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Christianisme primitif — Wikipédia

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class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Christianisme primitif</span></h1> <div class="tagline"> se réfère aux premiers siècles de l'Église chrétienne Histoire </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Langue" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Langue</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" 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menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Modifier</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav><!-- version 1.0.2 (change every time you update a partial) --> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p>Le <b>christianisme primitif</b>, <b>christianisme des premiers siècles</b>, ou <b>Église primitive</b> est le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme">christianisme</a> dans sa période de développement initial, à partir du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Levant_(Proche-Orient)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Levant (Proche-Orient)">Levant</a>, de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europe_m%C3%A9ridionale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Europe méridionale">Europe méridionale</a> et du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mer_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mer Méditerranée">pourtour méditerranéen</a>. La définition du début et de la fin de cette période pose la question des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Origines_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Origines du christianisme">origines du christianisme</a>, et le débat est influencé par les différentes interprétations des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89x%C3%A9g%C3%A8te?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Éxégète">exégètes</a> et des historiens.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Baptism_-_Saint_Calixte.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Baptism_-_Saint_Calixte.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="284" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="284"></a> <figcaption> Représentation d'un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bapt%C3%AAme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baptême">baptême</a> dans la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catacombe_de_Saint-Calixte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catacombe de Saint-Calixte">catacombe de Saint-Calixte</a> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rome">Rome</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">III</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle). </figcaption> </figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#La_naissance_du_christianisme"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">La naissance du christianisme</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#La_diffusion_du_christianisme"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">La diffusion du christianisme</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Les_courants_du_juda%C3%AFsme"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Les courants du judaïsme</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Le_d%C3%A9bat_historique"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Le débat historique</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#La_question_des_dates"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">La question des dates</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Doctrine_et_histoire"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Doctrine et histoire</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Le_d%C3%A9but_du_christianisme_ancien"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Le début du christianisme ancien</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89cole_europ%C3%A9enne"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">École européenne</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89cole_anglo-saxonne"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">École anglo-saxonne</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#La_fin_du_christianisme_ancien"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">La fin du christianisme ancien</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Les_sources"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Les sources</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Litt%C3%A9rature_chr%C3%A9tienne"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Littérature chrétienne</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Litt%C3%A9ratures_juives_contemporaines_du_Nouveau_Testament"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Littératures juives contemporaines du Nouveau Testament</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Les_premi%C3%A8res_communaut%C3%A9s"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Les premières communautés</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Une_%C3%89glise_primitive"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Une Église primitive</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hell%C3%A9nistes"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Hellénistes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pharisiens"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Pharisiens</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Religion_m%C3%A8re_et_religion_fille"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Religion mère et religion fille</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Les_caract%C3%A9ristiques_des_chr%C3%A9tiens_du_Ier_si%C3%A8cle"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Les caractéristiques des chrétiens du <span>I</span><sup>er</sup>&nbsp;siècle</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89vang%C3%A9lisation"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Évangélisation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Neutralit%C3%A9_politique"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Neutralité politique</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Culte_et_clerg%C3%A9"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Culte et clergé</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89mergence_de_la_doctrine_trinitaire"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Émergence de la doctrine trinitaire</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Chronologie_du_christianisme_ancien"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Chronologie du christianisme ancien</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes et références</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Références</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Annexes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Annexes</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliographie"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliographie</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Juda%C3%AFsme_et_christianisme"><span class="tocnumber">8.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Judaïsme et christianisme</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Christianisme_antique"><span class="tocnumber">8.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Christianisme antique</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles_connexes"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Articles connexes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liens_externes"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Liens externes</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="La_naissance_du_christianisme">La naissance du christianisme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : La naissance du christianisme" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Racines_juives_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Racines juives du christianisme">Racines juives du christianisme</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Origines_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Origines du christianisme">Origines du christianisme</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grande_Mission?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grande Mission">Grande Mission</a>. </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="La_diffusion_du_christianisme">La diffusion du christianisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : La diffusion du christianisme" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Le mouvement créé par les disciples de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%A9sus_de_Nazareth?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jésus de Nazareth">Jésus de Nazareth</a> naît au sein du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juda%C3%AFsme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judaïsme">judaïsme</a> pluriel du <abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, dans la mouvance de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_le_Baptiste?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean le Baptiste">Jean le Baptiste</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galil%C3%A9e_(r%C3%A9gion)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galilée (région)">Galilée</a> et plus généralement en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palestine_(r%C3%A9gion)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palestine (région)">Palestine</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Malgré l’échec apparent du maître, un noyau de fidèles parvient à entretenir son souvenir et à attirer de nouveaux disciples, dès les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_40?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 40">années 40</a>, d’abord chez les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Juif">Juifs</a> de langue <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grec_ancien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grec ancien">grecque</a> (les «&nbsp;hellénistes&nbsp;»), comme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_de_Tarse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul de Tarse">Paul de Tarse</a>, notamment dans la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diaspora_juive?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diaspora juive">diaspora</a>. Peu après, il en va de même dans différents groupes de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monde_gr%C3%A9co-romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Monde gréco-romain">société gréco-romaine</a> qui ne sont pas juifs et qu’on appelle les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pa%C3%AFens?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Païens">païens</a>, comme on le voit avec le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centurion?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Centurion">centurion</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corneille_(centurion)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corneille (centurion)">Corneille</a>.</p> <p>Alors que le judaïsme n’apparaît pas comme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pros%C3%A9lyte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosélyte">prosélyte</a>, ce développement rapide résulte probablement de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mission_(christianisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mission (christianisme)">missions</a> confiées à des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ap%C3%B4tre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apôtre">apôtres</a>, dont les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Douze_Ap%C3%B4tres?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Douze Apôtres">disciples directs de Jésus</a>. On ne dispose d’aucune source écrite avant le dernier tiers du <abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle&nbsp;; on constate cependant que les mêmes missions semblent se développer dans la totalité de l'espace <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aram%C3%A9en?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Araméen">araméophone</a>, en particulier à l'est du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jourdain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jourdain">Jourdain</a> et de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euphrate?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euphrate">Euphrate</a>, avec les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elkasa%C3%AFtes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elkasaïtes">elcésaïtes</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9sopotamie_(province_romaine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mésopotamie (province romaine)">Mésopotamie</a><sup id="cite_ref-Maurice_Sartre2003ms950,_note_245_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Maurice_Sartre2003ms950,_note_245-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ce sont les villes de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syrie_(province_romaine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syrie (province romaine)">Syrie romaine</a> qui abritent les premières communautés chrétiennes&nbsp;: plusieurs Églises de cette province se prévalent en effet d’une fondation apostolique, ce qui est assuré à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%A9rusalem?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jérusalem">Jérusalem</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antioche?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antioche">Antioche</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Damas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Damas">Damas</a>, et vraisemblable à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%A9sar%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Césarée">Césarée</a><sup id="cite_ref-Maurice_Sartre2003ms951_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Maurice_Sartre2003ms951-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Mais en général, on ignore le succès de ces missions des temps apostoliques. Dans tous les cas, il est sûr que les chrétiens sont largement minoritaires partout, dans les villes comme dans les campagnes.</p> <p>D’une façon générale, l’expansion du christianisme n’a pas rencontré d’opposition marquée des autorités romaines, et la communauté chrétienne peut mener une vie au grand jour. Ce n’est qu’au milieu du <abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">III</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle que commencent les persécutions, celle décidée par l’empereur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A8ce?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dèce">Dèce</a> en 251 fut appliquée avec rigueur et entraîna le martyre des évêques <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Babylas_d%27Antioche?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Babylas d'Antioche">Babylas d'Antioche</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexandre_de_J%C3%A9rusalem?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexandre de Jérusalem">Alexandre de Jérusalem</a><sup id="cite_ref-Maurice_Sartre2003ms953_5-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Maurice_Sartre2003ms953-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Les_courants_du_judaïsme"><span id="Les_courants_du_juda.C3.AFsme"></span>Les courants du judaïsme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Les courants du judaïsme" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Plusieurs courants du judaïsme du <abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sadduc%C3%A9ens?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sadducéens">sadducéens</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ess%C3%A9niens?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Esséniens">esséniens</a>) disparaissent en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jud%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judée">Judée</a> après la destruction du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temple_de_J%C3%A9rusalem?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Temple de Jérusalem">Temple de Jérusalem</a>, à partir de l'an <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/70?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="70">70</a>. D'autres, comme les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharisiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pharisiens">pharisiens</a>, fusionnent petit à petit avec ceux de la Diaspora, notamment autour de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mies_talmudiques_en_terre_d%27Isra%C3%ABl?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Académies talmudiques en terre d'Israël">école de Yavné</a> (vers l'an 90), et cette évolution donne naissance au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juda%C3%AFsme_rabbinique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judaïsme rabbinique">judaïsme rabbinique</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Le_débat_historique"><span id="Le_d.C3.A9bat_historique"></span>Le débat historique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Le débat historique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Origines_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Origines du christianisme">Origines du christianisme</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%A9sus_selon_l%27ex%C3%A9g%C3%A8se_contemporaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jésus selon l'exégèse contemporaine">Jésus selon l'exégèse contemporaine</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qu%C3%AAte_du_J%C3%A9sus_historique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quête du Jésus historique">Quête du Jésus historique</a>. </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Ichthys.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ichthys.svg/220px-Ichthys.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="160"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 98px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ichthys.svg/220px-Ichthys.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="98" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ichthys.svg/330px-Ichthys.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ichthys.svg/440px-Ichthys.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Le poisson (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ichthus?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ichthus">ichthus</a>), symbole des premiers chrétiens. En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grec_ancien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grec ancien">grec ancien</a> <span class="lang-grc" lang="grc">ἸΧΘΥΣ</span>, est un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acronymie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acronymie">acronyme</a> pour «&nbsp;<span class="lang-grc" lang="grc">Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς Θεοῦ Υυἱός, Σωτήρ</span>&nbsp;/ <span class="lang-grc-latn" lang="grc-latn"><i>Iēsoûs Khristòs Theoû Hyiós Sōtḗr'</i></span>, soit «&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%A9sus-Christ?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jésus-Christ">Jésus-Christ</a>, Fils de Dieu, [notre] Sauveur&nbsp;». </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="La_question_des_dates">La question des dates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : La question des dates" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Origines_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Origines du christianisme">origines du christianisme</a> sont étudiées par diverses écoles d'historiens<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Le fait d'attribuer au christianisme primitif une origine à la fin de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%82ge_apostolique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Âge apostolique">période apostolique</a> est un choix contesté. De même, situer l'achèvement du christianisme primitif à la fin des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concile?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concile">conciles</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christologie">christologiques</a> suppose que la création et le développement d'un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dogme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dogme">corpus dogmatique</a> répondent à une nécessité intrinsèque du christianisme.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Doctrine_et_histoire">Doctrine et histoire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Doctrine et histoire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>On distingue deux perspectives. D'une part, la doctrine chrétienne fait généralement remonter le christianisme à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Date_de_naissance_de_J%C3%A9sus?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Date de naissance de Jésus">naissance de Jésus</a>, à sa <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9surrection_de_J%C3%A9sus?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Résurrection de Jésus">résurrection</a> ou à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pentec%C3%B4te?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pentecôte">Pentecôte</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>D'autre part, les hypothèses historiques se fondent sur des faits avérés&nbsp;: par exemple, le christianisme commence à la suite de la diffusion d'un message. Les dates de rédaction du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nouveau_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nouveau Testament">Nouveau Testament</a> sont connues&nbsp;: entre les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_50?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 50">années 50</a> pour les premières <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89p%C3%AEtres_de_Paul?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Épîtres de Paul">Épîtres de Paul</a> et les années 95-110 pour l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vangile_selon_Jean?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évangile selon Jean">Évangile selon Jean</a>. Dans l'intervalle, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vangiles_synoptiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évangiles synoptiques">Évangiles synoptiques</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vangile_selon_Marc?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évangile selon Marc">Marc</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vangile_selon_Matthieu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évangile selon Matthieu">Matthieu</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vangile_selon_Luc?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évangile selon Luc">Luc</a>), écrits vers 65-85, ont utilisé des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transmission_orale_des_%C3%89vangiles?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission orale des Évangiles">traditions orales</a> ainsi que des documents qui ont déjà circulé, comme le démontrent la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9orie_des_deux_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Théorie des deux sources">théorie des deux sources</a> et l'existence de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Source_Q?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Source Q">Source Q</a>, admises par le consensus des chercheurs.</p> <p>Le mot <i>khristianoï</i> est attesté dès les années 40 à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antioche?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antioche">Antioche</a> où vit l'une des premières communautés chrétiennes et d'où vient probablement l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vangile_selon_Matthieu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évangile selon Matthieu">Évangile selon Matthieu</a>, une quarantaine d'années plus tard.</p> <p>La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_textuelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Critique textuelle">critique textuelle</a>, c'est-à-dire l'évaluation de la transmission des textes à travers les manuscrits, a permis d'établir un texte fiable des écrits du Nouveau Testament, en particulier pour des Épîtres de Paul, dont des échantillons significatifs datent de la fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">II</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle et du début du <abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">III</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La circulation de témoignages oraux (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9dication?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Prédication">prédications</a>, proclamations) est plus difficile à établir (absence de matériaux sur lesquels peuvent travailler les historiens, contrairement aux textes écrits), mais peut se déduire de témoignages indirects comme le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9natus-consulte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sénatus-consulte">sénatus-consulte</a> de l'an 35, à Rome<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, y établissant le christianisme comme <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Superstitio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Superstitio">superstitio</a> illicita</i> («&nbsp;religion interdite&nbsp;»), présence de vestiges chrétiens dans les villes de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pomp%C3%A9i?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pompéi">Pompéi</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herculanum?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herculanum">Herculanum</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> (vestiges antérieurs donc à l'an 79 et l'ensevelissement de ces villes sous l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ruption_du_V%C3%A9suve_en_79?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éruption du Vésuve en 79">éruption du Vésuve)</a>.</p> <p>La recherche actuelle se concentre principalement sur la diffusion du message du christianisme, orale dans un premier temps (comme le livre des <i>Actes</i> en témoigne), écrite par la suite. La diffusion des Évangiles et Épîtres est sujette à débat. Il est cependant très probable que, dès la fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, il existait un certain nombre de paroles de Jésus qui circulaient<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_de_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clément de Rome">Clément de Rome</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle) cite également des passages des Évangiles et des Épitres de Paul<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcion?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marcion">Marcion de Sinope</a>, qui fut <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Excommuni%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunié">excommunié</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> en 144 dans l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_catholique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église catholique">église de Rome</a>, liste les écrits qu'il considère comme canoniques, en se basant probablement sur un groupement préexistant des lettres de Paul<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Le_début_du_christianisme_ancien"><span id="Le_d.C3.A9but_du_christianisme_ancien"></span>Le début du christianisme ancien</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Le début du christianisme ancien" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Le débat sur la question de la date des débuts du christianisme demeure encore ouvert entre un consensus anglo-saxon et une tendance européenne.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="École_européenne"><span id=".C3.89cole_europ.C3.A9enne"></span>École européenne</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : École européenne" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Le terme «&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jud%C3%A9o-chr%C3%A9tien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judéo-chrétien">judéo-chrétien</a>&nbsp;» apparaît dans un chapitre de la thèse de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcel_Simon_(historien)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marcel Simon (historien)">Marcel Simon</a> <i>«&nbsp;Verus Israël&nbsp;», Étude sur les relations entre chrétiens et juifs dans l'Empire romain (135-425)</i>. Elle fut soutenue avant 1938<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et conduite sous la direction de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Guignebert?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Guignebert">Charles Guignebert</a>. Elle étudie les racines de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antijuda%C3%AFsme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antijudaïsme">antijudaïsme</a> chrétien à travers la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patristique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patristique">patristique</a> grecque depuis <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Justin_de_Naplouse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Justin de Naplouse">Justin de Naplouse</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcion_de_Sinope?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcion de Sinope">Marcion de Sinope</a>. Il s'attarde en particulier sur l'expression <i>Vetus Israel</i> opposée à l'expression <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Verus_Israel?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Verus Israel">Verus Israel</a></i>, revendication dans laquelle il identifie le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supersessionisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersessionisme">supersessionisme</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Note 3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et, au détour d'une section s'interroge sur les marges entre judaïsme et ce qu'on nomme aujourd'hui «&nbsp;proto-christianisme&nbsp;» auxquelles il consacrera l'essentiel de sa carrière.</p> <p>Sa thèse traduite en anglais et rééditée quatre fois demeure un ouvrage de référence et, de ce fait, en Europe, la séparation entre judaïsme et christianisme date de 135, à savoir de l'exil de l'école de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yavn%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yavné">Yavné</a> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poumbedita?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poumbedita">Poumbedita</a> (dans l'actuel <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irak?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irak">Irak</a>). C'est pourquoi en Europe, on voit les choses un peu plus tôt. Un consensus s'est établi autour d'une période s'étirant de l'établissement de l'école de Yavné à l'introduction de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birkat_ha-Minim?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Birkat ha-Minim">Birkat ha-Minim</a> («&nbsp;Bénédiction des hérétiques&nbsp;») à la fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">II</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle parce que les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naz%C3%B4r%C3%A9ens_(secte)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazôréens (secte)">Nazaréens</a> ne s'étaient pas associés à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_de_Bar_Kokhba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolte de Bar Kokhba">révolte de Bar Kokhba</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcel_Simon_(historien)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marcel Simon (historien)">Marcel Simon</a> représente le moment où l'étude de l'histoire du christianisme sort de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apolog%C3%A9tique_chr%C3%A9tienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apologétique chrétienne">apologétique</a> pour entrer dans la critique<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&nbsp;; il se situe, comme le cardinal <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, toutefois<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, dans les problématiques de l'antériorité et de la postériorité, de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthodoxie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orthodoxie">orthodoxie</a>, de l'erreur, de la vérité, du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syncr%C3%A9tisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syncrétisme">syncrétisme</a> qui se sont révélées être de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Faux_dilemme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Faux dilemme">faux dilemmes</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Toutefois, le professeur Simon entendait limiter son étude à la période 135-425. Toute une école s'intéresse actuellement à la période antérieure, plus indistincte. Par exemple, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Blancheti%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="François Blanchetière">François Blanchetière</a> avec ses études <i>Les premiers chrétiens étaient-ils missionnaires&nbsp;? (30-135)</i> et son <i>Enquête sur les racines juives du mouvement chrétien (30-135),</i> toutes deux publiées au CERF ces dernières années, dans lesquelles il pose la question de la différenciation progressive. Cette différenciation progressive fait aussi l'objet des travaux d'autres chercheurs comme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dan_Jaff%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dan Jaffé">Dan Jaffé</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simon_Claude_Mimouni?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simon Claude Mimouni">Simon Claude Mimouni</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enrico_Norelli?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enrico Norelli">Enrico Norelli</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernard_Pouderon?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernard Pouderon">Bernard Pouderon</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daniel_Marguerat?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daniel Marguerat">Daniel Marguerat</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dominique_Cerbeleaud&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Dominique Cerbeleaud (page inexistante)">Dominique Cerbeleaud</a>.</p> <p>Cette question est le sujet principal de l'école anglo-saxonne.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="École_anglo-saxonne"><span id=".C3.89cole_anglo-saxonne"></span>École anglo-saxonne</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : École anglo-saxonne" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Dans ce cas de figure, bien développé chez les chercheurs anglo-saxons réunis au colloque «&nbsp;The ways that never part&nbsp;»<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, le christianisme ancien correspond à la période des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concile?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concile">conciles</a>&nbsp;; auparavant, n'existe qu'un proto-christianisme (ou paléochristianisme), en fait, une forme spécifique de judaïsme recruté parmi les membres les plus <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eschatologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eschatologie">eschatologiques</a> des courants <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Messianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Messianisme">messianistes</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="La_fin_du_christianisme_ancien">La fin du christianisme ancien</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : La fin du christianisme ancien" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Pour l'école européenne, le christianisme primitif s'achève à la fin de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%82ge_apostolique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Âge apostolique">âge apostolique</a>, (période comprise entre l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Envoi_en_mission?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Envoi en mission">Envoi en mission</a> de Mt 28:19-20 et la mort supposée de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_l%27%C3%A9vang%C3%A9liste?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean l'évangéliste">Jean l'évangéliste</a>) tandis que le christianisme ancien s'achève avec le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premier_concile_de_Nic%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Premier concile de Nicée">concile de Nicée</a> (325),</p> <p>Pour l'école anglo-saxonne, on ne fixe pas de date de fin du paléo-christianisme. On tâche de définir le moment de séparation entre le christianisme ancien et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juda%C3%AFsme_hell%C3%A9nistique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judaïsme hellénistique">judaïsme <i>hellénistique</i></a>. Cette séparation se produit à des dates variables selon les régions, où l'on observe parfois longtemps après la fin des conciles <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christologie">christologiques</a> des pratiques communes, en dépit du fait que les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apologie">apologistes</a>, notoirement <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ir%C3%A9n%C3%A9e_de_Lyon?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irénée de Lyon">Irénée de Lyon</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tertullien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tertullien">Tertullien</a>, tiennent les pratiques <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juda%C3%AFsant?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judaïsant">judaïsantes</a> pour des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%A9r%C3%A9sie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hérésie">hérésies</a>. Toutefois, s'il fallait fixer une date, ce cycle s'achèverait au plus tôt&nbsp;:</p> <ul> <li>en Occident, lors du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concile_de_Tol%C3%A8de?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Concile de Tolède">concile de Tolède</a> de 589 qui interdit les processions communes avec les juifs&nbsp;;</li> <li>en Orient, à la disparition des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quartod%C3%A9ciman?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartodéciman">quartodécimans</a>, au <abbr class="abbr" title="9ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> après Jésus-Christ.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Les_sources">Les sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Les sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Littérature_chrétienne"><span id="Litt.C3.A9rature_chr.C3.A9tienne"></span>Littérature chrétienne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Littérature chrétienne" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibliographie_de_la_christologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliographie de la christologie">Bibliographie de la christologie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sources_sur_la_vie_de_J%C3%A9sus_de_Nazareth?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sources sur la vie de Jésus de Nazareth">Sources sur la vie de Jésus de Nazareth</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canon_(Bible)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (Bible)">Canon (Bible)</a>. </div> </div> <p>Longtemps, faire l'histoire des origines du christianisme fut difficile, d'une part en raison du manque de sources écrites, d'autant qu'elles étaient réduites artificiellement par le jeu de critères tels que «&nbsp;littérature hétérodoxe parce que minoritaire donc mineure&nbsp;» ou par le jeu de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Typologie_biblique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Typologie biblique">typologies</a> anachroniques telles que «&nbsp;orthodoxe / <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%A9r%C3%A9sie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hérésie">hérétique</a>&nbsp;» ou encore «&nbsp;canonique / non canonique&nbsp;»<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ces critères méthodologiques devinrent obsolètes dès qu'on se rendit compte qu'ils étaient <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anachronisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anachronisme">anachroniques</a>&nbsp;: l'orthodoxie se fait jour seulement au <abbr class="abbr" title="4ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle. D'autre part, par les effets de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crise_moderniste?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crise moderniste">crise moderniste</a> dans laquelle quelques Églises visent à interdire toute étude historique et critique, tant dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantisme_%C3%A9vang%C3%A9lique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestantisme évangélique">protestantisme évangélique</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> que dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholicisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholicisme">catholicisme</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>On dispose de 5 800 manuscrits des textes du Nouveau Testament dont certains datent d'entre 50 et <span class="nowrap">300 ans</span> après la mise par écrit<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>27<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ce nombre est à comparer avec celui des manuscrits des historiens de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antiquit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antiquité">Antiquité</a> qui remontent dans l'ensemble au <abbr class="abbr" title="10ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">X</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle apr. J.-C.&nbsp;: les Grecs <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%A9rodote?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hérodote">Hérodote</a> (8 manuscrits) et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thucydide?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thucydide">Thucydide</a> (8 manuscrits) qui sont parmi les principales sources sur la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce_ancienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Grèce ancienne">Grèce ancienne</a>. Également, chez les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latins?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latins">Latins</a>, les manuscrits de l'<i>Histoire des Gaules</i> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jules_C%C3%A9sar?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jules César">Jules César</a> (10 manuscrits), ceux de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tacite?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tacite">Tacite</a> (20 manuscrits) ou encore ceux de l'<i>Histoire de Rome</i> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pline_le_Jeune?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pline le Jeune">Pline le Jeune</a> (7 manuscrits). En outre tous ces manuscrits grecs et latins qui ne datent que du <abbr class="abbr" title="10ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">X</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle sont postérieurs pour les historiens grecs de près de 1300-1&nbsp;350&nbsp;ans, et pour les latins de 900-1&nbsp;000&nbsp;ans, après leur rédaction<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>La multitude de variantes d'un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscrit?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manuscrit">manuscrit</a> à un autre importe généralement peu&nbsp;: si elles peuvent être intéressantes, elles ne remettent pas l'essentiel en question. De surcroît, la critique textuelle est parvenue aujourd'hui à des reconstitutions sans doute très proches des textes originaux<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Littératures_juives_contemporaines_du_Nouveau_Testament"><span id="Litt.C3.A9ratures_juives_contemporaines_du_Nouveau_Testament"></span>Littératures juives contemporaines du Nouveau Testament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Littératures juives contemporaines du Nouveau Testament" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historiographie_juive_du_Nouveau_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historiographie juive du Nouveau Testament">Historiographie juive du Nouveau Testament</a>. </div> </div> <p>À ces documents s'ajoutent les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apocryphes_bibliques?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocryphes bibliques">Apocryphes</a> et les livres <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intertestamentaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Intertestamentaire">intertestamentaires</a>, les divers livres du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talmud?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> qui, s'ils ont été écrits entre le <abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">II</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> et le <abbr class="abbr" title="6ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, reflètent des récits de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_orale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Littérature orale">littérature orale</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>30<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> bien plus anciens, mais aussi des œuvres à peu près contemporaines et profanes comme celles de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philon_d%27Alexandrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philon d'Alexandrie">Philon d'Alexandrie</a> et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flavius_Jos%C3%A8phe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flavius Josèphe">Flavius Josèphe</a>, qui peuvent être complétées par d'autres historiographes latins ou grecs, y compris les nombreuses <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_eccl%C3%A9siastique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Histoire ecclésiastique">Histoires ecclésiastiques</a></i> dont la plus célèbre est peut-être celle d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eus%C3%A8be_de_C%C3%A9sar%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eusèbe de Césarée">Eusèbe de Césarée</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Les_premières_communautés"><span id="Les_premi.C3.A8res_communaut.C3.A9s"></span>Les premières communautés</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Les premières communautés" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Une_Église_primitive"><span id="Une_.C3.89glise_primitive"></span>Une Église primitive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Une Église primitive" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Craignant-Dieu_(christianisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Craignant-Dieu (christianisme)">Craignant-Dieu (christianisme)</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grande_%C3%89glise?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grande Église">Grande Église</a>. </div> </div> <p>Parler d’«&nbsp;Église primitive&nbsp;» laisse supposer qu’il s’agirait déjà là d’une religion indépendante. La question qui se pose est en effet de savoir s'il existait une forme de structure ou d'autorité qui avait pouvoir de légiférer (ou d'émettre un avis) sur les problématiques qui devaient surgir dans les différentes communautés de chrétiens.</p> <dl> <dt> De 30 à 100 </dt> </dl> <p>Au début du christianisme, existent des communautés de chrétiens (selon l’étymologie du mot «&nbsp;église&nbsp;», du grec ancien <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ekklesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekklesia">ekklesia</a></i>, assemblée du peuple). Les fidèles suivent un maître, un peu selon le modèle des écoles <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharisiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pharisiens">pharisiennes</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>31<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le souvenir s'en transmet par l'invocation d'un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ap%C3%B4tre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apôtre">apôtre</a> à l'origine de telle ou telle Église régionale. Des indices de ce qu'a pu être l'organisation des pratiques des premiers disciples de Jésus apparaissent dans les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Actes_des_Ap%C3%B4tres?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Actes des Apôtres">Actes des Apôtres</a>. Mais ce que furent les phases principales et les forces motrices de ce christianisme primitif fait l’objet de désaccords entre spécialistes<sup id="cite_ref-Étienne_Trocmé_1974et15_35-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%C3%89tienne_Trocm%C3%A9_1974et15-35"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ce qui est sûr, c’est que <span class="citation">«&nbsp;ce qui est arrivé entre 30 et 100 est arrivé à une forme antérieure de la religion indépendante que nous savons avoir existé plus tard<sup id="cite_ref-Étienne_Trocmé_1974et15_35-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%C3%89tienne_Trocm%C3%A9_1974et15-35"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.&nbsp;»</span> Le christianisme est d'abord constitué de communautés locales considérées comme plus ou moins hérétiques par le judaïsme à partir de la phase de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yavn%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yavné">Yavné</a>, en 70. Quand elles s'organisent, il n'y a pas l’<i>Église</i> mais l'assemblée locale réunie autour de ses <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presbytre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presbytre">presbytres</a> et de son <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89piscope_(christianisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Épiscope (christianisme)">épiscope</a>. Il n’y a donc pas eu de «&nbsp;christianisme primitif&nbsp;» avant 70. À cette date, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_J%C3%A9rusalem_(70)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siège de Jérusalem (70)">chute de Jérusalem</a> et la destruction du Temple constituent un drame central pour le judaïsme&nbsp;; un mouvement de réforme est lancé alors par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yo%E1%B8%A5anan_ben_Zakka%C3%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yoḥanan ben Zakkaï">Yoḥanan ben Zakkaï</a>, mais simultanément, un petit groupe de chrétiens de Jérusalem fuit la répression qui s’abat sur les Juifs à Pella de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9capole_(Proche-Orient)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Décapole (Proche-Orient)">Décapole</a>. La nouvelle organisation du judaïsme rabbinique s’affirma en moins de dix ans et fut reconnu comme l’autorité nouvelle<sup id="cite_ref-Maurice_Sartre2003ms927-928_36-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Maurice_Sartre2003ms927-928-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>33<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Selon <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Trocm%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Étienne Trocmé">Étienne Trocmé</a>, <span class="citation">«&nbsp;il est <i>impossible</i> de penser que cette rapide reprise en charge de la vie religieuse et morale d’un grand peuple nombreux, divers et dispersé n’ait pas rencontré d’opposition<sup id="cite_ref-Étienne_Trocmé_1974et20_37-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%C3%89tienne_Trocm%C3%A9_1974et20-37"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>34<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.&nbsp;»</span> C’est de cette opposition menée par les chrétiens à l’intérieur du judaïsme que serait né, par un long processus de réorientation et de séparation d’avec le judaïsme, le christianisme en tant que religion indépendante. Il a fallu au christianisme une génération entière, entre 70 et 100, pour se constituer en religion indépendante<sup id="cite_ref-Étienne_Trocmé_1974et16_et_20_38-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%C3%89tienne_Trocm%C3%A9_1974et16_et_20-38"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>35<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <dl> <dt> De 100 à 150 environ </dt> </dl> <p>À la fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, le mouvement de Jésus est déjà divisé en au moins six courants différents&nbsp;: les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacob?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacob">jacobiens</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pierre_(ap%C3%B4tre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pierre (apôtre)">pétriniens</a>, les hellénistes d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tienne_(martyr)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Étienne (martyr)">Étienne</a>, les hellénistes de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barnab%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barnabé">Barnabé</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_de_Tarse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul de Tarse">pauliniens</a> et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johanniens?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johanniens">johanniens</a>. Ces communautés divergent selon leur doctrine particulière, mais aussi selon leur emplacement géographique (Palestine ou diaspora) et leur langue (grecque ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aram%C3%A9en?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Araméen">araméenne</a>)&nbsp;: la liturgie diffère d’un endroit à l’autre. La théologie reste le monopole des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gnosticisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gnosticisme">gnostiques</a>. Pourtant, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apolog%C3%A9tique_chr%C3%A9tienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apologétique chrétienne">Apologètes</a> décrivent déjà une religion spécifique&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Justin_de_Naplouse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Justin de Naplouse">Justin de Naplouse</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcion?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marcion">Marcion</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ignace_d%27Antioche?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ignace d'Antioche">Ignace</a> marquent clairement la différence entre judaïsme et christianisme. Le christianisme est déjà reconnu comme une religion originale par ses voisins romains et juifs<sup id="cite_ref-Étienne_Trocmé_1974et15_35-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%C3%89tienne_Trocm%C3%A9_1974et15-35"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Hellénistes"><span id="Hell.C3.A9nistes"></span>Hellénistes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Hellénistes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Selon que la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9ologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Théologie">théologie</a> ou l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Histoire">histoire</a> les décrivent, les hellénistes trouvent une définition différente.</p> <ul> <li>pour la théologie chrétienne<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>36<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, il s'agit d'un groupe de chrétiens de l'Église primitive (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_de_J%C3%A9rusalem?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église de Jérusalem">celle de Jérusalem</a> selon les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Actes_des_Ap%C3%B4tres?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Actes des Apôtres">Actes des Apôtres</a>) constitué en grande partie de Juifs de langue grecque, résidant en Palestine, qui lisaient la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Torah?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Torah">Torah</a> et autres écrits bibliques dans la traduction des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Septante?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Septante">Septante</a>.</li> <li>pour l'histoire, au <abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle et depuis les rois <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9leucide?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Séleucide">séleucides</a>, spécialement <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antiochos_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antiochos III">Antiochos III</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antiochos_IV?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antiochos IV">Antiochos IV</a>, «&nbsp;helléniste&nbsp;» fait référence au grec <i>hellénismos</i> qui désigne le mode de vie grec et s'oppose à <i>ioudaismos</i> qui désigne le mode de vie judéen<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>37<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <p>Ces juifs lisaient la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bible?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bible">Bible</a> en grec et ne pratiquaient plus la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Circoncision?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Circoncision">circoncision</a>. Dans ce cadre, on comprend plus facilement<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>38<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> les propos de Paul dans son <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89p%C3%AEtre_aux_Galates?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Épître aux Galates">Épître aux Galates</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>39<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.<sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Contenu_%C3%A9vasif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipédia:Contenu évasif">[précision&nbsp;nécessaire]</a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Pharisiens">Pharisiens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Pharisiens" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_-_Christ_Accused_by_the_Pharisees_(detail)_-_WGA06802.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_-_Christ_Accused_by_the_Pharisees_%28detail%29_-_WGA06802.jpg/220px-Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_-_Christ_Accused_by_the_Pharisees_%28detail%29_-_WGA06802.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="676"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_-_Christ_Accused_by_the_Pharisees_%28detail%29_-_WGA06802.jpg/220px-Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_-_Christ_Accused_by_the_Pharisees_%28detail%29_-_WGA06802.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_-_Christ_Accused_by_the_Pharisees_%28detail%29_-_WGA06802.jpg/330px-Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_-_Christ_Accused_by_the_Pharisees_%28detail%29_-_WGA06802.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_-_Christ_Accused_by_the_Pharisees_%28detail%29_-_WGA06802.jpg/440px-Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_-_Christ_Accused_by_the_Pharisees_%28detail%29_-_WGA06802.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> <i>Christ accusé par les Pharisiens</i> (détail) par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duccio_di_Buoninsegna?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duccio di Buoninsegna">Duccio di Buoninsegna</a> (début <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIVe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XIVe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr></a>). </figcaption> </figure> <p>Du fait de diverses <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mal%C3%A9diction?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malédiction">malédictions</a> sur les pharisiens prononcées dans les évangiles<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>40<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, l'interprétation traditionnelle<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>41<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et, plus spécialement théologique, a tendance, le plus souvent, à attribuer le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juda%C3%AFsme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judaïsme">judaïsme</a> normatif aux pharisiens du <abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle. On oppose alors un judaïsme confit dans les normes à un christianisme émancipateur de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Torah?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Torah">loi</a> en faisant une confiance illimitée aux interprétations de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A8res_de_l%27%C3%89glise?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pères de l'Église">Pères de l'Église</a> traditionnellement données aussi bien dans la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89p%C3%AEtre_aux_Romains?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Épître aux Romains">lettre de Paul aux Romains</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>42<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> que dans sa lettre aux Galates<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>43<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Pourtant, nombre d'historiens<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>44<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> sont d'accord pour dire que l'image des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharisiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pharisiens">pharisiens</a> tels qu'ils sont présentés dans les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vangiles?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Évangiles">évangiles</a> ne correspond pas à la façon dont vivaient et se comportaient les pharisiens du temps de Jésus et que leurs conflits avec celui-ci ont été exagérés. Le judaïsme normatif est certainement l'œuvre des pharisiens de l'époque de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yavn%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yavné">Yavné</a> qui codifient la pratique des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/613_commandements?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="613 commandements">613 mitsvoth</a> avant laquelle elles ne sont pas formalisées<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>45<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>L'origine pharisienne de Jésus, attestée par les évangiles («&nbsp;Pourquoi tes disciples ne jeûnent-ils pas, comme les disciples de Jean et ceux des pharisiens&nbsp;?&nbsp;» Mc 2, 18) qui soulignent la double filiation de Jésus, au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_le_Baptiste?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean le Baptiste">Baptiste</a> d'une part et au milieu originaire de la doctrine pharisienne de Jésus (croyances spécifiques dans la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Torah_orale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Torah orale">Torah orale</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ange?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ange">anges</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9surrection_des_morts?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Résurrection des morts">résurrection des morts</a>…), d'autre part expliquerait la violence de la polémique évangélique avec les Pharisiens (thèse de Matthieu Collin et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pierre_Lenhardt?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pierre Lenhardt">Pierre Lenhardt</a>). Il s'agit moins d'un groupe opposé à celui de Jésus et de ses disciples que d'un groupe concurrent de même obédience au moment où les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vangiles_synoptiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évangiles synoptiques">évangiles synoptiques</a> issus des traditions orales (Torah orale) sont rédigés vers 65-70. La lutte entre les écoles pharisiennes issues de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hillel?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillel">Hillel</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shamma%C3%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shammaï">Shammaï</a> avant Jésus, que décrit le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talmud?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, se poursuit donc après la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Destruction_du_Temple_de_J%C3%A9rusalem?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction du Temple de Jérusalem">destruction du Temple de Jérusalem</a> en 70. Selon cette hypothèse, développée par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daniel_Boyarin?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daniel Boyarin">Daniel Boyarin</a> et d'autres exégètes français, christianisme et judaïsme sont deux réalités gémellaires issues d'un même courant de doctrines juives qui ne se séparent probablement pas avant la fin du premier siècle (<i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birkat_haMinim?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Birkat haMinim">Birkat ha-minim</a></i>) dans le monde occidental et pas avant le <abbr class="abbr" title="5ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">V</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle en monde oriental. La projection de deux orthodoxies juive et chrétienne séparées avant le <abbr class="abbr" title="4ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle (conciles) serait un anachronisme.</p> <p>Par ailleurs le rôle des pharisiens (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%A9breu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hébreu">hébreu</a>&nbsp;: <i>perushim</i>, fr&nbsp;: séparés), est éminent après la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Destruction_du_second_temple?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction du second temple">destruction du second Temple</a>, en sorte que l'organisation et la refonte de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ritualit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ritualité">ritualité</a> en l'absence du Temple qu'ils instaurent à Yavné, sauvent le judaïsme de la destruction<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>46<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Alors que la quête identitaire des Juifs se manifeste par le développement du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Synagogue?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Synagogue">culte synagogal</a> par les pharisiens et le développement de l'école rabbinique de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shamma%C3%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shammaï">Shammaï</a> et d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hillel?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillel">Hillel</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jud%C3%A9o-chr%C3%A9tiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Judéo-chrétiens">judéo-chrétiens</a> commencent à se séparer des Juifs pharisiens et parallèlement mettent en place la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tradition_(christianisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tradition (christianisme)">tradition</a> des lieux associés au Christ, notamment le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Golgotha?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Golgotha">Golgotha</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>47<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Enfin, certains auteurs commencent à dessiner un portrait de Jésus en maître pharisien suivi de ses disciples ou, au moins, en <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hassid?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassid">hassid</a></i>, c'est-à-dire un pieux<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>48<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Cette configuration d'un maître suivi de disciples n'était connue que des pharisiens<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>49<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Religion_mère_et_religion_fille"><span id="Religion_m.C3.A8re_et_religion_fille"></span>Religion mère et religion fille</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Religion mère et religion fille" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Certains ont dit que le judaïsme était <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religio_licita?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religio licita">religio licita</a></i> tandis que le christianisme était classé comme <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Superstitio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Superstitio">superstitio</a></i> par les Romains et que les chrétiens en auraient revendiqué le statut. Mais il est abusif de soutenir cette idée dans la mesure où il s’agit d’une notion juridique inconnue des Romains<sup id="cite_ref-Maurice_Sartre2003ms554_53-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Maurice_Sartre2003ms554-53"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>50<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'expression <i>religio licita</i> n'est attestée que par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tertullien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tertullien">Tertullien</a> et seule la religion romaine avait le statut de <i>religio licita</i><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>51<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Dans la période qui a suivi la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seconde_Guerre_mondiale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seconde Guerre mondiale">Seconde Guerre mondiale</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>52<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, l'expression «&nbsp;religions mère et fille&nbsp;» pour décrire la relation entre le judaïsme et le christianisme, a correspondu à une volonté de révision des points de vue négatifs que chrétiens et juifs avaient longtemps portés les uns sur les autres<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>53<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ce point de vue négatif avait été théorisé, du côté chrétien, par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9ologie_de_la_substitution?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Théologie de la substitution">théologie de la substitution</a>. Déjà, dans son <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Adversus_Judaeos_(Tertullien)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Adversus Judaeos (Tertullien) (page inexistante)">Adversus Judaeos</a></i>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tertullien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tertullien">Tertullien</a> avait fait de l'aîné des jumeaux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89sa%C3%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ésaü">Ésaü</a> l'incarnation des Juifs et du cadet <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacob?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> celle des chrétiens, alors que l'exégèse juive s'était développée à l'opposé<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>54<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>À cette fin, il a été posé une hypothèse historique, démentie par ce que l'on connaît aujourd'hui de la complexité du judaïsme du <abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, qui explique le point de divergence du christianisme d'avec le judaïsme en réduisant la diversité religieuse juive au <abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle à un objet singulier nommé «&nbsp;judaïsme&nbsp;» selon deux façons de faire. La première consiste à reculer le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juda%C3%AFsme_rabbinique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judaïsme rabbinique">judaïsme rabbinique</a> dans le temps en l'inscrivant dans le pharisaïsme du <abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle (pharisaïsme et judaïsme normatif ne feraient qu'un). La deuxième ne donne pas au pharisaïsme un tel statut prééminent et anachronique, mais considère que toutes les formes du judaïsme du <abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, à l'exception du christianisme, avaient suffisamment de traits communs pour former une «&nbsp;religion&nbsp;». De l'une de ces deux versions du judaïsme serait née une religion autre, un christianisme «&nbsp;fille&nbsp;» du judaïsme<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>55<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Les_caractéristiques_des_chrétiens_du_Ier_siècle"><span id="Les_caract.C3.A9ristiques_des_chr.C3.A9tiens_du_Ier_si.C3.A8cle"></span>Les caractéristiques des chrétiens du <abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Les caractéristiques des chrétiens du Ier&nbsp;siècle" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Évangélisation"><span id=".C3.89vang.C3.A9lisation"></span>Évangélisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Évangélisation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Au moment où Paul s'est converti, les chrétiens avaient déjà réussi à diffuser le message de Jésus bien au-delà de Jérusalem, atteignant les communautés à travers la Judée et la Samarie (Actes 8:1–4)<sup id="cite_ref-ref_auto_1_59-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ref_auto_1-59"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>56<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>La procédure normale était que les adultes (contrairement aux convertis païens, dont les enfants étaient également baptisés) étaient d'abord initiés et, s'ils le souhaitaient, leurs enfants étaient baptisés ensuite<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>57<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>58<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Neutralité_politique"><span id="Neutralit.C3.A9_politique"></span>Neutralité politique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Neutralité politique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Les premiers chrétiens refusaient de participer au culte de l'empereur, de servir dans l'armée romaine ou d'occuper des fonctions politiques. Ils soutenaient que leur seul roi était le Christ, et ils prenaient cette affirmation très au sérieux. Bien qu'ils ne fussent pas des pacifistes, ils étaient extrêmement réticents à participer aux combats<sup id="cite_ref-ref_auto_1_59-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ref_auto_1-59"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>56<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Et s'ils étaient contraints de se battre, ils préféraient être martyrisés plutôt que de tuer<sup id="cite_ref-ref_auto_1_59-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ref_auto_1-59"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>56<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Culte_et_clergé"><span id="Culte_et_clerg.C3.A9"></span>Culte et clergé</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Culte et clergé" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Il faut attendre le début du <abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">II</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle pour voir se mettre en place une hiérarchie épiscopale<sup id="cite_ref-Maurice_Sartre2003ms951_4-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Maurice_Sartre2003ms951-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En minorité dans toutes les villes où ils se trouvaient, les chrétiens se réunissaient habituellement dans des maisons, comme on le voit avec la maison à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9ristyle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Péristyle">péristyle</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doura_Europos?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Doura Europos">Doura Europos</a> où fut aménagé un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baptist%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baptistère">baptistère</a> dans une petite pièce d’angle<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Note 4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ignace_d%27Antioche?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ignace d'Antioche">Ignace d'Antioche</a>, martyrisé vers 110 sous <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trajan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> et probable disciple des apôtres <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pierre_(ap%C3%B4tre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pierre (apôtre)">Pierre</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_(ap%C3%B4tre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean (apôtre)">Jean</a>, semble être le second évêque de cette ville<sup id="cite_ref-Maurice_Sartre2003ms951_4-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Maurice_Sartre2003ms951-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il parle longuement dans ses lettres de l'importance de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eucharistie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eucharistie">Eucharistie</a> dans la vie des chrétiens. Il insiste également sur la loyauté qu'ils doivent avoir envers l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89v%C3%AAque?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évêque">évêque</a> de la ville, assisté par les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presbytre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presbytre">presbytres</a> (ou prêtres) et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diacre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diacre">diacres</a>. À Jérusalem, c’est au lendemain de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_de_Bar_Kokhba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolte de Bar Kokhba">révolte de Bar Kokhba</a> que l’on constate l’arrivée du premier évêque issu du paganisme&nbsp;; à Césarée, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tyr?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tyr">Tyr</a>, Ptolémaïs et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tripoli_(Liban)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tripoli (Liban)">Tripolis</a>, un évêque apparaît vers la fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">II</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle. En 268-269, 70 ou 80 évêques sont réunis à Antioche pour juger <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_de_Samosate?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul de Samosate">Paul de Samosate</a>. La liste des Pères du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premier_concile_de_Nic%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Premier concile de Nicée">concile de Nicée</a> en 325 permet d’affirmer qu’il y eut 18 évêques en Palestine, 9 en Phénicie, 22 en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C5%93l%C3%A9-Syrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cœlé-Syrie">Syrie-Cœlé</a>, 5 en Arabie et 5 en Mésopotamie<sup id="cite_ref-Maurice_Sartre2003ms952_63-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Maurice_Sartre2003ms952-63"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>59<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Émergence_de_la_doctrine_trinitaire"><span id=".C3.89mergence_de_la_doctrine_trinitaire"></span>Émergence de la doctrine trinitaire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Émergence de la doctrine trinitaire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>La doctrine de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trinit%C3%A9_(christianisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trinité (christianisme)">Trinité</a> a été formée progressivement&nbsp;; elle a eu son origine à une époque où l'Église était en état de controverse et de trouble. Nombreux sont ceux qui soutiennent qu'elle était inconnue de l'Église apostolique&nbsp;: le terme même de Trinité ne se trouve pas dans les écrits du premier siècle<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>60<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Comme dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nouveau_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nouveau Testament">Nouveau Testament</a>, le nom de Dieu est souvent utilisé pour parler du seul <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dieu_le_P%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dieu le Père">Père</a>&nbsp;; ainsi, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_de_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clément de Rome">Clément de Rome</a>, dans sa lettre aux Corinthiens (68, 2), indique que <span class="citation">«&nbsp;Dieu, le Seigneur Jésus-Christ et du Saint Esprit sont tous les trois vivants&nbsp;»</span> et qu'ils sont <span class="citation">«&nbsp;l'objet de la foi et de l'espérance des élus&nbsp;»</span>.</p> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_d%27Antioche?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Théophile d'Antioche">Théophile d'Antioche</a> est probablement le premier auteur grec à parler de <i>triade</i>, vers 180, pour mentionner en même temps Dieu, son <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Logos_(christianisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Logos (christianisme)">Verbe</a> et sa Sagesse (Esprit Saint)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>61<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>La Trinité telle qu'on la connaît aujourd'hui est solennellement définie à partir des premiers conciles œcuméniques au <abbr class="abbr" title="Quatrième">IV<sup>e</sup></abbr> siècle, en particulier ceux de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premier_concile_de_Nic%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Premier concile de Nicée">Nicée</a> (325) et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premier_concile_de_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Premier concile de Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (381)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>62<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>63<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>64<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Chronologie_du_christianisme_ancien">Chronologie du christianisme ancien</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Chronologie du christianisme ancien" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both; margin-bottom:1em; border-style:solid; background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);" title="[afficher]/[masquer]"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align:center; min-height:1.6em; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000);"> Principales dates du christianisme ancien </div> <div class="NavContent" style="margin:0; color:var(--color-base, #202122); display:block; text-align:left;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/-167?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="-167">-167</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/-160?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="-160">-160</a>&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_des_Maccab%C3%A9es?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolte des Maccabées">révolte des Maccabées</a> en réaction à l'hellénisation forcée par les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9leucides?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Séleucides">Séleucides</a>&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/6?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="6">6</a>&nbsp;: la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jud%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judée">Judée</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samarie">Samarie</a> deviennent provinces romaines - recensement de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quirinius?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Quirinius">Quirinius</a> - rébellion de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judas_le_Galil%C3%A9en?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judas le Galiléen">Judas le Galiléen</a>&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/14?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="14">14</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/37?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="37">37</a>&nbsp;: principat de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tib%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tibère">Tibère</a> - 26-36 préfecture de Judée de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ponce_Pilate?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ponce Pilate">Ponce Pilate</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/18?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="18">18</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/36?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="36">36</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ca%C3%AFphe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caïphe">Caïphe</a> grand prêtre&nbsp;;</li> <li>~<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/30?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="30">30</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/33?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="33">33</a>&nbsp;: crucifixion de Jésus&nbsp;;</li> <li>~<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/31?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="31">31</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/39?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="39">39</a>&nbsp;: lapidation de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tienne_(martyr)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Étienne (martyr)">Saint Étienne</a>, premier martyr chrétien&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/38?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="38">38</a>&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89meutes_antijuives_d%27Alexandrie_(38)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Émeutes antijuives d'Alexandrie (38)">émeutes antijuives d'Alexandrie</a>. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philon_d%27Alexandrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philon d'Alexandrie">Philon d'Alexandrie</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legatio_ad_Caium?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Legatio ad Caium">mission à Rome</a>&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/41?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="41">41</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/49?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="49">49</a>&nbsp;: l'empereur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claude_(empereur_romain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claude (empereur romain)">Claude</a> expulse les Juifs de Rome&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/44?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="44">44</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/47?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="47">47</a>&nbsp;: révolte de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theudas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theudas">Theudas</a> l'Égyptien&nbsp;;</li> <li>~<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/50?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="50">50</a>&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concile_de_J%C3%A9rusalem?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concile de Jérusalem">concile de Jérusalem</a> - le prosélytisme des "judéo-chrétiens" s'étend aux gentils&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/51?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="51">51</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/55?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="55">55</a>&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89p%C3%AEtres_de_Paul?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Épîtres de Paul">Épîtres de Paul</a> (7 épîtres incontestées)&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/62?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="62">62</a>&nbsp;: lapidation de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacques_le_Juste?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacques le Juste">Jacques le Juste</a> "frère" de Jésus&nbsp;;</li> <li>~<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/65?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="65">65</a>&nbsp;: persécution des chrétiens par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%A9ron?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Néron">Néron</a> (date hypothétique de la mort de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pierre_(ap%C3%B4tre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pierre (apôtre)">Pierre</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_de_Tarse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul de Tarse">Paul</a>)&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/66?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="66">66</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/70?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="70">70</a>&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_guerre_jud%C3%A9o-romaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Première guerre judéo-romaine">première guerre judéo-romaine</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_J%C3%A9rusalem_(70)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siège de Jérusalem (70)">siège de Jérusalem</a> par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titus_(empereur_romain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Titus (empereur romain)">Titus</a> et destruction du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Temple_de_J%C3%A9rusalem?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Temple de Jérusalem">Second Temple</a>&nbsp;;</li> <li>~<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/70?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="70">70</a>&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vangile_selon_Marc?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évangile selon Marc">Évangile selon Marc</a>&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/72?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="72">72</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/73?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="73">73</a>&nbsp;: siège et chute de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Massada">Massada</a>&nbsp;;</li> <li>~<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/80?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="80">80</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/90?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="90">90</a>&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vangile_selon_Matthieu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évangile selon Matthieu">Évangile selon Matthieu</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vangile_selon_Luc?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évangile selon Luc">Évangile selon Luc</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Actes_des_Ap%C3%B4tres?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Actes des Apôtres">Actes des Apôtres</a>&nbsp;;</li> <li>~<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/90?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="90">90</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/100?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="100">100</a>&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vangile_selon_Jean?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évangile selon Jean">Évangile selon Jean</a>&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/93?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="93">93</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/95?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="95">95</a>&nbsp;: les <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antiquit%C3%A9s_juives?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquités juives">Antiquités juives</a></i> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flavius_Jos%C3%A8phe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flavius Josèphe">Flavius Josèphe</a>&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/117?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="117">117</a>&nbsp;: sous <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trajan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>, révolte des Juifs de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyr%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyrène">Cyrène</a>, d'Égypte et de Chypre&nbsp;;</li> <li>Avant 132&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hadrien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hadrien">Hadrien</a> fait interdire la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Circoncision?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Circoncision">circoncision</a>&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/132?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="132">132</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/135?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="135">135</a>&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_de_Bar_Kokhba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolte de Bar Kokhba">révolte de Bar Kokhba</a> - Jérusalem est interdite aux Juifs&nbsp;;</li> <li>~<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/140?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="140">140</a>&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcion?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marcion">Marcion</a> rassemble et édite les Épîtres de Paul&nbsp;;</li> <li>~<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/170?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="170">170</a>&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9liton_de_Sardes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Méliton de Sardes">Méliton de Sardes</a> à Jérusalem&nbsp;;</li> <li>~<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/195?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="195">195</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/230?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="230">230</a>&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tertullien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tertullien">Tertullien</a> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_de_Carthage?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Histoire de Carthage">Carthage</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montanisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Montanisme">montanisme</a>&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/202?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="202">202</a>&nbsp;: édit impérial contre les prosélytismes juif et chrétien&nbsp;;</li> <li>~<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/220?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="220">220</a>&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calixte_Ier?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calixte Ier">Calixte Ier</a> revendique la primauté de l'évêque de Rome&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/250?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="250">250</a>&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pers%C3%A9cution_de_D%C3%A8ce?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persécution de Dèce">persécution de Dèce</a>&nbsp;;</li> <li>257-258&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pers%C3%A9cution_de_Val%C3%A9rien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persécution de Valérien">persécution de Valérien</a>&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/301?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="301">301</a>&nbsp;: l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arm%C3%A9nie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arménie">Arménie</a> devient le premier État chrétien au monde&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/303?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="303">303</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/304?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="304">304</a>&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pers%C3%A9cution_de_Diocl%C3%A9tien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persécution de Dioclétien">persécution de Dioclétien</a>&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/313?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="313">313</a>&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89dit_de_Milan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Édit de Milan">édit de Milan</a> accorde la liberté religieuse aux chrétiens&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/325?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="325">325</a>&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premier_concile_de_Nic%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Premier concile de Nicée">premier concile de Nicée</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/337?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="337">337</a>&nbsp;: l'empereur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantin_Ier_(empereur_romain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantin Ier (empereur romain)">Constantin</a> se convertit au christianisme&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/380?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="380">380</a>&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89dit_de_Thessalonique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Édit de Thessalonique">Édit de Thessalonique</a>&nbsp;: le christianisme devient la religion officielle de l'empire&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/382?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="382">382</a>&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concile_de_Rome_(382)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concile de Rome (382)">concile de Rome</a>&nbsp;: le concile fixe le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canons_bibliques_chr%C3%A9tiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Canons bibliques chrétiens">Canon des Écritures</a> reconnues par l'Église latine&nbsp;;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/391?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="391">391</a>&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9odose_Ier?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Théodose Ier">Théodose Ier</a> interdit les cultes païens.</li> </ul> </div> <div class="NavEnd"> &nbsp; </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Époque où l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Excommunication?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> n'avait de portée que dans l'église qui la prononçait.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">En Grande-Bretagne, à pareille époque, l'émergence d'un antisémitisme chrétien fondé sur le Nouveau Testament a été étudiée par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Parkes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Parkes">James Parkes</a> (1896-1981), théologien anglican qui s'intéressa à ces sujets dans les années 1920 en réaction à la montée de l'antisémitisme en Europe. En 1930, il publie son maître livre <i>Le Juif et son voisin</i>, une exploration de l'antisémitisme, avec une approche des massacres de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_croisade?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Première croisade">première croisade</a> (1096) comme arrière-plan du débat sur la «&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Question_juive?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Question juive">question juive</a>&nbsp;». Pour sa thèse de doctorat à Oxford, Parkes s'attache à découvrir les vraies racines du phénomène de l'antisémitisme en essayant d'identifier le moment crucial de la séparation du judaïsme d'avec le christianisme. Le résultat en est un livre de grande influence, publié en 1934, <i>Le conflit entre l'Église et la Synagogue</i> dans lequel il se penche sur la traditionnelle opposition entre <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vetus_Israel?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vetus Israel">Vetus Israel</a>/Verus Israel</i> telle que propagée dans la littérature <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patristique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patristique">patristique</a> triomphaliste.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supersessionisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersessionisme">supersessionisme</a> contient l'idée selon laquelle une religion succède à une autre et est destinée, du simple fait chronologique, à écraser la précédente. Boyarin, dans <i>Mourir Pour Dieu</i> fait une longue analyse des commentaires talmudiques et patristiques des récits concernant Jacob et Esau et de leur exploitation de cette gémellité au profit de l'un ou l'autre culte en une lutte polémique.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-62">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Les vestiges d’une autre maison-église ont été découverts à Aila, aujourd’hui <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aqaba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aqaba">Aqaba</a>, en Jordanie.</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="reference-cadre" tabindex="0"> <div class="references-small decimal" style="column-width:30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geza_Vermes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Geza Vermes">Geza Vermes</a>, <i>Christian Beginnings: From Nazareth to Nicaea</i>, Yale University Press, États-Unis, 2013, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;134</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Everett Ferguson, <i>Encyclopedia of Early Christianity</i>, Routledge, États-Unis, 2013, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;254</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Maurice_Sartre2003ms950,_note_245-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Maurice_Sartre2003ms950,_note_245_3-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#ms">Maurice Sartre 2003</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&nbsp;950, note 245. </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Maurice_Sartre2003ms951-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Maurice_Sartre2003ms951_4-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Maurice_Sartre2003ms951_4-1">b</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Maurice_Sartre2003ms951_4-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#ms">Maurice Sartre 2003</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&nbsp;951. </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Maurice_Sartre2003ms953-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Maurice_Sartre2003ms953_5-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#ms">Maurice Sartre 2003</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&nbsp;953. </span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dan_Jaff%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dan Jaffé">Dan Jaffé</a>, <i>Le Judaïsme à l'aube de l'ère chrétienne</i>, Cerf.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Ohlig, Karl-Heinz (dir), <i>Christologie</i> (2 tomes). Tome 1&nbsp;: <i>Des origines à l'Antiquité tardive, textes en main</i>, Cerf, 1996.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Ron Rhodes, <i>The Complete Guide to Christian Denominations: Understanding the History, Beliefs, and Differences</i>, Harvest House Publishers, États-Unis, 2015, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;9</span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurt_Aland?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurt Aland">Kurt Aland</a>, <i>The Text of the New Testament</i>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="SordiRamelli2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="Marta_SordiIlaria_Ramelli2004"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : italien">(it)</abbr> Marta <span class="nom_auteur">Sordi</span> et Ilaria <span class="nom_auteur">Ramelli</span>, «&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="it">Il senatoconsulto del 35 contro i cristiani in un frammento porfiriano</cite>&nbsp;», <i><span class="lang-it" lang="it">Aevum</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&nbsp;78,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2004-01-01" data-sort-value="2004-01-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> janvier 2004</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">59-67</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20861540">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-09-28" data-sort-value="2015-09-28">28 septembre 2015</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Il+senatoconsulto+del+35+contro+i+cristiani+in+un+frammento+porfiriano&amp;rft.jtitle=Aevum&amp;rft.aulast=Sordi&amp;rft.aufirst=Marta&amp;rft.au=Ramelli%2C+Ilaria&amp;rft.date=2004-01-01&amp;rft.volume=78&amp;rft.pages=59-67&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme+primitif"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.eecho.fr/christianisme-supertitio-illicita-a-rome/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">«&nbsp;Supertitio illicita&nbsp;»: le christianisme condamné dès l’an 35</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">eecho.fr</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-09-28" data-sort-value="2015-09-28">28 septembre 2015</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.eecho.fr/des-temoignages-chretiens-a-herculanum-avant-79/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Témoignages chrétiens à Herculanum</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">eecho.fr</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-09-28" data-sort-value="2015-09-28">28 septembre 2015</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Hans Von Campenhausen, <i>The Formation of the Christian Bible</i>, Philadelphia: Fortress, 1968, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;112.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Metzger, Bruce Manning, <i>The Canon of the New Testament</i>. Oxford&nbsp;: Clarendon, 1987, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">41-43</span>).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> McDonald, Lee M. <i>The Formation of the Christian Biblical Canon</i>. Peabody: Hendrickson, 1995, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;157.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr" title="confer (reportez-vous à/comparez avec)">cf.</abbr> <span class="need_ref" title="Un complément est nécessaire pour cette référence." style="cursor:help;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Trocm%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Étienne Trocmé">Étienne Trocmé</a>, <i>L'Enfance du christianisme</i>, éd. Noésis.</span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_incompl%C3%A8te?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence incomplète">[réf.&nbsp;incomplète]</a></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Blancheti%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="François Blanchetière">François Blanchetière</a>, <i>Le Monde de la Bible</i>, numéro spécial, septembre 2007.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">François Laplanche, <i>La Crise de l'origine. La science catholique des Évangiles et l'histoire au <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle</i>, éd. Albin Michel, 2006.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Les travaux de Daniélou sur le judéo-christianisme doivent désormais être largement amendés cf. Paul Mattéï, <i>Le christianisme antique de Jésus à Constantin</i>, éd. Armand Colin, 2008, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">112-113</span>. François Blanchetière synthétise les critiques à y apporter dans <i>L'Enquête sur les racines juives du mouvement chrétien</i>, op. cit. <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;71 à 75.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Comme l'ensemble de l'historiographie de son époque, <abbr class="abbr" title="confer (reportez-vous à/comparez avec)">cf.</abbr> Annette Yoshko Reed, introduction à <i>The ways that never parted</i>, <abbr class="abbr nowrap italique" title="opere citato (« dans l'ouvrage cité »)">op. cit.</abbr> infra.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="need_ref" title="Un complément est nécessaire pour cette référence." style="cursor:help;">Blanchetière, <i>L'Enquête sur les racines juives du mouvement chrétien</i>, CERF, 2001.</span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_incompl%C3%A8te?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence incomplète">[réf.&nbsp;incomplète]</a></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Colloque Oxford Princeton, The ways that never parted, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daniel_Boyarin?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daniel Boyarin">Daniel Boyarin</a>, Paula Frederiksen.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Jean Anderfuhren, Pour relancer l'œcuménisme: réflexions actuelles sur les schismes d'avant Luther, Labor et Fides, 1999.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Blanchetière, enquête.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Cf. Pour un survol <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fondamentalisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fondamentalisme">Fondamentalisme</a> et pour approfondir <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Laplanche?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="François Laplanche">François Laplanche</a>, la Bible en France.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Cf. Pour un survol <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Serment_anti-moderniste" class="extiw" title="s:Serment anti-moderniste">Serment anti-modernisme</a> et pour approfondir, François Laplanche, <i>La Crise de l'origine. La science catholique des Évangiles et l'histoire au <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle</i>, Paris, Albin Michel, 2006.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Holden_et_Norman_Geisler"><span class="ouvrage" id="Joseph_Holden_et_Norman_Geisler"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Joseph Holden et Norman Geisler, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The popular Handbook of Archeology and the Bible</cite>, Eugen, OR: Harvest House, p 129 and 118-119.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+popular+Handbook+of+Archeology+and+the+Bible&amp;rft.pub=Eugen%2C+OR%3A+Harvest+House&amp;rft.au=Joseph+Holden+et+Norman+Geisler&amp;rft.pages=p+129+and+118-119.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme+primitif"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hutchinson2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="Robert_J_Hutchinson2017">Robert J Hutchinson, <cite class="italique">Enquête sur le Jésus historique. Traduit de l'anglais: New Discovery in the Quest for Jesus of Nazareth</cite>, Paris, Salvator, <time>2017</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;112<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Enqu%C3%AAte+sur+le+J%C3%A9sus+historique.+Traduit+de+l%27anglais%3A+New+Discovery+in+the+Quest+for+Jesus+of+Nazareth&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Salvator&amp;rft.aulast=Hutchinson&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+J&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.pages=112&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme+primitif"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hutchinson2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="Robert_J._Hutchinson2017">Robert J. Hutchinson, <cite class="italique">Enquête sur le Jésus historique, traduction de New Discoveries in the Quest for Jesus</cite>, Paris, Salvator, <time>2017</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Enqu%C3%AAte+sur+le+J%C3%A9sus+historique%2C+traduction+de+New+Discoveries+in+the+Quest+for+Jesus&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Salvator&amp;rft.aulast=Hutchinson&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme+primitif"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Voir, chez Etienne Nodet o.p., le concept de "publication orale" développé dans Nodet et Taylor, <i>Essai sur les origines du judaïsme</i>, Cerf.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="need_ref" title="Un complément est nécessaire pour cette référence." style="cursor:help;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marie-%C3%89mile_Boismard?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marie-Émile Boismard">Marie-Émile Boismard</a>, <i>À l'aube du christianisme, avant la naissance des dogmes</i>, Cerf, 1998.</span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_incompl%C3%A8te?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence incomplète">[réf.&nbsp;incomplète]</a></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Étienne_Trocmé_1974et15-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%C3%89tienne_Trocm%C3%A9_1974et15_35-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%C3%89tienne_Trocm%C3%A9_1974et15_35-1">b</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%C3%89tienne_Trocm%C3%A9_1974et15_35-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#et">Étienne Trocmé 1974</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&nbsp;15. </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Maurice_Sartre2003ms927-928-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Maurice_Sartre2003ms927-928_36-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#ms">Maurice Sartre 2003</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&nbsp;927-928. </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Étienne_Trocmé_1974et20-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%C3%89tienne_Trocm%C3%A9_1974et20_37-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#et">Étienne Trocmé 1974</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&nbsp;20. </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Étienne_Trocmé_1974et16_et_20-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%C3%89tienne_Trocm%C3%A9_1974et16_et_20_38-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#et">Étienne Trocmé 1974</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&nbsp;16 et 20. </span></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a>, <i>Les manuscrits de la mer Morte</i>, 1957.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">François Blanchetière, <i>Enquête sur les racines juives du mouvement chrétien</i>, CERF, 2001 et Marie-Françoise Baslez, <i>Bible et Histoire. Judaïsme, hellénisme, christianisme</i>, Paris, Gallimard, 2003,.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Peter J. Tomson, <i>Jésus et les auteurs du Nouveau Testament dans leur relation au judaïsme</i>, CERF, 2003.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Galates 2:3, Galates 5:6.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Par exemple, dans l'évangile selon Matthieu, 23.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Par exemple, l'opposition entre le particularisme juif et l'universalisme chrétien est une option qui traverse l'ensemble de l'œuvre de l'historien allemand d'origine suédoise <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adolf von Harnack">Adolf von Harnack</a> chez lequel on n'a relevé aucune trace d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antis%C3%A9mitisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antisémitisme">antisémitisme</a> alors que l'époque de son <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acm%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acmé">acmé</a> y prédisposait. On y voit généralement l'influence de la sympathie de son sujet de thèse qui portait sur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcion_de_Sinope?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcion de Sinope">Marcion</a> qu'il s'employa à réhabiliter. La même remarque est faite par Annette Yoshiko Reeds dans son introduction, <i>Traditional Models and New Direction</i>, au recueil d'articles issus du colloque Oxford Princeton <i>The ways that never parted</i>, op.cit., à propos de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wilhelm_Bousset?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wilhelm Bousset">Wilhelm Bousset</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_de_Tarse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul de Tarse">Paul de Tarse</a>, références de la lettre aux Romains avec chapitre et versets sous peu.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_de_Tarse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul de Tarse">Paul de Tarse</a>, <i>Lettre aux Galates</i>, chap.1 et 2.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Trocm%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Étienne Trocmé">Étienne Trocmé</a>, <i>L'Enfance du christianisme</i>, Noesis..</span></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Peter J Tomson, <i>Les rédacteurs du Nouveau testament dans leur rapport au judaïsme</i>, Cerf.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evaristo_de_Miranda?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Evaristo de Miranda">Evaristo de Miranda</a>, José M. Schorr Malca, <i>Sages Pharisiens</i>, Lethielleux, 2005.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-50">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Eliav2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="Yaron_Z._Eliav2005"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Yaron Z. Eliav, <cite class="italique" lang="en">God's Mountain&nbsp;: The Temple Mount in Time, Place, and Memory</cite>, The Johns Hopkins University Press, <time>2005</time>, 392&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=God%27s+Mountain+%3A+The+Temple+Mount+in+Time%2C+Place%2C+and+Memory&amp;rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&amp;rft.aulast=Eliav&amp;rft.aufirst=Yaron+Z.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.tpages=392&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme+primitif"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-51">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Hyam Maccoby, Jesus the pharisee, Paperback, 2003.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">interview de Étienne Nodet o.p. Dans le monde de la Bible, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&nbsp;138, à propos de son ouvrage sur la guerre des Maccabées. Un article de la revue <i>Okeanos</i> traite aussi de ce sujet par l'analyse du discours de Jésus. Ref sous peu.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Maurice_Sartre2003ms554-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Maurice_Sartre2003ms554_53-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#ms">Maurice Sartre 2003</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&nbsp;554. </span></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Blancheti%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="François Blanchetière">François Blanchetière</a>, <i>Enquête sur les racines juives du mouvement chrétien (30-135)</i>, CERF, 2001.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-55">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Daniel Boyarin date l'expression de 1951, et l'attribue à Jacob Lauterbach (in Jesus in the Talmud, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;473) - <abbr class="abbr" title="confer (reportez-vous à/comparez avec)">cf.</abbr> note 1.. <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;137 de <i>Mourir pour Dieu</i>, <abbr class="abbr nowrap italique" title="opere citato (« dans l'ouvrage cité »)">op. cit.</abbr></span></li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-56">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">John Pawlikoski, <i>Quelques représentations de la relation fondamentale entre juifs et chrétiens</i>, 2005 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.jcrelations.net/fr/?item%3D2451">Lire en ligne</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-57">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">.<abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Geoffrey D. Dunn, <i>Tertullian's Aduersus Iudaeos: a rhetorical analysis</i>, éd. CUA Press, 2008, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&nbsp; 108-109, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.be/books?id%3DlXcpe9ZOQtoC%26pg%3DPA109">extrait en ligne</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-58">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Daniel Boyarin - <i>Mourir pour Dieu</i>, <abbr class="abbr nowrap italique" title="opere citato (« dans l'ouvrage cité »)">op. cit.</abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">11-12</span> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.fr/books?id%3DJD_ep2riNtgC%26pg%3DPA1%26lpg%3DPA1%26dq%3D%2522In%2Bother%2Bwords,%2Bin%2Border%2Bto%2Bimagine%2522%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DRPcloJhFsR%26sig%3DA1CaukhuoPGLbsEdzaRoXrmf-GU%26hl%3Dfr%26ei%3DsZyqTefeO8uXOoWJ8cwJ%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D2%26sqi%3D2%26ved%3D0CCAQ6AEwAQ%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522In%2520other%2520words%252C%2520in%2520order%2520to%2520imagine%2522%26f%3Dfalse">Lire en ligne</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-ref_auto_1-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ref_auto_1_59-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ref_auto_1_59-1">b</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ref_auto_1_59-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">The Rise of Christianity: History, Documents, and Key Questions Auteur&nbsp;: Rodney Stark Édition&nbsp;: Princeton University Press Année de publication&nbsp;: 1996</span></li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-60">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Early Christian Doctrines Auteur&nbsp;: J.N.D. Kelly Édition&nbsp;: HarperOne Année de publication&nbsp;: 1978</span></li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-61">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">The Apostolic Preaching of the Cross Auteur&nbsp;: Leon Morris Éditeur&nbsp;: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. Date de publication&nbsp;: 1965</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Maurice_Sartre2003ms952-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Maurice_Sartre2003ms952_63-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#ms">Maurice Sartre 2003</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&nbsp;952. </span></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-64">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Louis Berkhof, <i>The History of Christian Doctrines</i>, Baker Book House, 1937</span></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="di_Martino1990"><span class="ouvrage" id="Angelo_di_Martino1990">Angelo di Martino, <cite class="italique">Dictionnaire encyclopédique du christianisme ancien, vol. 2,</cite>, Paris, Cerf, <time>1990</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&nbsp;2427.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+encyclop%C3%A9dique+du+christianisme+ancien%2C+vol.+2%2C&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Cerf&amp;rft.au=Angelo+di+Martino&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.pages=2427.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme+primitif"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-66">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gonzalez2010"><span class="ouvrage" id="Justo_L._Gonzalez2010"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Justo L. Gonzalez, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Story of Christianity</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&nbsp;1 The Early Church to the Reformation, HarperCollins, <time>2010</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0061855887?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0061855887"><span class="nowrap">978-0061855887</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Christianity&amp;rft.pub=HarperCollins&amp;rft.aulast=Gonzalez&amp;rft.aufirst=Justo+L.&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.volume=1+The+Early+Church+to+the+Reformation&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme+primitif"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-67">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="D._Kelly2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="J._N._D._Kelly2000"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> J. N. D. Kelly, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Early Christian Doctrines</cite>, A&amp;C Black, <time>2000</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0826452528?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0826452528"><span class="nowrap">978-0826452528</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Early+Christian+Doctrines&amp;rft.pub=A%26C+Black&amp;rft.aulast=D.+Kelly&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+N.&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme+primitif"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-68">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="C._Hanson1988"><span class="ouvrage" id="R._P._C._Hanson1988"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> R. P. C. Hanson, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God: The Arian Controversy 318-381</cite>, T&amp;T Clark, <time>1988</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0567094858?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0567094858"><span class="nowrap">978-0567094858</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Search+for+the+Christian+Doctrine+of+God%3A+The+Arian+Controversy+318-381&amp;rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&amp;rft.aulast=C.+Hanson&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+P.&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme+primitif"></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Annexes">Annexes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Annexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Judaïsme_et_christianisme"><span id="Juda.C3.AFsme_et_christianisme"></span>Judaïsme et christianisme</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Judaïsme et christianisme" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Blanchetière2001"><span class="ouvrage" id="François_Blanchetière2001"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Blancheti%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="François Blanchetière">François Blanchetière</a>, <cite class="italique">Enquête sur les racines juives du mouvement chrétien, 30-135</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Cerf?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions du Cerf">Éditions du Cerf</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr>&nbsp;«&nbsp;Épiphanie&nbsp;», <time>2001</time>, 587&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-204-06215-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-204-06215-2"><span class="nowrap">978-2-204-06215-2</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Enqu%C3%AAte+sur+les+racines+juives+du+mouvement+chr%C3%A9tien%2C+30-135&amp;rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Cerf&amp;rft.aulast=Blancheti%C3%A8re&amp;rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.tpages=587&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-204-06215-2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme+primitif"></span></span></span></li> <li>Jonathan Bourgel, <i>D'une identité à l'autre&nbsp;?&nbsp;: la communauté judéo-chrétienne de Jérusalem&nbsp;: 66 - 135</i>, préface de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dan_Jaff%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dan Jaffé">Dan Jaffé</a>, Judaïsme ancien et Christianisme primitif, Paris, Cerf, 2015</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dan_Jaff%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dan Jaffé">Dan Jaffé</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.editionsducerf.fr/html/fiche/fichelivre.asp?n_liv_cerf%3D6791">Le Judaïsme et l'avènement du christianisme. Orthodoxie et hétérodoxie dans la littérature talmudique du <abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr> – <abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">II</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle</a></i>, préface de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Blancheti%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="François Blanchetière">François Blanchetière</a>, Cerf, 2005, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2204077590?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2204077590"><span class="nowrap">978-2204077590</span></a>)</small>. Voir recension en <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.ict-toulouse.asso.fr/ble/site/550.html">[1]</a></li> <li>Annie Jaubert, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roger_Le_D%C3%A9aut?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roger Le Déaut">Roger Le Déaut</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurt_Hruby?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurt Hruby">Kurt Hruby</a>, <i>Le Judaïsme</i>, Beauchesne, coll. «&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dictionnaire_de_spiritualit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dictionnaire de spiritualité">Dictionnaire de spiritualité</a>&nbsp;», 1970</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judith_Lieu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judith Lieu">Judith Lieu</a>, <i>Christian Identity in the Jewish and Graeco-Roman World</i>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, Oxford, 2004</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Judith Lieu, <i>Neither Jew nor Greek&nbsp;: Constructing Early Christianity</i>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%26T_Clark?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="T&amp;T Clark">T&amp;T Clark</a>, Edinburgh, 2002</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Judith Lieu, <i>Image and Reality. The Jews in the World of the Christians in the Second Century</i>, T.&amp;T. Clark, Edinburgh, 1996</li> <li>Marcel Simon, <i>Les Sectes juives au temps de Jésus</i>, PUF, 1960</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcel_Simon_(historien)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marcel Simon (historien)">Marcel Simon</a> et André Benoît. <i>Le Judaïsme et le Christianisme antique, d'Antiochus Épiphane à Constantin</i>. PUF. <abbr class="abbr" title="Cinquième">5<sup>e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;édition. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1998?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1998">1998</a>.</li> <li>Philippe Bobichon, «&nbsp;Persécutions, calomnies, "birkat ha-Minim", et émissaires juifs de propagande antichrétienne dans le Dialogue avec Tryphon de Justin Martyr&nbsp;», in <i>Revue des Études Juives</i> 162 /3-4 (juillet-décembre 2003), pp. 403-419 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.academia.edu/7279733/_Pers%25C3%25A9cutions_calomnies_birkat_ha_Minim_et_%25C3%25A9missaires_juifs_de_propagande_antichr%25C3%25A9tienne_dans_le_Dialogue_avec_Tryphon_de_Justin_Martyr_Revue_des_%25C3%2589tudes_Juives_162_3_4_juillet_d%25C3%25A9cembre_2003_p_403_419">lire en ligne</a></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="ms"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maurice_Sartre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maurice Sartre">Maurice Sartre</a>, <cite class="italique">D’Alexandre à Zénobie&nbsp;: Histoire du Levant antique, <abbr class="abbr" title="4ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr> - <abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">III</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="après Jésus-Christ">apr. J.-C.</abbr></cite>, Fayard, <time>2003</time>, 1200&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&nbsp;948-958, chap. XX, III Les débuts de la christianisation<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=D%E2%80%99Alexandre+%C3%A0+Z%C3%A9nobie&amp;rft.pub=Fayard&amp;rft.stitle=Histoire+du+Levant+antique%2C+%3Cabbr+class%3D%22abbr%22+title%3D%224%E1%B5%89+si%C3%A8cle%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22romain%22%3EIV%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3A72%25%22%3Ee%3C%2Fsup%3E%3C%2Fabbr%3E%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle%26nbsp%3B%3Cabbr+class%3D%22abbr+nowrap%22+title%3D%22avant+J%C3%A9sus-Christ%22+%3Eav.+J.-C.%3C%2Fabbr%3E+-+%3Cabbr+class%3D%22abbr%22+title%3D%223%E1%B5%89+si%C3%A8cle%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22romain%22%3EIII%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3A72%25%22%3Ee%3C%2Fsup%3E%3C%2Fabbr%3E%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle+%3Cabbr+class%3D%22abbr+nowrap%22+title%3D%22apr%C3%A8s+J%C3%A9sus-Christ%22+%3Eapr.+J.-C.%3C%2Fabbr%3E&amp;rft.au=Maurice+Sartre&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.pages=948-958%2C+chap.+XX%2C+III+Les+d%C3%A9buts+de+la+christianisation&amp;rft.tpages=1200&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme+primitif"></span></span>.<span class="nowrap" title="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l'article">&nbsp;<span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l'article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" data-alt="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l'article" data-width="20" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Christianisme_antique">Christianisme antique</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Christianisme antique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="MayeurCharlesVauchezVenard2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Marie_MayeurCharlesAndré_VauchezMarc_Venard2000"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean-Marie_Mayeur?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean-Marie Mayeur">Jean-Marie Mayeur</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Pietri?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Pietri">Charles</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luce_Pietri?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luce Pietri">Luce Pietri</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Vauchez_(historien)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="André Vauchez (historien)">André Vauchez</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>) et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marc_Venard?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marc Venard">Marc Venard</a>, <cite class="italique">Histoire du christianisme&nbsp;: Le nouveau peuple (des origines à 250)</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="tome">t.</abbr>&nbsp;1, Desclée, <time>2000</time>, 927&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Histoire+du+christianisme&amp;rft.pub=Descl%C3%A9e&amp;rft.stitle=Le+nouveau+peuple+%28des+origines+%C3%A0+250%29&amp;rft.aulast=Mayeur&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean-Marie&amp;rft.au=Charles&amp;rft.au=Andr%C3%A9+Vauchez&amp;rft.au=Marc+Venard&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.tpages=927&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme+primitif"></span></span></span></li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Adam H. Becker, Annette Yoshiko Reed (éds.) <i>The Ways That Never Parted: Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages</i>, Tübingen,J. C. B. Mohr 2003 (Colloque Oxford Princeton)</li> <li>Dominique Bernard, <i>Les Disciples juifs de Jésus, du <abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle à Mahomet</i>, Cerf, 2017 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.editionsducerf.fr/librairie/livre/17881/les-disciples-juifs-de-jesus-du-ier-s-a-mahomet">Présentation de l'éditeur</a>)</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Blanchetière2002"><span class="ouvrage" id="François_Blanchetière2002"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Blancheti%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="François Blanchetière">François Blanchetière</a>, <cite class="italique">Les premiers chrétiens (30-135) étaient-ils missionnaires&nbsp;?</cite>, Éditions du Cerf, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr>&nbsp;«&nbsp;Initiations&nbsp;», <time>2002</time>, 225&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-204-07010-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-204-07010-2"><span class="nowrap">978-2-204-07010-2</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Les+premiers+chr%C3%A9tiens+%2830-135%29+%C3%A9taient-ils+missionnaires+%3F&amp;rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Cerf&amp;rft.aulast=Blancheti%C3%A8re&amp;rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.tpages=225&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-204-07010-2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme+primitif"></span></span></span></li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Anthony J. Blasi, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_Duhaime?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean Duhaime">Jean Duhaime</a> et Paul-André Turcotte (dir.), <i>Handbook of Early Christianity: Social Science Approaches</i>, Walnut Creek CA, AltaMira Press, 2002, 802 p.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Dupont-RocGuggenheimPrétot2020"><span class="ouvrage" id="Roselyne_Dupont-RocAntoine_GuggenheimPatrick_Prétot2020">Roselyne Dupont-Roc (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antoine_Guggenheim?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antoine Guggenheim">Antoine Guggenheim</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>), Patrick Prétot <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (et d’autres)">et al.</abbr></i>, <cite class="italique">Après Jésus&nbsp;: L'invention du christianisme</cite>, Paris, Albin Michel, <time>2020</time>, 704&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978_2_226_45033_3?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978 2 226 45033 3"><span class="nowrap">978 2 226 45033 3</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Apr%C3%A8s+J%C3%A9sus&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Albin+Michel&amp;rft.stitle=L%27invention+du+christianisme&amp;rft.aulast=Dupont-Roc&amp;rft.aufirst=Roselyne&amp;rft.au=Antoine+Guggenheim&amp;rft.au=Patrick+Pr%C3%A9tot&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.tpages=704&amp;rft.isbn=978+2+226+45033+3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme+primitif"></span></span></span></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Bart D. Ehrman</a>, <i>Jésus avant les Évangiles&nbsp;: Comment les premiers chrétiens se sont rappelé, ont transformé et inventé leurs histoires du Sauveur</i>, Bayard, 2017 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-227-48913-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-227-48913-4"><span class="nowrap">978-2-227-48913-4</span></a>)</small></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexandre_Faivre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexandre Faivre">Alexandre Faivre</a>, <i>Chrétiens et Églises&nbsp;: des identités en construction. Acteurs, structures, frontières du champ religieux chrétien</i>, Paris, Cerf-Histoire, 2011</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Goguel1947"><span class="ouvrage" id="Maurice_Goguel1947"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maurice_Goguel?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maurice Goguel">Maurice Goguel</a>, <cite class="italique">Jésus et les origines du christianisme. L'Église primitive</cite>, Payot, <time>1947</time>, 632&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=J%C3%A9sus+et+les+origines+du+christianisme.+L%27%C3%89glise+primitive&amp;rft.pub=Payot&amp;rft.aulast=Goguel&amp;rft.aufirst=Maurice&amp;rft.date=1947&amp;rft.tpages=632&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme+primitif"></span></span></span></li> <li>François Laplanche, <i>La Crise de l'origine. La science catholique des Évangiles et l'histoire au <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle</i>, éd. Albin Michel, 2006</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daniel_Marguerat?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daniel Marguerat">Daniel Marguerat</a> et Eric Junod, <i>Qui a fondé le christianisme&nbsp;?</i>, Labor et Fides, Genève, 2011</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Mattei?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Mattei">Paul Mattei</a>, <i>Le Christianisme antique (<abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr> – <abbr class="abbr" title="5ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">V</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle)</i>, Ellipses Marketing, 2002</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Pouderon2001"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bernard_Pouderon2001"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernard_Pouderon?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernard Pouderon">Bernard Pouderon</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yves-Marie_Duval?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yves-Marie Duval">Yves-Marie Duval</a>, <cite class="italique">L'historiographie de l'Église des premiers siècles</cite>, Éditions Beauchesne, <time>2001</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.fr/books?id%3D7128dU6kfscC">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=L%27historiographie+de+l%27%C3%89glise+des+premiers+si%C3%A8cles&amp;rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Beauchesne&amp;rft.aulast=Pouderon&amp;rft.aufirst=Bernard&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme+primitif"></span></span></span></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maurice_Sachot?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maurice Sachot">Maurice Sachot</a>, <i>L'Invention du Christ. Genèse d'une religion</i>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Odile_Jacob?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions Odile Jacob">Éditions Odile Jacob</a>, «&nbsp;Le champ médiologique&nbsp;», 1998</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Sachot2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Maurice_Sachot2007"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maurice_Sachot?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maurice Sachot">Maurice Sachot</a>, <cite class="italique">Quand le christianisme a changé le monde&nbsp;: Tome 1, La subversion chrétienne du monde antique</cite>, Paris, Éditions Odile Jacob, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr>&nbsp;«&nbsp;Science Hum.&nbsp;», <time>2007</time>, 396&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7381-1878-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7381-1878-3"><span class="nowrap">978-2-7381-1878-3</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DTqTfGUZT9dUC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Quand+le+christianisme+a+chang%C3%A9+le+monde+%3A+Tome+1%2C+La+subversion+chr%C3%A9tienne+du+monde+antique&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Odile+Jacob&amp;rft.aulast=Sachot&amp;rft.aufirst=Maurice&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.tpages=396&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-7381-1878-3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme+primitif"></span></span></span></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rick_Tristan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frédérick Tristan">Frédérick Tristan</a>, <i>Les Premières Images chrétiennes&nbsp;: du symbole à l'icône</i>, Fayard</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Trocmé2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="Étienne_Trocmé2004"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Trocm%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Étienne Trocmé">Étienne Trocmé</a>, <cite class="italique">L'Enfance du christianisme</cite>, Noésis, <time>2004</time> (<abbr class="abbr" title="première">1<sup>re</sup></abbr>&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr> 1999), 217&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=L%27Enfance+du+christianisme&amp;rft.pub=No%C3%A9sis&amp;rft.aulast=Trocm%C3%A9&amp;rft.aufirst=%C3%89tienne&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.tpages=217&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme+primitif"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="et"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Trocm%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Étienne Trocmé">Étienne Trocmé</a> et Jean-Claude Amalric, «&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:normal">Le christianisme primitif, un mythe historique&nbsp;?</cite>&nbsp;», <i>Études théologiques et religieuses</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="Quarante-neuvième">49<sup>e</sup></abbr> année, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&nbsp;1,‎ <time>1974</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&nbsp;15-29. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ether_0014-2239_1974_num_49_1_2269">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Le+christianisme+primitif%2C+un+mythe+historique+%3F&amp;rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+th%C3%A9ologiques+et+religieuses&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.au=%C3%89tienne+Trocm%C3%A9&amp;rft.au=Jean-Claude+Amalric&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft.volume=%3Cabbr+class%3D%22abbr%22+title%3D%22Quarante-neuvi%C3%A8me%22%3E49%3Csup%3Ee%3C%2Fsup%3E%3C%2Fabbr%3E+ann%C3%A9e&amp;rft.pages=15-29.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme+primitif"></span></span>.<span class="nowrap" title="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l'article">&nbsp;<span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l'article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" data-alt="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l'article" data-width="20" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="cdx-button 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/antiquite-le-christianisme-primitif/"><i>Universalis</i></a></li> </ul> </div></li> <li> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <span class="wd_identifiers"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_(sciences_de_l%27information)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autorité (sciences de l'information)">Notices d'autorité</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51644?uselang%3Dfr%23identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"> <noscript> <img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://aut.nkp.cz/ph139152">Tchéquie</a></span></li> </ul> </div></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Larry_Hurtado?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Larry Hurtado">Larry Hurtado</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://larryhurtado.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/revelatory-experiences-and-religious-innovation-in-earliest-christianity.pdf"><i>Revelatory Experiences and Religious Innovation in Earliest Christianity</i></a>, Burkitt Lecture, Rice University, 10 April 2013</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dan_Jaff%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dan Jaffé">Dan Jaffé</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.cairn.info/revue-pardes-2005-1-page-225.htm">«&nbsp;Entre Jésus et le judaïsme rabbinique. De la relecture de l'histoire à la falsification&nbsp;»</a>, revue <i>Pardès</i>, 2005/1 (<abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&nbsp;38), <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">225-240</span></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Justin_Taylor?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Justin Taylor">Justin Taylor</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.clio.fr/BIBLIOTHEQUE/les_origines_des_premiers_chretiens.asp">«&nbsp;Les origines des premiers chrétiens&nbsp;»</a>, site <i>Clio</i></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a 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height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="275"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Judaism_Symbol.png/23px-Judaism_Symbol.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="23" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Judaism_Symbol.png/35px-Judaism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Judaism_Symbol.png/46px-Judaism_Symbol.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Juda%C3%AFsme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Judaïsme">Portail de la culture juive et du judaïsme</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </section> </div><!-- MobileFormatter took 0.030 seconds --><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&amp;mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Ce document provient de «&nbsp;<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DChristianisme_primitif%26oldid%3D220480298">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;oldid=220480298</a>&nbsp;». </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme_primitif&amp;action=history&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="VVLLAACC" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1732187192"> <span>Dernière modification le 21 novembre 2024, à 12:06</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Langues</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D8%25AD%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9_%25D9%2585%25D8%25A8%25D9%2583%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9" title="مسيحية مبكرة&nbsp;–&nbsp;arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مسيحية مبكرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D8%25AD%25D9%258A%25D9%2587_%25D9%2585%25D8%25A8%25D9%2583%25D8%25B1%25D9%2587" title="مسيحيه مبكره&nbsp;–&nbsp;arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مسيحيه مبكره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erk%25C9%2599n_xristianl%25C4%25B1q" title="Erkən xristianlıq&nbsp;–&nbsp;azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Erkən xristianlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D1%258F%25D0%25B5_%25D1%2585%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%2581%25D1%2586%25D1%2596%25D1%258F%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Ранняе хрысціянства&nbsp;–&nbsp;biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ранняе хрысціянства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE_%25D1%2585%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Ранно християнство&nbsp;–&nbsp;bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ранно християнство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2586%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A6%25BF_%25E0%25A6%2596%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%259F%25E0%25A6%25A7%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AE" title="আদি খ্রিস্টধর্ম&nbsp;–&nbsp;bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আদি খ্রিস্টধর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esgl%25C3%25A9sia_primitiva" title="Església primitiva&nbsp;–&nbsp;catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Església primitiva" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25DB%2595%25D8%25B1%25DB%2595%25D8%25A8%25DB%2595%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C_%25D9%2585%25DB%2595%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D8%25AD%25DB%258C%25DB%258C%25DB%2595%25D8%25AA" title="بەرەبەیانی مەسیحییەت&nbsp;–&nbsp;sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەرەبەیانی مەسیحییەت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ran%25C3%25A9_k%25C5%2599es%25C5%25A5anstv%25C3%25AD" title="Rané křesťanství&nbsp;–&nbsp;tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rané křesťanství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Eglwys_Fore" title="Yr Eglwys Fore&nbsp;–&nbsp;gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Eglwys Fore" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alte_Kirche" title="Alte Kirche&nbsp;–&nbsp;allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alte Kirche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A0%25CF%2581%25CF%2589%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CF%2587%25CF%2581%25CE%25B9%25CF%2583%25CF%2584%25CE%25B9%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AE_%25CF%2580%25CE%25B5%25CF%2581%25CE%25AF%25CE%25BF%25CE%25B4%25CE%25BF%25CF%2582" title="Πρωτοχριστιανική περίοδος&nbsp;–&nbsp;grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωτοχριστιανική περίοδος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity&nbsp;–&nbsp;anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Early Christianity" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apero_de_kristanismo" title="Apero de kristanismo&nbsp;–&nbsp;espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Apero de kristanismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianismo_primitivo" title="Cristianismo primitivo&nbsp;–&nbsp;espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cristianismo primitivo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D8%25AD%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D9%2587" title="مسیحیت اولیه&nbsp;–&nbsp;persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مسیحیت اولیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varhaiskristillisyys" title="Varhaiskristillisyys&nbsp;–&nbsp;finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Varhaiskristillisyys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A0%25D7%25A6%25D7%25A8%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA_%25D7%25A7%25D7%2593%25D7%2595%25D7%259E%25D7%2594" title="נצרות קדומה&nbsp;–&nbsp;hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נצרות קדומה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rano_kr%25C5%25A1%25C4%2587anstvo" title="Rano kršćanstvo&nbsp;–&nbsp;croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rano kršćanstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bon article"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2593kereszt%25C3%25A9ny_egyh%25C3%25A1z" title="Ókeresztény egyház&nbsp;–&nbsp;hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ókeresztény egyház" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%258E%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B2_%25D6%2584%25D6%2580%25D5%25AB%25D5%25BD%25D5%25BF%25D5%25B8%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A5%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25A9%25D5%25B5%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B6" title="Վաղ քրիստոնեություն&nbsp;–&nbsp;arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վաղ քրիստոնեություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_perdana" title="Gereja perdana&nbsp;–&nbsp;indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gereja perdana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frua_Kristanismo" title="Frua Kristanismo&nbsp;–&nbsp;ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Frua Kristanismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origini_del_cristianesimo" title="Origini del cristianesimo&nbsp;–&nbsp;italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Origini del cristianesimo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%2588%259D%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2595%2599%25E4%25BC%259A" title="初代教会&nbsp;–&nbsp;japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="初代教会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%25B4%2588%25EA%25B8%25B0_%25EA%25B8%25B0%25EB%258F%2585%25EA%25B5%2590" title="초기 기독교&nbsp;–&nbsp;coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="초기 기독교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesia_antiqua" title="Ecclesia antiqua&nbsp;–&nbsp;latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ecclesia antiqua" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankstyvoji_krik%25C5%25A1%25C4%258Dionyb%25C4%2597" title="Ankstyvoji krikščionybė&nbsp;–&nbsp;lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ankstyvoji krikščionybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristianisma_voalohany" title="Kristianisma voalohany&nbsp;–&nbsp;malgache" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kristianisma voalohany" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE_%25D1%2585%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Рано христијанство&nbsp;–&nbsp;macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рано христијанство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%2586%25E0%25B4%25A6%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%25AE_%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B5%2588%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B4%25AD" title="ആദിമ ക്രൈസ്തവസഭ&nbsp;–&nbsp;malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആദിമ ക്രൈസ്തവസഭ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_perdana" title="Gereja perdana&nbsp;–&nbsp;malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gereja perdana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrogge_Kristendom" title="Vrogge Kristendom&nbsp;–&nbsp;bas-saxon néerlandais" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Vrogge Kristendom" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="bas-saxon néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vroege_christendom" title="Vroege christendom&nbsp;–&nbsp;néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vroege christendom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldkyrkja" title="Oldkyrkja&nbsp;–&nbsp;norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oldkyrkja" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidlig_kristendom" title="Tidlig kristendom&nbsp;–&nbsp;norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tidlig kristendom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierwotne_chrze%25C5%259Bcija%25C5%2584stwo" title="Pierwotne chrześcijaństwo&nbsp;–&nbsp;polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pierwotne chrześcijaństwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25DB%258C_%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D8%25AD%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA" title="ابتدائی مسیحیت&nbsp;–&nbsp;Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ابتدائی مسیحیت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianismo_primitivo" title="Cristianismo primitivo&nbsp;–&nbsp;portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cristianismo primitivo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B5_%25D1%2585%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Раннее христианство&nbsp;–&nbsp;russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Раннее христианство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rano_hri%25C5%25A1%25C4%2587anstvo" title="Rano hrišćanstvo&nbsp;–&nbsp;serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rano hrišćanstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity&nbsp;–&nbsp;Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Early Christianity" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ran%25C3%25A9_kres%25C5%25A5anstvo" title="Rané kresťanstvo&nbsp;–&nbsp;slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rané kresťanstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisht%25C3%25ABrimi_i_hersh%25C3%25ABm" title="Krishtërimi i hershëm&nbsp;–&nbsp;albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Krishtërimi i hershëm" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bon article"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE_%25D1%2585%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2588%25D1%259B%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Рано хришћанство&nbsp;–&nbsp;serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рано хришћанство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidig_kristendom" title="Tidig kristendom&nbsp;–&nbsp;suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tidig kristendom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukristo_katika_karne_za_kwanza" title="Ukristo katika karne za kwanza&nbsp;–&nbsp;swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ukristo katika karne za kwanza" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%25B8%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2581" title="ศาสนาคริสต์ยุคแรก&nbsp;–&nbsp;thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนาคริสต์ยุคแรก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erken_Hristiyanl%25C4%25B1k" title="Erken Hristiyanlık&nbsp;–&nbsp;turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Erken Hristiyanlık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D1%2594_%25D1%2585%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Раннє християнство&nbsp;–&nbsp;ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Раннє християнство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25DB%258C_%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D8%25AD%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA" title="ابتدائی مسیحیت&nbsp;–&nbsp;ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابتدائی مسیحیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit%25C3%25B4_gi%25C3%25A1o_s%25C6%25A1_khai" title="Kitô giáo sơ khai&nbsp;–&nbsp;vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kitô giáo sơ khai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%2597%25A9%25E6%259C%259F%25E5%259F%25BA%25E7%259D%25A3%25E6%2595%2599" title="早期基督教&nbsp;–&nbsp;chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="早期基督教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 21 novembre 2024 à 12:06.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Le contenu est disponible sous licence <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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