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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_presidents_of_the_KWG_and_the_MPG" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_presidents_of_the_KWG_and_the_MPG"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>List of presidents of the KWG and the MPG</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_presidents_of_the_KWG_and_the_MPG-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Max_Planck_Research_Award" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Max_Planck_Research_Award"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Max Planck Research Award</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Max_Planck_Research_Award-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Max Planck Research Award subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Max_Planck_Research_Award-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Max_Planck-Humboldt_Research_Awards_and_Medals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Max_Planck-Humboldt_Research_Awards_and_Medals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Max Planck-Humboldt Research Awards and Medals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Max_Planck-Humboldt_Research_Awards_and_Medals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Max_Planck_Research_Award_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Max_Planck_Research_Award_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Max Planck Research Award</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Max_Planck_Research_Award_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Max_Planck_Research_Award_for_International_Cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Max_Planck_Research_Award_for_International_Cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Max Planck Research Award for International Cooperation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Max_Planck_Research_Award_for_International_Cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Max_Planck_Institutes_and_research_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Max_Planck_Institutes_and_research_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Max Planck Institutes and research groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Max_Planck_Institutes_and_research_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Max_Planck_Research_Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Max_Planck_Research_Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>International Max Planck Research Schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Max_Planck_Research_Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Max_Planck_Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Max_Planck_Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Max Planck Schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Max_Planck_Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Max_Planck_Center" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Max_Planck_Center"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Max Planck Center</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Max_Planck_Center-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Max_Planck_Institutes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Max_Planck_Institutes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Max Planck Institutes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Max_Planck_Institutes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_access_publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_access_publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Open access publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_access_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pay_for_PhD_students" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pay_for_PhD_students"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Pay for PhD students</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pay_for_PhD_students-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_expression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_expression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Freedom of expression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_expression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nobel_Laureates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_Laureates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Nobel Laureates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nobel_Laureates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nobel Laureates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nobel_Laureates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Max-Planck-Society_(since_1948)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Max-Planck-Society_(since_1948)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Max-Planck-Society (since 1948)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Max-Planck-Society_(since_1948)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kaiser-Wilhelm-Society_(1914–1948)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaiser-Wilhelm-Society_(1914–1948)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Kaiser-Wilhelm-Society (1914–1948)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaiser-Wilhelm-Society_(1914–1948)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Max Planck Society</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck-geselskap" title="Max Planck-geselskap – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Max Planck-geselskap" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83" title="جمعية ماكس بلانك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمعية ماكس بلانك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="মাক্স প্লাংক সোসাইটি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাক্স প্লাংক সোসাইটি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Hia%CC%8Dp-ho%C4%93" title="Max Planck Hia̍p-hoē – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Max Planck Hia̍p-hoē" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Таварыства Макса Планка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Таварыства Макса Планка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Институти Макс Планк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Институти Макс Планк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societat_Max_Planck" title="Societat Max Planck – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Societat Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spole%C4%8Dnost_Maxe_Plancka" title="Společnost Maxe Plancka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Společnost Maxe Plancka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max-Planck-Gesellschaft" title="Max-Planck-Gesellschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Max-Planck-Gesellschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Plancki_%C3%9Ching" title="Max Plancki Ühing – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Max Plancki Ühing" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BE_%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BA" title="Εταιρεία Μαξ Πλανκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εταιρεία Μαξ Πλανκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedad_Max_Planck" title="Sociedad Max Planck – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sociedad Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max-Planck-Societo" title="Max-Planck-Societo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Max-Planck-Societo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Elkartea" title="Max Planck Elkartea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Max Planck Elkartea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="انجمن ماکس پلانک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انجمن ماکس پلانک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Max-Planck_pour_le_d%C3%A9veloppement_des_sciences" title="Société Max-Planck pour le développement des sciences – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Société Max-Planck pour le développement des sciences" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedade_Max_Planck" title="Sociedade Max Planck – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sociedade Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%89%EC%8A%A4_%ED%94%8C%EB%9E%91%ED%81%AC_%ED%98%91%ED%9A%8C" title="막스 플랑크 협회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="막스 플랑크 협회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%BD_%D5%8A%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%AB_%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մաքս Պլանկի գիտական ընկերություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մաքս Պլանկի գիտական ընկերություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Max_Planck" title="Institut Max Planck – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Institut Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Max_Planck" title="Institut Max Planck – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Institut Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_Max_Planck" title="Società Max Planck – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Società Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%92%D7%95%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7" title="אגודת מקס פלאנק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אגודת מקס פלאנק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_T%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g" title="Max Planck Társaság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Max Planck Társaság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%E2%80%9E%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%E2%80%9C" title="Друштво „Макс Планк“ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Друштво „Макс Планк“" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persatuan_Max_Planck" title="Persatuan Max Planck – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Persatuan Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max-Planck-Gesellschaft" title="Max-Planck-Gesellschaft – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Max-Planck-Gesellschaft" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E5%8D%94%E4%BC%9A" title="マックス・プランク協会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マックス・プランク協会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max-Planck-Gesellschaft" title="Max-Planck-Gesellschaft – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Max-Planck-Gesellschaft" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="میکس پلانک سوسائیٹی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میکس پلانک سوسائیٹی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towarzystwo_Maxa_Plancka" title="Towarzystwo Maxa Plancka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Towarzystwo Maxa Plancka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedade_Max_Planck" title="Sociedade Max Planck – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sociedade Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max-Planck-Gesellschaft" title="Max-Planck-Gesellschaft – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Max-Planck-Gesellschaft" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Общество Макса Планка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Общество Макса Планка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoqata_Max-Planck" title="Shoqata Max-Planck – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shoqata Max-Planck" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%BEba_Maxa_Plancka" title="Družba Maxa Plancka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Družba Maxa Plancka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_-instituutti" title="Max Planck -instituutti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Max Planck -instituutti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck-s%C3%A4llskapet" title="Max Planck-sällskapet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Max Planck-sällskapet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C" title="สมาคมมัคส์ พลังค์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมาคมมัคส์ พลังค์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Toplulu%C4%9Fu" title="Max Planck Topluluğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Max Planck Topluluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Товариство імені Макса Планка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Товариство імені Макса Планка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87p_h%E1%BB%99i_Max_Planck" title="Hiệp hội Max Planck – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hiệp hội Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Max_Planck_Society&params=48.1411551_N_11.5820779_E_region:DE-BY"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°08′28″N</span> <span class="longitude">11°34′55″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.14115510°N 11.58207790°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.14115510; 11.58207790</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Association of German research institutes</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="de">Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Planck_Society_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Max_Planck_Society_logo.svg/225px-Max_Planck_Society_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Max_Planck_Society_logo.svg/338px-Max_Planck_Society_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Max_Planck_Society_logo.svg/450px-Max_Planck_Society_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="124" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Logo</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">MPG</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Society" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Society">Kaiser Wilhelm Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-MPGorg_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPGorg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1911<span class="noprint">; 113 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1911</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-MPGorg_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPGorg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Non-profit research organization<sup id="cite_ref-MPGorg_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPGorg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Legal status</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Registered_association_(Germany)" title="Registered association (Germany)">eingetragener Verein</a></i></span> (e. V.)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Germany<sup id="cite_ref-MPGorg_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPGorg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Max_Planck_Society&params=48.1411551_N_11.5820779_E_region:DE-BY"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°08′28″N</span> <span class="longitude">11°34′55″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.14115510°N 11.58207790°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.14115510; 11.58207790</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Cramer" title="Patrick Cramer">Patrick Cramer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main organ</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Senate<sup id="cite_ref-MPGfacts_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPGfacts-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Budget </div></th><td class="infobox-data">€1.8 billion (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-MPGfacts_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPGfacts-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Staff</th><td class="infobox-data">23,767 (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-MPGfacts_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPGfacts-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mpg.de/en">www<wbr />.mpg<wbr />.de<wbr />/en</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158085#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Planck_Nobel_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Max_Planck_Nobel_1918.jpg/220px-Max_Planck_Nobel_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Max_Planck_Nobel_1918.jpg/330px-Max_Planck_Nobel_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Max_Planck_Nobel_1918.jpg/440px-Max_Planck_Nobel_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1656" data-file-height="2348" /></a><figcaption>Max Planck, after whom the society is named</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e. V.</i>; abbreviated <b>MPG</b>) is a formally independent non-governmental and non-profit association of German <a href="/wiki/Research_institute" title="Research institute">research institutes</a>. Founded in 1911 as the <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Society" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Society">Kaiser Wilhelm Society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MPGorg_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPGorg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MPGportrait_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPGportrait-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was renamed to the Max Planck Society in 1948 in honor of its former president, theoretical physicist <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a>. The society is funded by the federal and state governments of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-MPGfacts_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPGfacts-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MPGorg_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPGorg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission">Mission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck_Society&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to its primary goal, the Max Planck Society supports <a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">fundamental research</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Life_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Life science">life</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social</a> sciences, <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">the arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a> in its 84 (as of January 2024)<sup id="cite_ref-MPGfacts_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPGfacts-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Max Planck Institutes.<sup id="cite_ref-MPGorg_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPGorg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MPGportrait_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPGportrait-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The society has a total staff of approximately 17,000 permanent employees, including 5,470 scientists, plus around 4,600 non-tenured scientists and guests.<sup id="cite_ref-MPGfacts_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPGfacts-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The society's budget for 2018 was about <a href="/wiki/%E2%82%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="€">€</a>1.8 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-MPGfacts_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPGfacts-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 31 December 2018, the Max Planck Society employed a total of 23,767 staff, of whom 15,650 were scientists. 44.4% were female employees and 31.5% of all of the employees were foreign nationals.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Max Planck Society has a world-leading reputation as a science and technology research organization, with 39 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prizes</a> awarded to their scientists, and is widely regarded as one of the foremost basic research organizations in the world. In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Nature_Index" title="Nature Index">Nature Index</a> placed the Max Planck Institutes third worldwide in terms of research published in <i>Nature</i> journals (after the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Sciences">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of total research volume (unweighted by citations or impact), the Max Planck Society is only outranked by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a> and Harvard University in the Times Higher Education institutional rankings.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Thomson Reuters-Science Watch website placed the Max Planck Society as the second leading research organization worldwide following Harvard University in terms of the impact of the produced research over science fields.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Max Planck Society and its predecessor Kaiser Wilhelm Society hosted several renowned scientists in their fields, including <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>. </p><p>The Max Planck Society also hosts the <i><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">Maryland</a>, and Max Planck Pre-Doctoral Research School</i>, an intense week of lectures, informal conversations with guest faculty and fellow students from all over the world, professional development panels with academic and industrial speakers, research poster sessions, and social events. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck_Society&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_Max_Planck_Society.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Logo_of_the_Max_Planck_Society.png/300px-Logo_of_the_Max_Planck_Society.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Logo_of_the_Max_Planck_Society.png/450px-Logo_of_the_Max_Planck_Society.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b7/Logo_of_the_Max_Planck_Society.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption>The society's logo features <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">goddess</a> of wisdom.</figcaption></figure> <p>The organization was established in 1911 as the <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Society" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Society">Kaiser Wilhelm Society</a>, or <i>Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft</i> (KWG), a non-governmental research organization named for the then German emperor. The KWG was one of the world's leading research organizations; its board of directors included scientists like <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Walther Bothe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a>. In 1946, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a> assumed the position of president of KWG, and in 1948, the society was renamed the Max Planck Society (MPG) after its former president (1930–37) <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a>, who died in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Max Planck Society has a world-leading reputation as a science and technology research organization. In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education Supplement</a> rankings<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of non-university research institutions (based on international peer review by academics) placed the Max Planck Society as No.1 in the world for science research, and No.3 in technology research (behind <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T Corporation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>). </p><p>The domain <i>mpg.de</i> attracted at least 1.7 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a <a href="/wiki/Compete.com" title="Compete.com">Compete.com</a> study.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_presidents_of_the_KWG_and_the_MPG">List of presidents of the KWG and the MPG</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck_Society&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: List of presidents of the KWG and the MPG"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack">Adolf von Harnack</a> (1911–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> (1930–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Carl Bosch</a> (1937–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_V%C3%B6gler" title="Albert Vögler">Albert Vögler</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> (16 May 1945 – 31 March 1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a> (as President of the KWG 1946 and then as Founder and President of the MPG 1948–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Butenandt" title="Adolf Butenandt">Adolf Butenandt</a> (1960–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reimar_L%C3%BCst" title="Reimar Lüst">Reimar Lüst</a> (1972–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Staab" title="Heinz Staab">Heinz Staab</a> (1984–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._Zacher" title="Hans F. Zacher">Hans F. Zacher</a> (1990–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Markl" title="Hubert Markl">Hubert Markl</a> (1996–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gruss" title="Peter Gruss">Peter Gruss</a> (2002–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Stratmann" title="Martin Stratmann">Martin Stratmann</a> (2014–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Cramer" title="Patrick Cramer">Patrick Cramer</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Max_Planck_Research_Award">Max Planck Research Award</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck_Society&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Max Planck Research Award"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1990 to 2004, the "Max Planck Research Award for International Cooperation" was presented to several researchers from a wide range of disciplines each year. </p><p>From 2004 to 2017, the "Max Planck Research Award" was conferred annually to two internationally renowned scientists, one of whom was working in Germany and one in another country. Calls for nominations for the award were invited on an annually rotating basis in specific sub-areas of the natural sciences and engineering, the life sciences, and the human and social sciences. The objective of the Max Planck Society and the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt_Foundation" title="Alexander von Humboldt Foundation">Alexander von Humboldt Foundation</a> in presenting this joint research award was to give added momentum to specialist fields that were either not yet established in Germany or that deserved to be expanded.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2018, the award has been succeeded by the "Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award", annually awarded to an internationally renowned mid-career researcher with outstanding future potential from outside Germany but having a strong interest in a research residency in Germany for limited time periods, alternately in the fields of natural and engineering sciences, human sciences, and life sciences, as well as the "Max Planck-Humboldt Medal" awarded to other two finalists.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Max_Planck-Humboldt_Research_Awards_and_Medals">Max Planck-Humboldt Research Awards and Medals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck_Society&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Max Planck-Humboldt Research Awards and Medals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Award </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Institution </th> <th>Field </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2024 </td> <td>Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Geordie_Williamson" title="Geordie Williamson">Geordie Williamson</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Max Planck-Humboldt Medal </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Torsten_Hoefler" title="Torsten Hoefler">Torsten Hoefler</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">ETH Zurich</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial Intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-Performance_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="High-Performance Computing">High-Performance Computing</a> with applications in Climate Sciences </td></tr> <tr> <td>Max Planck-Humboldt Medal </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laura_Waller" title="Laura Waller">Laura Waller</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Computational_microscopy" title="Computational microscopy">Computational microscopy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2023 </td> <td>Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award </td> <td>Rotem Sorek </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Weizmann_Institute_of_Science" title="Weizmann Institute of Science">Weizmann Institute of Science</a> </td> <td>Bacterial defense mechanisms against viruses </td></tr> <tr> <td>Max Planck-Humboldt Medal </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amy_Buck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amy Buck (page does not exist)">Amy Buck</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> </td> <td>Inter-species RNA communication </td></tr> <tr> <td>Max Planck-Humboldt Medal </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kandice_Tanner" title="Kandice Tanner">Kandice Tanner</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Cancer_Institute,_National_Institutes_of_Health_in_Bethesda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health in Bethesda (page does not exist)">National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health in Bethesda</a> </td> <td>Biophysics of the metastatic spread of cancer </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2022 </td> <td>Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award </td> <td>Margaret Roberts </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UCSD" class="mw-redirect" title="UCSD">UCSD</a> </td> <td>Censorship and Disinformation </td></tr> <tr> <td>Max Planck-Humboldt Medal </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanessa_Ogle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanessa Ogle (page does not exist)">Vanessa Ogle</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> </td> <td>Social Sciences </td></tr> <tr> <td>Max Planck-Humboldt Medal </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wim_Decock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wim Decock (page does not exist)">Wim Decock</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universities_of_Louvain-la-Neuve_and_Li%C3%A9ge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universities of Louvain-la-Neuve and Liége (page does not exist)">Universities of Louvain-la-Neuve and Liége</a> </td> <td>Social Sciences </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2021 </td> <td>Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award </td> <td>Pablo Jarillo-Herrero </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> </td> <td>Quantum Materials </td></tr> <tr> <td>Max Planck-Humboldt Medal </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anastassia_Alexandrova" title="Anastassia Alexandrova">Anastassia Alexandrova</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> </td> <td>Theoretical Chemistry </td></tr> <tr> <td>Max Planck-Humboldt Medal </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumit_Gulwani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumit Gulwani (page does not exist)">Sumit Gulwani</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> </td> <td>AI-assisted Programming </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2020 </td> <td>Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award </td> <td>Roberto Bonasio </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> </td> <td>Life sciences </td></tr> <tr> <td>Max Planck-Humboldt Medal </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Marraffini" title="Luciano Marraffini">Luciano Marraffini</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_University" title="Rockefeller University">Rockefeller University</a> </td> <td>Life sciences </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2019 </td> <td>Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ufuk_Akcigit" title="Ufuk Akcigit">Ufuk Akcigit</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> </td> <td>Macroeconomics </td></tr> <tr> <td>Max Planck-Humboldt Medal </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Tucker-Drob" title="Elliot Tucker-Drob">Elliot Tucker-Drob</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a> </td> <td>Personality and developmental psychology </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2018 </td> <td>Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Heymans" title="Catherine Heymans">Catherine Heymans</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> </td> <td>Dark energy </td></tr> <tr> <td>Max Planck-Humboldt Medal </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wood_(roboticist)" title="Robert Wood (roboticist)">Robert Wood</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> </td> <td>Soft robotics </td></tr> <tr> <td>Max Planck-Humboldt Medal </td> <td>Sam Payne </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a> </td> <td>Tropical geometry </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Max_Planck_Research_Award_2">Max Planck Research Award</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck_Society&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Max Planck Research Award"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Institution </th> <th>Field </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2016 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Bassler" title="Bonnie Bassler">Bonnie Bassler</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Sensory perception of organisms </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Wikelski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Wikelski (page does not exist)">Martin Wikelski</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Wikelski" class="extiw" title="de:Martin Wikelski">de</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Ornithology" title="Max Planck Institute for Ornithology">Max Planck Institute for Ornithology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2015 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Stanley_Turner" class="mw-redirect" title="Bryan Stanley Turner">Bryan Stanley Turner</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/City_University_of_New_York" title="City University of New York">City University of New York</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Religion and modernity – secularisation, social and religious pluralism </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hans_Joas" title="Hans Joas">Hans Joas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Humboldt University of Berlin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2014 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Schoelkopf" title="Robert J. Schoelkopf">Robert J. Schoelkopf</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Quantum nanoscience </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Wrachtrup" title="Jörg Wrachtrup">Jörg Wrachtrup</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Stuttgart" title="University of Stuttgart">University of Stuttgart</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2013 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Field" title="Christopher Field">Chris Field</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Institution_for_Science" title="Carnegie Institution for Science">Carnegie Institution for Science</a> & <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Influence of climate change on ecosystems </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markus_Reichstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Markus Reichstein (page does not exist)">Markus Reichstein</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Reichstein" class="extiw" title="de:Markus Reichstein">de</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Biogeochemistry" title="Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry">Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2012 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katharina_Pistor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katharina Pistor (page does not exist)">Katharina Pistor</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharina_Pistor" class="extiw" title="de:Katharina Pistor">de</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Law_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia University Law School">Columbia University Law School</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Regulating international financial markets </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Hellwig" title="Martin Hellwig">Martin Hellwig</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Research_on_Collective_Goods" title="Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods">Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Thrun" title="Sebastian Thrun">Sebastian Thrun</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Intelligent systems </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Sch%C3%B6lkopf" title="Bernhard Schölkopf">Bernhard Schölkopf</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Intelligent_Systems" title="Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems">Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2010 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timothy_George_Bromage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timothy George Bromage (page does not exist)">Timothy George Bromage</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Bromage" class="extiw" title="de:Timothy Bromage">de</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_University_College_of_Dentistry" title="New York University College of Dentistry">New York University College of Dentistry</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Evolution </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tomasello" title="Michael Tomasello">Michael Tomasello</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2009 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karl_Galinsky" title="Karl Galinsky">Karl Galinsky</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">History of memory </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aleida_Assmann" title="Aleida Assmann">Aleida Assmann</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Konstanz" title="University of Konstanz">University of Konstanz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2008 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert S. Langer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Biomaterials </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fratzl" title="Peter Fratzl">Peter Fratzl</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Colloids_and_Interfaces" title="Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces">Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2007 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Joseph_Dolan" title="Raymond Joseph Dolan">Raymond Joseph Dolan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> & <a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Trust_Centre_for_Neuroimaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging">Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Neuromodulation and behaviour </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Christian_Pape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Christian Pape (page does not exist)">Hans-Christian Pape</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Christian_Pape" class="extiw" title="de:Hans-Christian Pape">de</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="University of Münster">University of Münster</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2006 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alina_Payne" title="Alina Payne">Alina Payne</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Art history </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Horst_Bredekamp" title="Horst Bredekamp">Horst Bredekamp</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Humboldt University of Berlin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2005 </td> <td>Christopher Carilli </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Array_Operations_Center" title="Array Operations Center">National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Socorro</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Astrophysics </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christof_Wetterich" title="Christof Wetterich">Christof Wetterich</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg University</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2004 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eugene_W._Myers" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene W. Myers">Eugene W. Myers</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Bioinformatics </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Vingron" title="Martin Vingron">Martin Vingron</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Molecular_Genetics" title="Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics">Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Max_Planck_Research_Award_for_International_Cooperation">Max Planck Research Award for International Cooperation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck_Society&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Max Planck Research Award for International Cooperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max-Planck-Forschungspreis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max-Planck-Forschungspreis (page does not exist)">Max-Planck-Forschungspreis</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max-Planck-Forschungspreis" class="extiw" title="de:Max-Planck-Forschungspreis">de</a>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck_Society&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%BCnchen_-_Max-Planck-Gesellschaft.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/M%C3%BCnchen_-_Max-Planck-Gesellschaft.JPG/300px-M%C3%BCnchen_-_Max-Planck-Gesellschaft.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/M%C3%BCnchen_-_Max-Planck-Gesellschaft.JPG/450px-M%C3%BCnchen_-_Max-Planck-Gesellschaft.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/M%C3%BCnchen_-_Max-Planck-Gesellschaft.JPG/600px-M%C3%BCnchen_-_Max-Planck-Gesellschaft.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Entrance of the administrative headquarters of the Max Planck Society in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Max Planck Society is formally an <i><a href="/wiki/Eingetragener_Verein" class="mw-redirect" title="Eingetragener Verein">eingetragener Verein</a></i>, a registered association with the institute directors as scientific members having equal voting rights.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The society has its registered seat in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, while the administrative headquarters are located in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>. Since June 2014, materials scientist <a href="/wiki/Martin_Stratmann" title="Martin Stratmann">Martin Stratmann</a> has been the President of the Max Planck Society.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Funding is provided predominantly from federal and state sources, but also from research and license fees and donations. One of the larger donations was the castle <a href="/wiki/Schloss_Ringberg" title="Schloss Ringberg">Schloss Ringberg</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kreuth" title="Kreuth">Kreuth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, which was pledged by Luitpold Emanuel in Bayern (<a href="/wiki/Duke_in_Bavaria" title="Duke in Bavaria">Duke in Bavaria</a>). It passed to the Society after the duke died in 1973, and is now used for conferences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Max_Planck_Institutes_and_research_groups">Max Planck Institutes and research groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck_Society&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Max Planck Institutes and research groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Max_Planck_Institutes" title="List of Max Planck Institutes">List of Max Planck Institutes</a></div> <p>The Max Planck Society consists of over 80 research institutes.<sup id="cite_ref-MPGinstitutes_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPGinstitutes-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the society funds a number of Max Planck Research Groups (MPRG) and International Max Planck Research Schools (IMPRS). The purpose of establishing independent research groups at various universities is to strengthen the required networking between universities and institutes of the Max Planck Society. </p><p>The research units are primarily located across Europe with a few in South Korea and the U.S. In 2007, the Society established its first non-European centre, with an institute on the Jupiter campus of <a href="/wiki/Florida_Atlantic_University" title="Florida Atlantic University">Florida Atlantic University</a> focusing on neuroscience.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Max Planck Institutes operate independently from, though in close cooperation with, the universities, and focus on innovative research that does not fit into the university structure due to its <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">interdisciplinary</a> or <a href="/wiki/Transdisciplinarity" title="Transdisciplinarity">transdisciplinary</a> nature or that require resources that cannot be met by the state universities. </p><p>Internally, Max Planck Institutes are organized into research departments headed by directors such that each MPI has several directors, a position roughly comparable to anything from full professor to department head at a university. Other core members include Junior and Senior Research Fellows.<sup id="cite_ref-Max_Planck_Society:_postdoctoral_and_doctoral_jobs_notifications_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Max_Planck_Society:_postdoctoral_and_doctoral_jobs_notifications-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, there are several associated institutes:<sup id="cite_ref-MPGinstitutes_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPGinstitutes-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>City </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Section </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Advanced_European_Studies_and_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of Advanced European Studies and Research">Center of Advanced European Studies and Research</a> </td> <td>Bonn </td> <td>Germany </td> <td>Biology & Medicine </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Str%C3%BCngmann_Institute" title="Ernst Strüngmann Institute">Ernst Strüngmann Institute</a> </td> <td>Frankfurt am Main </td> <td>Germany </td> <td>Biology & Medicine </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Max Planck Society also has a collaborative center with <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>—<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck_Princeton_Research_Center_for_Plasma_Physics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Planck Princeton Research Center for Plasma Physics (page does not exist)">Max Planck Princeton Research Center for Plasma Physics</a>—located in <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>, in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-MPGPrinceton_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPGPrinceton-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latest Max Planck Research Center has been established at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in 2016 as the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Harvard_Research_Center_for_the_Archaeoscience_of_the_Ancient_Mediterranean" title="Max Planck Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean">Max Planck Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Max_Planck_Research_Schools">International Max Planck Research Schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck_Society&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: International Max Planck Research Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Together with the Association of Universities and other Education Institutions in Germany, the Max Planck Society established numerous International Max Planck Research Schools (IMPRS) to promote junior scientists: </p> <ul><li>Cologne Graduate School of Ageing Research, <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International Max Planck Research School for Intelligent Systems, at the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Intelligent_Systems" title="Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems">Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems</a> located in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International Max Planck Research School on Adapting Behavior in a Fundamentally Uncertain World (Uncertainty School), at the Max Planck Institutes for Economics, for Human Development, and/or Research on Collective Goods</li> <li>International Max Planck Research School for Analysis, Design and Optimization in Chemical and Biochemical Process Engineering, <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Cosmic Physics, <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Astronomy" title="Max Planck Institute for Astronomy">MPI for Astronomy</a></li> <li>International Max Planck Research School for Astrophysics, <a href="/wiki/Garching" title="Garching">Garching</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Astrophysics" title="Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics">MPI for Astrophysics</a></li> <li>International Max Planck Research School for Complex Surfaces in Material Sciences, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International Max Planck Research School for Computer Science, <a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International Max Planck Research School for Earth System Modeling, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International Max Planck Research School for Elementary Particle Physics, Munich, at the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Physics" title="Max Planck Institute for Physics">MPI for Physics</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International Max Planck Research School for Environmental, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology, <a href="/wiki/Marburg" title="Marburg">Marburg</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Terrestrial_Microbiology" title="Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology">Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Max_Planck_Research_School_for_Evolutionary_Biology" title="International Max Planck Research School for Evolutionary Biology">International Max Planck Research School for Evolutionary Biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%B6n" title="Plön">Plön</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Biology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International Max Planck Research School "From Molecules to Organisms", <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Developmental_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology">Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International Max Planck Research School for Global Biogeochemical Cycles, <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Biogeochemistry" title="Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry">Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International Max Planck Research School on Gravitational Wave Astronomy, <a href="/wiki/Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannover">Hannover</a> and Potsdam <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Gravitational_Physics" title="Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics">MPI for Gravitational Physics</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Max_Planck_Research_School_for_Heart_and_Lung_Research" title="International Max Planck Research School for Heart and Lung Research">International Max Planck Research School for Heart and Lung Research</a>, Bad Nauheim at the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Heart_and_Lung_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research">Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International Max Planck Research School for Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Berlin at the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Infection_Biology" title="Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology">Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International Max Planck Research School for Language Sciences, <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International Max Planck Research School for Neurosciences, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International Max Planck Research School for Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International Max Planck Research School for Marine Microbiology (MarMic), joint program of the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Marine_Microbiology" title="Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology">Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bremen" title="University of Bremen">University of Bremen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wegener_Institute_for_Polar_and_Marine_Research" title="Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research">Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Jacobs_University_Bremen" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobs University Bremen">Jacobs University Bremen</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International Max Planck Research School for Maritime Affairs, Hamburg<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Max_Planck_Research_School_for_Molecular_and_Cellular_Biology" title="International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology">International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freiburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Freiburg">Freiburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Max_Planck_Research_School_for_Molecular_and_Cellular_Life_Sciences" title="International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Life Sciences">International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Life Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International Max Planck Research School for Molecular Biology, Göttingen<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International Max Planck Research School for Molecular Cell Biology and Bioengineering, <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International Max Planck Research School Molecular Biomedicine, program combined with the 'Graduate Programm Cell Dynamics And Disease' at the University of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Molecular_Biomedicine" title="Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine">Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International Max Planck Research School on Multiscale Bio-Systems, Potsdam<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Max_Planck_Research_School_for_Organismal_Biology" title="International Max Planck Research School for Organismal Biology">International Max Planck Research School for Organismal Biology</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Konstanz" title="University of Konstanz">University of Konstanz</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Ornithology" title="Max Planck Institute for Ornithology">Max Planck Institute for Ornithology</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International Max Planck Research School on Reactive Structure Analysis for Chemical Reactions (IMPRS RECHARGE), <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BClheim_an_der_Ruhr" class="mw-redirect" title="Mülheim an der Ruhr">Mülheim an der Ruhr</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Chemical_Energy_Conversion" title="Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion">Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpi-halle.mpg.de/imprs-stns">International Max Planck Research School for Science and Technology of Nano-Systems</a>, Halle at <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Microstructure_Physics" title="Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics">Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Max_Planck_Research_School_for_Solar_System_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="International Max Planck Research School for Solar System Science">International Max Planck Research School for Solar System Science</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hosted by <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Solar_System_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research">MPI for Solar System Research</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics, <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Radio_Astronomy" title="Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy">MPI for Radio Astronomy</a> (formerly the International Max Planck Research School for Radio and Infrared Astronomy)<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International Max Planck Research School for the Social and Political Constitution of the Economy, Cologne<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International Max Planck Research School for Surface and Interface Engineering in Advanced Materials, Düsseldorf at <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Iron_Research_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Planck Institute for Iron Research GmbH">Max Planck Institute for Iron Research GmbH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Max_Planck_Research_School_for_Ultrafast_Imaging_and_Structural_Dynamics" title="International Max Planck Research School for Ultrafast Imaging and Structural Dynamics">International Max Planck Research School for Ultrafast Imaging and Structural Dynamics</a>, Hamburg<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Max_Planck_Schools">Max Planck Schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck_Society&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Max Planck Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Max Planck School of Cognition<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Max Planck School Matter to Life<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Max Planck School of Photonics<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Max_Planck_Center">Max Planck Center</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck_Society&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Max Planck Center"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Max Planck Centre for Attosecond Science (MPC-AS), <a href="/wiki/POSTECH" class="mw-redirect" title="POSTECH">POSTECH</a> <a href="/wiki/Pohang" title="Pohang">Pohang</a></li> <li>The Max Planck POSTECH Center for Complex Phase Materials, POSTECH Pohang</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Max_Planck_Institutes">Max Planck Institutes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck_Society&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Max Planck Institutes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among others: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Institut_in_Florenz" title="Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz">Kunsthistorische Institut in Florenz – Max-Planck-Institut</a>, Florence, Italy</li> <li>Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Neurobiology_of_Behavior_%E2%80%93_caesar" title="Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior – caesar">Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior – caesar, Bonn</a></li> <li>Max Planck Institute for Aeronomics in <a href="/wiki/Katlenburg-Lindau" title="Katlenburg-Lindau">Katlenburg-Lindau</a> was renamed to <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Solar_System_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research">Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research</a> in 2004;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Biology" title="Max Planck Institute for Biology">Max Planck Institute for Biology</a> in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a> was closed in 2005;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Cell_Biology" title="Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology">Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ladenburg" title="Ladenburg">Ladenburg b. Heidelberg</a> was closed in 2003;</li> <li>Max Planck Institute for Economics in Jena was renamed to the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_the_Science_of_Human_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</a> in 2014;</li> <li>Max Planck Institute for Ionospheric Research in <a href="/wiki/Katlenburg-Lindau" title="Katlenburg-Lindau">Katlenburg-Lindau</a> was renamed to Max Planck Institute for Aeronomics in 1958;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Metals_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Planck Institute for Metals Research">Max Planck Institute for Metals Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></li> <li>Max Planck Institute of Oceanic Biology in <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmshaven" title="Wilhelmshaven">Wilhelmshaven</a> was renamed to Max Planck Institute of Cell Biology in 1968 and moved to <a href="/wiki/Ladenburg" title="Ladenburg">Ladenburg</a> 1977;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Psychological_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Psychological Research">Max Planck Institute for Psychological Research</a> in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> merged into the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Human_Cognitive_and_Brain_Sciences" title="Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences">Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences</a> in 2004;</li> <li>Max Planck Institute for Protein and Leather Research in <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a> moved to <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> 1957 and was united with the Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry in 1977;</li> <li>Max Planck Institute for Virus Research in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a> was renamed as <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Developmental_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology">Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology</a> in 1985;</li> <li>Max Planck Institute for the Study of the Scientific-Technical World in <a href="/wiki/Starnberg" title="Starnberg">Starnberg</a> (from 1970 until 1981 (closed)) directed by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker">Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Behavioral_Physiology" title="Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology">Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Experimental_Endocrinology" title="Max Planck Institute of Experimental Endocrinology">Max Planck Institute of Experimental Endocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Foreign_and_International_Social_Law" title="Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Social Law">Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Social Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Physics_and_Astrophysics" title="Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics">Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Research_Unit_for_Enzymology_of_Protein_Folding" title="Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding">Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Colloids_and_Interfaces" title="Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces">Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces</a> in <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Coal_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Coal Research">Max Planck Institute for Coal Research</a> in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BClheim" title="Mülheim">Mülheim</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Open_access_publishing">Open access publishing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck_Society&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Open access publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Germany" title="Open access in Germany">Open access in Germany</a></div> <p>The Max Planck Society describes itself as "a co-founder of the international Open Access movement".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Cultural_Heritage_Online_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Cultural Heritage Online Project (page does not exist)">European Cultural Heritage Online Project</a> the Max Planck Society organized the Berlin Open Access Conference in October 2003 to ratify the <a href="/wiki/Bethesda_Statement_on_Open_Access_Publishing" title="Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing">Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing</a>. At the Conference the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_on_Open_Access_to_Knowledge_in_the_Sciences_and_Humanities" title="Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities">Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities</a> was passed. The Berlin Declaration built on previous open access declarations, but widened the research field to be covered by open access to include humanities and called for new activities to support open access such as “encouraging the holders of cultural heritage” to provide open access to their resources.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Max Planck Society continues to support <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> in Germany and mandates institutional <a href="/wiki/Self-archiving" title="Self-archiving">self-archiving</a> of research outputs on the eDoc server and publications by its researchers in <a href="/wiki/Open_access_journals" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access journals">open access journals</a> within 12 months.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To finance open access the Max Planck Society established the Max Planck Digital Library. The library also aims to improve the conditions for open access on behalf of all Max Planck Institutes by negotiating contracts with open access publishers and developing infrastructure projects, such as the Max Planck <a href="/wiki/Open_access_repository" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access repository">open access repository</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck_Society&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Criticism_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-criticism" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Criticism#Avoid_sections_and_articles_focusing_on_criticisms_or_controversies" title="Wikipedia:Criticism">"criticism" or "controversy" section</a> <b>may compromise the article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Article_structure" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help rewrite or integrate negative information to other sections <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">through discussion</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Max_Planck_Society" title="Talk:Max Planck Society">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pay_for_PhD_students">Pay for PhD students</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck_Society&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pay for PhD students"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/General_Court_(European_Union)" title="General Court (European Union)">European General Court</a> ruled in a case brought by a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a> student against the Max Planck Society that "a researcher preparing a doctoral thesis on the basis of a grant contract concluded with the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften eV, must be regarded as a worker within the meaning of Article 39 EC only if his activities are performed for a certain period of time under the direction of an institute forming part of that association and if, in return for those activities, he receives remuneration".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, the Max Planck Society was at the centre of a controversy about some PhD students not being given <a href="/wiki/Employment_contracts" class="mw-redirect" title="Employment contracts">employment contracts</a>. Of the 5,300 students who at the time wrote their PhD thesis at the 80 Max Planck Institutes 2,000 had an employment contract. The remaining 3,300 received grants of between 1,000 and 1,365 Euro.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2011 statement by the Max Planck Society "As you embark on a PhD, you are still anything but a <i>proper</i> scientist; it’s during the process itself that you become a <i>proper</i> scientist... a PhD is <i>an apprenticeship in the lab</i>, and as such it is usually not paid like a <i>proper</i> job – and this is, by and large, the practice at all research institutions and universities".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The allegation of wage dumping for young scientists was discussed during the passing of the 2012 "Wissenschaftsfreiheitsgesetz" (Scientific Freedom Law) in the <a href="/wiki/German_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="German Parliament">German Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedom_of_expression">Freedom of expression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck_Society&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Freedom of expression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2024, the Max Planck Society faced widespread criticism for terminating the employment of Lebanese-Australian professor <a href="/wiki/Ghassan_Hage" title="Ghassan Hage">Ghassan Hage</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Social_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology</a>, citing his social media posts on the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> as incompatible with the society's core values.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decision was publicly condemned by numerous scholars and academic organizations, who argued it infringed on Hage's <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a>. German newspaper <a href="/wiki/Welt_am_Sonntag" title="Welt am Sonntag">Welt am Sonntag</a> initially reported on Hage's posts.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the dismissal, global academic communities, including Israeli scholars,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the German Association of Social and Cultural Anthropology,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/British_Society_for_Middle_Eastern_Studies" title="British Society for Middle Eastern Studies">British Society for Middle Eastern Studies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/European_Association_of_Social_Anthropologists" title="European Association of Social Anthropologists">European Association of Social Anthropologists</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/American_Anthropological_Association" title="American Anthropological Association">American Anthropological Association</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Council for Humanities, Arts and Sciences and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Anthropological_Society" title="Australian Anthropological Society">Australian Anthropological Society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Canadian Anthropology Society,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Japanese group of scholars,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Australian Sociological Association,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rallied in support of Hage, extensively citing Hage's own intellectual work, urging the society to reverse its decision. The Max Planck Society and the President Patrick Cramer have not yet respond to these letters, as of July 2024. <sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Max Planck Society's has made public statements expressing support for the state of Israel in the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nobel_Laureates">Nobel Laureates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck_Society&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Nobel Laureates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Max-Planck-Society_(since_1948)"><span id="Max-Planck-Society_.28since_1948.29"></span>Max-Planck-Society (since 1948)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck_Society&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Max-Planck-Society (since 1948)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Ferenc Krausz</a>, Nobel Prize, physics, 2023</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a>, Nobel Prize, medicine 2022</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_List" title="Benjamin List">Benjamin List</a>, Nobel Prize, chemistry 2021</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Klaus Hasselmann</a>, Nobel Prize, physics 2021</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a>, Nobel Prize, chemistry 2020</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Reinhard Genzel</a>, Nobel Prize, physics 2020</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_W._Hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan W. Hell">Stefan W. Hell</a>, Nobel Prize, chemistry 2014</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ertl" title="Gerhard Ertl">Gerhard Ertl</a>, Nobel Prize, chemistry 2007</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Theodor W. Hänsch</a>, Nobel Prize, physics 2005</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a>, Nobel Prize, medicine 1995</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Crutzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Crutzen">Paul Crutzen</a>, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1995</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Erwin Neher</a>, Nobel Prize, medicine 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Bert Sakmann</a>, Nobel Prize, medicine 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Huber" title="Robert Huber">Robert Huber</a>, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1988</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Michel" title="Hartmut Michel">Hartmut Michel</a>, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1988</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Deisenhofer" title="Johann Deisenhofer">Johann Deisenhofer</a>, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1988</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ernst Ruska</a>, Nobel Prize, physics 1986</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">Klaus von Klitzing</a>, Nobel Prize, physics 1985</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_K%C3%B6hler" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges Köhler">Georges Köhler</a>, Nobel Prize, medicine 1984</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a>, Nobel Prize, medicine 1973</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Eigen" title="Manfred Eigen">Manfred Eigen</a>, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Lynen" title="Feodor Lynen">Feodor Lynen</a>, Nobel Prize, medicine 1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler">Karl Ziegler</a>, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bothe" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Bothe">Walter Bothe</a>, Nobel Prize, physics 1954</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kaiser-Wilhelm-Society_(1914–1948)"><span id="Kaiser-Wilhelm-Society_.281914.E2.80.931948.29"></span>Kaiser-Wilhelm-Society (1914–1948)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck_Society&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Kaiser-Wilhelm-Society (1914–1948)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a>, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1944</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Butenandt" title="Adolf Butenandt">Adolf Butenandt</a>, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kuhn" title="Richard Kuhn">Richard Kuhn</a>, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._W._Debye" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter J. W. Debye">Peter J. W. Debye</a>, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Hans Spemann</a>, Nobel Prize, medicine 1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a>, Nobel Prize, physics 1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Otto Heinrich Warburg</a>, Nobel Prize, medicine 1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Carl Bosch</a>, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a>, Nobel Prize, physics 1925</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Meyerhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Meyerhof">Otto Meyerhof</a>, Nobel Prize, medicine 1922</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, Nobel Prize, physics 1921</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a>, Nobel Prize, physics 1918</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a>, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1918</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter" title="Richard Willstätter">Richard Willstätter</a>, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1915</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Max von Laue</a>, Nobel Prize, physics 1914</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck_Society&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft">Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz_Scientific_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Scientific Community">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Scientific Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harnack_medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Harnack medal">Harnack medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmholtz_Association_of_German_Research_Centres" class="mw-redirect" title="Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres">Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schloss_Ringberg" title="Schloss Ringberg">Schloss Ringberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrabright_electron" title="Ultrabright electron">Ultrabright electron</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck_Society&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck_Society&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MPGorg-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MPGorg_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPGorg_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPGorg_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPGorg_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPGorg_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPGorg_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPGorg_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpg.de/183267/organisation">"About us | Organization"</a>. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320214144/http://www.mpg.de/183267/organisation">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+us+%7C+Organization&rft.pub=Max-Planck-Gesellschaft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpg.de%2F183267%2Forganisation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPGfacts-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MPGfacts_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPGfacts_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPGfacts_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPGfacts_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPGfacts_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPGfacts_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPGfacts_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpg.de/186435/Facts_Figures">"About us | Max Planck Society: Facts & Figures"</a>. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150418053054/http://www.mpg.de/186435/Facts_Figures">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+us+%7C+Max+Planck+Society%3A+Facts+%26+Figures&rft.pub=Max-Planck-Gesellschaft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpg.de%2F186435%2FFacts_Figures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPGportrait-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MPGportrait_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPGportrait_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpg.de/183251/portrait">"About us | Short Portrait"</a>. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150325004217/http://www.mpg.de/183251/portrait">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+us+%7C+Short+Portrait&rft.pub=Max-Planck-Gesellschaft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpg.de%2F183251%2Fportrait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mpg.de/facts-and-figures">"Facts and Figures | Max-Planck-Gesellschaft"</a>. Mpg.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190114153416/https://www.mpg.de/facts-and-figures">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+and+Figures+%26%23124%3B+Max-Planck-Gesellschaft&rft.pub=Mpg.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpg.de%2Ffacts-and-figures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305183253/https://www.natureindex.com/annual-tables/2020/institution/all/all">"2020 tables: Institutions | 2020 tables | Institutions | Nature Index"</a>. <i>www.natureindex.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.natureindex.com/annual-tables/2020/institution/all/all">the original</a> on 5 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.natureindex.com&rft.atitle=2020+tables%3A+Institutions+%7C+2020+tables+%7C+Institutions+%7C+Nature+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.natureindex.com%2Fannual-tables%2F2020%2Finstitution%2Fall%2Fall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/the-titans-institutional-rankings-by-output-and-citations/408424.article">The titans: Institutional rankings by output and citations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006081138/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/the-titans-institutional-rankings-by-output-and-citations/408424.article">Archived</a> 6 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Times Higher Education, 17 September 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.sciencewatch.com/inter/ins/09/09Top20Overall/">The Most-Cited Institutions Overall, 1999–2009</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150426185924/http://archive.sciencewatch.com/inter/ins/09/09Top20Overall/">Archived</a> 26 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Science Watch.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mpg.de/geschichte">"Geschichte"</a>. <i>mpg.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mpg.de&rft.atitle=Geschichte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpg.de%2Fgeschichte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/hybrid.asp?typeCode=164">"Top non-university institutions in science"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_Supplement" class="mw-redirect" title="Times Higher Education Supplement">Times Higher Education Supplement</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080924205818/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/hybrid.asp?typeCode=164">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+non-university+institutions+in+science&rft.pub=Times+Higher+Education+Supplement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.co.uk%2Fhybrid.asp%3FtypeCode%3D164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteanalytics.compete.com/mpg.de?metric=uv">"Max Planck Society attracts almost 2m visitors online yearly"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090702120103/http://siteanalytics.compete.com/mpg.de/?metric=uv">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Max+Planck+Society+attracts+almost+2m+visitors+online+yearly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteanalytics.compete.com%2Fmpg.de%3Fmetric%3Duv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.mpg.de/mpResearchAward">https://www.mpg.de/mpResearchAward</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221013/http://www.mpg.de/mpResearchAward">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>One Award – Two Winners</i>, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mpg.de/awards/max-planck-humboldt-research-award">"Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award"</a>. <i>mpg.de</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mpg.de&rft.atitle=Max+Planck-Humboldt+Research+Award&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpg.de%2Fawards%2Fmax-planck-humboldt-research-award&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/web/max-planck-humboldt-research-award.html">"Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award"</a>. <i>humboldt-foundation.de</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=humboldt-foundation.de&rft.atitle=Max+Planck-Humboldt+Research+Award&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.humboldt-foundation.de%2Fweb%2Fmax-planck-humboldt-research-award.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803103602/https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/web/65532760.html">"Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award: For the first time, two top researchers from the humanities and social sciences have been honoured"</a>. <i>humboldt-foundation.de</i>. 6 November 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/web/65532760.html">the original</a> on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=humboldt-foundation.de&rft.atitle=Max+Planck-Humboldt+Research+Award%3A+For+the+first+time%2C+two+top+researchers+from+the+humanities+and+social+sciences+have+been+honoured&rft.date=2019-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.humboldt-foundation.de%2Fweb%2F65532760.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mpg.de/13899495/max-planck-humboldt-research-award-goes-into-the-second-round">"Two US social scientists honoured with prestigious prize"</a>. <i>mpg.de</i>. 5 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mpg.de&rft.atitle=Two+US+social+scientists+honoured+with+prestigious+prize&rft.date=2019-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpg.de%2F13899495%2Fmax-planck-humboldt-research-award-goes-into-the-second-round&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpg.de/183267/organisation/">"MPG Organization"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110112064016/http://www.mpg.de/183267/organisation">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Max+Planck+Institute+for+Solar+System+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mps.mpg.de%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/en/imprs">"PhD School"</a>. <i>www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170607165751/http://www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/en/imprs">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de&rft.atitle=PhD+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de%2Fen%2Fimprs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060906133359/http://www.mpifg.de/fo/doc_program_en.html">"MPIfG: Doctoral Program"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpifg.de/fo/doc_program_en.html">the original</a> on 6 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MPIfG%3A+Doctoral+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpifg.de%2Ffo%2Fdoc_program_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.imprs.ufast.de">http://www.imprs.ufast.de</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cognition.maxplanckschools.org/en">"Home – Max Planck School of Cognition"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+%E2%80%93+Max+Planck+School+of+Cognition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcognition.maxplanckschools.org%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mattertolife.maxplanckschools.org/">"Home"</a>. <i>mattertolife.maxplanckschools.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mattertolife.maxplanckschools.org&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmattertolife.maxplanckschools.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photonics.maxplanckschools.org/en/home">"Home – Max Planck School of Photonics"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+%E2%80%93+Max+Planck+School+of+Photonics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphotonics.maxplanckschools.org%2Fen%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.mpg.de/2365/en">"The 13th"Berlin OA conference" was the second one focussing on the large-scale transition of scholarly journals to Open Access as put forward by the OA2020 initiative"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170607005651/https://openaccess.mpg.de/2365/en">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+13th%22Berlin+OA+conference%22+was+the+second+one+focussing+on+the+large-scale+transition+of+scholarly+journals+to+Open+Access+as+put+forward+by+the+OA2020+initiative&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenaccess.mpg.de%2F2365%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegazzi2015" class="citation book cs1">Regazzi, John J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Clu3BgAAQBAJ"><i>Scholarly Communications: A History from Content as King to Content as Kingmaker</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810890886" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810890886"><bdi>978-0810890886</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170825022434/https://books.google.de/books/about/Scholarly_Communications.html?id=Clu3BgAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scholarly+Communications%3A+A+History+from+Content+as+King+to+Content+as+Kingmaker&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0810890886&rft.aulast=Regazzi&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DClu3BgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/portals-and-platforms/goap/access-by-region/europe-and-north-america/germany/">"Germany – Global Open Access Portal"</a>. UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702013410/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/portals-and-platforms/goap/access-by-region/europe-and-north-america/germany/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germany+%E2%80%93+Global+Open+Access+Portal&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Fen%2Fcommunication-and-information%2Fportals-and-platforms%2Fgoap%2Faccess-by-region%2Feurope-and-north-america%2Fgermany%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mpg.de/7608810/unstoppable-open-access">"The unstoppable rise of Open Access"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170825021308/https://www.mpg.de/7608810/unstoppable-open-access">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+unstoppable+rise+of+Open+Access&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpg.de%2F7608810%2Funstoppable-open-access&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62007CJ0094">"Case C-94/07 Andrea Raccanelli v Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften eV"</a>. 17 July 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170925175632/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62007CJ0094">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Case+C-94%2F07+Andrea+Raccanelli+v+Max-Planck-Gesellschaft+zur+F%C3%B6rderung+der+Wissenschaften+eV&rft.date=2008-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FTXT%2F%3Furi%3DCELEX%253A62007CJ0094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMersch2012" class="citation news cs1">Mersch, Britta (28 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/unispiegel/jobundberuf/0,1518,823951,00.html">"Wut der Doktoranden Schafft die Stipendien ab!"</a>. <i>Der Spiegel</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120505012251/http://www.spiegel.de/unispiegel/jobundberuf/0,1518,823951,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Wut+der+Doktoranden+Schafft+die+Stipendien+ab%21&rft.date=2012-03-28&rft.aulast=Mersch&rft.aufirst=Britta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Funispiegel%2Fjobundberuf%2F0%2C1518%2C823951%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpg.de/5724370/scholarships">"Scholarships are also a sign of quality What is a doctoral thesis all about?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120916181921/http://www.mpg.de/5724370/scholarships">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scholarships+are+also+a+sign+of+quality+What+is+a+doctoral+thesis+all+about%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpg.de%2F5724370%2Fscholarships&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dbtg.tv/fvid/1772856">"Wissenschaftsfreiheitsgesetz"</a>. 29 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wissenschaftsfreiheitsgesetz&rft.date=2012-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdbtg.tv%2Ffvid%2F1772856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mpg.de/21510445/statement-ghassan-hage">"Statement of the Max Planck Society about Prof. Ghassan Hage"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+of+the+Max+Planck+Society+about+Prof.+Ghassan+Hage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpg.de%2F21510445%2Fstatement-ghassan-hage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/plus249881966/Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Antisemitismus-Skandal-erschuettert-deutsche-Nobelpreis-Schmiede.html">"Antisemitismus-Skandal erschüttert deutsche Nobelpreis-Schmiede"</a>. <i>Die Welt</i> (in German). 5 February 2024. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0173-8437">0173-8437</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt&rft.atitle=Antisemitismus-Skandal+ersch%C3%BCttert+deutsche+Nobelpreis-Schmiede&rft.date=2024-02-05&rft.issn=0173-8437&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fpolitik%2Fdeutschland%2Fplus249881966%2FMax-Planck-Gesellschaft-Antisemitismus-Skandal-erschuettert-deutsche-Nobelpreis-Schmiede.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/as-the-war-in-gaza-continues-germanys-unstinting-defence-of-israel-has-unleashed-a-culture-war-that-has-just-reached-australia-223329">"As the war in Gaza continues, Germany's unstinting defence of Israel has unleashed a culture war that has just reached Australia"</a>. 13 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=As+the+war+in+Gaza+continues%2C+Germany%27s+unstinting+defence+of+Israel+has+unleashed+a+culture+war+that+has+just+reached+Australia&rft.date=2024-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fas-the-war-in-gaza-continues-germanys-unstinting-defence-of-israel-has-unleashed-a-culture-war-that-has-just-reached-australia-223329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/14zLOH4ErUoDwqcPrbGnh6awNSx-DIWuL/view">"Letter in support of Prof. Ghassan Hage - Prof. Dr. Patrick Cramer.pdf"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Urgent+Appeal+for+the+Preservation+of+Academic+Freedom&rft.pub=tasa.au%2F&rft.date=2024-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2FClubExpressClubFiles%2F671860%2Fdocuments%2FTASA_letter_to_Prof_Dr_Rao_regarding_Ghassan_Hage_740007786.pdf%3FAWSAccessKeyId%3DAKIA6MYUE6DNNNCCDT4J%26Expires%3D1711369744%26response-content-disposition%3Dinline%253B%2520filename%253DTASA_letter_to_Prof_Dr_Rao_regarding_Ghassan_Hage.pdf%26Signature%3DtPjsL%252B72cevSJikb78N%252BcWsgokM%253D%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://magazin.zenith.me/de/gesellschaft/forschung-deutschland-und-der-gaza-krieg?fbclid=IwAR02lE7hEW6M-botObDmKzYT5oQy3hWKyH5ksZZ2AzV1oeWLKsk-PZthG5E">"Der Skandal um Ghassan Hage"</a>. <i>Zenith</i>. 23 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zenith&rft.atitle=Der+Skandal+um+Ghassan+Hage&rft.date=2024-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmagazin.zenith.me%2Fde%2Fgesellschaft%2Fforschung-deutschland-und-der-gaza-krieg%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR02lE7hEW6M-botObDmKzYT5oQy3hWKyH5ksZZ2AzV1oeWLKsk-PZthG5E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crikey.com.au/2024/02/29/professor-ghassan-sage-sacking-firing-max-planck-society/">"Professor Hage's sacking in Germany could have a serious impact on Australian universities"</a>. 29 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Professor+Hage%27s+sacking+in+Germany+could+have+a+serious+impact+on+Australian+universities&rft.date=2024-02-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crikey.com.au%2F2024%2F02%2F29%2Fprofessor-ghassan-sage-sacking-firing-max-planck-society%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/as-the-war-in-gaza-continues-germanys-unstinting-defence-of-israel-has-unleashed-a-culture-war-that-has-just-reached-australia-223329/">"As the war in Gaza continues, Germany's unstinting defence of Israel has unleashed a culture war that has just reached Australia"</a>. the conversation.com. 13 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=As+the+war+in+Gaza+continues%2C+Germany%27s+unstinting+defence+of+Israel+has+unleashed+a+culture+war+that+has+just+reached+Australia&rft.pub=the+conversation.com&rft.date=2024-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fas-the-war-in-gaza-continues-germanys-unstinting-defence-of-israel-has-unleashed-a-culture-war-that-has-just-reached-australia-223329%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mpg.de/max-planck-israel-programme/">"Additional funding for German-Israeli collaborations"</a>. mpg.de. 20 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Additional+funding+for+German-Israeli+collaborations&rft.pub=mpg.de&rft.date=2023-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpg.de%2Fmax-planck-israel-programme%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/3/24/the-max-planck-society-must-end-its-unconditional-support-for-israel#:~:text=We%2C%20a%20diverse%20group%20of,as%20a%20whole%2C%20about%20Israel%2D/">"The Max Planck Society must end its unconditional support for Israel"</a>. aljazeera.com. 24 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Max+Planck+Society+must+end+its+unconditional+support+for+Israel&rft.pub=aljazeera.com&rft.date=2024-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fopinions%2F2024%2F3%2F24%2Fthe-max-planck-society-must-end-its-unconditional-support-for-israel%23%3A~%3Atext%3DWe%252C%2520a%2520diverse%2520group%2520of%2Cas%2520a%2520whole%252C%2520about%2520Israel%252D%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck_Society&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Alison Abbott: <i>German science starts facing up to its historical amnesia</i>, in: Nature Vol 403 (2000), p. 474f. (article about the Commission for the history of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft under National Socialism)</li> <li>Gretchen Vogel: <i>Aufbau Ost: Max Planck's East German Experiment</i>, in: Science Vol. 326, 6 November 2009 (about the new institutes in the eastern part of Germany)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck_Society&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Max Planck Society</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006c66; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Max_Planck_Institutes" title="List of Max Planck Institutes"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Institutes</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Evolutionary Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Social_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology">Social Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Astronomy" title="Max Planck Institute for Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Astrophysics" title="Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Hertziana_%E2%80%93_Max_Planck_Institute_for_Art_History" title="Bibliotheca Hertziana – Max Planck Institute for Art History">Art History (Rome)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Institut_in_Florenz" title="Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz">Art History (Florence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Biochemistry" title="Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Biogeochemistry" title="Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry">Biogeochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Biological_Intelligence" title="Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence">Biological Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Biology_of_Ageing" title="Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing">Biology of Ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Molecular_Biomedicine" title="Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine">Molecular Biomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Biophysics" title="Max Planck Institute of Biophysics">Biophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Brain_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Brain Research">Brain Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Molecular_Cell_Biology_and_Genetics" title="Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics">Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Chemistry" title="Max Planck Institute for Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Human_Cognitive_and_Brain_Sciences" title="Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences">Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Research_on_Collective_Goods" title="Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods">Research on Collective Goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Colloids_and_Interfaces" title="Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces">Colloids and Interfaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Crime,_Security_and_Law" title="Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security and Law">Study of Crime, Security and Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Biological_Cybernetics" title="Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics">Biological Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Demographic_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research">Demographic Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Religious_and_Ethnic_Diversity" title="Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity">Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Dynamics_and_Self-Organization" title="Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization">Dynamics and Self-Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Dynamics_of_Complex_Technical_Systems" title="Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems">Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Chemical_Ecology" title="Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology">Chemical Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Chemical_Energy_Conversion" title="Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion">Chemical Energy Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Biology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology">Evolutionary Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Florida_Institute_for_Neuroscience" title="Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience">Neuroscience (Florida)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Miescher_Laboratory_of_the_Max_Planck_Society" title="Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society">Friedrich Miescher Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber_Institute_of_the_Max_Planck_Society" title="Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society">Fritz Haber Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Molecular_Genetics" title="Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics">Molecular Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Gravitational_Physics" title="Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics">Gravitational Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Heart_and_Lung_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research">Heart and Lung Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_the_History_of_Science" title="Max Planck Institute for the History of Science">History of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Human_Development" title="Max Planck Institute for Human Development">Human Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_the_Science_of_Human_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History">Science of Human History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Immunobiology_and_Epigenetics" title="Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics">Immunobiology and Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Infection_Biology" title="Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology">Infection Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Informatics" title="Max Planck Institute for Informatics">Informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Innovation_and_Competition" title="Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition">Innovation and Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Intelligent_Systems" title="Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems">Intelligent Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Coal_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Coal Research">Coal Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Tax_Law_and_Public_Finance" title="Max Planck Institute for Tax Law and Public Finance">Tax Law and Public Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Comparative_Public_Law_and_International_Law" title="Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law">Comparative Public Law and International Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Comparative_and_International_Private_Law" title="Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law">Comparative and International Private Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max-Planck-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sozialrecht_und_Sozialpolitik" title="Max-Planck-Institut für Sozialrecht und Sozialpolitik">Social Law and Social Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_European_Legal_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Planck Institute for European Legal History">European Legal History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Mathematics" title="Max Planck Institute for Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Mathematics_in_the_Sciences" title="Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences">Mathematics in the Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Medical_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Medical Research">Medical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Meteorology" title="Max Planck Institute for Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Marine_Microbiology" title="Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology">Marine Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Terrestrial_Microbiology" title="Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology">Terrestrial Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Microstructure_Physics" title="Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics">Microstructure Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Multidisciplinary_Sciences" title="Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences">Multidisciplinary Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Neurobiology_of_Behavior_%E2%80%93_caesar" title="Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior – caesar">Neurobiology of Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Ornithology" title="Max Planck Institute for Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_the_Science_of_Light" title="Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light">Science of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Chemical_Physics_of_Solids" title="Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids">Chemical Physics of Solids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_the_Physics_of_Complex_Systems" title="Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems">Physics of Complex Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Physics" title="Max Planck Institute for Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Extraterrestrial_Physics" title="Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics">Extraterrestrial Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Nuclear_Physics" title="Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics">Nuclear Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Molecular_Physiology" title="Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology">Molecular Physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Plant_Breeding_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research">Plant Breeding Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Molecular_Plant_Physiology" title="Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology">Molecular Plant Physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Plasma_Physics" title="Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics">Plasma Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Polymer_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research">Polymer Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Psychiatry" title="Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Psycholinguistics" title="Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Quantum_Optics" title="Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics">Quantum Optics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Radio_Astronomy" title="Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy">Radio Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Security_and_Privacy" title="Max Planck Institute for Security and Privacy">Security and Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Societies" title="Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies">Study of Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Software_Systems" title="Max Planck Institute for Software Systems">Software Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Solar_System_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research">Solar System Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Solid_State_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research">Solid State Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Sustainable_Materials" title="Max Planck Institute for Sustainable Materials">Sustainable Materials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006c66; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Associated institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Str%C3%BCngmann_Institute" title="Ernst Strüngmann Institute">Ernst Strüngmann Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Harvard_Research_Center_for_the_Archaeoscience_of_the_Ancient_Mediterranean" title="Max Planck Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean">Max Planck Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006c66; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">International<br />research schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Max_Planck_Research_School_for_Evolutionary_Biology" title="International Max Planck Research School for Evolutionary Biology">Evolutionary Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Max_Planck_Research_School_for_Heart_and_Lung_Research" title="International Max Planck Research School for Heart and Lung Research">Heart and Lung Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Max_Planck_Research_School_for_Molecular_and_Cellular_Biology" title="International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology">Molecular and Cellular Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Max_Planck_Research_School_for_Molecular_and_Cellular_Life_Sciences" title="International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Life Sciences">Molecular and Cellular Life Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Max_Planck_Research_School_for_Organismal_Biology" title="International Max Planck Research School for Organismal Biology">Organismal Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Max_Planck_Research_School_for_Ultrafast_Imaging_and_Structural_Dynamics" title="International Max Planck Research School for Ultrafast Imaging and Structural Dynamics">Ultrafast Imaging and Structural Dynamics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006c66; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Former institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Behavioral_Physiology" title="Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology">Behavioral Physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Biology" title="Max Planck Institute for Biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Cell_Biology" title="Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology">Cell Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Experimental_Endocrinology" title="Max Planck Institute of Experimental Endocrinology">Experimental Endocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Foreign_and_International_Social_Law" title="Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Social Law">Foreign and International Social Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Neurobiology" title="Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology">Neurobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Ornithology" title="Max Planck Institute for Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Physics_and_Astrophysics" title="Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics">Physics and Astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Psychological_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Psychological Research">Psychological Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Research_Unit_for_Enzymology_of_Protein_Folding" title="Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding">Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006c66; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a> (1948–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Butenandt" title="Adolf Butenandt">Adolf Butenandt</a> (1960–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reimar_L%C3%BCst" title="Reimar Lüst">Reimar Lüst</a> (1972–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Staab" title="Heinz Staab">Heinz Staab</a> (1984–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._Zacher" title="Hans F. Zacher">Hans F. Zacher</a> (1990–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Markl" title="Hubert Markl">Hubert Markl</a> (1996–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gruss" title="Peter Gruss">Peter Gruss</a> (2002–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Stratmann" title="Martin Stratmann">Martin Stratmann</a> (2014–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Cramer" title="Patrick Cramer">Patrick Cramer</a> (since 2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006c66; color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Nobel laureates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Walther Bothe</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler">Karl Ziegler</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Lynen" title="Feodor Lynen">Feodor Lynen</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Eigen" title="Manfred Eigen">Manfred Eigen</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_J._F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J. F. Köhler">Georges J. F. Köhler</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">Klaus von Klitzing</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ernst Ruska</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Deisenhofer" title="Johann Deisenhofer">Johann Deisenhofer</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Huber" title="Robert Huber">Robert Huber</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Michel" title="Hartmut Michel">Hartmut Michel</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Bert Sakmann</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Erwin Neher</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Crutzen" title="Paul J. Crutzen">Paul J. Crutzen</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Theodor W. Hänsch</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ertl" title="Gerhard Ertl">Gerhard Ertl</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Hell" title="Stefan Hell">Stefan W. Hell</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Reinhard Genzel</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_List" title="Benjamin List">Benjamin List</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Klaus Hasselmann</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Ferenc Krausz</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#006c66; color:#FFFFFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Society" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Society"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Kaiser Wilhelm Society</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Digital_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Planck Digital Library"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Max Planck Digital Library</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harnack_Medal" title="Harnack Medal"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Harnack Medal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schloss_Ringberg" title="Schloss Ringberg"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Schloss Ringberg</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#99d6ff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" title="Template:Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Prince or Princess of Asturias Award</a> for International Cooperation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Prince_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo">José López Portillo</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Enrique_V._Iglesias" title="Enrique V. Iglesias">Enrique V. Iglesias</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Belisario_Betancur" title="Belisario Betancur">Belisario Betancur</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Contadora_group" title="Contadora group">Contadora group</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Alfons%C3%ADn" title="Raúl Alfonsín">Raúl Alfonsín</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salamanca" title="University of Salamanca">University of Salamanca</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Coimbra" title="University of Coimbra">University of Coimbra</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Javier_P%C3%A9rez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Javier Pérez de Cuéllar">Javier Pérez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias">Óscar Arias</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher" title="Hans-Dietrich Genscher">Hans-Dietrich Genscher</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> (UNHCR)</li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">Frederik W. de Klerk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Protection_Force" title="United Nations Protection Force">United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Soares" title="Mário Soares">Mário Soares</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Guatemala">Government of Guatemala</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_National_Revolutionary_Unity" title="Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity">Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Emma_Bonino" title="Emma Bonino">Emma Bonino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olayinka_Koso-Thomas" title="Olayinka Koso-Thomas">Olayinka Koso-Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gra%C3%A7a_Machel" title="Graça Machel">Graça Machel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatiha_Boudiaf" title="Fatiha Boudiaf">Fatiha Boudiaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatana_Ishaq_Gailani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fatana Ishaq Gailani (page does not exist)">Fatana Ishaq Gailani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Somaly_Mam" title="Somaly Mam">Somaly Mam</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Duque" title="Pedro Duque">Pedro Duque</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiaki_Mukai" title="Chiaki Mukai">Chiaki Mukai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valeri_Polyakov" title="Valeri Polyakov">Valeri Polyakov</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Fernando Henrique Cardoso">Fernando Henrique Cardoso</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li>2002: The <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Antarctic_Research" title="Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research">Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a></li> <li>2004: The European Union's <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Programme" title="Erasmus Programme">Erasmus Programme</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" title="Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhi%C3%A7a_Centre_of_Health_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manhiça Centre of Health Research (page does not exist)">Manhiça Centre of Health Research</a> (Mozambique), <a href="/wiki/Ifakara_Health_Institute" title="Ifakara Health Institute">Ifakara Health Institute</a> (Tanzania), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaria_Research_and_Training_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malaria Research and Training Centre (page does not exist)">Malaria Research and Training Centre</a> (Mali), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kintampo_Health_Research_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kintampo Health Research Centre (page does not exist)">Kintampo Health Research Centre</a> (Ghana)</li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Transplantation_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Transplantation Society (page does not exist)">The Transplantation Society</a> and the Spanish <a href="/wiki/National_Transplant_Organization" title="National Transplant Organization">National Transplant Organization</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Drayton" title="Bill Drayton">Bill Drayton</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement</a></li> <li>2013: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Max Planck Society</a> for the Advancement of Science</li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Program" title="Fulbright Program">Fulbright Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a></li> <li>2017: The <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_Society_of_America" title="Hispanic Society of America">Hispanic Society of America</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Amref_Health_Africa" title="Amref Health Africa">Amref Health Africa</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Sal_Khan" title="Sal Khan">Salman Khan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/GAVI" title="GAVI">Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Camfed" title="Camfed">Camfed, Campaign for Female Education</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Ellen_MacArthur" title="Ellen MacArthur">Ellen MacArthur</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Drugs_for_Neglected_Diseases_Initiative" title="Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative">Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative</a> (DNDi)</li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture</a> (OEI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/201145858096823022035">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/157753532">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/123005102">3</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/2019024-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50083089">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35336001">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip 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href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/62639">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265143205171">Israel</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261708305171">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058524347006706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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