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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Milkmaid</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_(%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%A9)" title="لبانة (مهنة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لبانة (مهنة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malkepige" title="Malkepige – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Malkepige" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milchm%C3%A4dchen" title="Milchmädchen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Milchmädchen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechera_(oficio)" title="Lechera (oficio) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lechera (oficio)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laktistino" title="Laktistino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Laktistino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanita_pemerah_susu" title="Wanita pemerah susu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wanita pemerah susu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_del_latte" title="Donna del latte – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Donna del latte" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9wang_susu" title="Réwang susu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Réwang susu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Сауыншы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сауыншы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AAr%C3%AEvan" title="Bêrîvan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bêrîvan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%A3" title="गवळण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गवळण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkmeisje_(beroep)" title="Melkmeisje (beroep) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Melkmeisje (beroep)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E6%90%BE%E3%82%8A%E5%A5%B3" title="乳搾り女 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="乳搾り女" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budeie" title="Budeie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Budeie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budeie" title="Budeie – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Budeie" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AC%DA%BE%DD%A8" title="دوجھݨ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دوجھݨ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Girl or woman employed to milk dairy cows</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Milkmaid_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Milkmaid (disambiguation)">Milkmaid (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maelkejunger_aag_fjelstrup_haderslev_193x_danske_kvinders_fotoarkiv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Maelkejunger_aag_fjelstrup_haderslev_193x_danske_kvinders_fotoarkiv.jpg/220px-Maelkejunger_aag_fjelstrup_haderslev_193x_danske_kvinders_fotoarkiv.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Maelkejunger_aag_fjelstrup_haderslev_193x_danske_kvinders_fotoarkiv.jpg/330px-Maelkejunger_aag_fjelstrup_haderslev_193x_danske_kvinders_fotoarkiv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Maelkejunger_aag_fjelstrup_haderslev_193x_danske_kvinders_fotoarkiv.jpg/440px-Maelkejunger_aag_fjelstrup_haderslev_193x_danske_kvinders_fotoarkiv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="1021" /></a><figcaption>A Danish milk maid with <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_yoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulder yoke">shoulder yoke</a> circa 1935</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>milkmaid</b>, <b>milk maid</b>, <b>milkwoman</b>, <b>dairymaid</b>, or <b>dairywoman</b> is a girl or woman who works with milk or cows.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_cheese_companion_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_cheese_companion-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She milks cows and also uses the <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> to prepare <a href="/wiki/Dairy_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy products">dairy products</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">cream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a>. Many large houses employ milkmaids instead of having other staff do the work. The term <i>milkmaid</i> is not the female equivalent of <i><a href="/wiki/Milkman" class="mw-redirect" title="Milkman">milkman</a></i> in the sense of one who delivers milk to the consumer;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="in the Netherlands women (also) delivered the milk, so a source for this distinction is needed (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> it is the female equivalent of <i>milkman</i> in the sense of <i><a href="/wiki/Cowman_(profession)" title="Cowman (profession)">cowman</a></i> or <i>dairyman</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jack_in_the_Green#Origins_in_the_18th_century" title="Jack in the Green">Jack in the Green § Origins in the 18th century</a></div> <p>In 1600s-1800s English "milkmaids" sold milk wearing a yoke holding two milk pails and vending vessels, and also decorated themselves for the London May Day procession.<sup id="cite_ref-kc/MM_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kc/MM-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JudgeR_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JudgeR-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cowpox">Cowpox</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milkmaid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Cowpox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a result of exposure to <a href="/wiki/Cowpox" title="Cowpox">cowpox</a>, which conveys a partial <a href="/wiki/Immunity_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunity (medical)">immunity</a> to the disfiguring (and often fatal) disease <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, it was noticed that milkmaids lacked the scarred, pockmarked complexion common to smallpox survivors. This observation led to the development of the first <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milkmaid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cultural references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A legend of a <a href="/wiki/Dun_Cow" title="Dun Cow">Dun Cow</a> is about the milkmaid who guided the monks of <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a> carrying the body of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Cuthbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Cuthbert">Saint Cuthbert</a> to the site of the present city of <a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a> in 995 AD.</li> <li>There is a famous painting by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes Vermeer</a> entitled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Milkmaid_(Vermeer)" title="The Milkmaid (Vermeer)">The Milkmaid</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1658).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aelbert_Cuyp" title="Aelbert Cuyp">Aelbert Cuyp</a>, another Dutch artist, created the drawing known as <i>A Milkmaid</i> (c. 1640–1650).</li> <li>The eponymous heroine of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy">Thomas Hardy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Tess_of_the_d%27Urbervilles" title="Tess of the d'Urbervilles">Tess of the d'Urbervilles</a></i> (1892) works as a milkmaid.</li> <li>The folktale <a href="/wiki/The_milkmaid_and_her_pail" title="The milkmaid and her pail">The milkmaid and her pail</a> is a cautionary tale about a milkmaid who spends her time daydreaming.</li> <li>The California native flower commonly called <a href="/wiki/Cardamine_californica" title="Cardamine californica">milkmaids</a> is named for its resemblance to the hat often worn by milkmaids.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kid_Harpoon" title="Kid Harpoon">Kid Harpoon</a> has a song called "Milkmaid"; the music video features actress <a href="/wiki/Juno_Temple" title="Juno Temple">Juno Temple</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tori_Amos" title="Tori Amos">Tori Amos</a> references a milkmaid in the first verse of the song "Father Lucifer”.</li> <li>The "8th day" verse of the song "<a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Days_of_Christmas_(song)" title="The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)">The Twelve Days of Christmas</a>" mentions "eight maids a-milking".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Philippines has a <a href="/wiki/Condensed_milk" title="Condensed milk">condensed milk</a> brand called Milkmaid, a product of <a href="/wiki/Nestle" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestle">Nestle</a>.</li> <li>The San Francisco Milk Maid is cookbook author Louella Hill, author of <i>Kitchen Creamery</i> (Chronicle, 2014).</li> <li>The character Milkmaid in <a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">August Strindberg</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_Sonata" title="The Ghost Sonata">The Ghost Sonata</a></i>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MilkMaid.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/MilkMaid.JPG/220px-MilkMaid.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/MilkMaid.JPG/330px-MilkMaid.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/MilkMaid.JPG/440px-MilkMaid.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Milkmaid in <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, United States, 2008</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boskapssk%C3%B6tsel_i_ladug%C3%A5rden._Mangskogs_socken,_V%C3%A4rmland,_1911_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0043102.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Boskapssk%C3%B6tsel_i_ladug%C3%A5rden._Mangskogs_socken%2C_V%C3%A4rmland%2C_1911_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0043102.jpg/220px-Boskapssk%C3%B6tsel_i_ladug%C3%A5rden._Mangskogs_socken%2C_V%C3%A4rmland%2C_1911_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0043102.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Boskapssk%C3%B6tsel_i_ladug%C3%A5rden._Mangskogs_socken%2C_V%C3%A4rmland%2C_1911_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0043102.jpg/330px-Boskapssk%C3%B6tsel_i_ladug%C3%A5rden._Mangskogs_socken%2C_V%C3%A4rmland%2C_1911_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0043102.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Boskapssk%C3%B6tsel_i_ladug%C3%A5rden._Mangskogs_socken%2C_V%C3%A4rmland%2C_1911_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0043102.jpg/440px-Boskapssk%C3%B6tsel_i_ladug%C3%A5rden._Mangskogs_socken%2C_V%C3%A4rmland%2C_1911_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0043102.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2194" /></a><figcaption>Milkmaid and <a href="/wiki/Dairy_cattle" title="Dairy cattle">dairy cattle</a> in Mangskog, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, 1911</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milkmaid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milkman" class="mw-redirect" title="Milkman">Milkman</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milkmaid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_cheese_companion-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_cheese_companion_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGalen2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Galen, Jessica A. B. (2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199330881.001.0001/acref-9780199330881-e-270">"Dairymaids"</a></span>. <i>The Oxford Companion to Cheese</i> (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199330881.013.0270">10.1093/acref/9780199330881.013.0270</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-933088-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-933088-1"><bdi>978-0-19-933088-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dairymaids&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Cheese&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199330881.013.0270&rft.isbn=978-0-19-933088-1&rft.aulast=Galen&rft.aufirst=Jessica+A.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199330881.001.0001%2Facref-9780199330881-e-270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilkmaid" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHough2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hough, Carole (2001). "Middle English <i>Deye</i> in a Fifteenth-Century Cookery Book". <i>Neuphilologische Mitteilungen</i>. <b>102</b> (3): 303–305. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43344800">43344800</a>. <q>The standard edition of the cookbook glosses <i>deye</i> as 'dairymaid', and indeed the term is otherwise recorded as a simplex in Middle English only with this meaning or the masculine equivalent 'dairyman'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuphilologische+Mitteilungen&rft.atitle=Middle+English+Deye+in+a+Fifteenth-Century+Cookery+Book&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=303-305&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43344800%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hough&rft.aufirst=Carole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilkmaid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kc/MM-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kc/MM_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammerstrom2013" class="citation web cs1">Hammerstrom, Kirsten (7 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kittycalash.com/2013/02/07/pewter-and-tin/">"Blame the Milk Maid"</a>. <i>Kitty Calash</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kitty+Calash&rft.atitle=Blame+the+Milk+Maid&rft.date=2013-02-07&rft.aulast=Hammerstrom&rft.aufirst=Kirsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkittycalash.com%2F2013%2F02%2F07%2Fpewter-and-tin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilkmaid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JudgeR-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JudgeR_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudge1979" class="citation book cs1">Judge, Roy (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jackinthegreenma0083judg"><i>The Jack in the Green, a May Day Custom</i></a></span>. D S Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85991-029-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85991-029-6"><bdi>0-85991-029-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jack+in+the+Green%2C+a+May+Day+Custom&rft.pub=D+S+Brewer&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-85991-029-6&rft.aulast=Judge&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjackinthegreenma0083judg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilkmaid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudge2000" class="citation book cs1">Judge, Roy (2000). <i>The Jack-in-the-Green: A May Day Custom</i> (second ed.). London: The Folklore Society Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903515-20-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-903515-20-2"><bdi>0-903515-20-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jack-in-the-Green%3A+A+May+Day+Custom&rft.place=London&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=The+Folklore+Society+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-903515-20-2&rft.aulast=Judge&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilkmaid" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternHoward_Markel2005" class="citation journal cs1">Stern, Alexandra Minna; <a href="/wiki/Howard_Markel" title="Howard Markel">Howard Markel</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/24/3/611.full.pdf">"The History Of Vaccines And Immunization: Familiar Patterns, New Challenges"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Health Affairs</i>. <b>24</b> (3): 611–621. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1377%2Fhlthaff.24.3.611">10.1377/hlthaff.24.3.611</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15886151">15886151</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+History+Of+Vaccines+And+Immunization%3A+Familiar+Patterns%2C+New+Challenges&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=611-621&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1377%2Fhlthaff.24.3.611&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15886151&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Alexandra+Minna&rft.au=Howard+Markel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.healthaffairs.org%2Fcontent%2F24%2F3%2F611.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilkmaid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Associated_Press2012" class="citation web cs1">The Associated Press (November 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/Business/Latest-News-Wires/2012/1126/12-days-of-Christmas-cost-How-much-is-a-partridge-in-a-pear-tree">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'12 days of Christmas' cost: How much is a partridge in a pear tree?"</a>. The Christian Science Monitor<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%2712+days+of+Christmas%27+cost%3A+How+much+is+a+partridge+in+a+pear+tree%3F&rft.pub=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.date=2012-11-26&rft.au=The+Associated+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FBusiness%2FLatest-News-Wires%2F2012%2F1126%2F12-days-of-Christmas-cost-How-much-is-a-partridge-in-a-pear-tree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilkmaid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Milk" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Milk_navbox" title="Template:Milk navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Milk_navbox" title="Template talk:Milk navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Milk_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Milk navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Milk" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Milk</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo milk">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_milk" title="Camel milk">Camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_milk" title="Donkey milk">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_milk" title="Goat milk">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_milk" title="Mare milk">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_milk" title="Breast milk">Human</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colostrum" title="Colostrum">Colostrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_milk" title="Witch's milk">Newborn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moose_milk" title="Moose milk">Moose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_milk" title="Pig milk">Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheep milk">Sheep</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milk_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Milk_001.JPG/63px-Milk_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="63" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Milk_001.JPG/95px-Milk_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Milk_001.JPG/126px-Milk_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1431" data-file-height="1908" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A2_milk" title="A2 milk">A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baked_milk" title="Baked milk">Baked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonated_milk" title="Carbonated milk">Carbonated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensed_milk" title="Condensed milk">Condensed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporated_milk" title="Evaporated milk">Evaporated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filled_milk" title="Filled milk">Filled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavored_milk" title="Flavored milk">Flavored</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anijsmelk" title="Anijsmelk">Anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_milk" title="Chocolate milk">Chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_milk" title="Coffee milk">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaya_milk" title="Papaya milk">Papaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Strawberry milk">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla_milk" title="Vanilla milk">Vanilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watermelon_milk" title="Watermelon milk">Watermelon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymilk" title="Haymilk">Haymilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malted_milk" title="Malted milk">Malted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_milk" title="Organic milk">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasteurized_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteurized milk">Pasteurized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powdered_milk" title="Powdered milk">Powdered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_milk" title="Raw milk">Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalded_milk" title="Scalded milk">Scalded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skimmed_milk" title="Skimmed milk">Skimmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soured_milk" title="Soured milk">Soured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toned_milk" title="Toned milk">Toned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-temperature_processing" title="Ultra-high-temperature processing">UHT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrafiltered_milk" title="Ultrafiltered milk">Ultrafiltered</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doogh" title="Doogh">Ayran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">Butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">Buttermilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">Cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curd" title="Curd">Curd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custard" title="Custard">Custard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">Ghee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">Ice cream</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_milk" title="Ice milk">Ice milk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_milk_jewelry" title="Breast milk jewelry">Jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmj%C3%B6lk" title="Filmjölk">Filmjölk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir">Kefir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">Kumis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkshake" title="Milkshake">Milkshake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyr" title="Skyr">Skyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sour_cream" title="Sour cream">Sour cream</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_fra%C3%AEche" title="Crème fraîche">Crème fraîche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whey" title="Whey">Whey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ymer_(dairy_product)" title="Ymer (dairy product)">Ymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">Yogurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Containers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag-in-box" title="Bag-in-box">Bag-in-box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_milk_bottle" title="Glass milk bottle">Glass milk bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug" title="Jug">Jug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_bag" title="Milk bag">Milk bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_carton" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk carton">Milk carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_churn" title="Milk churn">Milk churn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_crate" title="Milk crate">Milk crate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_delivery" title="Milk delivery">Milk delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_milk_container" title="Plastic milk container">Plastic milk container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_milk_jug" title="Square milk jug">Square milk jug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetra_Brik" title="Tetra Brik">Tetra Brik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milk_allergy" title="Milk allergy">Allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">Dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro_and_dairy" title="Fidel Castro and dairy">Fidel Castro and dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">Lactation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milking" title="Milking">Milking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milking_pipeline" title="Milking pipeline">Pipeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Milkmaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkman" class="mw-redirect" title="Milkman">Milkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_quotas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Milk quotas in the United Kingdom">Milk quotas in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Milk_Day" title="World Milk Day">World Milk Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Milk" title="Category:Milk">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" 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