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class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> Press release </div> <div class="preview-card__date" style="color:"> <time datetime="2024-10-11T09:08:31Z">11 octobre, 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"> <div data-history-node-id="191077" id="preview-card--4" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern" style="background:url('/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-10/10-Family-photo%20%281%29.jpg?itok=UtnK0P4h') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-10/10-Family-photo%20%281%29.jpg?itok=UtnK0P4h" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/fr/news/press-release/cern/blowing-out-70-candles-cern-celebrates-seven-decades-discoveries-and-looks"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3 class="standard-title"> <a href="/fr/news/press-release/cern/blowing-out-70-candles-cern-celebrates-seven-decades-discoveries-and-looks" hreflang="fr" title="Le CERN souffle ses 70 bougies, l’occasion de célébrer sept décennies de découvertes et de se projeter vers un futur brillant pour la science et l’innovation"> <span> Le CERN souffle ses 70 bougies, l’occasion de... </span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> At CERN </div> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> Press release </div> <div class="preview-card__date" style="color:"> <time datetime="2024-10-01T10:00:00Z">1 octobre, 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="view-footer"> <p class="cern-btn"><a class="cern-btn" href="/fr/news?audience=23">Dernières actualités</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-0 col-sm-0 col-md-6 col-lg-6 col-item-megamenu"> <div 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BIRTH OF WEB, LHC...</span> <div class="search-block-form block block-search block-search-form-block" data-drupal-selector="search-block-form" role="search"> <form action="/fr/search/node" method="get" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-search js-form-type-search form-item-keys js-form-item-keys form-no-label form-group"> <label for="edit-keys" class="control-label sr-only">Rechercher</label> <div class="input-group"><input title="Indiquer les termes à rechercher" data-drupal-selector="edit-keys" class="form-search form-control" placeholder="Rechercher" type="search" id="edit-keys" name="keys" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" data-toggle="tooltip" /><span class="input-group-btn"><button type="submit" value="Rechercher" class="button js-form-submit form-submit btn-primary btn icon-only"><span class="sr-only">Rechercher</span><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-search" aria-hidden="true"></span></button></span></div> </div> <div class="form-actions form-group js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" id="edit-actions--3"></div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="dropdown cern-menu-lang-switcher"> <a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="true"> <span class="separator">|</span> fr <span class="caret"></span> </a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li><section class="language-switcher-language-url block block-language block-language-blocklanguage-interface clearfix" role="navigation"> <ul class="links"><li hreflang="en" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/452" class="en"><a href="/science/engineering/pulling-together-superconducting-electromagnets" class="language-link" hreflang="en" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/452">en</a></li><li hreflang="fr" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/452" class="fr is-active"><a href="/fr/science/pulling-together-superconducting-electromagnets" class="language-link is-active" hreflang="fr" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/452">fr</a></li></ul> </section> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <!-- /.navbar-collapse --> </div> <!-- /.container-fluid --> </nav> </nav> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <main role="main"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="container-fluid cern-page-display-page cern-page-display-story_page"> <div class="has-no-column wrapper-center col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="region region-content"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <div class="layout layout__region story-page-node-layout-content"> <div class="field--items"> </div> <div class="story-page-node--image story-page-legacy-title" style="background: radial-gradient(at center center, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5) 100%), url(/sites/default/files/2018-06/atlas_magnets_1.jpeg) no-repeat center center / cover"> <h1 class="story-page-node--title text-center mb-4"> L’union fait la force : les aimants supraconducteurs </h1> <hr style="width: 150px;border-top-width: 2px;" /> <p class="story-page-node--strap text-center mb-4"><b>Les particules filant presque à la vitesse de la lumière dans le LHC suivent des trajectoires précises et stables grâce aux aimants</b></p> </div> <div class="container story-page-legacy-body"> <div class="story-page-node--body mt-2 clearfix"> <p>Le <a href="/fr/about/accelerators/large-hadron-collider">Grand collisionneur de hadrons</a> (LHC) fonctionne actuellement à une énergie de 6,5 TeV par faisceau. À cette énergie, les milliers de milliards de particules parcourent les 27 km de tunnel du collisionneur 11 245 fois par seconde. Avant d’atteindre le LHC, les particules sont accélérées dans une série d’accélérateurs linéaires et circulaires reliés entre eux. Dès qu’elles atteignent l’énergie maximale produite par l’un de ces accélérateurs, elles sont injectées dans l’accélérateur suivant. Laissées à elles-mêmes, les particules se disperseraient et poursuivraient leur trajectoire en ligne droite. Ainsi, 50 aimants différents sont nécessaires pour les maintenir le long de trajectoires complexes, sans perte d’énergie.</p> <p>Tous les aimants du LHC sont des électro-aimants. Les dipôles principaux génèrent de puissants champs magnétiques de 8,3 teslas, c’est-à-dire 100 000 fois plus que le champ magnétique de la Terre. Les électro-aimants produisent ce champ magnétique grâce à un courant de 11 080 ampères, et le matériau supraconducteur permet aux courants de haute intensité de circuler sans perdre de l’énergie du fait de la résistance électrique.</p> <h2>Les aimants de la maille</h2> <p>Des milliers d’aimants constituant des « mailles » incurvent et resserrent la trajectoire des particules dans le LHC. Grâce à ces aimants, les faisceaux sont stables et alignés avec précision.</p> <p>Les aimants dipôles, qui comptent parmi les éléments les plus complexes du LHC, servent à incurver la trajectoire des particules. Il y a 1232 dipôles principaux, chacun mesurant 15 mètres de longueur et pesant 35 tonnes. Si on avait utilisé des aimants ordinaires à la place d’aimants supraconducteurs, le LHC, qui mesure 27 km de longueur, aurait dû mesurer 120 km pour pouvoir atteindre la même énergie. De puissants champs magnétiques générés par les aimants dipôles permettent aux faisceaux de prendre les virages.</p> <p>Lorsque les particules restent bien groupées, elles ont plus de chances d’entrer en collision une fois qu’elles atteignent les détecteurs. Les quadripôles permettent de resserrer le faisceau. Grâce à leurs quatre pôles magnétiques disposés symétriquement autour du tube de faisceau, les quadripôles peuvent comprimer le faisceau verticalement ou horizontalement.</p> <p>Les dipôles sont aussi équipés d'aimants sextupolaires, octupolaires et décapolaires, qui corrigent les petites imperfections du champ magnétique aux extrémités des dipôles.</p> <h2>Les aimants d’insertion</h2> <p>Lorsque les faisceaux de particules pénètrent dans les détecteurs, les aimants d’insertion prennent le relais. Les particules doivent être une fois de plus focalisées avant de pénétrer dans un détecteur pour faciliter leur collision avec les particules venant dans le sens opposé. Trois quadripôles forment un système appelé « triplet interne ». Le LHC compte huit triplets internes, deux pour chacun des quatre grands détecteurs, ALICE, ATLAS, CMS et LHCb. Les triplets internes resserrent les faisceaux, les rendant 12,5 fois plus fins, leur largeur passant de 0,2 millimètre à 16 micromètres.</p> <p>Après la collision des faisceaux, d'énormes aimants dans le détecteur facilitent les procédures de mesure des particules. Par exemple, les physiciens observent de quelle façon s’infléchit la trajectoire des particules chargées dans le champ magnétique pour déterminer leur identité. En effet, les particules chargées sont déviées par le champ magnétique du détecteur, et leur impulsion peut être alors calculée d’après leur trajectoire.</p> <p>Après le point de collision, les faisceaux de particules sont à nouveau séparés par des dipôles, et d’autres aimants limitent leur dispersion. Lorsqu’il est temps de se débarrasser des particules, celles-ci sont extraites du LHC et acheminées en ligne droite jusqu’à l’absorbeur de faisceau. Rendus 100 000 moins intenses par un « aimant de dilution », les faisceaux viennent s’écraser contre un bloc en composite de béton et de graphite.</p> <p>Les aimants d’insertion ont aussi pour fonction de « nettoyer » les faisceaux pour éviter que des particules égarées n’entrent en contact avec les pièces les plus sensibles du LHC.</p> </div> <div class="story-page-node--tags mt-2"> <a href="/tags/lhc" hreflang="en">LHC</a><a href="/tags/magnet" hreflang="en">magnet</a><a href="/tags/superconductivity" hreflang="en">superconductivity</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer role="contentinfo"> <div class="row cern-footer"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4 col-md-4 col-lg-4 footer-first-col"> <div class="region region-footercolumn1"> <section id="block-followus" class="block block-block-content block-block-content6d2579e3-b650-496f-b854-0c744e176f43 clearfix"> <div class="block-custom-wrapper block-content block-content--type-basic block-content--view-mode-full 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