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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_mixed_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compensatory/non-compensatory_seat_allocation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compensatory/non-compensatory_seat_allocation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Compensatory/non-compensatory seat allocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compensatory/non-compensatory_seat_allocation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_combinations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_combinations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Types of combinations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_combinations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mixed-member_majoritarian_and_mixed-member_proportional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixed-member_majoritarian_and_mixed-member_proportional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Mixed-member majoritarian and mixed-member proportional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixed-member_majoritarian_and_mixed-member_proportional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parallel_voting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parallel_voting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Parallel voting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parallel_voting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seat_linkage_compensatory_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seat_linkage_compensatory_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Seat linkage compensatory systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seat_linkage_compensatory_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vote_linkage_compensatory_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vote_linkage_compensatory_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Vote linkage compensatory systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vote_linkage_compensatory_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Majority_bonus_and_majority_jackpot_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Majority_bonus_and_majority_jackpot_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Majority bonus and majority jackpot systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Majority_bonus_and_majority_jackpot_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_of_votes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_votes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Number of votes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_votes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Double_vote" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Double_vote"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Double vote</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Double_vote-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mixed_single_vote_(MSV)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixed_single_vote_(MSV)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Mixed single vote (MSV)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixed_single_vote_(MSV)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Double_simultaneous_vote_(DSV)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Double_simultaneous_vote_(DSV)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Double simultaneous vote (DSV)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Double_simultaneous_vote_(DSV)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_countries_using_mixed_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_countries_using_mixed_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>List of countries using mixed systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_countries_using_mixed_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_mixte" title="Système mixte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Système mixte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%EC%9D%B8_2%ED%91%9C%EC%A0%9C" title="1인 2표제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1인 2표제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" 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interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegyes_v%C3%A1laszt%C3%A1si_rendszer" title="Vegyes választási rendszer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vegyes választási rendszer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemengd_kiesstelsel" title="Gemengd kiesstelsel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gemengd kiesstelsel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1" title="ระบบการลงคะแนนแบบผสม – 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of voting systems</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electoral_systems_map_mixed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Electoral_systems_map_mixed.svg/300px-Electoral_systems_map_mixed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Electoral_systems_map_mixed.svg/450px-Electoral_systems_map_mixed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Electoral_systems_map_mixed.svg/600px-Electoral_systems_map_mixed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Countries that use a mixed electoral system to elect the lower house or unicameral legislature. </figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">A joint <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics</a> series</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Electoral-systems-gears.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/128px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/192px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/256px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_voting_rules" title="Comparison of voting rules">Comparison</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems" title="List of electoral systems">List</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems_by_country" title="List of electoral systems by country">By country</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">Single-winner methods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Single vote - <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality</a> methods</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First preference plurality (FPP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_blanket_primary" title="Nonpartisan blanket primary">Jungle primary</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Partisan primary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff</a> <ul><li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>:</abbr> Alternative vote (AV)</li> <li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>:</abbr> Ranked-choice (RCV)</li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_method" title="Condorcet method">Condorcet methods</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tideman_alternative_method" title="Tideman alternative method">Condorcet-IRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_voting" title="Round-robin voting">Round-robin voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimax_Condorcet_method" title="Minimax Condorcet method">Minimax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_method" title="Schulze method">Schulze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_pairs" title="Ranked pairs">Ranked pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximal_lottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximal lottery">Maximal lottery</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Positional_voting" title="Positional voting">Positional voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-preference_plurality" class="mw-redirect" title="First-preference plurality">Plurality</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">IRV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda count</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Baldwin%27s_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin's method">Baldwin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-plurality_voting" title="Anti-plurality voting">Antiplurality</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Coombs_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Coombs method">Coombs</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Rated_voting" title="Rated voting">Cardinal voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Score_voting" title="Score voting">Score voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">Approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_median_voting_rules" title="Highest median voting rules">Majority judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAR_voting" title="STAR voting">STAR voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional representation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">Apportionment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highest_averages_method" title="Highest averages method">Highest averages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainder_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainder method">Largest remainders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_remnant" title="National remnant">National remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biproportional_apportionment" title="Biproportional apportionment">Biproportional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_list" title="Electoral list">List type</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panachage" title="Panachage">Panachage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justified_representation" title="Justified representation">List-free PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localized_list" title="Localized list">Localized list</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Electoral_quota" title="Electoral quota">Quota-remainder methods</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Hare STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_STV" title="Schulze STV">Schulze STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPO-STV" title="CPO-STV">CPO-STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quota_Borda_system" title="Quota Borda system">Quota Borda</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Approval-based_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Approval-based committee">Approval-based committees</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_approval_voting" title="Proportional approval voting">Thiele's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmen%27s_voting_rules" title="Phragmen's voting rules">Phragmen's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanding_approvals_rule" title="Expanding approvals rule">Expanding approvals rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_of_equal_shares" title="Method of equal shares">Method of equal shares</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Fractional_social_choice" title="Fractional social choice">Fractional social choice</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_representation" title="Direct representation">Direct representation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_representation" title="Interactive representation">Interactive representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_democracy" title="Liquid democracy">Liquid democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_approval_voting" title="Fractional approval voting">Fractional approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximal_lottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximal lottery">Maximal lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_ballot" title="Random ballot">Random ballot</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">Semi-proportional representation</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">Cumulative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">SNTV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">Limited voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mixed systems</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>By results of combination</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_majoritarian_representation" title="Mixed-member majoritarian representation">Mixed-member majoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member proportional</a></li></ul> <hr /><b>By mechanism of combination</b> <ul><li><b>Non-<a href="/wiki/Compensation_(electoral_systems)" title="Compensation (electoral systems)">compensatory</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel (superposition)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coexistence_(electoral_systems)" title="Coexistence (electoral systems)">Coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conditional_electoral_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conditional electoral system (page does not exist)">Conditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">Fusion (majority bonus)</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Compensation_(electoral_systems)" title="Compensation (electoral systems)">Compensatory</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seat_linkage_mixed_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seat linkage mixed system (page does not exist)">Seat linkage system</a> <ul><li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">'AMS'</a></li> <li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">NZ</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-member proportional">'MMP'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_linkage_mixed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote linkage mixed system">Vote linkage system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scorporo" title="Scorporo">Negative vote transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">Mixed ballot</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Supermixed systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual-member_proportional_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-member proportional representation">Dual-member proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural%E2%80%93urban_proportional_representation" title="Rural–urban proportional representation">Rural–urban proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_jackpot_system" title="Majority jackpot system">Majority jackpot</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>By ballot type</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">Single vote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_simultaneous_vote" title="Double simultaneous vote">Double simultaneous vote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed electoral systems">Dual-vote</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pathological_(mathematics)#Voting" title="Pathological (mathematics)">Paradoxes and pathologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Spoiler effects</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_effect" title="Spoiler effect">Spoiler effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_clones" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of clones">Cloning paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner_criterion" title="Condorcet winner criterion">Frustrated majorities paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_squeeze" title="Center squeeze">Center squeeze</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Pathological response</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perverse_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Perverse response">Perverse response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best-is-worst_paradox" title="Best-is-worst paradox">Best-is-worst paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-show_paradox" title="No-show paradox">No-show paradox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_districts_paradox" title="Multiple districts paradox">Multiple districts paradox</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Strategic_voting" title="Strategic voting">Strategic voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sincere_favorite_criterion" title="Sincere favorite criterion">Lesser evil voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_voting#Exaggeration" title="Strategic voting">Exaggeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truncation_(voting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Truncation (voting)">Truncation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey-raising" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey-raising">Turkey-raising</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Paradoxes of <a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">majority rule</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discursive_dilemma" title="Discursive dilemma">Discursive dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_paradox" title="Condorcet paradox">Conflicting majorities paradox</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: 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href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Template:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Template talk:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>mixed electoral system</b> is one that uses different <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral systems</a> to elect different seats in a <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IdeaElecSysDes3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IdeaElecSysDes3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AceMixSys3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AceMixSys3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NorrisChoosingElecSys3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NorrisChoosingElecSys3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most often, this involves a <a href="/wiki/Winner-take-all_system" title="Winner-take-all system">winner-take-all component</a> combined with a <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional</a> component.<sup id="cite_ref-MassicotteSearch3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MassicotteSearch3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results of the combination may be <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">mixed-member proportional</a> (MMP), where the overall results of the elections are proportional,<sup id="cite_ref-AceMixSys3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AceMixSys3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_majoritarian_representation" title="Mixed-member majoritarian representation">mixed-member majoritarian</a>, in which case the overall results are <a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">semi-proportional</a>, retaining disproportionalities from the majoritarian component. Systems that use multiple types of combinations are sometimes called <b>supermixed</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mixed-member systems also often combine local representation<sup id="cite_ref-IfesElecSystems3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IfesElecSystems3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (most often <a href="/wiki/Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">single-member constituencies</a>) with regional or national (<a href="/wiki/Multi-member_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-member district">multi-member constituencies</a>) representation, having multiple tiers.<sup id="cite_ref-BormannDemElecSys3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BormannDemElecSys3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also means voters often elect different types of representatives who might have different types of constituencies. Some representatives may be elected by personal elections where voters vote for <a href="/wiki/Candidate" title="Candidate">candidates</a>, and some by list elections where voters vote for <a href="/wiki/Electoral_list" title="Electoral list">electoral lists</a> of parties. </p><p>In most mixed systems, every voter can influence both the district-based and PR aspects of an election, such as under <a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">parallel voting</a>; however, some countries have <a href="/wiki/Coexistence_(electoral_systems)" title="Coexistence (electoral systems)">multiple coexisting electoral systems</a> that each apply to different voters.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BochslerTerritory3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BochslerTerritory3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_mixed_systems">Types of mixed systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed_electoral_system&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types of mixed systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compensatory/non-compensatory_seat_allocation"><span id="Compensatory.2Fnon-compensatory_seat_allocation"></span>Compensatory/non-compensatory seat allocation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed_electoral_system&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Compensatory/non-compensatory seat allocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A major distinction is often made between mixed <i>compensatory</i> systems and mixed <i>non-compensatory</i> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-BochslerTerritory_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BochslerTerritory-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both types of systems, one set of seats is allocated using a plurality or majoritarian method, usually first past the post. The remaining seats are allocated to political parties partially or wholly based on a proportional allocation method such as <a href="/wiki/Highest_averages_method" title="Highest averages method">highest averages</a> or <a href="/wiki/Largest_remainder_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainder method">largest remainder</a>. The difference is whether or not the results of the district elections are considered when allocating the PR seats. </p><p>In mixed non-compensatory systems, such as <a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">parallel voting</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MassicotteSearch_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MassicotteSearch-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the proportional allocation is performed independently of the district election component. </p><p>In mixed compensatory systems, the allocation of the top-up seats is done in such a way as to compensate as much as possible for dis-proportionality produced by the district elections. MMP generally produces proportional election outcomes, meaning that a <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> that wins <i>n</i> percent of the vote will receive roughly <i>n</i> percent of the seats. </p><p>The following hypothetical example based on the one by Massicotte<sup id="cite_ref-MassicotteSearch_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MassicotteSearch-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> illustrates how "top-up" PR seats are typically allocated in a compensatory system and in a non-compensatory system. The example assumes a 200-seat legislative assembly where 100 seats are filled using <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">FPTP</a> and the other 100 seats are awarded to parties using a form of PR. The table below gives the <a href="/wiki/Popular_vote_(representative_democracy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular vote (representative democracy)">popular vote</a> and FPTP results. The number of PR seats allocated to each party depends on whether the system is compensatory or non-compensatory. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Popular vote </th> <th>FPTP seats </th> <th>PR seats </th> <th>Total seats (FPTP + PR) </th> <th>FPTP seats </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td>44% </td> <td>64 </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td rowspan="5"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mixed_compensatory_example_fptp.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mixed_compensatory_example_fptp.svg/220px-Mixed_compensatory_example_fptp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mixed_compensatory_example_fptp.svg/330px-Mixed_compensatory_example_fptp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mixed_compensatory_example_fptp.svg/440px-Mixed_compensatory_example_fptp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#0008A5"> </td> <td>Party B </td> <td>40% </td> <td>33 </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#03AA00"> </td> <td>Party C </td> <td>10% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#820084"> </td> <td>Party D </td> <td>6% </td> <td>3 </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>TOTAL </td> <td>100% </td> <td>100 </td> <td>100 </td> <td>200 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In non compensatory system, each party wins its proportional share of the 100 PR seats. Under such a system, the total number of seats (FPTP + PR) received by each party would not be proportional to its share of the popular vote. Party A receives just slightly less of the popular vote than Party B, but receives significantly more seats. In addition to its success in the district contests, Party A receives almost as many of the PR seats as Party B. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Popular vote </th> <th>FPTP seats </th> <th>PR seats (non-compensatory) </th> <th>Total seats (FPTP + PR) </th> <th>PR seats (non-compensatory) </th> <th>Total seats (FPTP + PR) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td>44% </td> <td>64 </td> <td>44 </td> <td>108 (54% of assembly) </td> <td rowspan="5"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mixed_compensatory_example_non_compensatory_parallel_seats.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mixed_compensatory_example_non_compensatory_parallel_seats.svg/220px-Mixed_compensatory_example_non_compensatory_parallel_seats.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mixed_compensatory_example_non_compensatory_parallel_seats.svg/330px-Mixed_compensatory_example_non_compensatory_parallel_seats.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mixed_compensatory_example_non_compensatory_parallel_seats.svg/440px-Mixed_compensatory_example_non_compensatory_parallel_seats.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="5"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mixed_compensatory_example_non_compensatory_total_seats.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mixed_compensatory_example_non_compensatory_total_seats.svg/220px-Mixed_compensatory_example_non_compensatory_total_seats.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mixed_compensatory_example_non_compensatory_total_seats.svg/330px-Mixed_compensatory_example_non_compensatory_total_seats.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mixed_compensatory_example_non_compensatory_total_seats.svg/440px-Mixed_compensatory_example_non_compensatory_total_seats.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#0008A5"> </td> <td>Party B </td> <td>40% </td> <td>33 </td> <td>40 </td> <td>73 (36.5% of assembly) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#03AA00"> </td> <td>Party C </td> <td>10% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 (5% of assembly) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#820084"> </td> <td>Party D </td> <td>6% </td> <td>3 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>9 (4.5% of assembly) </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>TOTAL </td> <td>100% </td> <td>100 </td> <td>100 </td> <td>200 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>If the PR seats are allocated in a compensatory system, the total number of seats awarded to each party is proportional to the party's share of the popular vote. Party B wins 33 of the district seats and its proportional share of the 200 seats being filled is 80 seats (40 percent of the total 200 seats) (the same as its share of the popular vote) so it is awarded 47 of the PR seats. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Popular vote </th> <th>FPTP seats </th> <th>PR seats (compensatory) </th> <th>Total seats (FPTP + PR) </th> <th>PR seats (compensatory) </th> <th>Total seats (FPTP + PR) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td>Party A </td> <td>44% </td> <td>64 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>88 (44% of assembly) </td> <td rowspan="5"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mixed-compensatory-example_compensatory_seats.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mixed-compensatory-example_compensatory_seats.svg/220px-Mixed-compensatory-example_compensatory_seats.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mixed-compensatory-example_compensatory_seats.svg/330px-Mixed-compensatory-example_compensatory_seats.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mixed-compensatory-example_compensatory_seats.svg/440px-Mixed-compensatory-example_compensatory_seats.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td rowspan="5"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mixed-compensatory-example_total_seats.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mixed-compensatory-example_total_seats.svg/220px-Mixed-compensatory-example_total_seats.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mixed-compensatory-example_total_seats.svg/330px-Mixed-compensatory-example_total_seats.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mixed-compensatory-example_total_seats.svg/440px-Mixed-compensatory-example_total_seats.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#0008A5"> </td> <td>Party B </td> <td>40% </td> <td>33 </td> <td>47 </td> <td>80 (40% of assembly) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#03AA00"> </td> <td>Party C </td> <td>10% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>20 (10% of assembly) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#820084"> </td> <td>Party D </td> <td>6% </td> <td>3 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>12 (6% of assembly) </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>TOTAL </td> <td>100% </td> <td>100 </td> <td>100 </td> <td>200 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In practice, compensatory seat allocation is complicated by the possibility that one or more parties wins so many of the district seats ("overhang") that the available number of PR seats is insufficient to produce a fully proportional outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-BochslerQuasi_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BochslerQuasi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some mixed compensatory systems have rules that address these situations by adding additional PR seats to achieve overall PR. These seats are used only until the next election, unless needed again at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-MassicotteSearch_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MassicotteSearch-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two common ways compensation occurs are <i>seat linkage</i> compensation (or top-up) and <i>vote linkage</i> compensation (or vote transfer).<sup id="cite_ref-BochslerQuasi_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BochslerQuasi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like a non-compensatory mixed system, a compensatory mixed system may be based on the <a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">mixed single vote</a> (voters vote for a local candidate and that vote is used to set the party share of the popular vote for the party that the candidate belongs to) or it may be based on voters casting two separate votes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Compensatory_non_compensatory_table.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Compensatory_non_compensatory_table.png/600px-Compensatory_non_compensatory_table.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Compensatory_non_compensatory_table.png/900px-Compensatory_non_compensatory_table.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Compensatory_non_compensatory_table.png/1200px-Compensatory_non_compensatory_table.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of most common types of two-tier mixed systems by number of votes and compensation</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Compensatory mixed systems </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>single vote systems </th> <th>dual vote systems </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Seat linkage </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote#Proportional_systems" title="Mixed single vote">mixed single vote, top-up versions</a> (MSV) <ul><li>single vote (Lesotho)</li></ul> </td> <td>Two vote "top-up" - broadly <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">mixed-member proportional representation</a> (MMP) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">additional member system</a> (AMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_vote_plus" title="Alternative vote plus">alternative vote plus</a> (AV+)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hybrids: e.g. parallel voting+seat linkage compensation (South Korea) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Vote linkage </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Vote_linkage_mixed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote linkage mixed system">positive vote transfer</a> (PVT) <ul><li>Hungary (local elections)</li></ul> </td> <td>Hybrids: <ul><li>Parallel voting+PVT (Hungary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorporo" title="Scorporo">negative vote transfer/scorporo</a> (Italy, 1993–2005)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Others systems: </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dual-member_proportional_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-member proportional representation">dual-member proportional</a> (DMP) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">mixed ballot transferable vote</a> (MBTV) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Non-compensatory mixed systems </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>single vote systems </th> <th>dual vote systems </th></tr> <tr> <th>No linkage </th> <th>- </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">parallel voting</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vote linkage </th> <td>mixed single vote, <i>superposition</i> <ul><li>Italian variant (Rosatellum)</li></ul> </td> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th>Seat linkage </th> <td>List seats proportional to FPTP seats <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul> </td> <th>- </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_combinations">Types of combinations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed_electoral_system&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types of combinations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coexistence_FPTP_PR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coexistence_FPTP_PR.png/220px-Coexistence_FPTP_PR.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coexistence_FPTP_PR.png/330px-Coexistence_FPTP_PR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coexistence_FPTP_PR.png/440px-Coexistence_FPTP_PR.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>A diagram of a coexistence based mixed electoral system combining first-past-the-post and party-list proportional representation.</figcaption></figure> <p>Apart from the compensatory/non-compensatory typology, a more detailed classification is possible based on how component systems relate to each other, according to academic literature. Below is a table of different categories of mixed electoral systems based on the five main types identified by Massicotte & Blais.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to their terminology, methods of compensation are referred to as <i>compensation</i> is referred to as <i>correction,</i> while another type of dependent combination exists, called the <i>conditional</i> relation between sub-systems. Meanwhile, independent combinations mixed systems might have both local and national/regional tiers (called <i>superposition</i>), but some have only one at-large (national) tier, like the <a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">majority bonus system</a> (<i>fusion</i>) or only a single tier for local/regional representation (called <a href="/wiki/Coexistence_(electoral_systems)" title="Coexistence (electoral systems)">c<i>oexistence</i></a>). </p><p>There are also <i>supermixed systems</i>, like <a href="/wiki/Rural%E2%80%93urban_proportional_representation" title="Rural–urban proportional representation">rural-urban proportional</a> (RUP), which is a hybrid mixed system that uses two tiers: the lower tier uses a proportional system, like <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">list-PR</a> or <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">STV</a>, in urban regions, and the upper tier uses MMP (itself a mixed system) either in rural regions alone or in all regions.<sup id="cite_ref-MassicotteSearch_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MassicotteSearch-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Combination </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Attributes </th> <th>System </th> <th>Example(s) for use </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Independent combination </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">Fusion</a></i> </td> <td>Two formulas are used within each district (or one district for the whole electorate) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">Majority bonus</a> (MBS) </td> <td>France (local), French Polynesia<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Coexistence_(electoral_systems)" title="Coexistence (electoral systems)">Coexistence</a> (hybrid)</i> </td> <td>Different districts use different systems in one tier </td> <td>e.g. <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">FPTP/SMP</a> in single-member districts, <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">list-PR</a> in multi-member districts </td> <td>Democratic Republic of the Congo, Panama </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><i>Superposition</i> </td> <td rowspan="2">Different tiers use different systems </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">FPTP/SMP</a> locally, <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">list-PR</a> nationally) </td> <td>Lithuania, Russia </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">Single vote</a> mixed-member majoritarian (e.g. <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">FPTP/SMP</a> locally, <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">list-PR</a> nationally) </td> <td>Italy, Pakistan </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">Dependent combination </td> <td rowspan="4"><i><a href="/wiki/Compensation_(electoral_systems)" title="Compensation (electoral systems)">Correction (compensation)</a></i> </td> <td rowspan="4">One formula uses the results of other to compensate </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seat_linkage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seat linkage (page does not exist)">Seat linkage</a> mixed system with partial correction for overhang seats: <p>New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">mixed-member proportional representation</a> (MMP) </p> </td> <td>New Zealand </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seat_linkage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seat linkage (page does not exist)">Seat linkage</a> mixed system with no correction for overhang seats: <p>UK <a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">Additional member system</a> (AMS) - a less proportional version of MMP </p> </td> <td>Scotland </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">Single vote</a> with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seat_linkage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seat linkage (page does not exist)">seat linkage</a> (for <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">mixed-member proportional representation</a>) </td> <td>Lesotho </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">Single vote</a> with <a href="/wiki/Vote_linkage_mixed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote linkage mixed system">compensatory vote transfer</a> (semi-proportional) </td> <td>Hungary (local) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conditional_electoral_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conditional electoral system (page does not exist)">Conditional</a></i> </td> <td>Outcome of one formula determines the other formula </td> <td>e.g. conditional <a href="/wiki/Party-block_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Party-block voting">party block voting</a>: party that receives more than 50%, gets all seats otherwise all seats distributed proportionally </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8">Combination of combinations </td> <td rowspan="8"><i>Supermixed</i> </td> <td rowspan="2"><i>Superposition + correction</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scorporo" title="Scorporo">Scorporo / negative vote transfer</a> (NVT), Parallel voting + PVT </td> <td>Hungary </td></tr> <tr> <td>Parallel voting + seat linkage </td> <td>South Korea </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Superposition + fusion</i> </td> <td>National <a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">plurality bonus</a> in regional list-PR </td> <td>Greece </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Superposition + coexistence</i> </td> <td>e.g. some elected by PR in single national district, some are elected locally by plurality </td> <td>Ecuador<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Coexistence + conditional</i> </td> <td>e.g. <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">FPTP/SMP</a> in single-member districts, conditional <a href="/wiki/Party-block_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Party-block voting">party block voting</a> in multi-member districts </td> <td>Cameroon, Chad </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Coexistence + correction</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rural%E2%80%93urban_proportional_representation" title="Rural–urban proportional representation">Rural-urban proportional representation</a> (RUP) </td> <td>Denmark (formerly), Iceland (formerly) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Conditional + correction + fusion</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Majority_jackpot_system" title="Majority jackpot system">Majority jackpot systems</a>, particularly two-round variants </td> <td>Armenia, San Marino </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Fusion + correction</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dual-member_proportional_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-member proportional representation">Dual-member proportional representation</a> (DMP) </td> <td>- </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In a <i>hybrid system</i>, different electoral formulas are used in different contexts. These may be seen in <i>coexistence</i>, when different methods are used in different regions of a country, such as when <a href="/wiki/First_past_the_post" class="mw-redirect" title="First past the post">FPTP</a> is used in single-member districts and list-PR in multi-member districts, but every voter is a member of only one district (one tier). Some hybrid systems are generally not referred to as mixed systems, such as when as FPTP districts are the exception (e.g. overseas constituency) and list-PR is the rule, the overall system is usually considered proportional. Similarly, when FPTP is in single-member districts and used <a href="/wiki/Block_Voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Block Voting">block voting</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Party-block_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Party-block voting">party block voting</a>) is used in multi-member districts, the system is referred to as a majoritarian one, as all components are majoritarian. Most mixed systems are not referred to as hybrid systems </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mixed-member_majoritarian_and_mixed-member_proportional">Mixed-member majoritarian and mixed-member proportional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed_electoral_system&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mixed-member majoritarian and mixed-member proportional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_majoritarian_representation" title="Mixed-member majoritarian representation">Mixed-member majoritarian representation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member proportional representation</a></div> <p>Another distinction of mixed electoral systems is between <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">mixed-member proportional representation</a> (MMP) and <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_majoritarian_representation" title="Mixed-member majoritarian representation">mixed-member majoritarian representation</a> (MMM). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parallel_voting">Parallel voting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed_electoral_system&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Parallel voting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a></div> <p>Parallel voting is a mixed non-compensatory system with two tiers of representatives: a tier of single-member district representatives elected by a plurality/majoritarian method such as <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">FPTP/SMP</a>, and a tier of regional or at-large representatives elected by a separate proportional method such as <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party list PR</a>. It is used for the first chamber (<a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a>) in many countries including Japan and Russia. </p><p>This type of parallel voting provides <a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">semi-proportional</a> results, but is often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_majoritarian_representation" title="Mixed-member majoritarian representation">mixed-member majoritarian representation</a>, as the lack of compensation means each party can keep all the overhang seats it might win on the majoritarian side of the electoral system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seat_linkage_compensatory_systems">Seat linkage compensatory systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed_electoral_system&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Seat linkage compensatory systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seat_linkage_mixed_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seat linkage mixed system (page does not exist)">Seat linkage mixed system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member proportional representation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">Additional member system</a></div> <p>Like parallel voting, MMP and AMS also have a tier of district representatives typically elected by FPTP, and a tier of regional or at-large representatives elected by PR. Unlike parallel voting, MMP and AMS are mixed compensatory systems, meaning that the PR seats are allocated in a manner that corrects disproportionality caused by the district tier. MMP corrects disproportionalities by adding as many <a href="/wiki/Leveling_seat" title="Leveling seat">leveling seats</a> as needed, this system is used by Germany and New Zealand. </p><p>A type of MMP used in the UK which does not always yield proportional results, but sometimes only "mixed <a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">semi-proportional</a> representation" is called the <a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">additional member system</a>. If the fixed number of compensatory seats are enough to compensate the results of the majoritarian FPTP/SMP side of the election, AMS is equivalent to MMP, but if not, AMS does not compensate for remaining <a href="/wiki/Overhang_seat" title="Overhang seat">overhang seats</a>. The AMS models used in parts of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> (Scotland and formerly <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>), with small regions with a fixed number of seats tend to produce only moderately proportional election outcomes. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>, where a single vote versions seat linkage us used with a relatively large number of compensatory seats, results are usually proportional. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alternative_vote_plus" title="Alternative vote plus">AV+</a> is a mixed compensatory system similar to the <a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">additional member system</a>, with the notable difference that the district seats are awarded using the <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">alternative vote</a>. The system was proposed by the <a href="/wiki/Jenkins_Commission_(UK)" title="Jenkins Commission (UK)">Jenkins Commission</a> as a possible alternative to FPTP for elections to the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dual-member_proportional_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-member proportional representation">Dual member mixed proportional</a> (DMP) is a mixed compensatory system using the same principle as more common variants of MMP, except that the plurality and PR seats are paired and dedicated to dual-member (two seat) districts. Proposed as an alternative to FPTP for <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Canadian elections</a>, DMP appeared as an option on a <a href="/wiki/2016_Prince_Edward_Island_electoral_reform_referendum" title="2016 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum">2016 plebiscite</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> and a <a href="/wiki/2018_British_Columbia_electoral_reform_referendum" title="2018 British Columbia electoral reform referendum">2018 referendum</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vote_linkage_compensatory_systems">Vote linkage compensatory systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed_electoral_system&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vote linkage compensatory systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Vote_linkage_mixed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote linkage mixed system">Vote linkage mixed system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">Mixed ballot transferable vote</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scorporo" title="Scorporo">Scorporo</a></div> <p>Vote linkage compensatory systems are an alternative to seat linkage compensation, currently only used in Hungary as part of a supermixed system. Such systems in use have been (inaccurately<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) described as mixed member proportional, but they were more commonly between MMP and MMM in nature, or closer to mixed-member majoritarian representation, offering little compensatory power. </p><p>MBTV is a mixed compensatory type of systems similar to MSV, except voters can vote separately for a local candidate and as a transfer vote on the compensatory tier.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is different from MMP/AMS and AV+ in that there is a vote linkage (instead of seat linkage) between the tiers. The two parts of the dual ballot are tied in a way that only those lists votes get counted, which are on ballots that would be transfer votes in an equivalent positive vote transfer MSV system. </p><p>Scorporo is a two-tier mixed system similar to MMP in that voters have two votes (one for a local candidate on the lower tier, and one for a party list on the upper tier), except that disproportionality caused by the single-member district tier is partially addressed through a vote transfer mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-BochslerWhichMmp_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BochslerWhichMmp-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Votes that are crucial to the election of district-winning candidates are excluded from the PR seat allocation, for this reason the method used by scorporo is referred to as a negative vote transfer system.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system was used in Italy from 1993 to 2005 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Majority_bonus_and_majority_jackpot_systems">Majority bonus and majority jackpot systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed_electoral_system&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Majority bonus and majority jackpot systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">Majority bonus system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Majority_jackpot_system" title="Majority jackpot system">Majority jackpot system</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonus_vs_jackpot_mixed.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bonus_vs_jackpot_mixed.png/400px-Bonus_vs_jackpot_mixed.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bonus_vs_jackpot_mixed.png/600px-Bonus_vs_jackpot_mixed.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bonus_vs_jackpot_mixed.png/800px-Bonus_vs_jackpot_mixed.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A simple bonus system (left) is also called a fusion type of mixed system. It mixes the FPTP and PR formulas in the same district and tier. A majority jackpot (right) is a supermixed system with a conditional and compensatory element as well.</figcaption></figure> <p>Electoral systems with a majority bonus or jackpot have been referred to as "unconventional mixed systems",<sup id="cite_ref-BedockElecSysWithMajBonus_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BedockElecSysWithMajBonus-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which fall into the <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_majoritarian_representation" title="Mixed-member majoritarian representation">mixed-member majoritarian</a> type, but they may be compensatory (jackpot) or non-compensatory (bonus). Employed by <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, Greece, and <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>, as well as Italy from 2006 to 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> majority bonuses help the most popular party or alliance win a majority of the seats with a minority of the votes, similar in principle to plurality/majoritarian systems. However, PR is used to distribute the rest of seats (sometimes only among the opposition parties) and possibly within the governing alliance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_of_votes">Number of votes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed_electoral_system&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Number of votes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Double_vote">Double vote</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed_electoral_system&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Double vote"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most mixed systems allow voters to cast separate votes for different formulas of the electoral system, including: </p> <ul><li>Parallel voting</li> <li>Most "MMP" systems</li> <li>AV+ (the first vote is <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting" title="Ranked voting">ranked</a>)</li> <li>Scorporo</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mixed_single_vote_(MSV)"><span id="Mixed_single_vote_.28MSV.29"></span>Mixed single vote (MSV)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed_electoral_system&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mixed single vote (MSV)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">Mixed single vote</a></div> <p>MSV is a type of mixed systems using only a single vote that serves both as a vote for a local candidate and as a party list vote, split ticket voting is not possible. The system was used in Germany in a mixed proportional system,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is currently used in Hungary as a semi-proportional system as well as Italy in a non-compensatory system. Other mixed systems using a single vote include majority bonus/jackpot systems and DMP. </p><p>Other systems that are usually considered mixed, which use a single vote are: </p> <ul><li>Majority bonus and jackpot (a single party-list vote)</li> <li>DMP (a vote for a single candidate or a two-candidate ticket)</li></ul> <p>The RUP systems formerly used in Denmark and Iceland used a single vote, applicable both for the lower-tier constituencies - FPTP in the rural single-member constituencies, and list PR in the urban multi-member constituencies - and for the upper-tier national <a href="/wiki/Leveling_seats" class="mw-redirect" title="Leveling seats">leveling seats</a> (and in Denmark, also for the middle-tier regional leveling seats in rural areas). The implementation of RUP proposed in Canada foresees urban multi-member districts that use a <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a>, alongside single-member rural districts that are grouped in large multi-member regions; the rural districts and their corresponding regions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Double_simultaneous_vote_(DSV)"><span id="Double_simultaneous_vote_.28DSV.29"></span>Double simultaneous vote (DSV)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed_electoral_system&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Double simultaneous vote (DSV)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Double_simultaneous_vote" title="Double simultaneous vote">Double simultaneous vote</a></div> <p>A simultaneous vote is a single vote that used in more than one elections held at once, which means it is not a typically regarded as a mixed system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_countries_using_mixed_systems">List of countries using mixed systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed_electoral_system&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: List of countries using mixed systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The table below lists the countries that use a mixed electoral system for the primary (lower) chamber of the legislature. Countries with <a href="/wiki/Coexistence_(electoral_systems)" title="Coexistence (electoral systems)">c<i>oexistence</i></a>-based hybrid systems have been excluded from the table, as have countries that mix two plurality/majoritarian systems. (See also the <a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems_by_country" title="List of electoral systems by country">complete list of electoral systems by country</a>.) </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Body </th> <th>Latest election <p>(year) </p> </th> <th>Type of mixed system </th> <th>Seats per constituency </th> <th>Mixed system </th> <th>Component electoral systems </th> <th>Total seats </th> <th>Number of votes </th> <th>Typical results </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra"><img alt="Andorra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/22px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/33px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/43px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Andorra" title="Elections in Andorra">Andorra</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_Council_(Andorra)" title="General Council (Andorra)">General Council</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2023_Andorran_parliamentary_election" title="2023 Andorran parliamentary election">2023</a> </td> <td>Non-compensatory </td> <td>2 (local districts), 14 (nationwide constituency) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a> (<i>superposition)</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_ticket" title="General ticket">Party block voting</a> (PBV) and <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party-list PR</a> </td> <td>28 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>semi-proportional </td> <td>The parish lists and the national list are independent of one another: the same person cannot appear on both the national list and on a parish list, and voters cast two separate ballots (there is no requirement to vote for the same party for both lists).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Argentina" title="Elections in Argentina">Argentina</a></b> </td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_Province,_Argentina" title="Córdoba Province, Argentina"><img alt="Córdoba Province, Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bandera_de_la_Provincia_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_2014.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Provincia_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_2014.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bandera_de_la_Provincia_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_2014.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Provincia_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_2014.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bandera_de_la_Provincia_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_2014.svg/45px-Bandera_de_la_Provincia_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_2014.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></b> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_Province,_Argentina" title="Córdoba Province, Argentina">Legislature of Córdoba Province</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2019_Argentine_general_election" title="2019 Argentine general election">2019</a> </td> <td>Non-compensatory </td> <td>1 (local districts), 44 (nationwide constituency) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a> (<i>superposition)</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>70 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>semi-proportional </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Negro_Province" title="Río Negro Province"><img alt="Río Negro Province" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bandera_de_la_Provincia_del_R%C3%ADo_Negro.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Provincia_del_R%C3%ADo_Negro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bandera_de_la_Provincia_del_R%C3%ADo_Negro.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Provincia_del_R%C3%ADo_Negro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bandera_de_la_Provincia_del_R%C3%ADo_Negro.svg/45px-Bandera_de_la_Provincia_del_R%C3%ADo_Negro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></b> <a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_R%C3%ADo_Negro" title="Legislature of Río Negro">Legislature of Río Negro Province</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Non-compensatory </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>semi-proportional </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Province,_Argentina" title="San Juan Province, Argentina"><img alt="San Juan Province, Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_the_San_Juan_Province.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_San_Juan_Province.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_the_San_Juan_Province.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_San_Juan_Province.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_the_San_Juan_Province.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_San_Juan_Province.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="844" /></a></span></span></b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Legislature_of_San_Juan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legislature of San Juan (page does not exist)">Legislature of San Juan Province</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Non-compensatory </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>semi-proportional </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Province,_Argentina" title="Santa Cruz Province, Argentina"><img alt="Santa Cruz Province, Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bandera_de_la_Provincia_de_Santa_Cruz.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Provincia_de_Santa_Cruz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bandera_de_la_Provincia_de_Santa_Cruz.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Provincia_de_Santa_Cruz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bandera_de_la_Provincia_de_Santa_Cruz.svg/46px-Bandera_de_la_Provincia_de_Santa_Cruz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="504" /></a></span></span></b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Legislature_of_Santa_Cruz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legislature of Santa Cruz (page does not exist)">Legislature of Santa Cruz Province</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Non-compensatory </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>semi-proportional </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Armenia" title="Elections in Armenia">Armenia</a></b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Partially compensatory </td> <td> </td> <td>Majority jackpot system </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> + <a href="/wiki/General_ticket" title="General ticket">party block voting</a> (PBV) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>semi-proportional </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia"><img alt="Bolivia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></span></b> <b><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bolivia" title="Elections in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Bolivia)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Bolivia)">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_Bolivian_general_election" title="2020 Bolivian general election">2020</a> </td> <td>Compensatory </td> <td>1 (local districts), ? (regional constituencies), 7 (indigenous seats elected by the <i><a href="/wiki/Usos_y_costumbres" title="Usos y costumbres">usos y costumbres</a></i>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Seat linkage MMP</a> without levelling seats </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post</a> (FPTP/SMP) + <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> </td> <td>130 </td> <td>2 (list ballot is DSV) </td> <td>proportional </td> <td>List ballots are a <a href="/wiki/Double_simultaneous_vote" title="Double simultaneous vote">double simultaneous vote</a> together with the presidential election<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayorga1997Mayorga2001194_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayorga1997Mayorga2001194-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti"><img alt="Djibouti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Djibouti" title="Elections in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Djibouti)" title="National Assembly (Djibouti)">National Assembly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2018_Djiboutian_parliamentary_election" title="2018 Djiboutian parliamentary election">2018</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>3-28 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>65 </td> <td> </td> <td>semi-proportional </td> <td>80% of seats (rounded to the nearest integer) in each constituency are awarded to the party receiving the most votes (<a href="/wiki/General_ticket" title="General ticket">party block voting</a>), remaining seats are allocated proportionally to other parties receiving over 10% (<a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">closed list</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Elections in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_Georgian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Georgian parliamentary election">2020</a> </td> <td>Non-compensatory </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a> (<i>superposition)</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>150 </td> <td> </td> <td>semi-proportional </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></b> <b><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany">Germany</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> (lower house of the federal parliament) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_German_federal_election" title="2021 German federal election">2021</a> </td> <td>Compensatory </td> <td>1 (local districts), <i>varies</i> (regional constituencies), </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member proportional representation</a> (MMP) - with levelling seats </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> + <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post</a> (FPTP/SMP) </td> <td>598 + leveling seats </td> <td>2 </td> <td>proportional </td> <td>Referred to as personalized proportional representation,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1949 as a result of inter-party bargaining.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally used single vote version, switched to two vote version before the 1953 election. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/State_parliaments_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="State parliaments of Germany">State parliaments</a>, except <ul><li><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)"><img alt="Bremen (state)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span></b> <a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a>,</li> <li><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg"><img alt="Hamburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span></b> <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland"><img alt="Saarland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span></b> <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a></li></ul> </td> <td><i>varies by state</i> </td> <td>Compensatory </td> <td><i>varies by state</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member proportional representation</a> (MMP) - with levelling seats </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> + <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post</a> (FPTP/SMP) </td> <td><i>varies by state</i> </td> <td><i>varies by state</i> </td> <td>proportional </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> uniquely uses an <a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">open-list</a> system for its party-list seats. <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Zweitmandat" title="Zweitmandat">MMP without lists</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span></b> <b><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Greece" title="Elections in Greece">Greece</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Hellenic Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2019_Greek_legislative_election" title="2019 Greek legislative election">2019</a> </td> <td>Non-compensatory </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">Majority bonus</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>semi-proportional </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea"><img alt="Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Guinea" title="Elections in Guinea">Guinea</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Guinea)" title="National Assembly (Guinea)">National Assembly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_Guinean_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Guinean legislative election">2020</a> </td> <td>Non-compensatory </td> <td>1 (local districts), 76 (national constituency) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">parallel voting</a> (<i>superposition)</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a>) + <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post</a> (FPTP/SMP) </td> <td>114 </td> <td> </td> <td>semi-proportional </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hungary" title="Elections in Hungary">Hungary</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="National Assembly (Hungary)">National Assembly</a> (Országgyűlés) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2018_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="2018 Hungarian parliamentary election">2018</a> </td> <td>Partially compensatory </td> <td>1 (local districts), 93 (national constituency) </td> <td><i>Supermixed:</i> <a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">parallel voting</a> (<i>superposition</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">positive vote transfer</a> (<i>correction</i>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post</a> (FPTP/SMP) + <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">national list-PR</a> </td> <td>199 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>semi-proportional </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Italy</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_Italian_general_election" title="2022 Italian general election">2022</a> </td> <td>Non-compensatory </td> <td>1 (147 single-member districts) <p>245 (national constituency, seats redistributed into 49 multi-member districts) </p><p>8 (Italians abroad constituency)<sup id="cite_ref-deputati_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deputati-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td><i>Superposition</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">List PR</a> + <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post</a> (FPTP/SMP) </td> <td>400 </td> <td>1 (<a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">mixed single vote</a>) </td> <td>semi-proportional </td> <td>mixed single vote </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)" title="Senate of the Republic (Italy)">Senate</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_Italian_general_election" title="2022 Italian general election">2022</a> </td> <td>Non-compensatory </td> <td>1 (74 single-member districts) <p><i>varies, cannot be less than 2</i> (20 regional constituencies, seats redistributed into 26 multi-member districts) </p><p>4 (Italians abroad constituency) <sup id="cite_ref-deputati_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deputati-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td><i>Superposition</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">List PR</a> + <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post</a> (FPTP/SMP) </td> <td>200 </td> <td>1 (<a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">mixed single vote</a>) </td> <td>semi-proportional </td> <td>mixed single vote </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Japan" title="Elections in Japan">Japan</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">House of Representatives</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Japanese_general_election" title="2021 Japanese general election">2021</a> </td> <td>Non-compensatory </td> <td>1 (local districts) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a> (<i>superposition)</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post</a> (FPTP/SMP) and <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">List PR</a> </td> <td>465 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>semi-proportional </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors" title="House of Councillors">House of Councillors</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Non-compensatory </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a> (<i>superposition)</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">SNTV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">List PR</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>semi-proportional </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Korea" title="Elections in South Korea">Republic of Korea</a> (South Korea)</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(South_Korea)" title="National Assembly (South Korea)">National Assembly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2024_South_Korean_legislative_election" title="2024 South Korean legislative election">2024</a> </td> <td>Partially compensatory </td> <td>1 (local districts), 46 additional seats (seat linkage) </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seat_linkage_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seat linkage system (page does not exist)">Seat linkage system</a> (compensation) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> + <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post</a> (FPTP/SMP) </td> <td>300 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>(semi-)proportional </td> <td>From 2019 to 2024: s<i>upermixed</i> <a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">parallel voting</a> (<i>superposition</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">additional member system</a> (<i>correction</i>), with 253 single-member constituencies, 17 supplementary seats (a la <a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">parallel voting</a>), and 30 compensatory seats (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seat_linkage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seat linkage (page does not exist)">seat linkage</a>) <p>Since 2024 only seat linkage compensatory system, with very few compensatory seats: <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_majoritarian_representation" title="Mixed-member majoritarian representation"><i>de facto</i> mixed-member majoritarian representation</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kazakhstan" title="Elections in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mazhilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazhilis">Majilis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2023_Kazakh_legislative_election" title="2023 Kazakh legislative election">2023</a> </td> <td>Non-compensatory </td> <td>1 (local districts), 69 (nationwide constituency) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a> (<i>superposition)</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> + <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post</a> (FPTP/SMP) </td> <td>98 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>semi-proportional </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan"><img alt="Kyrgyzstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Elections in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_(Kyrgyzstan)" title="Supreme Council (Kyrgyzstan)">Supreme Council</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Kyrgyz_parliamentary_election" title="2021 Kyrgyz parliamentary election">2021</a> </td> <td>Non-compensatory </td> <td>1 (local districts), 54 (nationwide constituency) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a> (<i>superposition)</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> + <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post</a> (FPTP/SMP) </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>semi-proportional </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho"><img alt="Lesotho" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Lesotho" title="Elections in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Lesotho)" title="National Assembly (Lesotho)">National Assembly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_Lesotho_general_election" title="2022 Lesotho general election">2022</a> </td> <td>Compensatory </td> <td>1 (local districts), 40 additional seats (seat linkage) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Seat linkage system</a> (compensation) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> + <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post</a> (FPTP/SMP) </td> <td>120 </td> <td>1 (<a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">mixed single vote</a>) </td> <td>proportional </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Lithuania" title="Elections in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seimas" title="Seimas">Seimas</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Non-compensatory </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a> (<i>superposition)</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">TRS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">List PR</a> </td> <td>71 </td> <td> </td> <td>semi-proportional </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mauritania" title="Elections in Mauritania"><b>Mauritania</b></a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mexico" title="Elections in Mexico">Mexico</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Mexico">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Mexican_legislative_election" title="2021 Mexican legislative election">2021</a> </td> <td>Partially compensatory </td> <td>1 (local districts), 40 (multi-member districts) </td> <td><i>Supermixed</i> <a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">parallel voting</a> (<i>superposition</i>) and conditional <i>correction</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post</a> (FPTP/SMP) + <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Largest_remainder_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainder method">Largest remainder</a>:<a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>semi-proportional </td> <td rowspan="2">Since 1996, a party cannot get more seats overall than 8% above its result nationally (i.e., to win 50% of the legislative seats, a party must win at least 42% of the vote nationwide). There are three exceptions on this rule: first, a party can only lose PR-seats due to this rule (and no plurality-seats); second, a party can never get more than 300 seats overall (even if it has more than 52% of the vote nationally); and third, a party can exceed this 8% rule if it wins the seats in the single-member districts. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Mexico">Chamber of Senators</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2018_Mexican_general_election" title="2018 Mexican general election">2018</a> </td> <td>Non-compensatory </td> <td>3 (local districts), 32 (multi-member districts) </td> <td><i>Superposition</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">Limited (party) block voting</a> locally (2 seats from each constituency to largest party, 1 to the second largest party) + <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> nationwide </td> <td> </td> <td>1 (<a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">mixed single vote</a>) </td> <td>semi-proportional </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Monaco" title="Elections in Monaco"><b>Monaco</b></a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mongolia" title="Elections in Mongolia"><b>Mongolia</b></a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Morocco" title="Elections in Morocco"><b>Morocco</b></a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nepal" title="Elections in Nepal"><b>Nepal</b></a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Zealand" title="Elections in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2023 New Zealand general election">2023</a> </td> <td>Compensatory </td> <td>1 (local districts), 48 additional seats (seat linkage) + additional seats in case of overhang seats </td> <td>Seat linkage: <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">mixed member proportional</a> (MMP) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list PR</a> + <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post</a> (FPTP/SMP) </td> <td>120 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>proportional </td> <td>Following a long <a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform_in_New_Zealand" title="Electoral reform in New Zealand">electoral reform process</a>, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Electoral_System" title="Royal Commission on the Electoral System">Royal Commission on the Electoral System</a> in 1985 and ending with the <a href="/wiki/1993_New_Zealand_voting_method_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 New Zealand voting method referendum">1993 referendum on the voting system</a>. It was first used in an <a href="/wiki/1996_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1996 New Zealand general election">election in 1996</a>. The system's use was <a href="/wiki/2011_New_Zealand_voting_system_referendum" title="2011 New Zealand voting system referendum">reviewed by referendum</a> in November 2011, with the majority (56.17%) voting to keep it. In <a href="/wiki/2020_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2020 New Zealand general election">2020 general election</a>, the Labour Party won 65 out of 120 seats, becoming the first party under MMP to receive a majority. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pakistan" title="Elections in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Non-compensatory </td> <td> </td> <td><i>Superposition,</i>seat linkage non compensatory </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post</a> (FPTP/SMP) for 272 seats + 70 members appointed by parties proportional with seats already won </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>majoritarian </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Elections in the Philippines">Philippines</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2019_Philippine_general_election" title="2019 Philippine general election">2019</a> </td> <td>Non-compensatory </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a> (<i>superposition)</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>semi-proportional </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Russia" title="Elections in Russia">Russian Federation</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Russian_legislative_election" title="2021 Russian legislative election">2021</a> </td> <td>Non-compensatory </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a> (<i>superposition)</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>semi-proportional </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino"><img alt="San Marino" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/20px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/31px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/40px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_San_Marino" title="Elections in San Marino">San Marino</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_and_General_Council" title="Grand and General Council">Grand and General Council</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2019_San_Marino_general_election" title="2019 San Marino general election">2019</a> </td> <td>Non-compensatory </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">Majority jackpot</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>proportional (first round) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Senegal" title="Elections in Senegal">Senegal</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Senegal)" title="National Assembly (Senegal)">National Assembly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2017_Senegalese_parliamentary_election" title="2017 Senegalese parliamentary election">2017</a> </td> <td>Non-compensatory </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles"><img alt="Seychelles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/35px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/46px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Seychelles" title="Elections in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Seychelles)" title="National Assembly (Seychelles)">National Assembly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_Seychellois_general_election" title="2020 Seychellois general election">2020</a> </td> <td>Non-compensatory </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Africa" title="Elections in South Africa">South Africa</a></b> </td> <td>Municipal elections including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_municipality_(South_Africa)" title="Local municipality (South Africa)">Local municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipality_(South_Africa)" title="Metropolitan municipality (South Africa)">Metropolitan municipalities</a></li></ul> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_South_African_municipal_elections" title="2021 South African municipal elections">2021</a> </td> <td>Compensatory </td> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">MMP</a> with ca. 50% FPTP and 50% seat linkage </td> <td>Varies by municipality <p><a href="/wiki/Laingsburg_Local_Municipality" title="Laingsburg Local Municipality">7</a> - <a href="/wiki/City_of_Johannesburg_elections" title="City of Johannesburg elections">270</a> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Two ballots - one with FPTP candidates (Ward) and the other with just party names (PR). Compensatory seats are based on the sum of both ballots, effectively allocated using the D'Hondt method. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Elections in Sri Lanka"><b>Sri Lanka</b></a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Taiwan" title="Elections in Taiwan">Taiwan</a>(Republic of China)</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Legislative Yuan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2024_Taiwanese_legislative_election" title="2024 Taiwanese legislative election">2024</a> </td> <td>Non-compensatory </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a> (<i>superposition)</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan"><img alt="Tajikistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Tajikistan" title="Elections in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Representatives_(Tajikistan)" title="Assembly of Representatives (Tajikistan)">Assembly of Representatives</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_Tajik_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Tajik parliamentary election">2020</a> </td> <td>Non-compensatory </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a> (<i>superposition)</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania"><img alt="Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Tanzania" title="Elections in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Tanzania)" title="National Assembly (Tanzania)">National Assembly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_Tanzanian_general_election" title="2020 Tanzanian general election">2020</a> </td> <td>Non-compensatory </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a> (<i>superposition)</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Thailand" title="Elections in Thailand">Thailand</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives of Thailand">House of Representatives</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2023_Thai_general_election" title="2023 Thai general election">next election</a>, <p><i>last election (<a href="/wiki/2019_Thai_general_election" title="2019 Thai general election">2019</a>) was held under <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">MMP</a></i> </p> </td> <td>Non-compensatory </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a> (<i>superposition)</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></b> <b><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></b> </td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></b> <b><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Scotland" title="Elections in Scotland">Scotland</a></b> - <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Compensatory </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">Additional member system</a> (AMS) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>semi-proportional </td> <td>2 </td> <td>MMP with each electoral region normally electing 9 local MSPs (with exceptions to 3 regions) and 7 regional MSPs </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales"><img alt="Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span></b> <b><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Wales" title="Elections in Wales">Wales</a></b> - <a href="/wiki/Senedd_(Welsh_Parliament)" class="mw-redirect" title="Senedd (Welsh Parliament)">Senedd (Welsh Parliament)</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Compensatory </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">Additional member system</a> (AMS) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>semi-proportional </td> <td>2 </td> <td>MMP with each electoral region normally electing 8 local MSs (with exceptions to 2 regions) and 4 regional MSs. Starting from 2026, the <a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">additional member system</a> will effectively be replaced by <a href="/wiki/Closed-list" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed-list">closed-list</a> <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">proportional representation</a> following the approval of <a href="/wiki/Senedd_Reform_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Senedd Reform Bill">Senedd Reform Bill</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Local elections in <ul><li><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London"><img alt="London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Greater_London.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greater_London.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Greater_London.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greater_London.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Greater_London.svg/46px-Flag_of_Greater_London.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></span></b> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (<a href="/wiki/London_Assembly" title="London Assembly">Assembly</a>)</li></ul> </td> <td> </td> <td>Compensatory </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">Additional member system</a> (AMS) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>semi-proportional </td> <td>2 </td> <td>MMP with 14 constituencies each electing 1 local AM and 11 Londonwide AMs. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Venezuela" title="Elections in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Venezuela)">National Assembly</a> </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>Non-compensatory </td> <td>1 (local districts), 400 (nationwide constituency) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a> (<i>superposition)</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe"><img alt="Zimbabwe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Zimbabwe" title="Elections in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Zimbabwe" title="National Assembly of Zimbabwe">National Assembly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2018_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="2018 Zimbabwean general election">2018</a> </td> <td>Non-compensatory </td> <td>1 (local districts), <p>10 (proportional constituencies) </p> </td> <td><i>Superposition</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed_electoral_system&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral systems">Electoral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems_by_country" title="List of electoral systems by country">List of electoral systems by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">Semi-proportional representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Types of democracy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed_electoral_system&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Assessing the proportionality principle of positive vote transfer systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Representation_(journal)" title="Representation (journal)">Representation</a></i>. <b>50</b> (1): 113–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00344893.2014.902222">10.1080/00344893.2014.902222</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153691414">153691414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Representation&rft.atitle=Which+mixed-member+proportional+electoral+formula+fits+you+best%3F+Assessing+the+proportionality+principle+of+positive+vote+transfer+systems&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=113-127&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00344893.2014.902222&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153691414%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bochsler&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Golder%2C+Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bochsler.eu%2Fpubli%2Fbochsler_representation14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixed+electoral+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrara2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ferrara, F (2003). 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Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building & Community.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BMI&rft.atitle=The+Voting+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmi.bund.de%2FEN%2Ftopics%2Fconstitution%2Felectoral-law%2Fvoting-system%2Fvoting-system-node.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixed+electoral+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrennerich" class="citation web cs1">Krennerich, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aceproject.org/regions-en/countries-and-territories/DE/case-studies/germany-the-original-mixed-member-proportional-system">"Germany: The Original Mixed Member Proportional System"</a>. <i>ACE Project</i>. The Electoral Knowledge Network.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACE+Project&rft.atitle=Germany%3A+The+Original+Mixed+Member+Proportional+System&rft.aulast=Krennerich&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faceproject.org%2Fregions-en%2Fcountries-and-territories%2FDE%2Fcase-studies%2Fgermany-the-original-mixed-member-proportional-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixed+electoral+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deputati-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deputati_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deputati_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdeputati2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">deputati, Camera dei (2022-02-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://temi.camera.it/leg18/temi/tl18_riforma_elettorale.html">"Sistema elettorale e geografia dei collegi - Costituzione, diritti e libertà"</a>. <i>Documentazione parlamentare</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Documentazione+parlamentare&rft.atitle=Sistema+elettorale+e+geografia+dei+collegi+-+Costituzione%2C+diritti+e+libert%C3%A0&rft.date=2022-02-25&rft.aulast=deputati&rft.aufirst=Camera+dei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftemi.camera.it%2Fleg18%2Ftemi%2Ftl18_riforma_elettorale.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMixed+electoral+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed_electoral_system&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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