La supersymétrie

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class="standard-title"> <a href="/fr/news/press-release/cern/blowing-out-70-candles-cern-celebrates-seven-decades-discoveries-and-looks" hreflang="fr" title="Le CERN souffle ses 70 bougies, l’occasion de célébrer sept décennies de découvertes et de se projeter vers un futur brillant pour la science et l’innovation"> <span> Le CERN souffle ses 70 bougies, l’occasion de... </span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> At CERN </div> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> Press release </div> <div class="preview-card__date" style="color:"> <time datetime="2024-10-01T10:00:00Z">1 octobre, 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="view-footer"> <p class="cern-btn"><a class="cern-btn" href="/fr/news?audience=23">Dernières actualités</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-0 col-sm-0 col-md-6 col-lg-6 col-item-megamenu"> <div 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BIRTH OF WEB, LHC...</span> <div class="search-block-form block block-search block-search-form-block" data-drupal-selector="search-block-form" role="search"> <form action="/fr/search/node" method="get" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-search js-form-type-search form-item-keys js-form-item-keys form-no-label form-group"> <label for="edit-keys" class="control-label sr-only">Rechercher</label> <div class="input-group"><input title="Indiquer les termes à rechercher" data-drupal-selector="edit-keys" class="form-search form-control" placeholder="Rechercher" type="search" id="edit-keys" name="keys" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" data-toggle="tooltip" /><span class="input-group-btn"><button type="submit" value="Rechercher" class="button js-form-submit form-submit btn-primary btn icon-only"><span class="sr-only">Rechercher</span><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-search" aria-hidden="true"></span></button></span></div> </div> <div class="form-actions form-group js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" id="edit-actions--2"></div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="dropdown cern-menu-lang-switcher"> <a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="true"> <span class="separator">|</span> fr <span class="caret"></span> </a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li><section class="language-switcher-language-url block block-language block-language-blocklanguage-interface clearfix" role="navigation"> <ul class="links"><li hreflang="en" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/498" class="en"><a href="/science/physics/supersymmetry" class="language-link" hreflang="en" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/498">en</a></li><li hreflang="fr" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/498" class="fr is-active"><a href="/fr/science/physics/supersymmetry" class="language-link is-active" hreflang="fr" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/498">fr</a></li></ul> </section> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div>  </div>  </nav> </nav> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <main role="main"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="container-fluid cern-page-display-page cern-page-display-story_page"> <div class="has-no-column wrapper-center col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="region region-content"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <div class="layout layout__region story-page-node-layout-content"> <div class="field--items"> </div> <div class="container story-page-legacy-title-no-image"> <h1 class="story-page-node--title text-center mb-2"> La supersymétrie </h1> <p class="story-page-node--strap text-center mb-4"><b>La supersymétrie prédit une particule partenaire pour chacune des particules du Modèle standard, pour expliquer d'où vient leur masse</b></p> </div> <div class="container story-page-legacy-body"> <div class="story-page-node--body mt-2 clearfix"> <p>Le Modèle standard de la physique des particules a été très efficace pour prédire les constituants fondamentaux de la matière que les expériences ont ensuite démontré, mais les physiciens s’accordent à penser que ce modèle est incomplet. La supersymétrie est un prolongement du Modèle standard qui vise à combler certaines de ses lacunes. Elle prédit une particule partenaire pour chacune des particules du Modèle standard. Ces nouvelles particules résoudraient un problème important du Modèle standard – déterminer la masse du boson de Higgs.</p> <p>À première vue, le Modèle standard semble prédire que toutes les particules doivent être dépourvues de masse, une idée contredite par ce que nous observons autour de nous. Les théoriciens ont trouvé un mécanisme donnant aux particules une masse ; ce modèle requiert l'existence d'une nouvelle particule légère, le boson de Higgs. Toutefois, le fait qu’il s’agisse d’une particule légère pose un problème, puisque les interactions entre ce boson et les particules du Modèle standard devraient au contraire en faire une particule très lourde. Les nouvelles particules prédites par la supersymétrie compenseraient la contribution à la masse du Higgs apportée par leur partenaire du Modèle standard, ce qui rendrait possible un boson de Higgs léger.</p> <p>Ces nouvelles particules interagiraient au moyen des mêmes forces que les particules du Modèle standard, mais elles auraient des masses différentes. Si les particules supersymétriques étaient incluses dans le Modèle standard, les interactions des trois forces du Modèle – électromagnétisme, force nucléaire forte, force nucléaire faible - auraient exactement la même puissance à des énergies très élevées, comme dans l'Univers primordial. Pour ces théories qui permettent de lier les forces mathématiquement, on parle de « théorie de la grande unification » ; c'est le rêve des physiciens depuis Einstein.</p> <p>La supersymétrie lierait également deux classes de particules différentes appelées fermions et bosons. Les particules du Modèle standard sont classées en fermions ou bosons selon une de leur propriété qu’on appelle le spin. Les fermions ont un spin de ½, alors que les bosons ont un spin de 0, 1 ou 2. La supersymétrie prédit que chacune des particules du Modèle standard dispose d’un partenaire dont le spin diffère du sien de moitié. Ainsi, les bosons sont associés à des fermions et vice-versa.</p> <p>De même que les spins sont différents, leurs propriétés en tant que classe sont différentes. Les fermions sont très peu conviviaux ; chacun d’entre eux doit être dans un état différent. Par contre, les bosons sont très grégaires ; ils préfèrent être tous dans le même état. Les fermions et les bosons semblent aussi différents que possible ; et pourtant la supersymétrie les met en relation.</p> <p>Enfin, de nombreuses théories prédisent que la particule supersymétrique la plus légère doit être stable et électriquement neutre, et qu'elle doit interagir faiblement avec les particules du Modèle standard. Ce sont exactement les caractéristiques requises pour la matière noire, dont on pense qu’elle constitue l’essentiel de la matière présente dans l’Univers, et qui est censée faire tenir ensemble les galaxies. Le Modèle standard à lui seul n’explique pas la matière noire.</p> <p>La supersymétrie est un cadre qui s’appuie sur la fondation solide que constitue le Modèle standard pour créer une représentation plus complète de notre monde. Peut-être que si nous nous posons encore toutes ces questions sur le fonctionnement interne de l’Univers, c’est parce que nous n’avons vu jusqu’à présent que la partie émergée de l’iceberg.</p> </div> <div class="story-page-node--tags mt-2"> <a href="/tags/standard-model" hreflang="en">Standard Model</a><a href="/tags/supersymmetry" hreflang="en">supersymmetry</a><a href="/tags/fermion" hreflang="en">fermion</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer role="contentinfo"> <div class="row cern-footer"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4 col-md-4 col-lg-4 footer-first-col"> <div class="region region-footercolumn1"> <section id="block-followus" class="block block-block-content block-block-content6d2579e3-b650-496f-b854-0c744e176f43 clearfix"> <div class="block-custom-wrapper block-content block-content--type-basic block-content--view-mode-full ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="field field--name-field-visible-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item"> <p>Nous 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