Committees: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate_committees" title="Australian Senate committees">Senate</a> | <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives_committees" title="Australian House of Representatives committees">House of Reps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Australian_federal_election" title="2022 Australian federal election">Last</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Australian_federal_election" title="2025 Australian federal election">Next</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_federal_elections" title="List of Australian federal elections">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_dissolution" title="Double dissolution">Double dissolution</a></li> <li>Senate: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Single transferable vote</a></li> <li>House of Representatives: <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-party-preferred_vote" title="Two-party-preferred vote">Two-party-preferred vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorates_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Electorates of the Australian House of Representatives">Electorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_federal_by-elections" title="List of Australian federal by-elections">By-elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government_of_Australia" title="Caretaker government of Australia">Caretaker government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Disputed_Returns_(Australia)" title="Court of Disputed Returns (Australia)">Court of Disputed Returns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Melbourne" title="Parliament House, Melbourne">Parliament House, Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Old Parliament House, Canberra">Old Parliament House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Parliament House, Canberra">Parliament House, Canberra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Australian_Parliament_who_died_in_office" title="List of members of the Australian Parliament who died in office">List of members of the Australian Parliament who died in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_multiple_Australian_legislatures" title="Members of multiple Australian legislatures">Members of multiple Australian legislatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox505" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115807#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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