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(1891) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tobacco_Protest_(1891)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_Constitutional_Revolution_(1905–1911)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_Constitutional_Revolution_(1905–1911)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_Constitutional_Revolution_(1905–1911)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reza_Shah_(1921–1941)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reza_Shah_(1921–1941)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Reza Shah (1921–1941) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reza_Shah_(1921–1941)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglo-Soviet_invasion_and_Mohammad_Reza_Shah_(1941–1951)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglo-Soviet_invasion_and_Mohammad_Reza_Shah_(1941–1951)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Anglo-Soviet invasion and Mohammad Reza Shah (1941–1951) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglo-Soviet_invasion_and_Mohammad_Reza_Shah_(1941–1951)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mosaddegh_and_The_Anglo-Iranian_Oil_Company_(1951–1952)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mosaddegh_and_The_Anglo-Iranian_Oil_Company_(1951–1952)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Mosaddegh and The Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (1951–1952) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mosaddegh_and_The_Anglo-Iranian_Oil_Company_(1951–1952)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iranian_coup_d'état_(1953)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iranian_coup_d'état_(1953)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Iranian coup d'état (1953) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iranian_coup_d'état_(1953)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_Revolution_(1963–1979)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_Revolution_(1963–1979)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 White Revolution (1963–1979) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_Revolution_(1963–1979)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_and_exile_of_Ayatollah_Khomeini_(1963–1979)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_and_exile_of_Ayatollah_Khomeini_(1963–1979)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Rise and exile of Ayatollah Khomeini (1963–1979) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_and_exile_of_Ayatollah_Khomeini_(1963–1979)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ideology_of_the_Iranian_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology_of_the_Iranian_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.1 Ideology of the Iranian revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology_of_the_Iranian_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_groups_and_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_groups_and_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.2 Opposition groups and organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_groups_and_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970–1977" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970–1977"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 1970–1977 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970–1977-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outbreak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outbreak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.1 Outbreak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outbreak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Approaching_revolution_(1978)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approaching_revolution_(1978)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Approaching revolution (1978) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Approaching_revolution_(1978)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Approaching revolution (1978) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Approaching_revolution_(1978)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beginning_of_protests_(January)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginning_of_protests_(January)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Beginning of protests (January) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginning_of_protests_(January)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation_of_the_opposition_(February–March)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_of_the_opposition_(February–March)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Consolidation of the opposition (February–March) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_of_the_opposition_(February–March)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Government reaction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_summer_(June)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_summer_(June)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Early summer (June) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_summer_(June)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renewed_protests_(August–September)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewed_protests_(August–September)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Renewed protests (August–September) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewed_protests_(August–September)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appointment_of_Jafar_Sharif-Emami_as_prime_minister_(11_August)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appointment_of_Jafar_Sharif-Emami_as_prime_minister_(11_August)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Appointment of Jafar Sharif-Emami as prime minister (11 August) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appointment_of_Jafar_Sharif-Emami_as_prime_minister_(11_August)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema_Rex_fire_(19_August)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema_Rex_fire_(19_August)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Cinema Rex fire (19 August) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema_Rex_fire_(19_August)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declaration_of_martial_law_and_the_Jaleh_Square_Massacre_(8_September)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declaration_of_martial_law_and_the_Jaleh_Square_Massacre_(8_September)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 Declaration of martial law and the Jaleh Square Massacre (8 September) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaration_of_martial_law_and_the_Jaleh_Square_Massacre_(8_September)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reactions_to_Black_Friday" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions_to_Black_Friday"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3.1 Reactions to Black Friday </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions_to_Black_Friday-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationwide_strikes_(September–November)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationwide_strikes_(September–November)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Nationwide strikes (September–November) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationwide_strikes_(September–November)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khomeini_moves_to_France_(November)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khomeini_moves_to_France_(November)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Khomeini moves to France (November) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khomeini_moves_to_France_(November)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_of_Tehran_protest_(5_November)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_of_Tehran_protest_(5_November)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 University of Tehran protest (5 November) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_of_Tehran_protest_(5_November)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appointment_of_a_military_government_(6_November)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appointment_of_a_military_government_(6_November)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Appointment of a military government (6 November) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appointment_of_a_military_government_(6_November)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muharram_protests_(early_December)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muharram_protests_(early_December)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Muharram protests (early December) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muharram_protests_(early_December)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tasu'a_and_Ashura_marches_(10–11_December)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tasu'a_and_Ashura_marches_(10–11_December)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9.1 Tasu'a and Ashura marches (10–11 December) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tasu'a_and_Ashura_marches_(10–11_December)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution_(late_1978–1979)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution_(late_1978–1979)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Revolution (late 1978–1979) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Revolution_(late_1978–1979)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Revolution (late 1978–1979) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Revolution_(late_1978–1979)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demoralization_of_the_army_(December,_1978)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demoralization_of_the_army_(December,_1978)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Demoralization of the army (December, 1978) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demoralization_of_the_army_(December,_1978)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_and_internal_negotiations_with_the_opposition_(late_December,_1978)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_and_internal_negotiations_with_the_opposition_(late_December,_1978)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 American and internal negotiations with the opposition (late December, 1978) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_and_internal_negotiations_with_the_opposition_(late_December,_1978)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Shah_leaves_(16_January_1979)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Shah_leaves_(16_January_1979)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 The Shah leaves (16 January 1979) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Shah_leaves_(16_January_1979)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bakhtiar's_premiership_and_Ayatollah_Khomeini's_return_(January–February,_1979)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bakhtiar's_premiership_and_Ayatollah_Khomeini's_return_(January–February,_1979)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Bakhtiar's premiership and Ayatollah Khomeini's return (January–February, 1979) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bakhtiar's_premiership_and_Ayatollah_Khomeini's_return_(January–February,_1979)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armed_battles_and_collapse_of_the_monarchy_(February,_1979)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armed_battles_and_collapse_of_the_monarchy_(February,_1979)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Armed battles and collapse of the monarchy (February, 1979) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armed_battles_and_collapse_of_the_monarchy_(February,_1979)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Songs_of_Iranian_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Songs_of_Iranian_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Songs of Iranian Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Songs_of_Iranian_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Women's role </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Women's_role-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Women's role subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Women's_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ayatollah_Khomeini's_rhetoric_on_women's_participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ayatollah_Khomeini's_rhetoric_on_women's_participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Ayatollah Khomeini's rhetoric on women's participation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ayatollah_Khomeini's_rhetoric_on_women's_participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variation_within_women's_participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variation_within_women's_participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Variation within women's participation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variation_within_women's_participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_literature_on_women's_participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_literature_on_women's_participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Academic literature on women's participation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_literature_on_women's_participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ayatollah_Khomeini's_consolidation_of_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ayatollah_Khomeini's_consolidation_of_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Ayatollah Khomeini's consolidation of power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ayatollah_Khomeini's_consolidation_of_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conflicts_among_revolutionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts_among_revolutionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Conflicts among revolutionaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicts_among_revolutionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations_of_the_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations_of_the_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Organizations of the revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations_of_the_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1979_ethnic_uprisings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1979_ethnic_uprisings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 1979 ethnic uprisings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1979_ethnic_uprisings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_Islamic_republic_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_Islamic_republic_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Establishment of Islamic republic government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_Islamic_republic_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Referendum_of_12_Farvardin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referendum_of_12_Farvardin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Referendum of 12 Farvardin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referendum_of_12_Farvardin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_of_the_constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_of_the_constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Writing of the constitution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_of_the_constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hostage_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hostage_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Hostage crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hostage_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suppression_of_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suppression_of_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Suppression of opposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suppression_of_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_1981-1982_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_1981-1982_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 The 1981-1982 massacre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_1981-1982_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Closing_of_non-Islamist_newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closing_of_non-Islamist_newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Closing of non-Islamist newspapers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closing_of_non-Islamist_newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muslim_People's_Republican_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim_People's_Republican_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3 Muslim People's Republican Party </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim_People's_Republican_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamist_left" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamist_left"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.4 Islamist left </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamist_left-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Impacts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impacts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Impacts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 International impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_Gulf_and_the_Iran–Iraq_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_Gulf_and_the_Iran–Iraq_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Persian Gulf and the Iran–Iraq War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_Gulf_and_the_Iran–Iraq_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Muslim_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Muslim_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 In the Muslim world </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Muslim_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Domestic impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Politics and government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homosexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homosexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Homosexuality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homosexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Economic impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_political_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_political_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.10 Islamic political culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_political_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depictions_in_Western_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depictions_in_Western_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Depictions in Western media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depictions_in_Western_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Historical articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analytical_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analytical_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Analytical articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analytical_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_pictures_and_videos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_pictures_and_videos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 In pictures and videos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_pictures_and_videos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Iranian revolution</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" > 89 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irannese_Rewolusie" title="Irannese Rewolusie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Irannese Rewolusie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="الثورة الإسلامية في إيران – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الثورة الإسلامية في إيران" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_iranina" title="Revolución iranina – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Revolución iranina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B1_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ираналда Исламияб революция – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Ираналда Исламияб революция" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran_%C4%B0slam_%C4%B0nqilab%C4%B1" title="İran İslam İnqilabı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İran İslam İnqilabı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="ایران ایسلام اینقیلابی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایران ایسلام اینقیلابی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC" title="ইরানি বিপ্লব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইরানি বিপ্লব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Kek-b%C4%93ng" title="Iran Kek-bēng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iran Kek-bēng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Иранда Ислам революцияһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Иранда Ислам революцияһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%9E_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Ісламская рэвалюцыя ў Іране – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ісламская рэвалюцыя ў Іране" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%9E_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Ісламская рэвалюцыя ў Іране – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ісламская рэвалюцыя ў Іране" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Иранска революция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Иранска революция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3_isl%C3%A0mica" title="Revolució islàmica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Revolució islàmica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dr%C3%A1nsk%C3%A1_isl%C3%A1msk%C3%A1_revoluce" title="Íránská islámská revoluce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Íránská islámská revoluce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chwyldro_Islamaidd_Iran" title="Chwyldro Islamaidd Iran – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Chwyldro Islamaidd Iran" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_iranske_revolution" title="Den iranske revolution – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den iranske revolution" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamische_Revolution" title="Islamische Revolution – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Islamische Revolution" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraani_revolutsioon" title="Iraani revolutsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iraani revolutsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ιρανική Επανάσταση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιρανική Επανάσταση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_iran%C3%AD" title="Revolución iraní – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revolución iraní" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irana_revolucio" title="Irana revolucio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Irana revolucio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irango_Iraultza" title="Irango Iraultza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irango Iraultza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%DB%B1%DB%B3%DB%B5%DB%B7" title="انقلاب ۱۳۵۷ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انقلاب ۱۳۵۷" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_iranienne" title="Révolution iranienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Révolution iranienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9abhl%C3%B3id_na_hIar%C3%A1ine" title="Réabhlóid na hIaráine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réabhlóid na hIaráine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_iraniana" title="Revolución iraniana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Revolución iraniana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%9E%80_%ED%98%81%EB%AA%85" title="이란 혁명 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이란 혁명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juyin_Juya_Halin_Musulunci" title="Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Իրանի իսլամական հեղափոխություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իրանի իսլամական հեղափոխություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="ईरान की इस्लामी क्रांति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईरान की इस्लामी क्रांति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranska_revolucija" title="Iranska revolucija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Iranska revolucija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Iran" title="Revolusi Iran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Revolusi Iran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dranska_byltingin" title="Íranska byltingin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Íranska byltingin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivoluzione_iraniana" title="Rivoluzione iraniana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivoluzione iraniana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המהפכה האיראנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המהפכה האיראנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ირანის ისლამური რევოლუცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ირანის ისლამური რევოლუცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Ислам революциясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ислам революциясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapinduzi_ya_Kiislamu_ya_Iran" title="Mapinduzi ya Kiislamu ya Iran – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mapinduzi ya Kiislamu ya Iran" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eore%C5%9Fa_%C3%8Eslam%C3%AE_ya_%C3%8Eran%C3%AA" title="Şoreşa Îslamî ya Îranê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şoreşa Îslamî ya Îranê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Ислам Иран Революциясы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ислам Иран Революциясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seditio_Islamica" title="Seditio Islamica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Seditio Islamica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C4%81ma_revol%C5%ABcija" title="Islāma revolūcija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Islāma revolūcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irano_revoliucija" title="Irano revoliucija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Irano revoliucija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1ni_forradalom" title="Iráni forradalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Iráni forradalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Иранска револуција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Иранска револуција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rev%C3%B4lisi%C3%B4na_Iraniana" title="Revôlisiôna Iraniana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Revôlisiôna Iraniana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="ഇറാനിലെ ഇസ്‌ലാമിക വിപ്ലവം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇറാനിലെ ഇസ്‌ലാമിക വിപ്ലവം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="इराणी क्रांती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इराणी क्रांती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Iran" title="Revolusi Iran – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Revolusi Iran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraanse_Revolutie" title="Iraanse Revolutie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Iraanse Revolutie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="इरानको इस्लामी क्रान्ति – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इरानको इस्लामी क्रान्ति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="इरानी क्रान्ति – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इरानी क्रान्ति" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="イラン革命 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イラン革命" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_iranske_revolusjon" title="Den iranske revolusjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den iranske revolusjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_iranske_revolusjonen" title="Den iranske revolusjonen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den iranske revolusjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eron_inqilobi" title="Eron inqilobi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eron inqilobi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC" title="ਇਰਾਨੀ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਰਾਨੀ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="ایرانی انقلاب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایرانی انقلاب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="د ایران انقلاب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ایران انقلاب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira%C5%84ska_rewolucja_islamska" title="Irańska rewolucja islamska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Irańska rewolucja islamska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Iraniana" title="Revolução Iraniana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revolução Iraniana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C8%9Bia_Iranian%C4%83" title="Revoluția Iraniană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Revoluția Iraniană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исламская революция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Исламская революция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivolutzione_iraniana" title="Rivolutzione iraniana – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Rivolutzione iraniana" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" title="Iranian Revolution – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Iranian Revolution" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolucioni_Iranian" title="Revolucioni Iranian – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Revolucioni Iranian" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" title="Iranian Revolution – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iranian Revolution" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="ايراني انقلاب – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايراني انقلاب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1nska_revol%C3%BAcia" title="Iránska revolúcia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Iránska revolúcia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%86%DA%95%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D9%A1%D9%A9%D9%A7%D9%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شۆڕشی ١٩٧٩ی ئێران – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شۆڕشی ١٩٧٩ی ئێران" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Иранска револуција – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Иранска револуција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranska_revolucija" title="Iranska revolucija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Iranska revolucija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranin_vallankumous" title="Iranin vallankumous – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Iranin vallankumous" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranska_revolutionen" title="Iranska revolutionen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Iranska revolutionen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Revolution in Iran from 1978 to 1979</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 1979 revolution. For the 1905–1911 revolution, see <a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a>. For the series of reforms launched in 1963, see <a href="/wiki/White_Revolution" title="White Revolution">White Revolution</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"1979 Revolution" redirects here. For the video game based on the events, see <a href="/wiki/1979_Revolution:_Black_Friday" title="1979 Revolution: Black Friday">1979 Revolution: Black Friday</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Iranian revolution</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#eeeeee;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mass_demonstration_in_Iran,_date_unknown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mass_demonstration_in_Iran%2C_date_unknown.jpg/300px-Mass_demonstration_in_Iran%2C_date_unknown.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mass_demonstration_in_Iran%2C_date_unknown.jpg/450px-Mass_demonstration_in_Iran%2C_date_unknown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mass_demonstration_in_Iran%2C_date_unknown.jpg/600px-Mass_demonstration_in_Iran%2C_date_unknown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="522" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Mass demonstrations of people protesting against the Shah and the Pahlavi government on the day of Hosseini's Ashura on 11 December 1978 at College Bridge, <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">7 January 1978 (1978-01-07) – 11 February 1979 (1979-02-11) (1 year, 1 month and 4 days)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Iran</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Caused by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Discontent with <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>'s rule</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini%27s_life_in_exile" title="Ruhollah Khomeini's life in exile">Exile of Ruhollah Khomeini</a> (religious sector)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social</a> <a href="/wiki/Injustice" title="Injustice">injustice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Background and causes of the Iranian revolution">and others</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Goals</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Methods</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">Strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">Civil resistance</a></li> <li>Rioting<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li> <li>Armed street fighting<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Resulted in</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Aftermath of the Iranian revolution">Revolutionaries' victory</a> <ul><li>Overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> and monarchy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran" title="Constitution of Iran">Constitution of the Islamic Republic</a> replaced <a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitution_of_1906" title="Persian Constitution of 1906">Persian Constitution of 1906</a> with <a href="/wiki/1979_Iranian_constitutional_referendum" title="1979 Iranian constitutional referendum">referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> becomes the new <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a></li> <li>Beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijab_in_Iran" title="Hijab in Iran">Hijab for all women by law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crisis</a></li> <li>Massive exile that characterizes a large portion of today's <a href="/wiki/Iranian_diaspora" title="Iranian diaspora">Iranian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a> worldwide<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_against_Iran" title="International sanctions against Iran">International sanctions against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Americanist">Anti-Americanist</a> regime change</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran designated state sponsor of terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nojeh_coup_plot" title="Nojeh coup plot">Nojeh coup plot</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Parties</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /> <a href="/wiki/Imperial_State_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial State of Iran">Imperial State of Iran</a> </div> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Pro-Shah Groups</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Regency_Council_(Iran)" title="Regency Council (Iran)">Regency Council</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Rastakhiz_Party" title="Rastakhiz Party">Rastakhiz Party</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran#Pahlavi_dynasty_(1925–1979)" title="Military history of Iran">Imperial Army</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[b]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Iran)" title="Imperial Guard (Iran)">Imperial Guard</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/SAVAK" title="SAVAK">SAVAK</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Shahrbani" title="Shahrbani">Shahrbani</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Gendarmerie" title="Iranian Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg/23px-First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg/35px-First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg/46px-First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="361" /> <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Islamic_Revolution" title="Council of the Islamic Revolution">Revolutionary Council</a> </div> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Islamist Opposition</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Combatant_Clergy_Association" title="Combatant Clergy Association">Combatant Clergy Association</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Association_of_Students" title="Islamic Association of Students">Islamic Association of Students</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Association_of_Teachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Association of Teachers">Islamic Association of Teachers</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Association_of_Engineers" title="Islamic Association of Engineers">Islamic Association of Engineers</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Association_of_Physicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Association of Physicians">Islamic Association of Physicians</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Coalition_Party" title="Islamic Coalition Party">Islamic Coalition Societies</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Fada%27iyan-e_Islam" title="Fada'iyan-e Islam">Fadaiyan-e-Islam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mojahedin_of_the_Islamic_Revolution_Organization" title="Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization">Mojahedin</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Liberal Democratic Opposition</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Movement_of_Iran" title="Freedom Movement of Iran">Freedom Movement of Iran</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Iran)" title="National Front (Iran)">National Front</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/JAMA_(political_party)" title="JAMA (political party)">JAMA</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Militant_Muslims" title="Movement of Militant Muslims">Movement of Militant Muslims</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Democratic_Party_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran">Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Iranian_Students" title="Confederation of Iranian Students">Confederation of Iranian Students</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Leftist Opposition</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mojahedin-e-Khalq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mojahedin-e-Khalq">Mojahedin-e-Khalq</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_People%27s_Fedai_Guerrillas" title="Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas">Fadaiyan-e-Khalq</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Tudeh_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudeh Party">Tudeh Party</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Iranian_Communists_(Sarbedaran)" title="Union of Iranian Communists (Sarbedaran)">Sarbedaran</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Struggle_for_the_Emancipation_of_the_Working_Class" title="Organization of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class">Peykar</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Razmandegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Razmandegan">Razmandegan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Worker%27s_Way" title="Worker's Way">Worker's Way</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Komala_Party_of_Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan">Komalah</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_People%27s_Cultural_and_Political_Society" title="Turkmen People's Cultural and Political Society">Turkmen People's Cultural and Political Society</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Lead figures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244901718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-columns-text-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div{box-sizing:border-box;width:50%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-3>div{width:33.33%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-4>div{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div:not(:first-child){border-left:1px dotted #aaa;padding-left:5px}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist infobox-columns infobox-columns-2 infobox-columns-text-left"> <div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran"><img alt="Pahlavi Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran"><img alt="Pahlavi Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jamshid_Amouzegar" title="Jamshid Amouzegar">Jamshid Amouzegar</a> <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran"><img alt="Pahlavi Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jafar_Sharif-Emami" title="Jafar Sharif-Emami">Jafar Sharif-Emami</a> <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran"><img alt="Pahlavi Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gholam_Reza_Azhari" title="Gholam Reza Azhari">Gholam Reza Azhari</a> <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran"><img alt="Pahlavi Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Shapour_Bakhtiar" title="Shapour Bakhtiar">Shapour Bakhtiar</a> <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran"><img alt="Pahlavi Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nematollah_Nassiri" title="Nematollah Nassiri">Nematollah Nassiri</a>  <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran"><img alt="Pahlavi Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nasser_Moghaddam" title="Nasser Moghaddam">Nasser Moghaddam</a>  <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran"><img alt="Pahlavi Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Gharabaghi" title="Abbas Gharabaghi">Abbas Gharabaghi</a> <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran"><img alt="Pahlavi Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gholam_Ali_Oveissi" title="Gholam Ali Oveissi">Gholam Ali Oveissi</a> </div> <div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg/23px-First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg/35px-First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg/46px-First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="361" /> <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Civil_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Civil_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Civil_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Civil_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Civil_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Civil_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Bazargan" title="Mehdi Bazargan">Mehdi Bazargan</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[c]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg/23px-First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg/35px-First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg/46px-First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="361" /> <a href="/wiki/Morteza_Motahhari" title="Morteza Motahhari">Morteza Motahhari</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[d]</a> </div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg/23px-First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg/35px-First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg/46px-First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="361" /> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Beheshti" title="Mohammad Beheshti">Mohammad Beheshti</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg/23px-First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg/35px-First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg/46px-First_Flag_of_I.R.Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="361" /> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">See <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Casualties of the Iranian revolution">Casualties of the Iranian revolution</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Regency Council was practically dissolved on 22 January 1979, when its head resigned to meet <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Imperial Iranian Army revoked their allegiance to the throne and declared <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutrality</a> on 11 February 1979. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Prime Minister of the Interim Government. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Head of Revolutionary Council. </li> </ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Iran" title="Category:History of Iran">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">History of Iran</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg/200px-Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg/300px-Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg/400px-Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2477" data-file-height="1857" /></a> The <a href="/wiki/Gate_of_All_Nations" title="Gate of All Nations">Gate of All Nations</a> in Fars</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Iran" title="Prehistory of Iran">Prehistoric period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE / BC</a> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Baradostian_culture" title="Baradostian culture">Baradostian culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 36,000–18,000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 20,000–10,000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6000–5000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zayandeh_River_Culture" title="Zayandeh River Culture">Zayandeh River Culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6th millennium</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Dalma_culture" title="Dalma culture">Dalma culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5th millennium</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Prehistory" title="History of Iran">Ancient period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 3400–2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Helmand_culture" title="Helmand culture">Helmand culture</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3300–2200</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 3200–2700</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi Kingdom</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zamua" title="Zamua">Zamua</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3100-675</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 2700–539</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Marhasi" title="Marhasi">Marhaši</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2550-2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Oxus Civilization</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2400–1700</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 2400–2150</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500–1155</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Avestan_period" title="Avestan period">Avestan period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500–500</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 911–609</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 860–590</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Mannaea" title="Mannaea">Mannaea</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 850–616</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zikirti" title="Zikirti">Zikirti</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 750-521</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Saparda" title="Saparda">Saparda</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 720-670</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Classical_antiquity" title="History of Iran">Imperial period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Median_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Median state">Median Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 678–550 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 652–625 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Teispids" title="Teispids">Anshanite Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 635 BC–550 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 626 BC–539 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6th century BC–11th century AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 550 BC–330 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 331 BC–428 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Atropatene" title="Atropatene">Atropatene</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 323 BC–226 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Kingdom of Cappadocia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 320s BC–17 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 312 BC–63 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of Pontus</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 281 BC–62 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Fratarakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fratarakas">Fratarakas</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 3rd-century BC–132 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 247 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Elymais" title="Elymais">Elymais</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 147 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Characene" title="Characene">Characene</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 141 BC–222 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Persis" title="Kings of Persis">Kings of Persis</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 132 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 19 AD–224/5</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Paratarajas" title="Paratarajas">Paratarajas</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 125–300</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 224–651</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zarmihrids" title="Zarmihrids">Zarmihrids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 6th century–785</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qarinvand_dynasty" title="Qarinvand dynasty">Qarinvandids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 550s–11th century</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Medieval_period" title="History of Iran">Medieval period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE / AD</a> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 632-661</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 661–750</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 750–1258</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Dabuyid_dynasty" title="Dabuyid dynasty">Dabuyids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 642–760</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Bavand_dynasty" title="Bavand dynasty">Bavandids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 651–1349</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Masmughans_of_Damavand" title="Masmughans of Damavand">Masmughans of Damavand</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 651–760</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Baduspanids" title="Baduspanids">Baduspanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 665–1598</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Justanids" title="Justanids">Justanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 791 – 11th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alid dynasties</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 864 – 14th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 821–873</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 819–999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 861–1003</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> pre-879 – 1215</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sajid_dynasty" title="Sajid dynasty">Sajid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 889–929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 919–1062</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 930–1090</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ilyas" title="Banu Ilyas">Ilyasids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 932–968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 934–1062</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Rawadid_dynasty" title="Rawadid dynasty">Rawadid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 955–1070</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Hasanwayhids" title="Hasanwayhids">Hasanwayhids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 959–1095</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 977–1186</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Annazids" title="Annazids">Annazids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 990/1–1117</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kakuyids" title="Kakuyids">Kakuyids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1008–1141</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty_(Sistan)" title="Nasrid dynasty (Sistan)">Nasrid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1029–1236</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Shabankara" title="Shabankara">Shabankara</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1030–1355</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1037–1194</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarazmian dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1077–1231</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1135–1225</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Atabegs_of_Yazd" title="Atabegs of Yazd">Atabegs of Yazd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1141–1319</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Salghurids" title="Salghurids">Salghurids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1148–1282</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Hazaraspids" title="Hazaraspids">Hazaraspids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1155–1424</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Pishkinid_dynasty" title="Pishkinid dynasty">Pishkinid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1155–1231</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Khorshidi_dynasty" title="Khorshidi dynasty">Khorshidi dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1184-1597</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qutlugh-Khanids" title="Qutlugh-Khanids">Qutlugh-Khanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1223-1306</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Mihrabanids" title="Mihrabanids">Mihrabanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1236–1537</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt dynasty">Kurt dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1244–1396</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1256–1335</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1335–1357</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Iran)" title="Muzaffarids (Iran)">Muzaffarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1335–1393</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1337–1376</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sarbadars" title="Sarbadars">Sarbadars</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1337–1376</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Injuids" title="Injuids">Injuids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1335–1357</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_dynasty" title="Afrasiyab dynasty">Afrasiyab dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1349–1504</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Mar%27ashis" title="Mar'ashis">Mar'ashis</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1359–1596</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1370–1507</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kar-Kiya_dynasty" title="Kar-Kiya dynasty">Kar-Kiya dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1370s–1592</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1406–1468</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1468–1508</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Early_modern_period" title="History of Iran">Early modern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1501–1736</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> (<a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1722–1729</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1736–1796</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1751–1794</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Modern_period" title="History of Iran">Modern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1789–1925</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Pahlavi Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1925–1979</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Contemporary_period" title="History of Iran">Contemporary period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1979</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">Interim Government</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1979</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1979–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Iran" title="Name of Iran">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Iran" title="List of heads of state of Iran">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iran" title="Economic history of Iran">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Iran">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran" title="Military history of Iran">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of women in Iran">Women's history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Iran" title="List of wars involving Iran">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Iranian_history" title="Timeline of Iranian history">Timeline</a> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/16px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/24px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Iran" title="Template:History of Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Iran" title="Template talk:History of Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Iranian revolution (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: انقلاب ایران, Enqelâb-e Irân <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[ʔeɴɢeˌlɒːbe ʔiːɾɒːn]</a>), also known as the 1979 revolution, or the Islamic revolution of 1979 (انقلاب اسلامی, Enqelâb-e Eslâmī)<a href="#cite_note-8">[4]</a> was a series of events that culminated in the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a> in 1979. The revolution led to the replacement of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_State_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial State of Iran">Imperial State of Iran</a> by the present-day <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a>, as the monarchical government of <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> was superseded by the theocratic <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Ruhollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini</a>, a religious cleric who had headed one of the rebel factions. The ousting of Pahlavi, the last <a href="/wiki/Shah_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah of Iran">Shah of Iran</a>, formally marked the end of <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Iran's historical monarchy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGölz2017229-9">[5]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/1953_Iran_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1953 Iran coup">1953 Iran coup</a>, Pahlavi aligned Iran with the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a> and cultivated a close relationship with the US to consolidate his power as an authoritarian ruler. Relying heavily on American support amidst the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, he remained the Shah of Iran for 26 years, keeping the country from swaying towards the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[7]</a> Beginning in 1963, Pahlavi implemented widespread reforms aimed at modernizing Iran through an effort that came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/White_Revolution" title="White Revolution">White Revolution</a>. Due to his opposition to this modernization, <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini%27s_life_in_exile" title="Ruhollah Khomeini's life in exile">Khomeini was exiled from Iran</a> in 1964. However, as ideological tensions persisted between Pahlavi and Khomeini, anti-government demonstrations began in October 1977, developing into a campaign of civil resistance that included <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982479-12">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Afkhami-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[10]</a> In August 1978, the deaths of about 400 people in the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_Rex_fire" title="Cinema Rex fire">Cinema Rex fire</a>—claimed by the opposition as having been orchestrated by Pahlavi's <a href="/wiki/SAVAK" title="SAVAK">SAVAK</a>—served as a catalyst for a popular revolutionary movement across Iran,<a href="#cite_note-mottahedeh-15">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[12]</a> and large-scale strikes and demonstrations paralyzed the country for the remainder of that year. On 16 January 1979, Pahlavi went into exile as the last Iranian monarch,<a href="#cite_note-17">[13]</a> leaving his duties to Iran's <a href="/wiki/Regency_Council_(Iran)" title="Regency Council (Iran)">Regency Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shapour_Bakhtiar" title="Shapour Bakhtiar">Shapour Bakhtiar</a>, the opposition-based <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iran" title="Prime Minister of Iran">prime minister</a>. On 1 February 1979, <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini%27s_return_to_Iran" title="Ruhollah Khomeini's return to Iran">Khomeini returned</a>, following an invitation by the government;<a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Milani-Persians-18">[14]</a> several million greeted him as he landed in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[15]</a> By 11 February, the monarchy was brought down and Khomeini assumed leadership while guerrillas and rebel troops overwhelmed Pahlavi loyalists in armed combat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham1980228-20">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004111-21">[17]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/1979_Iranian_Islamic_Republic_referendum" title="1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum">March 1979 Islamic Republic referendum</a>, in which 98% approved the shift to an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a>, the new government began drafting the present-day <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a>;<a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982479-12">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Afkhami-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004-23">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amuzegar-24">[20]</a> Khomeini emerged as the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader of Iran</a> in December 1979.<a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a> The success of the revolution was met with surprise around the world,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmuzegar19914,_9–12-26">[22]</a> as it was unusual. It lacked many customary causes of revolutionary sentiment, e.g. defeat in war, financial crisis, <a href="/wiki/Peasant_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasant rebellion">peasant rebellion</a>, or disgruntled military.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArjomand1988191-27">[23]</a> It occurred in a country experiencing relative prosperity,<a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amuzegar-24">[20]</a> produced profound change at great speed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmuzegar199110-28">[24]</a> was very popular, resulted in a massive exile that characterizes a large portion of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_diaspora" title="Iranian diaspora">Iranian diaspora</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004121-29">[25]</a> and replaced a pro-Western secular<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017897-30">[26]</a> and authoritarian monarchy<a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment" title="Anti-Western sentiment">anti-Western</a> Islamic republic<a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004-23">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amuzegar-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Middle_East_Studies_1987,_p._261-31">[27]</a> based on the concept of Velâyat-e Faqih (<a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist</a>), straddling between <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a> In addition to declaring the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> as a core objective,<a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a> post-revolutionary Iran aimed to undermine the influence of <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> leaders in the region by supporting <a href="/wiki/Shi%27ite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ite">Shi'ite</a> political ascendancy and exporting <a href="/wiki/Khomeinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Khomeinist">Khomeinist</a> doctrines abroad.<a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Aftermath of the Iranian revolution">aftermath of the revolution</a>, Iran began to back Shia militancy across the region, to combat Sunni influence and establish Iranian dominance in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, ultimately aiming to achieve an Iranian-led Shia political order.<a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_(1891–1977)">Background (1891–1977)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background (1891–1977)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Background and causes of the Iranian revolution">Background and causes of the Iranian revolution</a></div> Reasons advanced for the revolution and its <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islamic</a> character include: <ol><li>A backlash against <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a>;</li> <li>A rise in expectations created by the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil revenue windfall</a>;</li> <li>An overly ambitious economic program;</li> <li>Anger over a short, sharp <a href="/wiki/Economic_contraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic contraction">economic contraction</a> in 1977–1978; and<a href="#cite_note-41">[Note 1]</a></li> <li>Other shortcomings of the previous regime.</li></ol> The Shah's regime was seen as an oppressive, brutal,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarney199837,_47,_67,_128,_155,_167-42">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982437-43">[38]</a> corrupt, and lavish <a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">regime</a> by some of the society's classes at that time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarney199837,_47,_67,_128,_155,_167-42">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackey1996236,_260-44">[39]</a> It also suffered from some basic functional failures that brought economic <a href="/wiki/Bottleneck_(production)" title="Bottleneck (production)">bottlenecks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shortage" title="Shortage">shortages</a>, and inflation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham198019,_96-45">[40]</a> The Shah was perceived by many as beholden to—if not a puppet of—a non-Muslim <a href="/wiki/Western_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Western power">Western power</a> (i.e., the United States)&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrumberg2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-46">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirley1997207-47">[42]</a> whose culture was affecting that of Iran. At the same time, support for the Shah may have waned among Western politicians and media—especially under the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">administration</a> of U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>—as a result of the Shah's support for <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">OPEC petroleum price increases</a> earlier in the decade.<a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a> When President Carter enacted a <a href="/wiki/Human-rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-rights">human-rights</a> policy which said that countries guilty of human-rights violations would be deprived of American arms or aid, this helped give some Iranians the courage to post open letters and <a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">petitions</a> in the hope that the repression by the government might subside.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeddie2003214-49">[44]</a> The revolution that substituted the monarchy of <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> with <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Khomeini">Khomeini</a> is credited in part to the spread of the <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a> version of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a>. It resisted <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">westernization</a> and saw <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a> Khomeini as following in the footsteps of the Shi'a <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a> <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a>, with the Shah playing the role of Husayn's foe, the hated tyrant <a href="/wiki/Yazid_I" title="Yazid I">Yazid I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaheri1985238-50">[45]</a> Other factors include the underestimation of Khomeini's <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> movement by both the Shah's reign—who considered them a minor threat compared to the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_guerrilla_groups_of_Iran" title="Left-wing guerrilla groups of Iran">Marxists</a> and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_Organization_of_Iran" title="People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran">Islamic socialists</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000178-51">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoveyda_2003_22-52">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982533–534-53">[48]</a>—and by the <a href="/wiki/Secularist" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularist">secularist</a> opponents of the government—who thought the <a href="/wiki/Khomeinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Khomeinist">Khomeinists</a> could be sidelined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchirazi1997293–34-54">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tobacco_Protest_(1891)">Tobacco Protest (1891)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tobacco Protest (1891)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Protest" title="Tobacco Protest">Tobacco Protest</a></div> At the end of the 19th century, the Shi'a clergy (<a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a>) had a significant influence on <a href="/wiki/Iranian_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian society">Iranian society</a>. The clergy first showed itself to be a powerful political force in opposition to the monarchy with the 1891 <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco protest">Tobacco protest</a>. On 20 March 1890, the long-standing Iranian monarch <a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir al-Din Shah">Nasir al-Din Shah</a> granted a concession to <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> Major G. F. Talbot for a full monopoly over the production, sale, and export of tobacco for 50 years.<a href="#cite_note-k38-55">[50]</a> At the time, the Persian tobacco industry employed over 200,000 people, so the concession represented a major blow to Persian farmers and <a href="/wiki/Bazaari" title="Bazaari">bazaaris</a> whose livelihoods were largely dependent on the lucrative tobacco business.<a href="#cite_note-56">[51]</a> The boycotts and protests against it were widespread and extensive as result of <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Hasan_Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Hasan Shirazi">Mirza Hasan Shirazi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> (judicial decree).<a href="#cite_note-57">[52]</a> Within 2 years, Nasir al-Din Shah found himself powerless to stop the popular movement and cancelled the concession.<a href="#cite_note-58">[53]</a> The Tobacco Protest was the first significant Iranian resistance against the Shah and foreign interests, revealing the power of the people and the ulama influence among them.<a href="#cite_note-k38-55">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_Constitutional_Revolution_(1905–1911)">Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a></div> The growing dissatisfaction continued until the Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1911. The revolution led to the establishment of a parliament, the <a href="/wiki/National_Consultative_Assembly" title="National Consultative Assembly">National Consultative Assembly</a> (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Majlis" title="Majlis">Majlis</a>), and approval of the first constitution. Although the constitutional revolution was successful in weakening the <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar regime</a>, it failed to provide a powerful alternative government. Therefore, in the decades following the establishment of the new parliament, a number of critical events took place. Many of these events can be viewed as a continuation of the struggle between the constitutionalists and the Shahs of Persia, many of whom were backed by foreign powers against the parliament. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reza_Shah_(1921–1941)">Reza Shah (1921–1941)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reza Shah (1921–1941)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rez%C4%81_Sh%C4%81h" class="mw-redirect" title="Rezā Shāh">Rezā Shāh</a></div> Insecurity and chaos that were created after the Constitutional Revolution led to the rise of General <a href="/wiki/Reza_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Reza Khan">Reza Khan</a>, the commander of the elite <a href="/wiki/Persian_Cossack_Brigade" title="Persian Cossack Brigade">Persian Cossack Brigade</a> who seized power in a coup d'état in February 1921. He established a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, deposing the last Qajar <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Qajar" title="Ahmad Shah Qajar">Ahmad Shah</a>, in 1925 and being designated monarch by the National Assembly, to be known thenceforth as Reza Shah, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a>. There were widespread social, economic, and political reforms introduced during his reign, a number of which led to public discontent that would provide the circumstances for the Iranian Revolution. Particularly controversial was the replacement of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic laws</a> with Western ones and the forbidding of traditional <a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Islamic clothing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation_and_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex segregation and Islam">separation of the sexes</a>, and veiling of women's faces with the <a href="/wiki/Niqab" class="mw-redirect" title="Niqab">niqab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackey1996184-59">[54]</a> Police forcibly removed and tore the <a href="/wiki/Chador" title="Chador">chadors</a> off women who resisted his ban on the public <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a>. In 1935, dozens were killed and hundreds injured in the <a href="/wiki/Goharshad_Mosque_rebellion" title="Goharshad Mosque rebellion">Goharshad Mosque rebellion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhash198422-60">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaheri198594–95-61">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[57]</a> On the other hand, during the early rise of Reza Shah, <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Karim_Ha%27eri_Yazdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Karim Ha'eri Yazdi">Abdul-Karim Ha'eri Yazdi</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Qom_Seminary" title="Qom Seminary">Qom Seminary</a> and created important changes in <a href="/wiki/Seminaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminaries">seminaries</a>. However, he would avoid entering into political issues, as did other religious leaders who followed him. Hence, no widespread anti-government attempts were organized by the clergy during the rule of Reza Shah. However, the future Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Khomeini">Khomeini</a> was a student of Sheikh Abdul Karim Ha'eri.<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglo-Soviet_invasion_and_Mohammad_Reza_Shah_(1941–1951)">Anglo-Soviet invasion and Mohammad Reza Shah (1941–1951)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anglo-Soviet invasion and Mohammad Reza Shah (1941–1951)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a></div> In 1941, an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">invasion of allied British and Soviet troops</a> <a href="/wiki/Deposed" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposed">deposed</a> Reza Shah, who was considered friendly to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, and installed his son, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> as Shah.<a href="#cite_note-64">[59]</a> Iran remained under Soviet occupation until the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> withdrew in June 1946.<a href="#cite_note-65">[60]</a> The post-war years were characterized by political instability, as the Shah clashed with the pro-Soviet Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Qavam" title="Ahmad Qavam">Ahmad Qavam</a>, the communist <a href="/wiki/Tudeh_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudeh Party">Tudeh Party</a> grew in size and influence and the Iranian Army had to deal with Soviet-sponsored separatist movements in <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Azerbaijan">Iranian Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mosaddegh_and_The_Anglo-Iranian_Oil_Company_(1951–1952)">Mosaddegh and The Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (1951–1952)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mosaddegh and The Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (1951–1952)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammad Mosaddegh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a></div> From 1901 on, the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a> (renamed the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in 1935), a British oil company, enjoyed a monopoly on sale and production of Iranian oil. It was the most profitable British business in the world.<a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a> Most Iranians lived in poverty while the wealth generated from Iranian oil played a decisive role in maintaining Britain as a preeminent global power. In 1951, Iranian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammad Mosaddegh</a> pledged to throw the company out of Iran, reclaim the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum reserves">petroleum reserves</a> and free Iran from foreign powers. In 1952, Mosaddegh <a href="/wiki/Nationalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalized">nationalized</a> the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and became a national hero. The British, however, were outraged and accused him of stealing. The British unsuccessfully <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iranian_Oil_Co._case" title="Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case">sought punishment</a> from the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> and the United Nations, sent warships to the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, and finally imposed a crushing <a href="/wiki/Embargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Embargo">embargo</a>. Mosaddegh was unmoved by Britain's campaign against him. One European newspaper, the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Neue_Presse" title="Frankfurter Neue Presse">Frankfurter Neue Presse</a>, reported that Mosaddegh "would rather be fried in Persian oil than make the slightest concession to the British." The British considered an armed invasion, but U.K. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> decided on a coup after being refused American military support by U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, who sympathized with nationalist movements like Mosaddegh's and had nothing but contempt for old-style <a href="/wiki/Imperialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperialists">imperialists</a> like those who ran the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. Mosaddegh, however, learned of Churchill's plans and ordered the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_Kingdom,_Tehran" title="Embassy of the United Kingdom, Tehran">British embassy</a> to be closed in October 1952, forcing all British diplomats and agents to leave the country. Although the British were initially turned down in their request for American support by President Truman, the election of <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> as U.S. president in November 1952 changed the American stance toward the conflict. This, paired with <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> paranoia and fears of communist influence, contributed to American strategic interests. On 20 January 1953, U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> and his brother, <a href="/wiki/C.I.A." class="mw-redirect" title="C.I.A.">C.I.A.</a> Director <a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a>, told their British counterparts that they were ready to move against Mosaddegh. In their eyes, any country not decisively allied with the United States was a potential enemy. Iran had immense oil wealth, a long border with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">nationalist</a> prime minister. The prospect of a fall into <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and a "second China" (after <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>) terrified the Dulles brothers. <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ajax" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Ajax">Operation Ajax</a> was born, in which the only <a href="/wiki/Democratic_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic government">democratic government</a> Iran ever had was deposed.<a href="#cite_note-:2-68">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iranian_coup_d'état_(1953)">Iranian coup d'état (1953)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Iranian coup d'état (1953)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></div> On 15 August 1953 a coup d'état was initiated to remove Mosaddegh, with the support of the United States, the United Kingdom and most of the Shia clergy.<a href="#cite_note-:2-68">[63]</a> The Shah fled to Italy when the initial coup attempt on August 15 failed, but returned after a successful second attempt on August 19.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian-69">[64]</a> Mosaddegh was removed from power and put under house arrest, while lieutenant general <a href="/wiki/Fazlollah_Zahedi" title="Fazlollah Zahedi">Fazlollah Zahedi</a> was appointed as new Prime Minister by the Shah. The sovereign, who was mainly seen as a figurehead at the time, eventually managed to break free from the shackles of the Iranian elites and impose himself as an autocratic reformist ruler.<a href="#cite_note-70">[65]</a> Pahlavi maintained a close relationship with the U.S. government, as both regimes shared opposition to the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, Iran's powerful northern neighbor. <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Reformists" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Reformists">Leftist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> groups attacked his government (often from outside Iran as they were suppressed within) for violating the Iranian constitution, political corruption, and the political oppression, torture, and killings, by the <a href="/wiki/SAVAK" title="SAVAK">SAVAK</a> secret police. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_Revolution_(1963–1979)">White Revolution (1963–1979)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: White Revolution (1963–1979)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/White_Revolution" title="White Revolution">White Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_fullsize.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Shah_fullsize.jpg/220px-Shah_fullsize.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Shah_fullsize.jpg/330px-Shah_fullsize.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Shah_fullsize.jpg/440px-Shah_fullsize.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5788" data-file-height="7314" /></a><figcaption>Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</figcaption></figure> The White Revolution was a far-reaching series of reforms in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> launched in 1963 by <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a> Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and lasting until 1979. Mohammad Reza Shah's reform program was built especially to weaken those classes that supported the traditional system. It consisted of several elements including <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a>; sales of some <a href="/wiki/State-owned" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned">state-owned</a> factories to finance the land reform; the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">enfranchisement of women</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> of forests and pastures; formation of a literacy <a href="/wiki/Corps" title="Corps">corps</a>; and the institution of <a href="/wiki/Profit-sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Profit-sharing">profit-sharing</a> schemes for workers in industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArjomand198872–73-71">[66]</a> The Shah pushed the White Revolution as a step toward <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">westernization</a>,<a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> and it was a way for him to <a href="/wiki/Legitimize" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimize">legitimize</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a>. Part of the reason for launching the White Revolution was that the Shah hoped to eliminate the influence of landlords and to create a new base of support among the peasants and the working class.<a href="#cite_note-73">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[69]</a> Thus, the White Revolution in Iran was an attempt to introduce reform from above and preserve traditional power patterns. Through land reform, the essence of the White Revolution, the Shah hoped to ally himself with the <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasantry</a> in the countryside, and hoped to sever their ties with the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> in the city. What the Shah did not expect, however, was that the White Revolution led to new <a href="/wiki/Civil_disorder" title="Civil disorder">social tensions</a> that helped create many of the problems that he was trying to avoid. The Shah's reforms more than quadrupled the combined size of the two classes that posed the greatest challenges to his monarchy in the past — the <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a>, and the urban <a href="/wiki/Iranian_working_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian working class">working class</a>. Their resentment of the Shah also grew, as they were now stripped of organizations that had represented them in the past, such as political parties, professional associations, trade unions, and independent newspapers. The land reform, instead of allying the peasants with the government, produced large numbers of independent farmers and landless laborers who became loose political cannons, with no loyalty to the Shah. Many of the masses resented the increasingly corrupt government; their loyalty to the clergy, who were viewed as more concerned with the fate of the populace, remained consistent or increased. As <a href="/wiki/Ervand_Abrahamian" title="Ervand Abrahamian">Ervand Abrahamian</a> pointed out: "The White Revolution had been designed to preempt a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Red Revolution</a>. Instead, it paved the way for an Islamic Revolution."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian2008143-75">[70]</a> In theory, oil money funneled to the elite was supposed to be used to create jobs and factories, eventually distributing the money, but instead the wealth tended to remain concentrated in the hands of the very few at the top.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian2008140-76">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_and_exile_of_Ayatollah_Khomeini_(1963–1979)">Rise and exile of Ayatollah Khomeini (1963–1979)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rise and exile of Ayatollah Khomeini (1963–1979)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Movement_of_15_Khordad" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement of 15 Khordad">Movement of 15 Khordad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini%27s_return_to_Iran#Exile" title="Ruhollah Khomeini's return to Iran">Ruhollah Khomeini's return to Iran § Exile</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruhollah_Khomeini_portrait_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ruhollah_Khomeini_portrait_1.jpg/170px-Ruhollah_Khomeini_portrait_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ruhollah_Khomeini_portrait_1.jpg/255px-Ruhollah_Khomeini_portrait_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ruhollah_Khomeini_portrait_1.jpg/340px-Ruhollah_Khomeini_portrait_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>Ayatollah Sayyid Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini</figcaption></figure> Post-revolutionary leader — <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver Shia">Twelver Shia</a> cleric <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> — first rose to political prominence in 1963 when he led opposition to the Shah and his <a href="/wiki/White_Revolution" title="White Revolution">White Revolution</a>. Khomeini was arrested in 1963 after declaring the Shah a "wretched, miserable man" who "embarked on the [path toward] destruction of Islam in Iran."<a href="#cite_note-77">[72]</a> Three days of major riots throughout Iran followed, with 15,000 dead from police fire as reported by opposition sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhomeiniAlgar198117-78">[73]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Anti-revolutionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revolutionary">anti-revolutionary</a> sources conjectured that just 32 were killed.<a href="#cite_note-emadbaghi-79">[74]</a> Khomeini was released after eight months of house arrest and continued his agitation, condemning Iran's close cooperation with Israel and its <a href="/wiki/Capitulation_(treaty)" title="Capitulation (treaty)">capitulations</a>, or extension of <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_immunity" title="Diplomatic immunity">diplomatic immunity</a>, to American government personnel in Iran. In November 1964, Khomeini was re-arrested and <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini%27s_return_to_Iran#Exile" title="Ruhollah Khomeini's return to Iran">sent into exile</a> where he remained for 15 years (mostly in <a href="/wiki/Najaf,_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Najaf, Iraq">Najaf, Iraq</a>), until the revolution. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ideology_of_the_Iranian_revolution">Ideology of the Iranian revolution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ideology of the Iranian revolution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Ideology of the Iranian revolution">Ideology of the Iranian revolution</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism_in_Iran" title="Islamic fundamentalism in Iran">Islamic fundamentalism in Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:15khordad1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/15khordad1.jpg/220px-15khordad1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/15khordad1.jpg/330px-15khordad1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/15khordad1.jpg/440px-15khordad1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="907" /></a><figcaption>Residents of Tehran participating in the <a href="/wiki/Movement_of_15_Khordad" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement of 15 Khordad">demonstrations of 5 June 1963</a> with pictures of Ruhollah Khomeini in their hands</figcaption></figure> In this interim period of "disaffected calm,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham198069-80">[75]</a> the budding Iranian revival began to undermine the idea of <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a> as progress that was the basis of the Shah's secular reign, and to form the ideology of the 1979 revolution: <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad" title="Jalal Al-e-Ahmad">Jalal Al-e-Ahmad</a>'s idea of <a href="/wiki/Gharbzadegi" title="Gharbzadegi">Gharbzadegi</a>—that Western culture was a plague or an intoxication to be eliminated;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackey1996215,_264–265-81">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a>'s vision of Islam as the one true liberator of the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> from oppressive <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-colonialism">neo-colonialism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeddie2003201–207-82">[77]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morteza_Motahhari" title="Morteza Motahhari">Morteza Motahhari</a>'s popularized retellings of the Shia faith all spread and gained listeners, readers and supporters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackey1996215,_264–265-81">[76]</a> Most importantly, Khomeini preached that revolt, and especially <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom">martyrdom</a>, against injustice and tyranny was part of Shia Islam,<a href="#cite_note-83">[78]</a> and that Muslims should reject the influence of both liberal capitalism and communism, ideas that inspired the revolutionary slogan "Neither East, nor West – Islamic Republic!" Away from public view, Khomeini developed the ideology of velayat-e faqih (<a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">guardianship of the jurist</a>) as government, that Muslims—in fact everyone—required "guardianship," in the form of rule or supervision by the leading Islamic jurist or jurists.<a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a> Such rule was ultimately "more necessary even than prayer and fasting" in Islam,<a href="#cite_note-85">[Note 2]</a> as it would protect Islam from deviation from traditional <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> law and in so doing eliminate poverty, injustice, and the "<a href="/wiki/Plundering" class="mw-redirect" title="Plundering">plundering</a>" of Muslim land by foreign non-believers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhomeiniAlgar198152,_54,_80-86">[80]</a> This idea of rule by Islamic jurists was spread through his book <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government" title="Islamic Government">Islamic Government</a>, mosque sermons, and smuggled cassette speeches by Khomeini<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaheri1985196-87">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a> among his opposition network of students (talabeh), ex-students (able clerics such as <a href="/wiki/Morteza_Motahhari" title="Morteza Motahhari">Morteza Motahhari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Beheshti" title="Mohammad Beheshti">Mohammad Beheshti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Javad_Bahonar" title="Mohammad-Javad Bahonar">Mohammad-Javad Bahonar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani">Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mofatteh" title="Mohammad Mofatteh">Mohammad Mofatteh</a>), and traditional businessmen (<a href="/wiki/Bazaari" title="Bazaari">bazaari</a>) inside Iran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaheri1985196-87">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opposition_groups_and_organizations">Opposition groups and organizations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Opposition groups and organizations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organizations_of_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Organizations of the Iranian revolution">Organizations of the Iranian revolution</a></div> Other opposition groups included <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutionalist">constitutionalist</a> liberals—the democratic, reformist Islamic <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Movement_of_Iran" title="Freedom Movement of Iran">Freedom Movement of Iran</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Bazargan" title="Mehdi Bazargan">Mehdi Bazargan</a>, and the more secular <a href="/wiki/National_Front_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front of Iran">National Front</a>. They were based in the urban middle class, and wanted the Shah to adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Constitution_of_1906" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Constitution of 1906">Iranian Constitution of 1906</a> rather than to replace him with a theocracy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982502–503-89">[83]</a> but lacked the cohesion and organization of Khomeini's forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004144–145-90">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> groups—primarily the <a href="/wiki/Tudeh_Party_of_Iran" title="Tudeh Party of Iran">Tudeh Party of Iran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_People%27s_Fedaian_(Majority)" title="Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian (Majority)">Fedaian guerrillas</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[Note 3]</a>—had been weakened considerably by government repression. Despite this the guerrillas did help play an important part in the final February 1979 overthrow<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004145–146-93">[86]</a> delivering "the regime its <a href="/wiki/Coup_de_grace" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup de grace">coup de grace</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982495-94">[87]</a> The most powerful guerrilla group—the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Mujahedin of Iran">People's Mujahedin</a>—was leftist Islamist and opposed the influence of the clergy as reactionary. Some important clergy did not follow Khomeini's lead. Popular ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Taleghani" title="Mahmoud Taleghani">Mahmoud Taleghani</a> supported the left, while perhaps the most senior and influential ayatollah in Iran—<a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Kazem_Shariatmadari" title="Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari">Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari</a>—first remained aloof from politics and then came out in support of a democratic revolution.<a href="#cite_note-95">[88]</a> Khomeini worked to unite this opposition behind him (except for the unwanted '<a href="/wiki/Atheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheistic">atheistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxists" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxists">Marxists</a>'),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982479-12">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackey1996276-96">[89]</a> focusing on the <a href="/wiki/Socio-economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socio-economic">socio-economic</a> problems of the Shah's government (corruption and unequal income and development),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982479-12">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian199330-97">[90]</a> while avoiding specifics among the public that might divide the factions<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982478–479-98">[91]</a>—particularly his plan for <a href="/wiki/Hokumat-e_Islami_:_Velayat-e_faqih_(book_by_Khomeini)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokumat-e Islami : Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)">clerical rule</a>, which he believed most Iranians had become prejudiced against as a result of propaganda campaign by Western <a href="/wiki/Imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperialist">imperialists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[Note 4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhomeiniAlgar198134-100">[92]</a> In the post-Shah era, some revolutionaries who clashed with his theocracy and were suppressed by his movement complained of deception,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian199330-97">[90]</a> but in the meantime anti-Shah unity was maintained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeddie2003240-101">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970–1977">1970–1977</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1970–1977">edit</a>]</div> Several events in the 1970s set the stage for the 1979 revolution. The 1971 <a href="/wiki/2,500-year_celebration_of_the_Persian_Empire" title="2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire">2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire</a> at <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, organized by the government, was attacked for its extravagance. "As the foreigners reveled on drink forbidden by Islam, Iranians were not only excluded from the festivities, some were starving."<a href="#cite_note-102">[94]</a> Five years later, the Shah angered <a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">pious</a> Iranian Muslims by <a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar#Iran" title="Solar Hijri calendar">changing the first year of the Iranian solar calendar</a> from the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">hijri</a> to the ascension to the throne by <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>. "Iran jumped overnight from the Muslim year 1355 to the royalist year 2535."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982444-103">[95]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Shah_with_Atherton,_Sullivan,_Vance,_Carter_and_Brzezinski,_1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Shah_with_Atherton%2C_Sullivan%2C_Vance%2C_Carter_and_Brzezinski%2C_1977.jpg/250px-The_Shah_with_Atherton%2C_Sullivan%2C_Vance%2C_Carter_and_Brzezinski%2C_1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Shah_with_Atherton%2C_Sullivan%2C_Vance%2C_Carter_and_Brzezinski%2C_1977.jpg/375px-The_Shah_with_Atherton%2C_Sullivan%2C_Vance%2C_Carter_and_Brzezinski%2C_1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Shah_with_Atherton%2C_Sullivan%2C_Vance%2C_Carter_and_Brzezinski%2C_1977.jpg/500px-The_Shah_with_Atherton%2C_Sullivan%2C_Vance%2C_Carter_and_Brzezinski%2C_1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2046" /></a><figcaption>The Shah of Iran (left) meeting with members of the U.S. government: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Atherton" title="Alfred Atherton">Alfred Atherton</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_H._Sullivan" title="William H. Sullivan">William Sullivan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Cyrus Vance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a>, 1977</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">oil boom of the 1970s</a> produced an "alarming" increase in inflation, waste and an "accelerating gap" between the rich and poor, the city and the country,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham198094-104">[96]</a> along with the presence of tens of thousands of unpopular skilled foreign workers. Many Iranians were also angered by the fact that the Shah's family was the foremost beneficiary of the income generated by oil, and the line between state earnings and family earnings blurred. By 1976, the Shah had accumulated upward of $1 billion from oil revenue; his family – including 63 princes and princesses had accumulated between $5 and $20 billion; and the family foundation controlled approximately $3 billion.<a href="#cite_note-105">[97]</a> By mid-1977 economic austerity measures to fight inflation disproportionately affected the thousands of poor and unskilled male migrants settling in the cities working in the construction industry. Culturally and religiously conservative,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000163-106">[98]</a> many went on to form the core of the revolution's demonstrators and "martyrs".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham1980226-107">[99]</a> All Iranians were required to join and pay dues to a new political party, the <a href="/wiki/Rastakhiz_Party" title="Rastakhiz Party">Rastakhiz Party</a> —all other parties were banned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000174-108">[100]</a> That party's attempt to fight inflation with populist "anti-<a href="/wiki/Profiteering" title="Profiteering">profiteering</a>" campaigns—fining and jailing merchants for high prices – angered and politicized merchants while fueling <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black markets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham198096-109">[101]</a> In 1977 the Shah responded to the "polite reminder" of the importance of political rights by the new American president, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, by granting amnesty to some prisoners and allowing the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> to visit prisons. Through 1977 liberal opposition formed organizations and issued open letters denouncing the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982501–503-110">[102]</a> Against this background a first crucial manifestation of public expression of social discontent and political protest against the regime took place in October 1977, when the German-Iranian Cultural Association in Tehran hosted a series of literature reading sessions, organized by the newly revived Iranian Writers Association and the German <a href="/wiki/Goethe-Institut" title="Goethe-Institut">Goethe-Institute</a>. In these "Ten Nights" (Dah Shab) 57 of Iran's most prominent poets and writers read their works to thousands of listeners. They demanded the end of censorship and claimed the freedom of expression.<a href="#cite_note-111">[103]</a> Also in 1977, the popular and influential modernist Islamist theorist <a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a> died under mysterious circumstances. This both angered his followers, who considered him a martyr at the hands of <a href="/wiki/SAVAK" title="SAVAK">SAVAK</a>, and removed a potential revolutionary rival to Khomeini. Finally, in October Khomeini's son Mostafa died of an alleged heart attack, and his death was also blamed on SAVAK. A subsequent memorial service for Mostafa in Tehran put Khomeini back in the spotlight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000184–185-112">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaheri1985182–183-113">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Outbreak">Outbreak</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Outbreak">edit</a>]</div> By 1977, the Shah's policy of political <a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">liberalization</a> was underway. Secular opponents of the Shah began to meet in secret to denounce the government.<a href="#cite_note-Ritter-114">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pahlavi_2004-115">[107]</a> Led by the leftist intellectual <a href="/wiki/Saeed_Soltanpour" title="Saeed Soltanpour">Saeed Soltanpour</a>, the Iranian Writers Association met at the <a href="/wiki/Goethe_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe Institute">Goethe Institute</a> in Tehran to read anti-government poetry.<a href="#cite_note-Ritter-114">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a>'s death in the United Kingdom shortly after led to another public demonstration, with the opposition accusing the Shah of murdering him.<a href="#cite_note-Milani-Persians-18">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ritter-114">[106]</a> The chain of events began with the death of <a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Khomeini" title="Mostafa Khomeini">Mostafa Khomeini</a>, chief aide and eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a>. He mysteriously died at midnight on 23 October 1977 in <a href="/wiki/Najaf,_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Najaf, Iraq">Najaf, Iraq</a>. <a href="/wiki/SAVAK" title="SAVAK">SAVAK</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi government">Iraqi government</a> declared heart attack as the cause of death, though many attributed his death to SAVAK.<a href="#cite_note-116">[108]</a> Khomeini remained silent after the incident, while in Iran with the spread of the news came a wave of protest and mourning ceremonies in several cities.<a href="#cite_note-117">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrumberg2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaPT9QRtDMr8CpgPA92_92]-118">[110]</a> The mourning of Mostafa was given a political cast by Khomeini's political credentials, their enduring opposition to the monarchy and their exile. This dimension of the ceremonies went beyond the religious credentials of the family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004-23">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approaching_revolution_(1978)">Approaching revolution (1978)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Approaching revolution (1978)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginning_of_protests_(January)">Beginning of protests (January)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Beginning of protests (January)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1978_Qom_protest" title="1978 Qom protest">1978 Qom protest</a></div> On 7 January 1978, an article titled "<a href="/wiki/Iran_and_Red_and_Black_Colonization" title="Iran and Red and Black Colonization">Iran and Red and Black Colonization</a>" appeared in the national daily <a href="/wiki/Ettela%27at" title="Ettela'at">Ettela'at</a> newspaper. Written under a pseudonym by a government agent, it denounced Khomeini as a "British agent" and a "mad Indian poet" conspiring to sell out Iran to <a href="/wiki/Neo-colonialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-colonialists">neo-colonialists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Communists">communists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Milani-Persians-18">[14]</a> The developments initiated by seminaries in the city of Qom closing on 7 January 1978 were followed by the bazaar and seminary closing, and students rallied towards the homes of the religious leaders on the next day.<a href="#cite_note-Kurz-119">[111]</a> On 9 January 1978, seminary students and other people demonstrated in the city, which was cracked down by the <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Shah</a>'s security forces who shot live ammunition to disperse the crowd when the peaceful demonstration turned violent.<a href="#cite_note-120">[112]</a> Between 5–300 of the demonstrators were reportedly killed in the protest.<a href="#cite_note-Kurz-119">[111]</a> 9 January 1978 (19 Dey) is regarded as a bloody day in Qom.<a href="#cite_note-121">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation_of_the_opposition_(February–March)">Consolidation of the opposition (February–March)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Consolidation of the opposition (February–March)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1978_Tabriz_protests" title="1978 Tabriz protests">1978 Tabriz protests</a></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> customs, memorial services (chehelom) are held 40 days after a person's death.<a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a> Encouraged by Khomeini (who declared that the blood of <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrs</a> must water the "tree of Islam"),<a href="#cite_note-Pahlavi_2004-115">[107]</a> radicals pressured the mosques and moderate clergy to commemorate the deaths of the students, and used the occasion to generate protests.<a href="#cite_note-Rubin-124">[116]</a> The informal network of mosques and bazaars, which for years had been used to carry out religious events, increasingly became consolidated as a coordinated protest organization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004-23">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jervis-125">[117]</a> On 18 February, 40 days after the Qom protests, demonstrations broke out in various different cities.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-126">[118]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1978_Tabriz_protests" title="1978 Tabriz protests">largest was</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, which descended into a full-scale riot. "Western" and government symbols such as cinemas, bars, <a href="/wiki/Public_bank" title="Public bank">state-owned banks</a>, and police stations were set ablaze.<a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a> Units of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Iranian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Iranian Army">Imperial Iranian Army</a> were deployed to the city to restore order. The death toll, according to the government was 6,<a href="#cite_note-Eisenstadt-127">[119]</a> while Khomeini claimed hundreds were "martyred."<a href="#cite_note-Afkhami-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ritter-114">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982510,_512,_513-128">[120]</a> Forty days later, on 29 March, demonstrations were organized in at least 55 cities, including <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a> In an increasingly predictable pattern, deadly riots broke out in major cities,<a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarney1998-129">[121]</a> and again 40 days later, on 10 May. It led to an incident in which army <a href="/wiki/Commando" title="Commando">commandos</a> opened fire on <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Kazem_Shariatmadari" title="Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari">Shariatmadari</a>'s house, killing one of his students. Shariatmadari immediately made a public announcement declaring his support for a "constitutional government," and a return to the policies of the <a href="/wiki/Iran_Constitution_of_1906" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran Constitution of 1906">1906 Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Afkhami-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pahlavi_2004-115">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_reaction">Government reaction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Government reaction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RastakhizPartyDemoAgainstTerrorTabrizFarvardin2537.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/RastakhizPartyDemoAgainstTerrorTabrizFarvardin2537.jpg/220px-RastakhizPartyDemoAgainstTerrorTabrizFarvardin2537.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/RastakhizPartyDemoAgainstTerrorTabrizFarvardin2537.jpg/330px-RastakhizPartyDemoAgainstTerrorTabrizFarvardin2537.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/RastakhizPartyDemoAgainstTerrorTabrizFarvardin2537.jpg/440px-RastakhizPartyDemoAgainstTerrorTabrizFarvardin2537.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="1377" /></a><figcaption>Pro-Shah demonstration organized by the <a href="/wiki/Resurgence_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurgence Party">Resurgence Party</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, April 1978</figcaption></figure> The Shah was taken completely by surprise by the protests and,<a href="#cite_note-Afkhami-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amuzegar-24">[20]</a> to make matters worse, he often became indecisive during times of crisis;<a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a> virtually every major decision he would make backfired on his government and further inflamed the revolutionaries.<a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a> The Shah decided to continue on his plan of <a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">liberalization</a> and to negotiate rather than to use force against the still-nascent protest movement:<a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rubin-124">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarney1998-129">[121]</a> he promised that fully <a href="/wiki/Democratic_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic election">democratic elections</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Majlis" title="Majlis">Majlis</a> would be held in 1979; censorship was relaxed; a resolution was drafted to help reduce corruption within the royal family and the government;<a href="#cite_note-Kraft-New_Yorker-130">[122]</a> and protesters were tried in civilian courts rather than by military <a href="/wiki/Courts-martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts-martial">courts-martial</a> and were quickly released.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-126">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarney1998-129">[121]</a> Iran's security forces had not received any <a href="/wiki/Riot_control" title="Riot control">riot-control</a> training nor equipment since 1963.<a href="#cite_note-Eisenstadt-127">[119]</a> As a result, police forces were unable to control demonstrations, thus the army was frequently deployed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarney1998-129">[121]</a> Soldiers were instructed not to use <a href="/wiki/Deadly_force" title="Deadly force">deadly force</a>, yet there were instances of inexperienced soldiers reacting excessively, inflaming the violence without <a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">cowing</a> the opposition, and receiving official condemnation from the Shah.<a href="#cite_note-Eisenstadt-127">[119]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Carter_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Carter administration">Carter administration</a> in the US also refused to sell <a href="/wiki/Non-lethal" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-lethal">non-lethal</a> <a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">tear gas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rubber_bullets" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber bullets">rubber bullets</a> to Iran.<a href="#cite_note-Pahlavi_2004-115">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hayward-131">[123]</a> As early as the February riots in <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, the Shah fired all <a href="/wiki/SAVAK" title="SAVAK">SAVAK</a> officials in the city as a <a href="/wiki/Concession_(politics)" title="Concession (politics)">concession</a> to the opposition, and soon began to dismiss civil servants and government officials whom he felt the public blamed.<a href="#cite_note-Afkhami-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amuzegar-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarney1998-129">[121]</a> In the first national concession, he replaced the hardline SAVAK chief General <a href="/wiki/Nematollah_Nassiri" title="Nematollah Nassiri">Nematollah Nassiri</a> with the more moderate General <a href="/wiki/Nasser_Moghaddam" title="Nasser Moghaddam">Nasser Moghaddam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarney1998-129">[121]</a> The government also negotiated with moderate religious leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Kazem_Shariatmadari" title="Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari">Shariatmadari</a>, apologizing to him for the raid on his house.<a href="#cite_note-Milani-Persians-18">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_summer_(June)">Early summer (June)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Early summer (June)">edit</a>]</div> By summer, the protests had stagnated, remaining at a steady rate for four months, with about 10,000 participants in each major city—with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, where protests were larger, and <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, where they were smaller—protesting every 40 days. This amounted to a small minority of the more than 15 million adults in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004117-132">[124]</a> Against the wishes of Khomeini, Shariatmadari called for 17 June <a href="/wiki/Mourning" title="Mourning">mourning</a> protests to be carried out as a one-day stay.<a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a> Although tensions remained in the <a href="/wiki/Milieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Milieu">milieu</a>, the Shah's policy appeared to have worked, leading Amuzegar to declare that "the crisis is over." A <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> analysis in August concluded that Iran "is not in a revolutionary or even a pre-revolutionary situation."<a href="#cite_note-Carter,_Jimmy_1982,_p.438-133">[125]</a> These and later events in Iran are frequently cited as one of the most consequential strategic surprises that the United States has experienced since the CIA was established in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-134">[126]</a> As a sign of easing of government restrictions, three prominent opposition leaders from the secular <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Iran)" title="National Front (Iran)">National Front</a>—<a href="/wiki/Karim_Sanjabi" title="Karim Sanjabi">Karim Sanjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shapour_Bakhtiar" title="Shapour Bakhtiar">Shapour Bakhtiar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dariush_Forouhar" title="Dariush Forouhar">Dariush Forouhar</a>—were allowed to pen an open letter to the Shah demanding that he reign according to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran" title="Constitution of Iran">constitution of Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Afkhami-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pahlavi_2004-115">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kraft-New_Yorker-130">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewed_protests_(August–September)">Renewed protests (August–September)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Renewed protests (August–September)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Appointment_of_Jafar_Sharif-Emami_as_prime_minister_(11_August)">Appointment of Jafar Sharif-Emami as prime minister (11 August)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Appointment of Jafar Sharif-Emami as prime minister (11 August)">edit</a>]</div> By August, the protests had "kick[ed]…into high gear,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzman200461-135">[127]</a> and the number of demonstrators mushroomed to hundreds of thousands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004117-132">[124]</a> In an attempt to dampen inflation, the <a href="/wiki/Jamshid_Amouzegar" title="Jamshid Amouzegar">Amuzegar</a> administration cut spending and reduced business. However, the cutbacks led to a sharp rise in layoffs—particularly among young, unskilled, male workers living in the working-class districts. By summer 1978, the working class joined the street protests in massive numbers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982510,_512,_513-128">[120]</a> In addition, it was the Islamic holy month of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>, bringing a sense of increased religiosity among many people.<a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a> A series of escalating protests broke out in major cities, and deadly riots broke out in <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> where protesters fought for the release of <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Jalaluddin_Taheri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Jalaluddin Taheri">Ayatollah Jalaluddin Taheri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982515-136">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a> was declared in the city on 11 August as symbols of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a> and government buildings were burned, and a bus full of American workers was bombed.<a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kraft-New_Yorker-130">[122]</a> Due to his failure to stop the protests, Prime Minister Amuzegar offered his resignation. The Shah increasingly felt that he was losing control of the situation and hoped to regain it through complete <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Afkhami-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pahlavi_2004-115">[107]</a> He decided to appoint <a href="/wiki/Jafar_Sharif-Emami" title="Jafar Sharif-Emami">Jafar Sharif-Emami</a> to the post of prime minister, himself a veteran prime minister. Emami was chosen due to his family ties to the clergy, although he had a reputation of corruption during his previous premiership.<a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Milani-Persians-18">[14]</a> Under the Shah's guidance, Sharif-Emami effectively began a policy of "appeasing the opposition's demands before they even made them."<a href="#cite_note-Milani-Persians-18">[14]</a> The government abolished the <a href="/wiki/Rastakhiz_Party" title="Rastakhiz Party">Rastakhiz Party</a>, legalized all political parties and released political prisoners, increased freedom of expression, curtailed SAVAK's authority and dismissed 34 of its commanders,<a href="#cite_note-Kraft-New_Yorker-130">[122]</a> closed down casinos and nightclubs, and abolished the imperial calendar. The government also began to prosecute corrupt government and royal family members. Sharif-Emami entered into negotiations with Shariatmadari and National Front leader <a href="/wiki/Karim_Sanjabi" title="Karim Sanjabi">Karim Sanjabi</a> to help organize future elections.<a href="#cite_note-Kraft-New_Yorker-130">[122]</a> Censorship was effectively terminated, and the newspapers began reporting heavily on demonstrations, often highly critically and negatively of the Shah. The <a href="/wiki/Majlis" title="Majlis">Majlis</a> (Parliament) also began issuing resolutions against the government.<a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cinema_Rex_fire_(19_August)">Cinema Rex fire (19 August)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cinema Rex fire (19 August)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_Rex_fire" title="Cinema Rex fire">Cinema Rex fire</a></div> On 19 August, in the southwestern city of <a href="/wiki/Abadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abadan">Abadan</a>, four arsonists barred the door of the Cinema Rex movie theatre and set it on fire. In what would be the <a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents" title="List of terrorist incidents">largest terrorist attack</a> in history prior to the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> in the US in 2001,<a href="#cite_note-Byman-137">[129]</a> 422 people inside the theatre were <a href="/wiki/Burned_to_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Burned to death">burned to death</a>. Khomeini immediately blamed the Shah and <a href="/wiki/SAVAK" title="SAVAK">SAVAK</a> for setting the fire, and,<a href="#cite_note-Afkhami-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pahlavi_2004-115">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ganji-138">[130]</a> due to the pervasive revolutionary atmosphere, the public also blamed the Shah for starting the fire, despite the government's insistence that they were uninvolved. Tens of thousands of people took to the streets shouting "Burn the Shah!" and "The Shah is the guilty one!"&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_126-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-126">[118]</a> After the revolution, many claimed that <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamist militants</a> had started the fire.<a href="#cite_note-Byman-137">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Afkhami,_R._Gholam_2009_page_465_&_459-139">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ansari,_M._Ali_2007_page_259-140">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Federal_Research_Division_2004_page_78-141">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bahl,_Taru_2003_page_105-142">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Glenn_Eldon_Curtis_2008_page_48-143">[135]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a> government executed a police officer for the act, a man claiming to be the lone surviving arsonist claimed he was responsible for starting the fire.<a href="#cite_note-iranrights.org-144">[136]</a> After forcing the resignation of the presiding judges in an attempt to hamper the investigation, the new government finally executed Hossein Talakhzadeh for "setting the fire on the Shah's orders," despite his insistence that he did it on his own accord as an ultimate sacrifice for the revolutionary cause.<a href="#cite_note-Afkhami,_R._Gholam_2009_page_465_&_459-139">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-iranrights.org-144">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Declaration_of_martial_law_and_the_Jaleh_Square_Massacre_(8_September)">Declaration of martial law and the Jaleh Square Massacre (8 September)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Declaration of martial law and the Jaleh Square Massacre (8 September)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jaleh_Square_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaleh Square massacre">Jaleh Square massacre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_Government_(17_Shahrivar).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Islamic_Government_%2817_Shahrivar%29.jpg/220px-Islamic_Government_%2817_Shahrivar%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Islamic_Government_%2817_Shahrivar%29.jpg/330px-Islamic_Government_%2817_Shahrivar%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Islamic_Government_%2817_Shahrivar%29.jpg/440px-Islamic_Government_%2817_Shahrivar%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration of 8 September 1978. The placard reads: We want an Islamic government, led by Imam Khomeini.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demonstration_(17_Shahrivar).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Demonstration_%2817_Shahrivar%29.jpg/220px-Demonstration_%2817_Shahrivar%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Demonstration_%2817_Shahrivar%29.jpg/330px-Demonstration_%2817_Shahrivar%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Demonstration_%2817_Shahrivar%29.jpg/440px-Demonstration_%2817_Shahrivar%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration of "Black Friday" (8 September 1978)</figcaption></figure> The 4th of September marked <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a>, the holiday celebrating the end of the month of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>. A permit for an <a href="/wiki/Open-air_preaching" title="Open-air preaching">open-air</a> prayer was granted, in which 200,000–500,000 people attended.<a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a> Instead, the clergy directed the crowd on a large march through the center of Tehran, while the Shah reportedly watched the march from his helicopter, unnerved, and confused.<a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a> A few days later, even larger protests took place, and, for the first time, protesters called for <a href="/wiki/Khomeini%27s_return" class="mw-redirect" title="Khomeini's return">Khomeini's return</a> and the establishment of an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a> At midnight on 8 September, the Shah declared <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> in Tehran and 11 other major cities throughout the country. All street demonstrations were banned, and a night-time <a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">curfew</a> was established. Tehran's martial law commander was <a href="/wiki/Gholam_Ali_Oveissi" title="Gholam Ali Oveissi">General Gholam-Ali Oveissi</a>, who was known for his severity against opponents.<a href="#cite_note-Afkhami-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Milani-Persians-18">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ritter-114">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pahlavi_2004-115">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982510,_512,_513-128">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Byman-137">[129]</a> However, the Shah made clear that once martial law was lifted, he intended to continue with the liberalization. He retained Sharif-Emami's civilian government, hoping that protesters would avoid taking the streets.<a href="#cite_note-Pahlavi_2004-115">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rubin-124">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kraft-New_Yorker-130">[122]</a> However, 5,000 protesters took to the streets, either in defiance or because they had missed hearing the declaration, and faced off with soldiers at Jaleh Square.<a href="#cite_note-Afkhami-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004-23">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pahlavi_2004-115">[107]</a> After the firing of <a href="/wiki/Warning_shot" title="Warning shot">warning shots</a> failed to disperse the crowd, troops fired directly into the crowd, killing 64,<a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a> while General Oveissi claimed that 30 soldiers were killed by armed snipers in surrounding buildings.<a href="#cite_note-Afkhami-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Milani-Persians-18">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amuzegar-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pahlavi_2004-115">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jervis-125">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ganji-138">[130]</a> Additional clashes throughout the day, which would be called Black Friday by the opposition, brought the opposition death toll to 89.<a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982510,_512,_513-128">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Reactions_to_Black_Friday">Reactions to Black Friday</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Reactions to Black Friday">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dead_Revolutionaries_(17_Shahrivar).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Dead_Revolutionaries_%2817_Shahrivar%29.jpg/220px-Dead_Revolutionaries_%2817_Shahrivar%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Dead_Revolutionaries_%2817_Shahrivar%29.jpg/330px-Dead_Revolutionaries_%2817_Shahrivar%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Dead_Revolutionaries_%2817_Shahrivar%29.jpg/440px-Dead_Revolutionaries_%2817_Shahrivar%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>Victims of <a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1978)" title="Black Friday (1978)">Black Friday</a></figcaption></figure> The deaths shocked the country and damaged any attempt at reconciliation between the Shah and the opposition. Khomeini immediately declared that "4,000 innocent protesters were massacred by <a href="/wiki/Zionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionists">Zionists</a>," which gave him a pretext to reject any further compromise with the government. The Shah himself was horrified by the events of Black Friday, and harshly criticized the events, though this did little to sway public perception of him as being responsible for the shooting.<a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eisenstadt-127">[119]</a> While martial law officially remained in effect, the government decided not to break up any more demonstrations or strikes (in effect, "martial law without there exactly being martial law," according to Sharif-Emami), instead continuing to negotiate with protest leaders.<a href="#cite_note-Kraft-New_Yorker-130">[122]</a> Consequently, protest gatherings often took place without any serious intervention by soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarney1998-129">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationwide_strikes_(September–November)">Nationwide strikes (September–November)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Nationwide strikes (September–November)">edit</a>]</div> Oil strikes started in fall of 1978 and led to a 4.8 million drop of crude oil production every day, which was about seven percent of the world's supply. Prices rose from 13 dollars per barrel in 1979 to 34 dollars in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-145">[137]</a> While increased production from other countries, like Saudi Arabia, offset the decline in supply slightly there was still a 10 percent drop in available oil. There were a variety of factors influencing the workers' decision to strike. The Shah's regime had relaxed oppression in 1977, giving people more access to protest and organizing. At the same time, the economy had faltered after doing better in the early 70s. The strikes began when the workers at a refinery in Tehran called for higher wages and housing allowances. The government ignored the request, causing the workers to strike. The Shah's government responded by killing dozens of strikers in an event known as Black Friday.<a href="#cite_note-:6-146">[138]</a> One day after this massacre, strikes began in Tehran, Abadan, Isfahan, Shiraz, and Kermanshah.<a href="#cite_note-147">[139]</a> This began the first wave of strikes, which SAVAK reports to include 11,000 workers. The oil strikes of 1978 were imperative to the Iranian Revolution's success, as they put extreme economic pressure on the Shah's regime.<a href="#cite_note-:6-146">[138]</a> Oil revenues are a significant part of the government's income and regardless of the motivation behind those who strike, oil strikes will always threaten to destabilize Iranian regimes.<a href="#cite_note-148">[140]</a> By late October, a nationwide <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a> was declared, with workers in virtually all major industries walking off their jobs, most damagingly in the oil industry and the print media.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004-23">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ritter-114">[106]</a> Special "strike committees" were set up throughout major industries to organize and coordinate the activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982515-136">[128]</a> The Shah did not attempt to crack down on strikers,<a href="#cite_note-Kraft-New_Yorker-130">[122]</a> but instead gave them generous wage increases, and allowed strikers who lived in government housing to remain in their homes.<a href="#cite_note-Afkhami-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kraft-New_Yorker-130">[122]</a> By the beginning of November, many important officials in the Shah's government were demanding from the Shah forceful measures to bring the strikers back to work.<a href="#cite_note-Afkhami-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ritter-114">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khomeini_moves_to_France_(November)">Khomeini moves to France (November)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Khomeini moves to France (November)">edit</a>]</div> Hoping to break Khomeini's contacts with the opposition, the Shah pressured the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi government">Iraqi government</a> to expel him from <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>. Khomeini left <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, instead moving to a house bought by Iranian exiles in <a href="/wiki/Neauphle-le-Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Neauphle-le-Château">Neauphle-le-Château</a>, a village near <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France. The Shah hoped that Khomeini would be cut off from the mosques of Najaf and be cut off from the protest movement. Instead, the plan backfired badly. With superior French telephone and postal connections (compared to Iraqi ones), Khomeini's supporters flooded Iran with tapes and recordings of his sermons.<a href="#cite_note-Milani-Persians-18">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pahlavi_2004-115">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarney1998-129">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imam_in_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Imam_in_Paris.jpg/220px-Imam_in_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Imam_in_Paris.jpg/330px-Imam_in_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Imam_in_Paris.jpg/440px-Imam_in_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Ayatollah Khomeini in Neauphle-le-Château surrounded by journalists</figcaption></figure> Worse for the Shah was that the <a href="/wiki/Western_media" title="Western media">Western media</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">British Broadcasting Corporation</a> (BBC), immediately put Khomeini into the spotlight.<a href="#cite_note-Milani-Persians-18">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[141]</a> Khomeini rapidly became a household name in the West, portraying himself as an "Eastern mystic" who did not seek power, but instead sought to "free" his people from "<a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">oppression</a>." Many western media outlets, usually critical of such claims, became one of Khomeini's most powerful tools.<a href="#cite_note-Milani-Persians-18">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pahlavi_2004-115">[107]</a> In addition, the media coverage eroded the influence of other, more moderate clergy such as <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Shariatmadari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Shariatmadari">Ayatollah Shariatmadari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Taleghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Taleghani">Ayatollah Taleghani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kraft-New_Yorker-130">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarney1998-129">[121]</a> The BBC itself later issued a statement admitting to having a "critical" disposition to the Shah, saying that its broadcasts helped to "change the collective perception of the population."<a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a> In November, secular <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Iran)" title="National Front (Iran)">National Front</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Karim_Sanjabi" title="Karim Sanjabi">Karim Sanjabi</a> flew to Paris to meet Khomeini. There the two signed an agreement for a draft constitution that would be "Islamic and democratic". It signaled the now official alliance between the clergy and the secular opposition.<a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a> To help create a democratic façade, Khomeini placed <a href="/wiki/Westernized" class="mw-redirect" title="Westernized">Westernized</a> figures (such as <a href="/wiki/Sadegh_Ghotbzadeh" title="Sadegh Ghotbzadeh">Sadegh Ghotbzadeh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Yazdi" title="Ebrahim Yazdi">Ebrahim Yazdi</a>) as the public spokesmen of the opposition, and never spoke to the media of his intentions to create a <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_of_Tehran_protest_(5_November)">University of Tehran protest (5 November)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: University of Tehran protest (5 November)">edit</a>]</div> Street demonstrations continued at full force with little response from the military; by late October, government officials effectively even ceded the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tehran" title="University of Tehran">University of Tehran</a> to student protesters.<a href="#cite_note-Kraft-New_Yorker-130">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarney1998-129">[121]</a> Worse, the opposition was increasingly becoming armed with weapons, firing at soldiers and attacking banks and government buildings in an attempt to destabilize the country.<a href="#cite_note-Amuzegar-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pahlavi_2004-115">[107]</a> On 5 November, demonstrations at University of Tehran became deadly after a fight broke out with armed soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982515-136">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004-23">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarney1998-129">[121]</a> Within hours, <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> broke out into a full-scale riot. Block after block of Western symbols such as movie theaters and department stores, as well as government and police buildings, were seized, looted, and burned. The <a href="/wiki/British_embassy_in_Tehran" class="mw-redirect" title="British embassy in Tehran">British embassy in Tehran</a> was partially burned and vandalized as well, and the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Tehran" title="Embassy of the United States, Tehran">American embassy</a> nearly suffered the same fate. The event became known to foreign observers as "The Day Tehran Burned."<a href="#cite_note-Afkhami-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarney1998-129">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brotons-150">[142]</a> Many of the rioters were young teenage boys, often organized by the mosques in southern Tehran, and encouraged by their <a href="/wiki/Mullah" title="Mullah">mullahs</a> to attack and destroy western and secular symbols.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004-23">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarney1998-129">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brotons-150">[142]</a> The army and police, confused about their orders and under pressure from the Shah not to risk initiating violence, effectively gave up and did not intervene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarney1998-129">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brotons-150">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zabir-151">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appointment_of_a_military_government_(6_November)">Appointment of a military government (6 November)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Appointment of a military government (6 November)">edit</a>]</div> As the situation on the streets spiraled out of control, many well known and reputable figures within the country began to approach the Shah, begging him to stop the chaos.<a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amuzegar-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pahlavi_2004-115">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarney1998-129">[121]</a> On 6 November, the Shah dismissed Sharif-Emami from the post of prime minister, and chose to appoint a military government in its place.<a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brotons-150">[142]</a> The Shah chose General <a href="/wiki/Gholam-Reza_Azhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Gholam-Reza Azhari">Gholam-Reza Azhari</a> to be prime minister because of his mild-mannered approach to the situation.<a href="#cite_note-Afkhami-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pahlavi_2004-115">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brotons-150">[142]</a> The cabinet he would choose was a military cabinet in name only and consisted primarily of civilian leaders.<a href="#cite_note-Brotons-150">[142]</a> The same day, the Shah made a speech on Iranian television.<a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Milani-Persians-18">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zabir-151">[143]</a> He referred to himself as <a href="/wiki/Padishah" title="Padishah">Padeshah</a> ('Master King'), instead of the more grandiose <a href="/wiki/Shahanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahanshah">Shahanshah</a> (king of kings), which he insisted on being called previously.<a href="#cite_note-Kraft-New_Yorker-130">[122]</a> In his speech he stated "I have heard the voice of your revolution...this revolution cannot but be supported by me, the king of Iran".<a href="#cite_note-Kraft-New_Yorker-130">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Majd-152">[144]</a> He apologized for mistakes that were committed during his reign, and promised to ensure that corruption would no longer exist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarney1998-129">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zabir-151">[143]</a> He stated he would begin to work with the opposition to bring democracy, and would form a coalition government.<a href="#cite_note-Afkhami-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarney1998-129">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zabir-151">[143]</a> In effect, the Shah intended to restrain the military government (which he described as a temporary caretaker government) from carrying out a full crackdown.<a href="#cite_note-Kraft-New_Yorker-130">[122]</a> The speech backfired when the revolutionaries sensed weakness from the Shah and "smelled blood".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarney1998-129">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Majd-152">[144]</a> Khomeini announced that there would be no reconciliation with the Shah and called on all Iranians to overthrow him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarney1998-129">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Majd-152">[144]</a> Military authorities declared martial law in <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan">Khuzestan</a> province (Iran's main oil producing province) and deployed troops to its oil facilities. Navy personnel were also used as <a href="/wiki/Strikebreakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Strikebreakers">strikebreakers</a> in the oil industry.<a href="#cite_note-Afkhami-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pahlavi_2004-115">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brotons-150">[142]</a> Street marches declined, and oil production began increasing once again, nearly reaching pre-revolutionary levels.<a href="#cite_note-Pahlavi_2004-115">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brotons-150">[142]</a> In a symbolic blow to the opposition, <a href="/wiki/Karim_Sanjabi" title="Karim Sanjabi">Karim Sanjabi</a>, who had visited Khomeini in Paris, was arrested upon his return to Iran.<a href="#cite_note-Kraft-New_Yorker-130">[122]</a> However, the government still continued the policy of <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a> and negotiation.<a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Milani-Persians-18">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarney1998-129">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zabir-151">[143]</a> The Shah ordered the arrest of 100 officials from his own government for charges of corruption, including former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Amir_Abbas_Hoveida" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Abbas Hoveida">Amir Abbas-Hoveyda</a> and former SAVAK head <a href="/wiki/Nematollah_Nassiri" title="Nematollah Nassiri">Nematollah Nassiri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Milani-Persians-18">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarney1998-129">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muharram_protests_(early_December)">Muharram protests (early December)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Muharram protests (early December)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration,_11_December_1978_(04).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration%2C_11_December_1978_%2804%29.jpg/220px-Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration%2C_11_December_1978_%2804%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration%2C_11_December_1978_%2804%29.jpg/330px-Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration%2C_11_December_1978_%2804%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration%2C_11_December_1978_%2804%29.jpg/440px-Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration%2C_11_December_1978_%2804%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Beheshti" title="Mohammad Beheshti">Mohammad Beheshti</a> in the Tehran Ashura demonstration, 11 December 1978</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Part_of_the_marching_of_the_people_during_the_Iranian_Revolution_1979.webm/220px--Part_of_the_marching_of_the_people_during_the_Iranian_Revolution_1979.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="60" data-mwtitle="Part_of_the_marching_of_the_people_during_the_Iranian_Revolution_1979.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Part_of_the_marching_of_the_people_during_the_Iranian_Revolution_1979.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/Part_of_the_marching_of_the_people_during_the_Iranian_Revolution_1979.webm/Part_of_the_marching_of_the_people_during_the_Iranian_Revolution_1979.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Part_of_the_marching_of_the_people_during_the_Iranian_Revolution_1979.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/Part_of_the_marching_of_the_people_during_the_Iranian_Revolution_1979.webm/Part_of_the_marching_of_the_people_during_the_Iranian_Revolution_1979.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/Part_of_the_marching_of_the_people_during_the_Iranian_Revolution_1979.webm/Part_of_the_marching_of_the_people_during_the_Iranian_Revolution_1979.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video><figcaption>People marching during the Iranian Revolution, 1979</figcaption></figure> Khomeini condemned the military government and called for continued protests.<a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-news.google.com-153">[145]</a> He and the protest organizers planned a series of escalating protests during the holy Islamic month of <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a>, to culminate with massive protests on the days of <a href="/wiki/Tasu%27a" title="Tasu'a">Tasu'a</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a>, the latter commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">martyrdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Imam_Husayn_ibn_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Husayn ibn Ali">Imam Husayn ibn Ali</a>, the third Shia Muslim <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a> While the military authorities banned street demonstrations and extended the curfew, the Shah faced deep misgivings about the potential violence.<a href="#cite_note-Kraft-New_Yorker-130">[122]</a> On 2 December 1978, the Muharram protests began. Named for the Islamic month they began in, the Muharram protests were impressively huge and pivotal. Over two million protesters<a href="#cite_note-Muharram_Protests_in_Iran,_1978-154">[146]</a> (many of whom were teenagers proselytized by the <a href="/wiki/Mullah" title="Mullah">mullahs</a> from the mosques of southern Tehran) took to the streets, crowding <a href="/wiki/Azadi_Square" title="Azadi Square">Shahyad Square</a>. Protesters frequently went out at night, defying the set curfew, often taking to rooftops and shouting "<a href="/wiki/Allahu_akbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahu akbar">Allahu-akbar</a>" ('God is great'). According to one witness, many of the clashes on the street had an air of playfulness rather than seriousness, with security forces using "kid gloves" against the opposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarney1998-129">[121]</a> Nevertheless, the government reported at least 12 opposition deaths.<a href="#cite_note-news.google.com-153">[145]</a> The protesters demanded that Shah <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> step down from power and that <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ayatollah_Ruhollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini">Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini</a> be returned from exile. The protests grew incredibly fast, reaching between six million and nine million in strength in the first week. About 5% of the population had taken to the streets in the Muharram protests. Both beginning and ending in the month of Muharram, the protests succeeded, and the Shah stepped down from power later that month.<a href="#cite_note-Muharram_Protests_in_Iran,_1978-154">[146]</a> After the success of what would become known as a revolution, Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Khomeini_returned_to_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Khomeini returned to Iran">Khomeini returned to Iran</a> as its religious and political leader for life. Khomeini had been an opposition leader to Shah for many years, rising to prominence after the death of his mentor, renowned scholar <a href="/wiki/Yazdi_Ha%27iri" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazdi Ha'iri">Yazdi Ha'iri</a>, in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-Ayatollah_Ruhollah_Khomeini-155">[147]</a> Even in his years in exile, Khomeini remained relevant in Iran. Supporting the protests from beyond Iran's borders, he proclaimed that "freedom and liberation from the bonds of imperialism" was imminent.<a href="#cite_note-Ayatollah_Ruhollah_Khomeini-155">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tasu'a_and_Ashura_marches_(10–11_December)">Tasu'a and Ashura marches (10–11 December)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Tasu'a and Ashura marches (10–11 December)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration,_11_December_1978_(10).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration%2C_11_December_1978_%2810%29.jpg/250px-Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration%2C_11_December_1978_%2810%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration%2C_11_December_1978_%2810%29.jpg/375px-Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration%2C_11_December_1978_%2810%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration%2C_11_December_1978_%2810%29.jpg/500px-Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration%2C_11_December_1978_%2810%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="456" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration,_11_December_1978_(08).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration%2C_11_December_1978_%2808%29.jpg/250px-Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration%2C_11_December_1978_%2808%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration%2C_11_December_1978_%2808%29.jpg/375px-Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration%2C_11_December_1978_%2808%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration%2C_11_December_1978_%2808%29.jpg/500px-Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration%2C_11_December_1978_%2808%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="449" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tehran Ashura demonstration, 11 December 1978</div></div></div></div></div> As the days of <a href="/wiki/Tasu%27a" title="Tasu'a">Tasu'a</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a> (10 and 11 December) approached, to prevent a deadly showdown, the Shah began to draw back. In negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Shariatmadari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Shariatmadari">Ayatollah Shariatmadari</a>, the Shah ordered the release of 120 political prisoners and <a href="/wiki/Karim_Sanjabi" title="Karim Sanjabi">Karim Sanjabi</a>, and on 8 December revoked the ban on street demonstrations. Permits were issued for the marchers, and troops were removed from the procession's path. In turn, Shariatmadari pledged that to make sure that there would be no violence during the demonstrations.<a href="#cite_note-Kraft-New_Yorker-130">[122]</a> On 10 and 11 December 1978, the days of Tasu'a and Ashura, between 6 and 9 million anti-Shah demonstrators marched throughout Iran. According to one historian, "even discounting for exaggeration, these figures may represent the largest protest event in history."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004122-156">[148]</a> The marches were led by Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Taleghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Taleghani">Taleghani</a> and National Front leader Karim Sanjabi, thus symbolizing the "unity" of the secular and religious opposition. The <a href="/wiki/Mullah" title="Mullah">mullahs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bazaari" title="Bazaari">bazaaris</a> effectively policed the gathering, and protesters who attempted to initiate violence were restrained.<a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a> More than 10% of the country marched in anti-Shah demonstrations on the two days, possibly a higher percentage than any previous revolution. It is rare for a revolution to involve as much as 1 percent of a country's population; the French, Russian, and Romanian revolutions may have passed the 1 percent mark.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004121-29">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolution_(late_1978–1979)">Revolution (late 1978–1979)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Revolution (late 1978–1979)">edit</a>]</div> Much of Iranian society was in <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoria</a> about the coming revolution. Secular and leftist politicians piled onto the movement hoping to gain power in the aftermath, ignoring the fact that Khomeini was the very antithesis to all of the positions they supported.<a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a> While it was increasingly clear to more secular Iranians that Khomeini was not a liberal, he was widely perceived as a figurehead, and that power would eventually be handed to the secular groups.<a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarney1998-129">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demoralization_of_the_army_(December,_1978)">Demoralization of the army (December, 1978)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Demoralization of the army (December, 1978)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1979_Islamic_Revolution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/1979_Islamic_Revolution.jpg/220px-1979_Islamic_Revolution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/1979_Islamic_Revolution.jpg/330px-1979_Islamic_Revolution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/1979_Islamic_Revolution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption>A protester giving flowers to an army officer</figcaption></figure> The military leadership was increasingly paralyzed by indecision, and rank-and-file soldiers were demoralized, having been forced to confront demonstrators while prohibited from using their own weapons (and being condemned by the Shah if they did).<a href="#cite_note-Eisenstadt-127">[119]</a> Increasingly, Khomeini called on the soldiers of the armed forces to defect to the opposition.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_126-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-126">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pahlavi_2004-115">[107]</a> Revolutionaries gave flowers and civilian clothes to deserters, while threatening retribution to those who stayed. On 11 December, a dozen officers were shot dead by their own troops at Tehran's <a href="/wiki/Lavizan" title="Lavizan">Lavizan</a> barracks. Fearing further <a href="/wiki/Mutinies" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutinies">mutinies</a>, many soldiers were returned to their barracks.<a href="#cite_note-Eisenstadt-127">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a> (the second largest city in Iran) was abandoned to the protesters, and in many provincial towns demonstrators were effectively in control.<a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_and_internal_negotiations_with_the_opposition_(late_December,_1978)">American and internal negotiations with the opposition (late December, 1978)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: American and internal negotiations with the opposition (late December, 1978)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter%27s_engagement_with_Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini">Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Carter_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Carter administration">Carter administration</a> increasingly became locked in a debate about continued support for the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-Little-157">[149]</a> As early as November, ambassador William Sullivan sent a telegram to Carter (the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thinking_the_Unthinkable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thinking the Unthinkable (page does not exist)">Thinking the Unthinkable</a>" telegram<a href="#cite_note-Little-157">[149]</a>). The telegram effectively declared his belief that the Shah would not survive the protests and that the US should consider withdrawing its support for his government and persuading the monarch to abdicate. The United States would then help assemble a coalition of pro-Western military officers, middle class professionals, and moderate clergy, with Khomeini installed as a <a href="/wiki/Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhi">Gandhi</a>-like spiritual leader.<a href="#cite_note-Little-157">[149]</a> The telegram touched off a vigorous debate in the American cabinet, with some, such as National Security Advisor <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Little-157">[149]</a> rejecting it outright. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Cyrus Vance</a> rejected a military crackdown;<a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a> he and his supporters believed in the "moderate and progressive" intentions of Khomeini and his circle.<a href="#cite_note-Hayward-131">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Little-157">[149]</a> Increasing contact was established with the pro-Khomeini camp. Based on the revolutionaries' responses, some American officials (especially Ambassador Sullivan) felt that Khomeini was genuinely intent on creating a democracy.<a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Milani" title="Abbas Milani">Abbas Milani</a>, this resulted in the United States effectively helping to facilitate Khomeini's rise to power.<a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[151]</a> The Shah began to search for a new prime minister, one who was a civilian and a member of the opposition. On 28 December, he secured an agreement with another major National Front figure, <a href="/wiki/Shapour_Bakhtiar" title="Shapour Bakhtiar">Shapour Bakhtiar</a>. Bakhtiar would be appointed prime minister (a return to civilian rule), while the Shah and his family would leave the country. His royal duties would be carried out by a Regency Council, and three months after his departure a referendum would be submitted to the people deciding on whether Iran would remain a monarchy or become a republic. A former opponent of the Shah, Bakhtiar became motivated to join the government because he was increasingly aware of Khomeini's intentions to implement hard-line religious rule rather than a democracy.<a href="#cite_note-Milani-Persians-18">[14]</a> Karim Sanjabi immediately expelled Bakhtiar from the National Front, and Bakhtiar was denounced by Khomeini (who declared that acceptance of his government was the equivalent of "obedience to false gods").<a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Geist-160">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Shah_leaves_(16_January_1979)">The Shah leaves (16 January 1979)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: The Shah leaves (16 January 1979)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah%27s_exit_from_Iran_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shah%27s_exit_from_Iran_01.jpg/220px-Shah%27s_exit_from_Iran_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shah%27s_exit_from_Iran_01.jpg/330px-Shah%27s_exit_from_Iran_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Shah%27s_exit_from_Iran_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Shah and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Shahbanu" title="Shahbanu">Shahbanu</a> <a href="/wiki/Farah_Pahlavi" title="Farah Pahlavi">Farah</a>, leaving Iran on 16 January 1979</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruhollah_Khomeini_press_conference_of_17_January_1979,_Neauphle-le-Ch%C3%A2teau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ruhollah_Khomeini_press_conference_of_17_January_1979%2C_Neauphle-le-Ch%C3%A2teau.jpg/220px-Ruhollah_Khomeini_press_conference_of_17_January_1979%2C_Neauphle-le-Ch%C3%A2teau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ruhollah_Khomeini_press_conference_of_17_January_1979%2C_Neauphle-le-Ch%C3%A2teau.jpg/330px-Ruhollah_Khomeini_press_conference_of_17_January_1979%2C_Neauphle-le-Ch%C3%A2teau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ruhollah_Khomeini_press_conference_of_17_January_1979%2C_Neauphle-le-Ch%C3%A2teau.jpg/440px-Ruhollah_Khomeini_press_conference_of_17_January_1979%2C_Neauphle-le-Ch%C3%A2teau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption>Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Khomeini">Khomeini</a> giving a speech after arranging a press-conference at <a href="/wiki/Neauphle-le-Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Neauphle-le-Château">Neauphle-le-Château</a>, France, the day after the departure of the Shah</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ettelaat13571026.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ettelaat13571026.pdf/page1-220px-Ettelaat13571026.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ettelaat13571026.pdf/page1-330px-Ettelaat13571026.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ettelaat13571026.pdf/page1-440px-Ettelaat13571026.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10335" data-file-height="14764" /></a><figcaption>Front cover of <a href="/wiki/Ettela%27at" title="Ettela'at">Ettela'at</a>, 16 January 1979, featuring (on the top) the now-famous headline "<a href="/wiki/The_Shah_Is_Gone" title="The Shah Is Gone">The Shah Is Gone</a>". The front cover of the same day's edition of <a href="/wiki/Kayhan" title="Kayhan">Kayhan</a> also feature the same headline</figcaption></figure> The Shah, hoping to see Bakhtiar established, kept delaying his departure. Consequently, to the Iranian public, Bakhtiar was seen as the Shah's last prime minister, undermining his support.<a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a> American General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Huyser" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Huyser">Robert Huyser</a>, the Deputy Commander of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, entered Iran.<a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a> While the option of a pro-Shah military coup still was a possibility, Huyser met with military leaders (but not the Shah) and established meetings between them and Khomeini allies for the purpose of agreeing on Bakhtiar's transitional government.<a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pahlavi_2004-115">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Huyser-161">[153]</a> Ambassador Sullivan disagreed, and attempted to pressure Huyser to ignore the military and work directly with Khomeini's opposition.<a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Huyser-161">[153]</a> Nevertheless, Huyser won out and continued to work with both the military and opposition. He left Iran on 3 February.<a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Huyser-161">[153]</a> The Shah was privately embittered by Huyser's mission and felt that the United States no longer wanted him in power.<a href="#cite_note-Pahlavi_2004-115">[107]</a> On the morning of 16 January 1979, Bakhtiar was officially appointed prime minister. The same day, a tearful Shah and his family left Iran for exile in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, never to return.<a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bakhtiar's_premiership_and_Ayatollah_Khomeini's_return_(January–February,_1979)">Bakhtiar's premiership and Ayatollah Khomeini's return (January–February, 1979)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bakhtiar's premiership and Ayatollah Khomeini's return (January–February, 1979)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini%27s_return_to_Iran" title="Ruhollah Khomeini's return to Iran">Ruhollah Khomeini's return to Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bakhtiar_and_mosaddegh_cartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bakhtiar_and_mosaddegh_cartoon.jpg/220px-Bakhtiar_and_mosaddegh_cartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bakhtiar_and_mosaddegh_cartoon.jpg/330px-Bakhtiar_and_mosaddegh_cartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bakhtiar_and_mosaddegh_cartoon.jpg/440px-Bakhtiar_and_mosaddegh_cartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>Cartoon depicting <a href="/wiki/Shapour_Bakhtiar" title="Shapour Bakhtiar">Shapour Bakhtiar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mosaddegh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaddegh">Mosaddegh</a> on 22 January 1978 issue of <a href="/wiki/Ettela%27at" title="Ettela'at">Ettela'at</a>, during the revolution</figcaption></figure> When the news of the Shah's departure was announced from newspapers and news at 2 pm on Iran's National Radio, there were spontaneous scenes of joy throughout the country. Millions poured onto the streets, and virtually every remaining sign of the monarchy was torn down by the crowds.<a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-google-162">[154]</a> Bakhtiar dissolved SAVAK and freed all remaining political prisoners. He ordered the army to allow mass demonstrations, promised free elections and invited the revolutionaries into a government of "national unity".<a href="#cite_note-Geist-160">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[155]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/People_on_The_path_of_welcoming_Imam_Khomeini_.webm/220px--People_on_The_path_of_welcoming_Imam_Khomeini_.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="161" data-durationhint="105" data-mwtitle="People_on_The_path_of_welcoming_Imam_Khomeini_.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:People_on_The_path_of_welcoming_Imam_Khomeini_.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5e/People_on_The_path_of_welcoming_Imam_Khomeini_.webm/People_on_The_path_of_welcoming_Imam_Khomeini_.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="656" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/People_on_The_path_of_welcoming_Imam_Khomeini_.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="787" data-height="576" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5e/People_on_The_path_of_welcoming_Imam_Khomeini_.webm/People_on_The_path_of_welcoming_Imam_Khomeini_.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="196" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5e/People_on_The_path_of_welcoming_Imam_Khomeini_.webm/People_on_The_path_of_welcoming_Imam_Khomeini_.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="328" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5e/People_on_The_path_of_welcoming_Imam_Khomeini_.webm/People_on_The_path_of_welcoming_Imam_Khomeini_.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="492" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5e/People_on_The_path_of_welcoming_Imam_Khomeini_.webm/People_on_The_path_of_welcoming_Imam_Khomeini_.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="492" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Video of people welcoming Ayatollah Khomeini in the streets of Tehran after his return from exile</figcaption></figure> Bakhtiar invited Khomeini back to Iran, with the intention of creating a <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a>-like state in the holy city of <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a>, declaring that "We will soon have the honor of welcoming home the Ayatollah Khomeini".<a href="#cite_note-Geist-160">[152]</a> On 1 February 1979 Khomeini returned to Tehran in a chartered Air France <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[156]</a> The welcoming crowd of several million Iranians was so large he was forced to take a helicopter after the car taking him from the airport was overwhelmed by an enthusiastic welcoming crowd.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian2008161-165">[157]</a> Khomeini was now not only the undisputed leader of the revolution,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGölz2017229-9">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaheri1985146-166">[158]</a> he had become what some called a "semi-divine" figure, greeted as he descended from his airplane with cries of 'Khomeini, O Imam, we salute you, peace be upon you.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000200-167">[159]</a> Crowds were now known to chant "Islam, Islam, Khomeini, We Will Follow You", and even "Khomeini for King".<a href="#cite_note-Foucault_Dreaming-168">[160]</a> When asked by a reporter how he felt returning to his home country after a long exile, Khomeini replied "Nothing". On the day of his arrival Khomeini made clear his rejection of Bakhtiar's government in a speech promising, "I shall kick their teeth in. I appoint the government, I appoint the government in support of this nation".<a href="#cite_note-Geist-160">[152]</a> On 5 February at his headquarters in the <a href="/wiki/Refah_School" title="Refah School">Refah School</a> in southern Tehran, he declared a provisional revolutionary government, appointed opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Bazargan" title="Mehdi Bazargan">Mehdi Bazargan</a> (from the religious-nationalist <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Movement_of_Iran" title="Freedom Movement of Iran">Freedom Movement</a>, affiliated with the National Front) as his own prime minister, and commanded Iranians to obey Bazargan as a religious duty:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982515-136">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Milani-Persians-18">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Geist-160">[152]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BazarganMehdi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/BazarganMehdi.jpg/170px-BazarganMehdi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/BazarganMehdi.jpg/255px-BazarganMehdi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/BazarganMehdi.jpg/340px-BazarganMehdi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Iranian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Bazargan" title="Mehdi Bazargan">Mehdi Bazargan</a> was an advocate of democracy and civil rights. He also opposed the <a href="/wiki/Iran%27s_cultural_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran's cultural revolution">cultural revolution</a> and US embassy takeover.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">[T]hrough the guardianship [Velayat] that I have from the holy lawgiver [the Prophet], I hereby pronounce Bazargan as the Ruler, and since I have appointed him, he must be obeyed. The nation must obey him. This is not an ordinary government. It is a government based on the sharia. Opposing this government means opposing the sharia of Islam ... Revolt against God's government is a revolt against God. Revolt against God is blasphemy.<a href="#cite_note-169">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-Khomeini-170">[162]</a></blockquote> Angered, Bakhtiar made a speech of his own. Reaffirming himself as the legitimate leader, he declared that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Iran has one government. More than this is intolerable, either for me or for you or for any other Iranian. As a Muslim, I had not heard that jihad refers to one Muslim against other Muslims.... I will not give permission to Ayatollah Khomeini to form an interim government. In life there comes a time when one must stand firm and say no.... I have never seen a book about an Islamic republic; neither has anyone else for that matter.... Some of the people surrounding the Ayatollah are like violent vultures.... The clergy should go to Qom and build a wall around themselves and create their own Vatican.<a href="#cite_note-Geist-160">[152]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armed_battles_and_collapse_of_the_monarchy_(February,_1979)">Armed battles and collapse of the monarchy (February, 1979)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Armed battles and collapse of the monarchy (February, 1979)">edit</a>]</div> Tensions between the two rival governments increased rapidly. To demonstrate his support, Khomeini called for demonstrators to occupy the streets throughout the country. He also sent a letter to American officials warning them to withdraw support for Bakhtiar.<a href="#cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">[6]</a> Bakhtiar became increasingly isolated, with members of the government (including the entire <a href="/wiki/Regency_Council_(Iran)" title="Regency Council (Iran)">Regency Council</a>) defecting to Khomeini. The military was crumbling, with its leadership completely paralyzed, unsure of whether to support Bakhtiar or act on their own, and rank-and-file soldiers either demoralized or deserting.<a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eisenstadt-127">[119]</a> On 9 February, a rebellion of pro-Khomeini air force technicians broke out at the <a href="/wiki/Doshan_Tappeh_Air_Base" title="Doshan Tappeh Air Base">Doshan Tappeh Air Base</a>. A unit of the pro-Shah <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Iran)" title="Imperial Guard (Iran)">Immortal Guards</a> attempted to apprehend the rebels, and an armed battle broke out. Soon large crowds took to the streets, building barricades and supporting the rebels, while Islamic-Marxist guerillas with their weapons joined in support.<a href="#cite_note-Axworthy-123">[115]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG/220px-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG/330px-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG/440px-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Iranian armed rebels during the revolution</figcaption></figure> The armed rebels attacked a weapons factory, capturing nearly 50,000 machine guns and distributing them to civilians who joined in the fighting. The rebels began storming police stations and military bases throughout Tehran. The city's martial law commander General <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Rahimi" title="Mehdi Rahimi">Mehdi Rahimi</a> decided not to use his 30,000 loyal Immortal Guards to crush the rebellion for fear of producing civilian casualties.<a href="#cite_note-Zabir-151">[143]</a> The final collapse of the provisional non-Islamist government came at 2 pm on 11 February when the Supreme Military Council declared itself "neutral in the current political disputes... in order to prevent further disorder and bloodshed."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000206-171">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982529-172">[164]</a> All military personnel were ordered back to their bases, effectively yielding control of the entire country to Khomeini.<a href="#cite_note-Eisenstadt-127">[119]</a> Revolutionaries took over government buildings, TV and radio stations, and palaces of the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a>, marking the end of the monarchy in Iran. Bakhtiar escaped the palace under a hail of bullets, fleeing Iran in disguise. He was later assassinated by an agent of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a> in 1991 in Paris. This period, from 1 to 11 February, is celebrated every year in Iran as the "<a href="/wiki/Decade_of_Fajr" class="mw-redirect" title="Decade of Fajr">Decade of Fajr</a>."<a href="#cite_note-173">[165]</a> 11 February is "Islamic Revolution's Victory Day", a national holiday with state sponsored demonstrations in every city.<a href="#cite_note-RFERL-174">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Casualties of the Iranian revolution">Casualties of the Iranian revolution</a></div> Some sources (such as <a href="/wiki/Emadeddin_Baghi" title="Emadeddin Baghi">Emadeddin Baghi</a>, a researcher at the <a href="/wiki/Bonyad#Islamic_Republic" title="Bonyad">Martyrs Foundation</a>) claim 2,781 protesters and revolutionaries were killed in 1978–79 during the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-Baghi-176">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[Note 5]</a> Khomeini reported of a much larger number; he said that "60,000 men, women and children were martyred by the Shah's regime".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-178">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-emadbaghi2-179">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[171]</a> In reference to this 60,000 figure, the military historian <a href="/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker" title="Spencer C. Tucker">Spencer C. Tucker</a> notes that "Khomeini's regime grossly overstated the revolution's death toll for propaganda purposes".<a href="#cite_note-Tucker-181">[172]</a> Tucker explains that the consensus of historians regarding estimated deaths during the Iranian Revolution (from January 1978 to February 1979), numbers between 532 and 2,781.<a href="#cite_note-Tucker-181">[172]</a> According to the historian <a href="/wiki/Ervand_Abrahamian" title="Ervand Abrahamian">Ervand Abrahamian</a>, the number executed by revolutionary courts as the revolution was consolidated (8,000 opponents between June 1981 and June 1985)<a href="#cite_note-182">[173]</a> exceeded those killed by the royalist government trying to stop the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian2008181-183">[174]</a> According to Tucker's estimations, in the period of 1980 to 1985, between 25,000 and 40,000 Iranians were arrested, 15,000 Iranians were tried, and between 8,000 and 9,500 Iranians were executed.<a href="#cite_note-Tucker-181">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Songs_of_Iranian_Revolution">Songs of Iranian Revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Songs of Iranian Revolution">edit</a>]</div> The songs most closely associated with the revolution are epic ballads, composed during and in support of the Islamic Revolution and in opposition to the Pahlavi dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-Torab2007-184">[175]</a> Before the revolution was consolidated, these chants were made by various political supporters, and were often recorded on cassette tapes in underground and home studios. In schools, these songs were sung by students as part of the celebrations of Fajr Decades.<a href="#cite_note-185">[176]</a> "Iran Iran" or "Allah Allah" chants are famous revolutionary songs.<a href="#cite_note-186">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women's_role">Women's role</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Women's role">edit</a>]</div> The Iranian Revolution was a gendered revolution; much of the new regime's rhetoric was centered on the position of women in society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAzari1983[httpsarchiveorgdetailswomenofiranconfl0000unsepage150_150]-187">[178]</a> Beyond rhetoric, thousands of women were also heavily mobilized in the revolution itself,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAzari1983[httpsarchiveorgdetailswomenofiranconfl0000unsepage151_151]-188">[179]</a> and different groups of women actively participated alongside their male counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-189">[180]</a> Not only participating through voting, women also contributed to the revolution through marches, demonstrations and chanting slogans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsfandiyārī19975-190">[181]</a> Women were involved in caring for the wounded, including doctors who responded to calls for help and opened their homes for those who needed assistance. While women themselves were often killed, tortured, arrested or injured and some were involved in guerilla activities, most contributed in non-violent ways.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENashat1983[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-191">[182]</a> Many women were instrumental not only in being involved in the revolution themselves but in mobilizing men and other non-political women. Many women protested while carrying children and their presence was one of the main reasons for disarming soldiers (who were there on behalf of the regime) who were ordered to shoot if necessary.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_191-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENashat1983[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-191">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ayatollah_Khomeini's_rhetoric_on_women's_participation">Ayatollah Khomeini's rhetoric on women's participation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Ayatollah Khomeini's rhetoric on women's participation">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> asserted that "You ladies here have proved that you are at the forefront of this movement. You have a great share in our Islamic movement. The future of our country depends on your support."<a href="#cite_note-al-islam.org-192">[183]</a> He invoked the image of the <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a> as a symbol of the revolution, saying that "a nation whose respected women demonstrate in modest garb [hejab] to express their disgust with the Shah's regime- such a nation will be victorious."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzman2005151-193">[184]</a> He also said that "women from all levels of society took part in the recent demonstrations, which we are calling the 'referendum of the streets'... women fought side by side with men in the struggle for their independence and their liberty."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENashat1983[httpsarchiveorgdetailswomenrevolutioni0000unsepage116_116]-194">[185]</a> Khomeini pleaded for women to participate in anti-Shah demonstrations in various cities. Furthermore, women later responded to Khomeini's urgings to vote in favor of the Islamic Republic and the new constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsfandiyārī19975-190">[181]</a> Women were so pivotal to the revolution that in response to a suggestion from a top aide to ban women from coming to group audience, Khomeini said "I threw the Shah out with these women, there's no problem in their coming."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzman2005151-193">[184]</a> After the revolution, Khomeini credited much of the success of the movement to women, even commending the women for mobilizing men, "you ladies have proved that you are in the vanguard of the movement, you have proved that you lead the men, men get their inspiration from you, the men of Iran have learnt lessons from the honourable ladies of Iran ...You are in the vanguard of the movement."<a href="#cite_note-al-islam.org-192">[183]</a> It has been argued that Khomeini and his fellow leaders danced around the issue of women's rights and rather focused their rhetoric on mobilizing women through encouraging them to participate in protests and fueling their anti-Shah sentiments.<a href="#cite_note-:3-195">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variation_within_women's_participation">Variation within women's participation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Variation within women's participation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration,_11_December_1978_(14).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration%2C_11_December_1978_%2814%29.jpg/250px-Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration%2C_11_December_1978_%2814%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration%2C_11_December_1978_%2814%29.jpg/375px-Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration%2C_11_December_1978_%2814%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration%2C_11_December_1978_%2814%29.jpg/500px-Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration%2C_11_December_1978_%2814%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="511" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration,_11_December_1978_(06).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration%2C_11_December_1978_%2806%29.jpg/250px-Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration%2C_11_December_1978_%2806%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration%2C_11_December_1978_%2806%29.jpg/375px-Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration%2C_11_December_1978_%2806%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration%2C_11_December_1978_%2806%29.jpg/500px-Tehran_Ashura_Demonstration%2C_11_December_1978_%2806%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="435" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The presence of <a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation_in_Iran" title="Sex segregation in Iran">segregated</a> women in the Tehran Ashura Demonstration, 11 December 1978</div></div></div></div></div> The contributions of women to the revolutions and the intentions behind these contributions are complex and layered. The motivations of women for being part of the revolutions were complex and varied among a plethora of religious, political and economic reasons<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzman2005152-196">[187]</a> and women participating were from various classes and backgrounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsfandiyārī1997-197">[188]</a> Many Western educated upper-middle-class women from secular, urban and professional families were involved as well as many women from working-class and rural backgrounds.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_191-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENashat1983[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-191">[182]</a> There were groups as varied as the <a href="/wiki/Fida%27iyan-i_Khalq" class="mw-redirect" title="Fida'iyan-i Khalq">Fida'iyan-i Khalq</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Mujahedin of Iran">Mujahedin</a> were functioning as guerrilla units during the revolutions in opposition to the Shah's regime.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_191-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENashat1983[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-191">[182]</a> There were also other groups of women with various agendas that sometimes converged and sometimes diverged from the Islamic Republic's political positions. For example, organized feminism, which was around since the Pahlavi dynasty, joined the revolutionary movement after the Shah dropped the cabinet position on Women's Affairs to appease the Islamists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzman2005151-193">[184]</a> Members of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Organization_of_Iran" title="Women's Organization of Iran">Women's Organization of Iran</a> marched in support for the revolution and it was important that women very much linked to the government also turned against the Shah's regime.<a href="#cite_note-:3-195">[186]</a> Yet, there was some tension later between feminists' dress and the revolution's stance on women's clothing and they began to feel uncomfortable at opposition events.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzman2005152-196">[187]</a> Some argue that this politicization and mobilization of women made it difficult for the new regime to push them out of the public and political spheres. The revolution resulted in an unprecedented opening for Iranian women into politics (mostly through demonstrations and voting),<a href="#cite_note-198">[189]</a> and some authors argue that this had a lasting impact on Iranian women's political participation and role in the public sphere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsfandiyārī19975-190">[181]</a> Some women were also part of the inner circle of the leaders of the new regime such as <a href="/wiki/Marzieh_Hadidchi" title="Marzieh Hadidchi">Marzieh Hadidchi</a>. Other than the politicization of women, there were particular circumstances during the revolution which pushed women into being involved with politics. For example, "the combination of martial law with its curfew hours and the closing down of shops and workplaces, together with the cold of the fall and winter months resulted in the centers of political discussion often being within the home."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENashat1983[httpsarchiveorgdetailswomenrevolutioni0000unsepage121_121]-199">[190]</a> Women engaged with news and media as well as political discussions alongside their male counterparts as "the revolution was the only topic of interest to anyone, regardless of age or sex."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENashat1983[httpsarchiveorgdetailswomenrevolutioni0000unsepage121_121]-199">[190]</a> During 1978 and 1979 there were many gatherings in women's homes where they exchanged interpersonal news and anecdotes. These personal accounts were valuable in a time where the official coverage of news was not trusted by many people.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_191-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENashat1983[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-191">[182]</a> Women who were activists, religious women and women dissatisfied with the regime were able to unite under the anti-Shah umbrella. However, "women were not united in their opinions of the revolution and its outcome as much as they were not united in their reasons for joining the revolution".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENashat1983[httpsarchiveorgdetailswomenrevolutioni0000unsepage77_77]-200">[191]</a> Despite this mobilization and high participation rate of women, they were still kept out of leadership positions which were exclusive to men; women are thought to be part of the rank and file rather than the elite strata of the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-:3-195">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_literature_on_women's_participation">Academic literature on women's participation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Academic literature on women's participation">edit</a>]</div> While there has been some academic literature exploring individual narratives of women on the revolution,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsfandiyārī19975-190">[181]</a> most of the academic work produced focuses on the effect of the revolution on women rather than the role of Iranian women during the revolution. Scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guity_Nashat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guity Nashat (page does not exist)">Guity Nashat</a> highlights this neglected aspect of the revolution, "Although women's participation in the events leading to the 11 February revolution was instrumental in its success, most studies have not addressed the reasons for their involvement or their contribution."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENashat1983[httpsarchiveorgdetailswomenrevolutioni0000unsepage1_1]-201">[192]</a> Janet Baur argues the necessity of examining the daily lives of women, their living conditions and their relationship to other groups to understand their participation in the socio-political events of the revolution. She further explains that the cultural, ideological, social and material factors shaping the social life and class differences in the period just prior to the revolution need to be studied to understand how the Iranian women's social consciousness developed and how it led them to take part in public protests.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_191-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENashat1983[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-191">[182]</a> Caroline M. Brooks argues that women were left to express their concerns through the protest rather than in the <a href="/wiki/Majlis_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis of Iran">Majlis</a>. Thus, this created a "dangerous bargaining position for activist women" since rather than arguing their position through intellect they were only able to "argue by numbers in the streets and be repelled by force".<a href="#cite_note-:3-195">[186]</a> There are some contesting understandings in academic literature regarding the reasons behind the mobilization of women. While some argue that the micro-level actions of women can be understood through religious and political ideologies, others argue that it is in fact the effect of manipulations of information, symbols and context which should be studied.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_191-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENashat1983[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-191">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Aftermath of the Iranian revolution">Aftermath of the Iranian revolution</a></div> From early 1979 to either 1982 or 1983 <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> was in a "revolutionary crisis mode."<a href="#cite_note-Martín2004-202">[193]</a> After the system of <a href="/wiki/Despotic_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Despotic monarchy">despotic monarchy</a> had been overthrown,<a href="#cite_note-Moaddel2013-203">[194]</a> the economy and the apparatus of government had collapsed, and military and security forces were in disarray. Yet, by 1982 Khomeini and his supporters had crushed the rival factions, defeated local rebellions and consolidated power. At the same time, events that made up both the crisis and its resolution were the <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">invasion of Iran</a> by <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>'s Iraq, and the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Abolhassan_Banisadr" title="Abolhassan Banisadr">Abolhassan Banisadr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Martín2004-202">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeddie2003241-204">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ayatollah_Khomeini's_consolidation_of_power">Ayatollah Khomeini's consolidation of power</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Ayatollah Khomeini's consolidation of power">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conflicts_among_revolutionaries">Conflicts among revolutionaries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Conflicts among revolutionaries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banisadr_Fallaci_Khomeini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Banisadr_Fallaci_Khomeini.jpg/220px-Banisadr_Fallaci_Khomeini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Banisadr_Fallaci_Khomeini.jpg/330px-Banisadr_Fallaci_Khomeini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Banisadr_Fallaci_Khomeini.jpg/440px-Banisadr_Fallaci_Khomeini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Khomeini">Khomeini</a> interviewed by Italian journalist <a href="/wiki/Oriana_Fallaci" title="Oriana Fallaci">Oriana Fallaci</a>. Khomeini told questioners that "the religious dignitaries do not want to rule".<a href="#cite_note-Matini-205">[196]</a></figcaption></figure> Some observers believe "what began as an authentic and anti-dictatorial popular revolution based on a broad coalition of all anti-Shah forces was soon transformed into an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic fundamentalist">Islamic fundamentalist</a> power-grab,"<a href="#cite_note-206">[197]</a> and that except for his core supporters, the members of the coalition thought Khomeini intended to be more of a spiritual guide than a ruler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchirazi199793–94-207">[198]</a> Khomeini was in his mid-70s, never held public office, had been out of Iran for more than a decade, and told questioners "the religious dignitaries do not want to rule."<a href="#cite_note-Matini-205">[196]</a> However, nobody could deny the unanimous central role of the <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a>, and the other factions were too small to have any real impact. Another view is Khomeini had "overwhelming ideological, political and organizational hegemony,"<a href="#cite_note-208">[199]</a> and non-theocratic groups never seriously challenged Khomeini's movement in popular support.<a href="#cite_note-210">[Note 6]</a> Supporters of the new rule themselves have claimed that Iranians who opposed Khomeini were "<a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">fifth columnists</a>" led by foreign countries attempting to overthrow the Iranian government.<a href="#cite_note-Awakening-211">[201]</a> Khomeini and his loyalists in the <a href="/wiki/Organizations_of_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Organizations of the Iranian revolution">revolutionary organizations</a> implemented Khomeini's <a href="/wiki/Hokumat-e_Islami_:_Velayat-e_faqih_(book_by_Khomeini)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokumat-e Islami : Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)">velayat-e faqih</a> design for an Islamic republic led by himself as <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchirazi199724–32-212">[202]</a> by exploiting temporary allies<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000224-213">[203]</a> such as Mehdi Bazargan's <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Government of Iran">Provisional Government of Iran</a>, whom they later eliminated from Iran's political stage one by one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000203-214">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Organizations_of_the_revolution">Organizations of the revolution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Organizations of the revolution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organizations_of_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Organizations of the Iranian revolution">Organizations of the Iranian revolution</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;font-size:88%; line-height:200%">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamism" title="Category:Islamism">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Fundamentals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamism" title="History of Islamism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_secularism" title="Islam and secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">Salafism by country/region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Principlism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Principlism in Iran">Shia Islamism</a> </li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">Takfir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_governance" title="Islamic governance">Islamic governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_monarchy" title="Islamic monarchy">Islamic monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">of knowledge</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Political Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">aspects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Influences</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;">Scholastic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawat-e-Islami" title="Dawat-e-Islami">Dawat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_movement" title="Nur movement">Nurcu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">by country/region</a></li></ul></li></ul> Political <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafist_Call" title="Salafist Call">Salafist Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafist_Front" title="Salafist Front">Salafist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehreek-e-Labbaik_Pakistan" title="Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan">Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">List of Islamic political parties</a></li></ul> Militant <ul><li>Militant Islamism based in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Militant Islamism in the Middle East">MENA region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Caliphate_or_the_Supreme_Imamate_(book)" title="The Caliphate or the Supreme Imamate (book)">The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rashid_Rida" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Rashid Rida">Rashīd Rīďha 1922</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam">Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal 1930s</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_State_and_Government_in_Islam" title="The Principles of State and Government in Islam">Principles of State and Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Asad 1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestones_(book)" title="Milestones (book)">Ma'alim fi al-Tariq ("Milestones")</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb 1965</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government:_Governance_of_the_Jurist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist">Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist ("Velayat-e faqih")</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini 1970</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Heads of state</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia_ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia ul-Haq">Zia ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mohammed Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">House of Saud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Thani" title="House of Thani">House of Thani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key ideologues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamza_al-Masri" title="Abu Hamza al-Masri">Abu Hamza al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam%C4%81l_al-D%C4%ABn_al-Afgh%C4%81n%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī">Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Nasiruddin_al-Albani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani">Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi" title="Rached Ghannouchi">Rached Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwat_Hegazi" title="Safwat Hegazi">Safwat Hegazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necip_Faz%C4%B1l_K%C4%B1sak%C3%BCrek" title="Necip Fazıl Kısakürek">Necip Fazıl Kısakürek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Nadwi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Hasan Nadwi">Abul Hasan Nadwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Nabhani" title="Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani">Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan" title="Tariq Ramadan">Tariq Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Abu_Rashta" title="Ata Abu Rashta">Ata Abu Rashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navvab_Safavi" title="Navvab Safavi">Navvab Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah" title="Haji Shariatullah">Haji Shariatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Al-Turabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Al-Turabi">Hassan Al-Turabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Criticism of Islamism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism of Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberal and reform movements within Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_Europe" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe">in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_North_America" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in North America">in North America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abu_al-Fadl" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaled Abu al-Fadl">Khaled Abu al-Fadl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farag_Foda" title="Farag Foda">Farag Foda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelwahab_Meddeb" title="Abdelwahab Meddeb">Abdelwahab Meddeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Namazie" title="Maryam Namazie">Maryam Namazie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maajid_Nawaaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Maajid Nawaaz">Maajid Nawaaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Harris (author)">Sam Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Roy_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivier Roy (professor)">Olivier Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassam_Tibi" title="Bassam Tibi">Bassam Tibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Sa%27id_al-Ashmawi" title="Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi">Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Gilles Kepel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_Maher" title="Shiraz Maher">Shiraz Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Ranstorp" title="Magnus Ranstorp">Magnus Ranstorp</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islam and modernity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">Modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Islam and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_virtue" title="Civic virtue">Civic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty#Republican_liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty as non-domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_government" title="Mixed government">Mixed government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_representation" title="Political representation">Political representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation_(decision_making)" title="Public participation (decision making)">Public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">Res publica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal republicanism">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism#Neo-republicanism" title="Republicanism">Neo-republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_republic" title="Capitalist republic">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_parliamentary_republic" title="Federal parliamentary republic">Federal parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_republic" title="Revolutionary republic">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular republic">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">Sister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic" title="Soviet republic">Soviet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Baggini" title="Julian Baggini">Baggini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello" title="Andrés Bello">Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Cattaneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Grace_Chappell" title="Sophie Grace Chappell">Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crick" title="Bernard Crick">Crick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Honderich" title="Ted Honderich">Honderich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Pettit" title="Philip Pettit">Pettit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sandel" title="Michael Sandel">Sandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Warburton" title="Nigel Warburton">Warburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Adams (Gerry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bartley" title="Jonathan Bartley">Bartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Benn (Tony)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Bennett" title="Natalie Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Chapman" title="Maggie Chapman">Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy_Clark" title="Katy Clark">Clark (Katy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Clarke (Tom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Davidson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Ian Davidson (Scottish politician)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Drakeford" title="Mark Drakeford">Drakeford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Etherington" title="Bill Etherington">Etherington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Fabiani" title="Linda Fabiani">Fabiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ferguson_(politician)" title="Mark Ferguson (politician)">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Flynn" title="Stephen Flynn">Flynn (Stephen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Grévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nia_Griffith" title="Nia Griffith">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Griffiths_(Welsh_politician)" title="John Griffiths (Welsh politician)">Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Harvie" title="Patrick Harvie">Harvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hatton" title="Derek Hatton">Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_Hopkins" title="Kelvin Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huppert" title="Julian Huppert">Huppert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhun_ap_Iorwerth" title="Rhun ap Iorwerth">Iorwerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Jackson" title="Glenda Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elin_Jones" title="Elin Jones">Jones (Elin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Jones" title="Lynne Jones">Jones (Lynne)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_Kane" title="Rosie Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_La_Malfa" title="Ugo La Malfa">La Malfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Lewis_(politician)" title="Clive Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lucas" title="Caroline Lucas">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Mackay" title="Gillian Mackay">Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie" title="William Lyon Mackenzie">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magid_Magid" title="Magid Magid">Magid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_McKechin" title="Ann McKechin">McKechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Mullin_(politician)" title="Chris Mullin (politician)">Mullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Naysmith" title="Doug Naysmith">Naysmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Mannin" title="Ethel Mannin">Mannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Nandy" title="Lisa Nandy">Nandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pound" title="Stephen Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Ritchie" title="Ken Ritchie">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethan_Sayed" title="Bethan Sayed">Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Skates" title="Ken Skates">Skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Skinner" title="Dennis Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Slater" title="Lorna Slater">Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Slaughter" title="Andy Slaughter">Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Smith" title="Cat Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Spadolini" title="Giovanni Spadolini">Spadolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Taverne" title="Dick Taverne">Taverne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Wilson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Bill Wilson (Scottish politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanne_Wood" title="Leanne Wood">Wood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> (c. 375 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a> (54–51 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy" title="Discourses on Livy">Discourses on Livy</a> (1531)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tenure_of_Kings_and_Magistrates" title="The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates">The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates</a> (1649)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Commonwealth_of_Oceana" title="The Commonwealth of Oceana">The Commonwealth of Oceana</a> (1656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourses_Concerning_Government" title="Discourses Concerning Government">Discourses Concerning Government</a> (1698)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Inequality" title="Discourse on Inequality">Discourse on Inequality</a> (1755)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> (1787–1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Peace:_A_Philosophical_Sketch" title="Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch">Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Revolution" title="On Revolution">On Revolution</a> (1963)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha" title="Gaṇasaṅgha">Gaṇasaṅgha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">5 October 1910 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">Mongolian Revolution of 1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_September_1922_Revolution" title="11 September 1922 Revolution">11 September 1922 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Greek_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1935 Greek coup d'état attempt">1935 Greek coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 Italian institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Zanzibar Revolution">Zanzibar Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Libyan coup d'état">1969 Libyan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1970 Cambodian coup d'état">1970 Cambodian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Fijian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Fijian coups d'état">1987 Fijian coups d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbadian Republic Proclamation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Republicanism in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Bahamas" title="Republicanism in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Canada" title="Republicanism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Jamaica" title="Republicanism in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Morocco" title="Republicanism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Republicanism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_New_Zealand" title="Republicanism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Norway" title="Republicanism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Spain" title="Republicanism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Sweden" title="Republicanism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_republicanism" title="Scottish republicanism">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_republicanism" title="Welsh republicanism">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Clothes" title="The Emperor's New Clothes">The Emperor's New Clothes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_republics" title="List of republics">List of republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_republic" title="Peasant republic">Peasant republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">Primus inter pares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_without_republicans" title="Republic without republicans">Republic without republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Republican empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Republican Party (disambiguation)">Republican Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The most important bodies of the revolution were the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Islamic_Revolution" title="Council of the Islamic Revolution">Revolutionary Council</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Guards">Revolutionary Guards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Court" title="Islamic Revolutionary Court">Revolutionary Tribunals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republican_Party" title="Islamic Republican Party">Islamic Republican Party</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolution_Committees" title="Islamic Revolution Committees">Revolutionary Committees</a> (komitehs).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeddie2003241–242-215">[205]</a> While the moderate Bazargan and his government (temporarily) reassured the middle class, it became apparent they did not have power over the "Khomeinist" revolutionary bodies, particularly the Revolutionary Council (the "real power" in the revolutionary state),<a href="#cite_note-216">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArjomand1988135-217">[207]</a> and later the Islamic Republican Party. Inevitably, the overlapping authority of the Revolutionary Council (which had the power to pass laws) and Bazargan's government was a source of conflict,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeddie2003245-218">[208]</a> despite the fact that both had been approved by and/or put in place by Khomeini. This conflict lasted only a few months however. The provisional government fell shortly after American Embassy officials were taken <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">hostage</a> on 4 November 1979. Bazargan's resignation was received by Khomeini without complaint, saying "Mr. Bazargan ... was a little tired and preferred to stay on the sidelines for a while." Khomeini later described his appointment of Bazargan as a "mistake."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000222-219">[209]</a> The Revolutionary Guard, or Pasdaran-e Enqelab, was established by Khomeini on 5 May 1979, as a counterweight both to the armed groups of the left, and to the Shah's military. The guard eventually grew into "a full-scale" military force,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackey1996371-220">[210]</a> becoming "the strongest institution of the revolution."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchirazi1997151-221">[211]</a> Serving under the Pasdaran were/are the <a href="/wiki/Basij" title="Basij">Baseej-e Mostaz'afin</a>, volunteers in everything from earthquake emergency management to attacking opposition demonstrators and newspaper offices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeddie2003275-222">[212]</a> The Islamic Republican Party<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000210–211-223">[213]</a> then fought to establish a theocratic government by <a href="/wiki/Velayat-e_faqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Velayat-e faqih">velayat-e faqih</a>. Thousands of komiteh or <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolution_Committees" title="Islamic Revolution Committees">Revolutionary Committees</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhash198456-224">[214]</a> served as "the eyes and ears" of the new rule and are credited by critics with "many arbitrary arrests, executions and confiscations of property".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000211-225">[215]</a> Also enforcing the will of the government were the <a href="/wiki/Hezbollahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hezbollahi">Hezbollahi</a> (the Party of God), "strong-arm thugs" who attacked demonstrators and offices of newspapers critical of Khomeini.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchirazi1997153-226">[216]</a> Two major political groups that formed after the fall of the Shah that clashed with and were eventually suppressed by pro-Khomeini groups, were the moderate religious <a href="/wiki/Muslim_People%27s_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim People's Republican Party">Muslim People's Republican Party</a> (MPRP) which was associated with Grand <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Kazem_Shariatmadari" title="Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari">Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari</a>, and the secular leftist <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Front_(Iran)" title="National Democratic Front (Iran)">National Democratic Front</a> (NDF). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1979_ethnic_uprisings">1979 ethnic uprisings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: 1979 ethnic uprisings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a> and <a href="/wiki/1979_Kurdish_rebellion_in_Iran" title="1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran">1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran</a></div> Following the events of the revolution, Marxist guerrillas and federalist parties revolted in some regions comprising <a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 Khuzestan uprising">Khuzistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/1979_Kurdish_rebellion_in_Iran" title="1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran">Kurdistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gonbad-e_Qabus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad-e Qabus">Gonbad-e Qabus</a>, which resulted in fighting between them and revolutionary forces. These revolts began in April 1979 and lasted between several months to over a year, depending on the region. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_Islamic_republic_government">Establishment of Islamic republic government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Establishment of Islamic republic government">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Referendum_of_12_Farvardin">Referendum of 12 Farvardin</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Referendum of 12 Farvardin">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1979_Iranian_Islamic_Republic_referendum" title="1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum">1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum</a></div> On 30 and 31 March (Farvardin 10, 11) <a href="/wiki/1979_Iranian_Islamic_Republic_referendum" title="1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum">a referendum was held</a> over whether to replace the monarchy with an "Islamic republic". Khomeini called for a massive turnout<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhash198473-227">[217]</a> and only the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Front_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="National Democratic Front of Iran">National Democratic Front</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_People%27s_Fedaian_(Majority)" title="Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian (Majority)">Fadayan</a>, and several Kurdish parties opposed the vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhash198473-227">[217]</a> The results showed that 98.2% had voted in favor of the Islamic Republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhash198473-227">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Writing_of_the_constitution">Writing of the constitution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Writing of the constitution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Assembly_for_the_Final_Review_of_the_Constitution" title="Assembly for the Final Review of the Constitution">Assembly for the Final Review of the Constitution</a>, <a href="/wiki/1979_Iranian_Constitutional_Assembly_election" title="1979 Iranian Constitutional Assembly election">1979 Iranian Constitutional Assembly election</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1979_Iranian_constitutional_referendum" title="1979 Iranian constitutional referendum">1979 Iranian constitutional referendum</a></div> In June 1979 the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Movement_of_Iran" title="Freedom Movement of Iran">Freedom Movement</a> released its draft constitution for the Islamic Republic that it had been working on since Khomeini was in exile. It included a <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a> to veto un-Islamic legislation, but had no guardian jurist ruler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000217-228">[218]</a> Leftists found the draft too conservative and in need of major changes but Khomeini declared it 'correct'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchirazi199722–23-229">[219]</a> To approve the new constitution and prevent leftist alterations, a relatively small seventy-three-member <a href="/wiki/1st_Assembly_of_Experts" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Assembly of Experts">Assembly of Experts</a> for Constitution was elected that summer. Critics complained that "vote-rigging, violence against undesirable candidates and the dissemination of false information" was used to "produce an assembly overwhelmingly dominated by clergy, all took active roles during the revolution and loyal to Khomeini."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000218-230">[220]</a> Khomeini (and the assembly) now rejected the constitution – its correctness notwithstanding – and Khomeini declared that the new government should be based "100% on Islam."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhash198474–82-231">[221]</a> In addition to the president, the new constitution included a more powerful post of guardian jurist ruler intended for Khomeini,<a href="#cite_note-iranonline-232">[222]</a> with control of the military and security services, and power to appoint several top government and judicial officials. It increased the power and number of clerics on the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Guardians" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Guardians">Council of Guardians</a> and gave it control over elections<a href="#cite_note-233">[223]</a> as well as laws passed by the legislature. The new constitution was also approved overwhelmingly by the December 1979 constitutional referendum, but with more opposition<a href="#cite_note-234">[Note 7]</a> and smaller turnout.<a href="#cite_note-235">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hostage_crisis">Hostage crisis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Hostage crisis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a></div> In late October 1979, the exiled and dying Shah was admitted into the United States for cancer treatment. In Iran there was an immediate outcry, and both Khomeini and leftist groups demanded the Shah's return to Iran for trial and execution. On 4 November 1979 youthful Islamists, calling themselves <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Student_Followers_of_the_Imam%27s_Line" title="Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line">Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line</a>, invaded the US embassy compound in Tehran and <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">seized its staff</a>. Revolutionaries were angry because of how the Shah had left Iran which spawned rumors of another U.S.–backed coup in Iran that would re-install him. The occupation was also intended as leverage to demand the return of the Shah to stand trial in exchange for the hostages, and depose Prime Minister Mehdi Bazargan, who they believed was plotting to normalize relations with the U.S. The students held 52 American diplomats hostage for 444 days, which played a role in helping to pass the constitution, suppressing moderates, and otherwise radicalising the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-236">[225]</a> Holding the hostages was very popular and continued even after the death of the Shah. As Khomeini explained to his future President <a href="/wiki/Banisadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Banisadr">Banisadr</a>, "This action has many benefits. ... This has united our people. Our opponents do not dare act against us. We can put the constitution to the people's vote without difficulty ..."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000228-237">[226]</a> With great publicity the students released documents from the American embassy, which they labeled a "den of spies",<a href="#cite_note-238">[227]</a> showing that moderate Iranian leaders had met with U.S. officials (and did not release similar evidence of high-ranking Islamists having done the same).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000248–249-239">[228]</a> Among the casualties of the hostage crisis was Prime Minister Bazargan and his government, who resigned in November unable to enforce the government's order to release the hostages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeddie2003249-240">[229]</a> The prestige of Khomeini and the hostage taking was further enhanced with the failure of a hostage rescue attempt, widely credited to divine intervention.<a href="#cite_note-241">[230]</a> The hostage crisis ended with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Algiers_Accords" title="Algiers Accords">Algiers Accords</a> in Algeria on 19 January 1981. The hostages were formally released to United States custody the following day, just minutes after <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> was sworn in as the new American president. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suppression_of_opposition">Suppression of opposition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Suppression of opposition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nojeh_coup_plot" title="Nojeh coup plot">Nojeh coup plot</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Firing_Squad_in_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Firing_Squad_in_Iran.jpg/220px-Firing_Squad_in_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Firing_Squad_in_Iran.jpg/330px-Firing_Squad_in_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Firing_Squad_in_Iran.jpg/440px-Firing_Squad_in_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3763" data-file-height="2564" /></a><figcaption>A revolutionary firing squad in 1979</figcaption></figure> Khomeini and his followers claimed sole credit for the revolution, sidelining other revolutionary groups. This was possible due to the regime’s control over public opinion and historical narrative.<a href="#cite_note-242">[231]</a> In early March 1979, Khomeini announced, "do not use this term, 'democratic.' That is the Western style," giving pro-democracy liberals (and later leftists) a taste of disappointments to come.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhash198473-227">[217]</a> In succession the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Front_(Iran)" title="National Democratic Front (Iran)">National Democratic Front</a> was banned in August 1979, the provisional government was disempowered in November, the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_People%27s_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim People's Republican Party">Muslim People's Republican Party</a> was banned in January 1980, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Mujahedin of Iran">People's Mujahedin of Iran</a> guerrillas came under attack in February 1980, a purge of universities started in March 1980, and the liberal Islamist President <a href="/wiki/Abolhassan_Banisadr" title="Abolhassan Banisadr">Abolhassan Banisadr</a> was <a href="/wiki/Impeached" class="mw-redirect" title="Impeached">impeached</a> in June 1981.<a href="#cite_note-pay13-243">[232]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ExecutionGenerals150279.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/ExecutionGenerals150279.jpg/220px-ExecutionGenerals150279.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/ExecutionGenerals150279.jpg/330px-ExecutionGenerals150279.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/ExecutionGenerals150279.jpg/440px-ExecutionGenerals150279.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>Executed generals of the Imperial Iranian Army: <a href="/wiki/Reza_Naji_(Iranian_general)" title="Reza Naji (Iranian general)">Reza Naji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Rahimi" title="Mehdi Rahimi">Mehdi Rahimi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manouchehr_Khosrodad" title="Manouchehr Khosrodad">Manouchehr Khosrodad</a></figcaption></figure> After the revolution, human rights groups estimated the number of casualties suffered by protesters and prisoners of the new system to be several thousand. The first to be executed were members of the old system – senior generals, followed by over 200 senior civilian officials<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000208-244">[233]</a> – as punishment and to eliminate the danger of a coup d'état. Brief trials lacking defense attorneys, juries, transparency or the opportunity for the accused to defend themselves<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhash198461-245">[234]</a> were held by revolutionary judges such as <a href="/wiki/Sadegh_Khalkhali" title="Sadegh Khalkhali">Sadegh Khalkhali</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> judge. By January 1980 "at least 582 persons had been executed."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackey1996291-246">[235]</a> Among those executed was <a href="/wiki/Amir_Abbas_Hoveida" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Abbas Hoveida">Amir Abbas Hoveida</a>, former Prime Minister of Iran.<a href="#cite_note-247">[236]</a> Between January 1980 and June 1981, when Bani-Sadr was impeached, at least 900 executions took place,<a href="#cite_note-248">[237]</a> for everything from drug and sexual offenses to "corruption on earth", from plotting counter-revolution and spying for Israel to membership in opposition groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhash1984111-249">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_1981-1982_massacre">The 1981-1982 massacre</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: The 1981-1982 massacre">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1981-1982_Iran_Massacres" title="1981-1982 Iran Massacres">1981-1982 Iran Massacres</a></div> Between June 1981 and March 1982, the theocratic regime carried out the largest political massacre in Iranian history, targeting communists, socialists, social democrats, liberals, monarchists, moderate Islamists, and members of the Baha'i faith as part of the Iranian Cultural Revolution decreed by Khomeini on 14 June 1980 with the intent of "purifying" Iranian society of non-Islamic elements.<a href="#cite_note-:0-250">[239]</a> Between June 1981 and June 1982, Amnesty International documented 2,946 executions, with several thousand more killed in the next two years according to the anti-government guerilla <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Mujahedin of Iran">People's Mujahedin of Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhash1984221–222-251">[240]</a> More recently, Rastyad Collective has verified the identities of more than 3,400 political dissidents who were executed between June 1981 and March 1982.<a href="#cite_note-:1-252">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[242]</a> These dissidents were sentenced to death by the Islamic Revolutionary Courts during show trials in more than eighty-five cities across the country on charges of spreading "corruption on Earth" (ifsad-fi-alarz), "espionage", "terrorism", or "enmity against Allah" (Moharebeh).<a href="#cite_note-:0-250">[239]</a> Most victims of the 1981 massacre were young activists aged eleven to twenty-four. These activists were either high school students or had recently graduated from universities in Iran and abroad. During the massacre, hundreds of minors were also subjected to arbitrary detention, torture, and summary executions on ideologically motivated charges of ifsad-fi-alarz and moharebeh by the revolutionary courts.<a href="#cite_note-:1-252">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-250">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Closing_of_non-Islamist_newspapers">Closing of non-Islamist newspapers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Closing of non-Islamist newspapers">edit</a>]</div> In mid-August 1979, shortly after the election of the constitution-writing assembly, several dozen newspapers and magazines opposing Khomeini's idea of theocratic rule by jurists were shut down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchirazi199751-255">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000219–220-256">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[246]</a> When protests were organized by the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Front_(Iran)" title="National Democratic Front (Iran)">National Democratic Front</a> (NDF), Khomeini angrily denounced them saying, "we thought we were dealing with human beings. It is evident we are not."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000219-258">[247]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... After each revolution several thousand of these corrupt elements are executed in public and burnt and the story is over. They are not allowed to publish newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000219-258">[247]</a></blockquote> Hundreds were injured by "rocks, clubs, chains and iron bars" when <a href="/wiki/Hezbollahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hezbollahi">Hezbollahi</a> attacked the protesters,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000219–220-256">[245]</a> and shortly after, a warrant was issued for the arrest of the NDF's leader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhash198489-259">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Muslim_People's_Republican_Party">Muslim People's Republican Party</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Muslim People's Republican Party">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shariatmadari_and_Khomeini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Shariatmadari_and_Khomeini.jpg/220px-Shariatmadari_and_Khomeini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Shariatmadari_and_Khomeini.jpg/330px-Shariatmadari_and_Khomeini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Shariatmadari_and_Khomeini.jpg/440px-Shariatmadari_and_Khomeini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kazem_Shariatmadari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazem Shariatmadari">Kazem Shariatmadari</a> and Ayatollah Khomeini</figcaption></figure> In December the moderate Islamic party <a href="/wiki/Muslim_People%27s_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim People's Republican Party">Muslim People's Republican Party</a> (MPRP) and its spiritual leader <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Kazem_Shariatmadari" title="Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari">Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari</a> had become a rallying point for Iranians who wanted democracy not theocracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000232-260">[249]</a> Riots broke out in Shariatmadari's Azeri home region with members of the MPRP and Shariatmadari's followers seizing the <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> television station and using it to "broadcast demands and grievances." The regime reacted quickly, sending Revolutionary Guards to retake the TV station, mediators to defuse complaints and activists to stage a massive pro-Khomeini counter-demonstration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhash198489–90-261">[250]</a> The party was suppressed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000232-260">[249]</a> and in 1982 Shariatmadari was "demoted" from the rank of Grand Ayatollah and many of his clerical followers were purged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArjomand1988156-262">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islamist_left">Islamist left</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Islamist left">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Iran" title="Socialism in Iran">Socialism in Iran</a></div> In January 1980, <a href="/wiki/Abolhassan_Banisadr" title="Abolhassan Banisadr">Abolhassan Banisadr</a> was elected president of Iran. Though an adviser to Khomeini, he was a leftist who clashed with another ally of Khomeini, the theocratic <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic Party">Islamic Republic Party</a> (IRP) – the controlling power in the new parliament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000234–235-263">[252]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abolhassan_Banisadr_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Abolhassan_Banisadr_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="210" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="144" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Banisadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Banisadr">Banisadr</a> in 1980</figcaption></figure> At the same time, erstwhile revolutionary allies of Khomeini – the Islamist modernist guerrilla group <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Mujahedin of Iran">People's Mujahedin of Iran</a> (or MEK) – were being suppressed by Khomeini's forces. Khomeini attacked the MEK, referring to them as <a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">monafeqin</a> (hypocrites) and <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">kafer</a> (unbelievers).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000234,_239-264">[253]</a> Hezbollahi people attacked meeting places, bookstores, and newsstands of Mujahideen and other leftists,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhash1984123-265">[254]</a> driving them underground. Universities were closed to purge them of opponents of theocratic rule as a part of the "<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Cultural_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>", and 20,000 teachers and nearly 8,000 military officers deemed too westernized were dismissed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArjomand1988144-266">[255]</a> By mid-1981 matters came to a head. An attempt by Khomeini to forge a reconciliation between Banisadr and IRP leaders had failed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhash1984153-267">[256]</a> and now it was Banisadr who was the rallying point "for all doubters and dissidents" of the theocracy, including the MEK.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000238-268">[257]</a> When leaders of the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Iran)" title="National Front (Iran)">National Front</a> called for a demonstration in June 1981 in favor of Banisadr, Khomeini threatened its leaders with the death penalty for <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">apostasy</a> "if they did not repent".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchirazi1997127-269">[258]</a> Leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Movement_of_Iran" title="Freedom Movement of Iran">Freedom Movement of Iran</a> were compelled to make and publicly broadcast apologies for supporting the Front's appeal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchirazi1997127-269">[258]</a> Those attending the rally were menaced by Hezbollahi and Revolutionary Guards and intimidated into silence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhash1984158–159-270">[259]</a> On 28 June 1981, a bombing of the office of the IRP killed around 70 high-ranking officials, cabinet members and members of parliament, including <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Beheshti" title="Mohammad Beheshti">Mohammad Beheshti</a>, the secretary-general of the party and head of the Islamic Republic's judicial system. The government arrested thousands, and there were hundreds of executions against the MEK and its followers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000241–242-271">[260]</a> Despite these and other assassinations<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000210–211-223">[213]</a> the hoped-for mass uprising and armed struggle against the Khomeiniists was crushed. In May 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Furqan_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Furqan Group">Furqan Group</a> (Guruh-i Furqan) assassinated an important lieutenant of Khomeini, <a href="/wiki/Morteza_Motahhari" title="Morteza Motahhari">Morteza Motahhari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-272">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts">Impacts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Impacts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_impact">International impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: International impact">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crisis</a></div> Internationally, the initial impact of the revolution was immense. In the non-Muslim world, it changed the image of Islam, generating much interest in Islam—both sympathetic<a href="#cite_note-273">[262]</a> and hostile<a href="#cite_note-nasr-274">[263]</a>—and even speculation that the revolution might change "the world balance of power more than any political event since Hitler's conquest of Europe."<a href="#cite_note-275">[264]</a> The Islamic Republic positioned itself as a revolutionary beacon under the slogan "neither East nor West, only Islamic Republic" ("Na Sharq, Na Gharb, Faqat Jumhuri-e Islami," i.e., neither Soviet nor American / West European models) and called for the overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, American influence, and social injustice in the Middle East and the rest of the world. Revolutionary leaders in Iran gave and sought support from non-Muslim activists such as the <a href="/wiki/Sandinistas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandinistas">Sandinistas</a> in Nicaragua, the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Irish Republican Army</a> (IRA) in Ireland and the anti-<a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> struggle in South Africa, even favoring far-left revolutionaries over Islamist (but ideologically different and strategically harmful) causes such as the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Afghan Mujahideen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy1994175-276">[265]</a> The revolution itself was supported by the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[266]</a> In terms of future relevance, the conflicts that originated from the Iranian Revolution continued to define geo-politics for the following decades.<a href="#cite_note-278">[267]</a> In February 1981, the Iranian Republic supported <a href="/wiki/1981_Irish_hunger_strike" title="1981 Irish hunger strike">Hunger strikes in the H-Block of the HM Prison Maze</a> by Irish Republicans including <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Sands" title="Bobby Sands">Bobby Sands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-279">[268]</a> Following the death of Sands in May 1981, the street in Tehran the British Embassy is on was renamed from "Winston Churchill Street" to "Bobby Sands Street".<a href="#cite_note-:4-280">[269]</a> The IRA saw the Iranian revolution as aspirational, an example of mass action as a way to meet goals. Both the Iranian government and their opposition supported the hunger strikes, creating a competition for the favor of the IRA. The support by the government came after the UK sided with Iraq and Saddam Hussein in the Iran–Iraq war. Oppositional groups like <a href="/wiki/Mojahedin-e-Khalq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mojahedin-e-Khalq">Mojahedin-e-Khalq</a> claimed solidarity with the hunger strike and connected their Marxist influences. The Iranian government, Iranian leftist groups, and the IRA saw Britain as a colonizing force in both regions. For a time, Mojahedin-e-Khalq and the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Sinn_F%C3%A9in" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Sinn Féin">Provisional Sinn Féin</a> (the political arm of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional IRA">Provisional IRA</a>) had consistent contact.<a href="#cite_note-:4-280">[269]</a> Contact ended in June 1981 after fear of offending the Iranian Government.<a href="#cite_note-:4-280">[269]</a> The Islamic Republic changed the foreign policy of the Pahlavi dynasty by supporting <a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">third worldist</a> movements like the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa. The Pahlavis and South Africa had relations dating back to when Reza Shah went there in exile. After the first Shah's ousting by the Soviets and British during World War II, he spent the remainder of his life in Johannesburg.<a href="#cite_note-281">[270]</a> Pre-revolution Iran provided 90% of South Africa's oil.<a href="#cite_note-:5-282">[271]</a> After the revolution, Iran cut South Africa off from its oil supply and financially supported the African National Congress.<a href="#cite_note-:5-282">[271]</a> This was part of the larger want by Khomeini to support the "downtrodden" of the world, including,non-aligned countries. In 1980, the ANC attended the "Gather of World Liberation" hosted in Tehran for the third worldist movement.<a href="#cite_note-283">[272]</a> In 2015, the International Relations and Cooperation minister of South Africa said of Iran, "The Islamic Republic stood by us during our darkest days, cutting ties with the apartheid regime. Your revolution was our revolution. You showed us that emancipation was possible, whatever the odds".<a href="#cite_note-284">[273]</a> A connection with the ANC continued even when tested during the apartheid era and the Iran–Iraq war. In 1985, Iran and South Africa traded weapons for oil.<a href="#cite_note-285">[274]</a> The belief in third-worldism seemed to have superseded the change in behavior by Iran. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_Gulf_and_the_Iran–Iraq_War">Persian Gulf and the Iran–Iraq War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Persian Gulf and the Iran–Iraq War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:102px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Obverse_of_Iranian_20_Rials_coin_-_monument_of_3rd_anniversary_of_Islamic_revolution_(cropped_square).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Obverse_of_Iranian_20_Rials_coin_-_monument_of_3rd_anniversary_of_Islamic_revolution_%28cropped_square%29.jpg/102px-Obverse_of_Iranian_20_Rials_coin_-_monument_of_3rd_anniversary_of_Islamic_revolution_%28cropped_square%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Obverse_of_Iranian_20_Rials_coin_-_monument_of_3rd_anniversary_of_Islamic_revolution_%28cropped_square%29.jpg/153px-Obverse_of_Iranian_20_Rials_coin_-_monument_of_3rd_anniversary_of_Islamic_revolution_%28cropped_square%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Obverse_of_Iranian_20_Rials_coin_-_monument_of_3rd_anniversary_of_Islamic_revolution_%28cropped_square%29.jpg/204px-Obverse_of_Iranian_20_Rials_coin_-_monument_of_3rd_anniversary_of_Islamic_revolution_%28cropped_square%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="3088" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Obverse</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:102px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Reverse_of_Iranian_20_Rials_coin_-_monument_of_3rd_anniversary_of_Islamic_revolution_(cropped_square).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Reverse_of_Iranian_20_Rials_coin_-_monument_of_3rd_anniversary_of_Islamic_revolution_%28cropped_square%29.jpg/102px-Reverse_of_Iranian_20_Rials_coin_-_monument_of_3rd_anniversary_of_Islamic_revolution_%28cropped_square%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Reverse_of_Iranian_20_Rials_coin_-_monument_of_3rd_anniversary_of_Islamic_revolution_%28cropped_square%29.jpg/153px-Reverse_of_Iranian_20_Rials_coin_-_monument_of_3rd_anniversary_of_Islamic_revolution_%28cropped_square%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Reverse_of_Iranian_20_Rials_coin_-_monument_of_3rd_anniversary_of_Islamic_revolution_%28cropped_square%29.jpg/204px-Reverse_of_Iranian_20_Rials_coin_-_monument_of_3rd_anniversary_of_Islamic_revolution_%28cropped_square%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="3176" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Reverse</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Iranian 20 Rials coin – monument of 3rd anniversary of Iranian Revolution</div></div></div></div> Supporters of the revolution both within and outside of Iran began calling for the overthrow of monarchies in the region and for them to be replaced by Islamic republics. This alarmed many of Iran's neighbours, particularly Kuwait, Iraq and Saudi Arabia as well as Western nations dependent on Middle Eastern oil for their energy needs. In September 1980, Iraq took advantage of the febrile situation and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Iran" title="Iraqi invasion of Iran">invaded Iran</a>. At the centre of Iraq's objectives was the annexation of the East Bank of the Shaat Al-Arab waterway that makes up part of the border between the two nations and which had been the site of numerous border skirmishes between the two countries going back to the late 1960s. The president of Iraq, <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, also wanted to annex the Iranian province of <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan">Khuzestan</a>, substantially populated by Iranian Arabs. There was also concern that a Shia-centric revolution in Iran may stimulate a similar uprising in Iraq, where the country's Sunni minority ruled over the Shia majority. Hussein was confident that with Iraq's armed forces being well-equipped with new technology and with high morale would enjoy a decisive strategic advantage against an Iranian military that had recently had much of its command officers purged following the revolution. Iran was also struggling to find replacement parts for much of its US- and British-supplied equipment. Hussein believed that victory would therefore come swiftly. However, Iran was "galvanized"<a href="#cite_note-286">[275]</a> by the invasion and the populace of Iran rallied behind their new government in an effort to repel the invaders. After some early successes, the Iraqi invasion stalled and was then repelled and by 1982, Iran had recaptured almost all of its territories. In June 1982, with Iraqi forces all but expelled from Iranian territory, the Iraqi government offered a ceasefire. This was rejected by Khomeini, who declared that the only condition for peace was that "the regime in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> must fall and must be replaced by an Islamic republic".<a href="#cite_note-287">[276]</a> The war would continue for another six years during which time countries like Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and other Gulf states provided financial assistance to Iraq in an effort to prevent an Iranian victory, even though their relations with Iraq were often hostile – Kuwait itself was <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait" title="Iraqi invasion of Kuwait">invaded by Iraq</a> two years after the peace agreement between Iraq and Iran was signed. The war served in part as an opportunity for the government to strengthen revolutionary ardour and revolutionary groups; the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Revolutionary Guard</a> and committees at the expense of its remaining allies-turned-opponents, such as the MEK.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeddie2003241,_251-288">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhash1984128–129-289">[278]</a> While enormously costly and destructive, the war "rejuvenate[d] the drive for national unity and Islamic revolution" and "inhibited fractious debate and dispute" in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-290">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Iran–United Kingdom relations">Iran–United Kingdom relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations_after_1979" title="Iran–United States relations after 1979">Iran–United States relations after 1979</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Iran–Israel relations">Iran–Israel relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iran–Russia relations">Iran–Russia relations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="China–Iran relations">China–Iran relations</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations of Iran</a></div> The Islamic Republic of Iran experienced difficult relations with some Western countries, especially the United States, Saudi Arabia, and the Eastern Bloc nations led by the Soviet Union. Iran was under constant <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">US unilateral sanctions</a>, which were tightened under the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>. Most European countries, despite their significant investments within Iran, stood in solidarity with the United States and also imposed economic sanctions on the theocratic regime.<a href="#cite_note-291">[280]</a> Britain suspended all diplomatic relations with Iran and did not re-open their embassy in Tehran until 1988.<a href="#cite_note-Neville-292">[281]</a> The European country that maintained the closest relations with the new Iranian government was Switzerland, which was neither a part of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> or the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-293">[282]</a> Relations with the USSR became strained as well after the Soviet government condemned Khomeini's repression of certain minorities after the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-294">[283]</a> Diplomatic relations between Iran and the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> government of South Africa were completely severed following Khomeini's rise to power.<a href="#cite_note-295">[284]</a> Israel had relations with Iran under the Shah, but relations were cut on 18 February 1979 when Iran adopted an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Zionist">anti-Zionist</a> stance. The former Israeli embassy in Tehran was handed over to the PLO, and Iran has allied and funded several <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">anti-Israeli Islamist militant groups</a> since.<a href="#cite_note-296">[285]</a> After the U.S. sanctions were tightened and the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China became the main principal allies for Iran.<a href="#cite_note-297">[286]</a> Relations between the two countries improved <a href="/wiki/Russia_under_Vladimir_Putin" title="Russia under Vladimir Putin">after Vladimir Putin took office in 2000</a> and increasingly warmer in recent years following an international backlash over the annexation of Crimea in 2014 which led to sanctions by the Western powers. Russia had sought Iran on expanding arms trade over the past three decades especially with the cooperation with the Assad government during the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-298">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[288]</a> Iran also began its <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93China_25-year_Cooperation_Program" title="Iran–China 25-year Cooperation Program">economic cooperation</a> with China that includes "political, strategic and economic" components between the two nations.<a href="#cite_note-300">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Muslim_world">In the Muslim world</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: In the Muslim world">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_policy_of_exporting_the_Islamic_Revolution" title="The policy of exporting the Islamic Revolution">The policy of exporting the Islamic Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></div> In the Muslim world, particularly in its early years, the revolution inspired enormous enthusiasm and redoubled opposition to western imperialism, intervention and influence. Islamist insurgents rose in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_Seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Mosque Seizure">Saudi Arabia (1979)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Al_Sadat#Assassination" class="mw-redirect" title="Anwar Al Sadat">Egypt (1981)</a>, <a href="/wiki/1982_Hama_massacre" title="1982 Hama massacre">Syria (1982)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/April_1983_United_States_Embassy_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="April 1983 United States Embassy bombing">Lebanon (1983)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kramer-304">[293]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, it has been noted that the "press was largely favorable towards the new government"; the <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> parties were even more enthusiastic; while the ruler, <a href="/wiki/General_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="General Zia-ul-Haq">General Zia-ul-Haq</a>, himself on an <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq%27s_Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization">Islamization</a> drive since he took power in 1977, talked of "simultaneous triumph of Islamic ideology in both our countries" and that "Khomeini is a symbol of Islamic insurgence." Some American analysts noted that, at this point, Khomeini's influence and prestige in Pakistan was greater than Zia-ul-Haq's himself.<a href="#cite_note-305">[294]</a> After Khomeini claimed that Americans were behind the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a>, student protesters from the <a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaid-e-Azam University">Quaid-e-Azam University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> <a href="/wiki/1979_U.S._embassy_burning_in_Islamabad" title="1979 U.S. embassy burning in Islamabad">attacked the US embassy</a>, setting it on fire and taking hostages. While the crisis was quickly defused by the Pakistan military, the next day, before some 120 Pakistani army officers stationed in Iran on the road to <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a>, Khomeini said, "it is a cause of joy that… all Pakistan has risen against the United States" and the struggle is not that of the US and Iran but "the entire world of disbelief and the world of Islam". According to journalist <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_Trofimov" title="Yaroslav Trofimov">Yaroslav Trofimov</a>, "the Pakistani officers, many of whom had graduated from Western military academies, seemed swayed by the ayatollah's intoxicating words."<a href="#cite_note-306">[295]</a> Ultimately only the Lebanese Islamists succeeded. The Islamic revolutionary government itself is credited with helping establish <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> in Lebanon<a href="#cite_note-307">[296]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_for_the_Islamic_Revolution_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq">Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq</a>. On the other side of the ledger, at least one observer argues that despite great effort and expense the only countries outside Iran the revolution had a "measure of lasting influence" on are Lebanon and Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-308">[297]</a> Others claim the devastating <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> "mortally wounded ... the ideal of spreading the Islamic revolution,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeddie2003241-204">[195]</a> or that the Islamic Republic's pursuit of an ideological rather than a "nationalist, pragmatic" foreign policy has weakened Iran's "place as a great regional power".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy1994193-309">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_impact">Domestic impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Domestic impact">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran">History of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Politics of Iran</a></div> Views differ on the impact of the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-311">[Note 8]</a> For some it was "the most significant, hopeful and profound event in the entirety of contemporary Islamic history",<a href="#cite_note-312">[300]</a> while other Iranians believe that the revolution was a time when "for a few years we all lost our minds",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirley199798,_104,_195-313">[301]</a> and which "promised us heaven, but... created a hell on earth."<a href="#cite_note-314">[302]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feb_2_2014_-_Martyrs_Sq_-_Mashhad_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Feb_2_2014_-_Martyrs_Sq_-_Mashhad_%281%29.jpg/220px-Feb_2_2014_-_Martyrs_Sq_-_Mashhad_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Feb_2_2014_-_Martyrs_Sq_-_Mashhad_%281%29.jpg/330px-Feb_2_2014_-_Martyrs_Sq_-_Mashhad_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Feb_2_2014_-_Martyrs_Sq_-_Mashhad_%281%29.jpg/440px-Feb_2_2014_-_Martyrs_Sq_-_Mashhad_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>People celebrating anniversary of the revolution in <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a> in 2014</figcaption></figure> Internally, Iran has had some success with the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution_in_Iran" title="Cultural Revolution in Iran">governmental promotion of Islam</a>, and the elimination of <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Americanization_(foreign_culture_and_media)" title="Americanization (foreign culture and media)">influence</a> in government. Criticisms have been raised with regards to <a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">political freedom</a>, governmental <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">honesty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Good_governance" title="Good governance">efficiency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_egalitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic egalitarianism">economic equality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficiency">self-sufficiency</a>, or even popular religious devotion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy1994199-315">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[304]</a> Opinion polls and observers report widespread dissatisfaction, including a "rift" between the revolutionary generation and younger Iranians who find it "impossible to understand what their parents were so passionate about."<a href="#cite_note-317">[305]</a> To honor the 40th anniversary of revolution around 50,000 prisoners were forgiven by order <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a> to receive "Islamic <a href="/wiki/Clemency" class="mw-redirect" title="Clemency">clemency</a>".<a href="#cite_note-318">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[308]</a> Many religious minorities such as Christians, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼís">Baháʼís</a>, Jews and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrians">Zoroastrians</a> have had to flee Iran since the Islamic Revolution of 1979.<a href="#cite_note-321">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[310]</a> Literacy has continued to increase under the Islamic Republic.<a href="#cite_note-323">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[312]</a> By 2002, illiteracy rates dropped by more than half.<a href="#cite_note-325">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNGEI-326">[314]</a> Maternal and infant mortality rates have also been cut significantly.<a href="#cite_note-327">[315]</a> Population growth was first encouraged but discouraged after 1988.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeddie2003287–288-328">[316]</a> Overall, Iran's Human development Index rating has climbed significantly from 0.569 in 1980 to 0.732 in 2002, on a par with neighbouring Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-329">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[318]</a> In the latest HDI, however, Iran has since fallen 8 ranks below Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-331">[319]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics_and_government">Politics and government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Politics and government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Politics of Iran</a></div> Iran has elected governmental bodies at the national, provincial, and local levels. Although these bodies are subordinate to theocracy – which has veto power over who can run for parliament (or <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Islamic Consultative Assembly</a>) and whether its bills can become law – they have more power than equivalent organs in the Shah's government. Iran's Sunni minority (about 8%) has seen some unrest.<a href="#cite_note-332">[320]</a> Five of the 290 parliamentary seats are allocated to their communities.<a href="#cite_note-333">[321]</a> The members of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> have been declared <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">heretical and subversive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-334">[322]</a> While persecution occurred before the revolution since then more than 200 Baháʼís have been executed or presumed killed, and many more have been imprisoned, deprived of jobs, pensions, businesses, and educational opportunities. Baháʼí holy places have been confiscated, vandalized, or destroyed. More recently, Baháʼís in Iran have been deprived of education and work. Several thousand young Baháʼís between the ages of 17 and 24 have been expelled from universities. Whether the Islamic Republic has brought more or less severe political repression is disputed. Grumbling once done about the tyranny and corruption of the Shah and his court is now directed against "the Mullahs."&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_335-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirley1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-335">[323]</a> Fear of <a href="/wiki/SAVAK" title="SAVAK">SAVAK</a> has been replaced by fear of <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Guards">Revolutionary Guards</a>, and other religious revolutionary enforcers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchirazi1997153-226">[216]</a> Violations of human rights by the theocratic government is said to be worse than during the monarchy,<a href="#cite_note-336">[324]</a> and in any case extremely grave.<a href="#cite_note-hrw.o-337">[325]</a> Reports of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, imprisonment of dissidents, and the murder of prominent critics have been made by human rights groups. <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Iran" title="Censorship in Iran">Censorship</a> is handled by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Islamic_Guidance" title="Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance">Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance</a>, without whose official permission, "no books or magazines are published, no audiotapes are distributed, no movies are shown and no cultural organization is established. Men and women are not allowed to dance or swim with each other."<a href="#cite_note-338">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women">Women</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Women">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Iran" title="Women's rights in Iran">Women's rights in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_movement_in_Iran" title="Women's rights movement in Iran">Women's rights movement in Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1979_International_Women%27s_Day_protests_in_Tehran" title="1979 International Women's Day protests in Tehran">1979 International Women's Day protests in Tehran</a></div> Throughout the beginning of the 20th century and prior to the revolution, many women leaders emerged and demanded basic social rights for women.<a href="#cite_note-Mahnaz-339">[327]</a> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah</a>, the government <a href="/wiki/Kashf-e_hijab" title="Kashf-e hijab">mandated the removal of the veil</a> and promoted the education of young girls.<a href="#cite_note-Mahnaz-339">[327]</a> However, the push-back of the <a href="/wiki/Shia_clerics" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia clerics">Shia clerics</a> made progress difficult, and the government had to contain its promotion of basic women's rights to the norms of the patriarchal social hierarchy to accommodate the clerics.<a href="#cite_note-Mahnaz-339">[327]</a> After the abdication of <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah</a> in 1941, the discipline of the government decreased, and women were able to further exercise their rights, including the ability to wear the veil if they wanted.<a href="#cite_note-Mahnaz-339">[327]</a> More organization of women's groups occurred in the 1960s and 70s, and they used the government's modernization to define and advocate for women's issues.<a href="#cite_note-Mahnaz-339">[327]</a> During these decades, women became active in formerly male domains such as the parliament, the cabinet, armed forces, legal professions, and fields of science and technology.<a href="#cite_note-Mahnaz-339">[327]</a> Additionally, women achieved the right to vote in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-Mahnaz-339">[327]</a> Many of these achievements and rights that Iranian women had gained in the decades leading up to the revolution were reversed by the Islamic Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-Mahnaz-339">[327]</a> The revolutionary government rewrote laws in an attempt to force women to leave the workforce by promoting the early retirement of female government employees, the closing of childcare centers, enforcing full Islamic cover in offices and public places, as well as preventing women from studying in 140 fields in higher education.<a href="#cite_note-Mahnaz-339">[327]</a> Women <a href="/w/index.php?title=1979_International_Women%27s_Day_Protests_in_Tehran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1979 International Women's Day Protests in Tehran (page does not exist)">fought back</a> against these changes, and as activist and writer <a href="/wiki/Mahnaz_Afkhami" title="Mahnaz Afkhami">Mahnaz Afkhami</a> writes, "The regime succeeded in putting women back in the veil in public places, but not in resocializing them into fundamentalist norms."<a href="#cite_note-Mahnaz-339">[327]</a> After the revolution, women often had to work hard to support their families as the post-revolutionary economy suffered.<a href="#cite_note-Mahnaz-339">[327]</a> Women also asserted themselves in the arts, literature, education, and politics.<a href="#cite_note-Mahnaz-339">[327]</a> Women – especially those from traditional backgrounds – participated on a large scale in demonstrations leading up to the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham1980227-340">[328]</a> They were encouraged by <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> to join him in overthrowing the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsfandiyārī1997-197">[188]</a> However, most of these women expected the revolution to lead to an increase in their rights and opportunities rather than the restrictions that actually occurred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsfandiyārī1997-197">[188]</a> The policy enacted by the revolutionary government and its attempts to limit the rights of women were challenged by the mobilization and politicization of women that occurred during and after the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsfandiyārī1997-197">[188]</a> Women's resistance included remaining in the work force in large numbers and challenging Islamic dress by showing hair under their head scarves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsfandiyārī1997-197">[188]</a> The Iranian government has had to reconsider and change aspects of its policies towards women because of their resistance to laws that restrict their rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsfandiyārī1997-197">[188]</a> Since the revolution, university enrollment and the number of women in the civil service and higher education has risen.<a href="#cite_note-342">[Note 9]</a> and several women have been elected to the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian parliament">Iranian parliament</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homosexuality">Homosexuality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Homosexuality">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Iran">LGBT history in Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iran">LGBT rights in Iran</a></div> Homosexuality has a long history in pre-modern Iran. <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a> asserts in his Outlines of Scepticism (written c. 200 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>) that the laws of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> were tolerant towards homosexual behaviour, and <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> men were known to "indulge in intercourse with males." (1:152)<a href="#cite_note-343">[330]</a> These ancient practices continued into the Islamic period of Iran, with one scholar noting how "...homosexuality and homoerotic expressions were tolerated in numerous public places, from monasteries and seminaries to taverns, military camps, bathhouses and coffee houses. In the early Safavid era (1501–1723), male houses of prostitution (amard khaneh) were legally recognized and paid taxes."<a href="#cite_note-Afary,_2010-344">[331]</a>: 157  It was during the late <a href="/wiki/Qajar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qajar">Qajar</a> period that following modernization the society was heteronormalized.<a href="#cite_note-345">[332]</a> During the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, a faux same-sex wedding occurred between two young men with ties to the royal court, which became a source of shame and outrage for some citizens and was utilized by Islamists as further evidence of the "immoral" monarchy. This also tied the monarchy to the West, which had begun to be regarded in <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> Islamic discourse as immoral due to "...female nudity and open adult male homosexuality.".<a href="#cite_note-Afary,_2010-344">[331]</a>: 161  When Ruhollah Khomeini came to power in 1979, he called for homosexuals to be "exterminated",<a href="#cite_note-346">[333]</a> and one of his first political actions was to institute <a href="/wiki/Imprisonment" title="Imprisonment">imprisonment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a>, and the death penalty for any sexual acts outside traditional Islamic heterosexual marriage. In a 1979 interview with <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, a journalist asked Khomeini to justify the state-sanctioned shootings of homosexuals. In reply Khomeini compared them as well as other adulterers to gangrene, thieves, and murderers.<a href="#cite_note-347">[334]</a> Iran is currently one of the world's only jurisdictions to actively execute gay men.<a href="#cite_note-348">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-ILGA_2015-349">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-350">[337]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> reports that approximately 5,000 homosexuals have been executed in Iran since the revolution, including two gay men executed in 2014, both hanged for engaging in consensual homosexual relations.<a href="#cite_note-351">[338]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_impact">Economic impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Economic impact">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy of Iran</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Iran's post-revolutionary economy</a> has a significant state-owned or <a href="/wiki/Parastatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Parastatal">parastatal</a> sector, including businesses owned by the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Guards">Revolutionary Guards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonyad" title="Bonyad">Bonyad</a> foundations.<a href="#cite_note-econ-7-3-15-352">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-yeg-11-13-353">[340]</a> Since the revolution Iran's GDP (PPP) has grown from <a href="/wiki/Geary%E2%80%93Khamis_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Geary–Khamis dollar">$</a>114 billion in 1980 to $858 billion in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-IMFIran2010-354">[341]</a> GDP per capita (PPP) has grown from <a href="/wiki/Geary%E2%80%93Khamis_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Geary–Khamis dollar">$</a>4,295 in 1980 to $11,396 in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-IMFIran2010-354">[341]</a> Since the revolution Iran's GDP (Nominal) has grown from $90.392 billion in 1979 to $385.874 in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-355">[342]</a> GDP per capita (nominal) has grown from $2290 in 1979 to $5470 in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-356">[343]</a> Real GNI per capita in 2011 constant international dollars decreased after the revolution and during the Iran-Iraq war from $7762 in 1979 to $3699 at the end of the war in 1989. After three decades of reconstruction and growth since then, it has not yet reached its 1979 level and has only recovered to $6751 in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-357">[344]</a> Data on GNI per capita in PPP terms is only available since 1990 globally. In PPP terms, GNI per capita has increased from Int. $11,425 in 1990 to Int. $18,544 in 2016. But most of this increase can be attributed to the rise in oil prices in the 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-358">[345]</a> The value of Iran's currency declined precipitously after the revolution. Whereas on 15 March 1978, 71.46 rials equaled one U.S. dollar, in January 2018, 44,650 rials amounted to one dollar.<a href="#cite_note-359">[346]</a> The economy has become slightly more diversified since the revolution, with 80% of Iranian GDP dependent on oil and gas as of 2010.<a href="#cite_note-360">[347]</a> The Islamic Republic lags some countries in transparency and ease of doing business according to international surveys. <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a> ranked Iran 136th out of 175 countries in transparency (i.e., lack of corruption) for its 2014 index;<a href="#cite_note-econ-7-3-15-352">[339]</a> and the IRI was ranked 130th out of the 189 countries surveyed in the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> 2015 Doing Business Report.<a href="#cite_note-DB2015-361">[348]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_political_culture">Islamic political culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Islamic political culture">edit</a>]</div> It is said[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] that there were attempts to incorporate modern political and social concepts into Islamic canon since 1950. The attempt was a reaction to the secular political discourse namely <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, liberalism and nationalism. Following the death of Ayatollah Boroujerdi, some of the scholars like <a href="/wiki/Murtaza_Mutahhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Murtaza Mutahhari">Murtaza Mutahhari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Beheshti" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Beheshti">Muhammad Beheshti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Taleghani" title="Mahmoud Taleghani">Mahmoud Taleghani</a> found new opportunity to change conditions. Before them, Boroujerdi was considered a conservative Marja. They tried to reform conditions after the death of the ayatollah. They presented their arguments by rendering lectures in 1960 and 1963 in Tehran. The result of the lectures was the book "<a href="/w/index.php?title=An_inquiry_into_principles_of_Mar%27jaiyat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="An inquiry into principles of Mar'jaiyat (page does not exist)">An inquiry into principles of Mar'jaiyat</a>". Some of the major issues highlighted were the government in Islam, the need for the clergy's independent financial organization, Islam as a way of life, advising and guiding youth and necessity of being community. Allameh Tabatabei refers to velayat as a political philosophy for Shia and velayat faqih for Shia community. There are also other attempts to formulate a new attitude of Islam such as the publication of three volumes of Maktab Tashayyo. Also some believe that it is indispensable to revive the religious gathered in Hoseyniyeh-e-Ershad.<a href="#cite_note-362">[349]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B2%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="An injured revolutionary during protests against Pahlavi regime"><img alt="An injured revolutionary during protests against Pahlavi regime" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%D8%B2%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG/120px-%D8%B2%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%D8%B2%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG/180px-%D8%B2%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%D8%B2%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG/240px-%D8%B2%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An injured revolutionary during protests against Pahlavi regime</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Protests in summer 1978"><img alt="Protests in summer 1978" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG/120px-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG/180px-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG/240px-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Protests in summer 1978</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Revolutionary victims"><img alt="Revolutionary victims" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG/120px-%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG/180px-%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG/240px-%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Revolutionary victims</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Khamenei_in_Iranian_Revolution_protests.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Current Iranian leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, in a Revolutionary protest in Mashhad"><img alt="Current Iranian leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, in a Revolutionary protest in Mashhad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ali_Khamenei_in_Iranian_Revolution_protests.jpg/120px-Ali_Khamenei_in_Iranian_Revolution_protests.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ali_Khamenei_in_Iranian_Revolution_protests.jpg/180px-Ali_Khamenei_in_Iranian_Revolution_protests.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ali_Khamenei_in_Iranian_Revolution_protests.jpg/240px-Ali_Khamenei_in_Iranian_Revolution_protests.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="393" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Current Iranian leader, Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a>, in a Revolutionary protest in <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shapour_Bakhtiar_Cabinet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shah visiting Bakhtiar cabinet before his exit from Iran"><img alt="Shah visiting Bakhtiar cabinet before his exit from Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Shapour_Bakhtiar_Cabinet.jpg/120px-Shapour_Bakhtiar_Cabinet.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Shapour_Bakhtiar_Cabinet.jpg/180px-Shapour_Bakhtiar_Cabinet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Shapour_Bakhtiar_Cabinet.jpg/240px-Shapour_Bakhtiar_Cabinet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shah visiting Bakhtiar cabinet before his exit from Iran</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah%27s_exit_from_Iran_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="People celebrating Shah's exit from the country"><img alt="People celebrating Shah's exit from the country" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Shah%27s_exit_from_Iran_04.jpg/120px-Shah%27s_exit_from_Iran_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Shah%27s_exit_from_Iran_04.jpg/180px-Shah%27s_exit_from_Iran_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Shah%27s_exit_from_Iran_04.jpg/240px-Shah%27s_exit_from_Iran_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="382" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">People celebrating Shah's exit from the country</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Shah_Revolution.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Removal of Shah's statue by the people in University of Tehran"><img alt="Removal of Shah's statue by the people in University of Tehran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Statue_of_Shah_Revolution.jpg/108px-Statue_of_Shah_Revolution.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Statue_of_Shah_Revolution.jpg/163px-Statue_of_Shah_Revolution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Statue_of_Shah_Revolution.jpg/217px-Statue_of_Shah_Revolution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="647" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Removal of Shah's statue by the people in <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tehran" title="University of Tehran">University of Tehran</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ayatollah Khomeini at Mehrabad Airport"><img alt="Ayatollah Khomeini at Mehrabad Airport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF.JPG/112px-%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF.JPG" decoding="async" width="112" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF.JPG/168px-%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF.JPG/224px-%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF.JPG 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="480" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ayatollah Khomeini at <a href="/wiki/Mehrabad_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehrabad Airport">Mehrabad Airport</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="People accompanying Ayatollah Khomeini from Mehrabad to Behesht Zahra"><img alt="People accompanying Ayatollah Khomeini from Mehrabad to Behesht Zahra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85.JPG/120px-%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85.JPG/180px-%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85.JPG/240px-%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="445" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">People accompanying Ayatollah Khomeini from Mehrabad to <a href="/wiki/Behesht_Zahra" class="mw-redirect" title="Behesht Zahra">Behesht Zahra</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B4%D8%AA_%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ayatollah Khomeini in Behesht Zahra"><img alt="Ayatollah Khomeini in Behesht Zahra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B4%D8%AA_%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7.JPG/120px-%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B4%D8%AA_%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B4%D8%AA_%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7.JPG/180px-%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B4%D8%AA_%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B4%D8%AA_%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7.JPG/240px-%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B4%D8%AA_%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7.JPG 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="449" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ayatollah Khomeini in Behesht Zahra</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Imam_Khomeini_and_Taleghani_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ayatollah Khomeini before a speech at Alavi school"><img alt="Ayatollah Khomeini before a speech at Alavi school" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Imam_Khomeini_and_Taleghani_%282%29.jpg/120px-Imam_Khomeini_and_Taleghani_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Imam_Khomeini_and_Taleghani_%282%29.jpg/180px-Imam_Khomeini_and_Taleghani_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Imam_Khomeini_and_Taleghani_%282%29.jpg/240px-Imam_Khomeini_and_Taleghani_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="379" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ayatollah Khomeini before a speech at Alavi school</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depictions_in_Western_media">Depictions in Western media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Depictions in Western media">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argo_(2012_film)" title="Argo (2012 film)">Argo</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Ben_Affleck" title="Ben Affleck">Ben Affleck</a>, a film on the US government rescuing the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Caper" title="Canadian Caper">Canadian Caper</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iranian_hostage_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian hostage crisis">Iranian hostage crisis</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sand_and_Fog_(film)" title="House of Sand and Fog (film)">House of Sand and Fog</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Connelly" title="Jennifer Connelly">Jennifer Connelly</a> Fictional portrayal of an exiled Iranian military officer and his family</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis_(comic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Persepolis (comic)">Persepolis</a> is an autobiographical series of comics by <a href="/wiki/Marjane_Satrapi" title="Marjane Satrapi">Marjane Satrapi</a> first published in 2000 that depicts the author's childhood in Iran during and after the Islamic Revolution. The 2007 animated film <a href="/wiki/Persepolis_(film)" title="Persepolis (film)">Persepolis</a> is based upon on it.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septembers_of_Shiraz" title="Septembers of Shiraz">Septembers of Shiraz</a> is a movie about an Iranian Jewish family. After creating a prosperous life in Iran, they may be forced to abandon everything as a revolution looms on the horizon. It is based on the 2007 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Septembers_of_Shiraz" title="The Septembers of Shiraz">The Septembers of Shiraz</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dalia_Sofer" title="Dalia Sofer">Dalia Sofer</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Revolution:_Black_Friday" title="1979 Revolution: Black Friday">1979 Revolution: Black Friday</a>, a 2016 video game set in the backdrop of the Iranian revolution.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_West" title="Iran and the West">Iran and the West</a>, a three-part British documentary series shown in February 2009 on the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Revolution-related topics</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Background and causes of the Iranian revolution">Background and causes of the Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Timeline of the Iranian revolution">Timeline of the Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Conspiracy theories about the Iranian revolution">Conspiracy theories about the Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Revolution" title="White Revolution">White Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">Civil resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fajr_decade" title="Fajr decade">Fajr decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe_Conference" title="Guadeloupe Conference">Guadeloupe Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">History of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism_in_Iran" title="Islamic fundamentalism in Iran">Islamic fundamentalism in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran">History of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter%27s_engagement_with_Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini">Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizations_of_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Organizations of the Iranian revolution">Organizations of the Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preference_falsification" title="Preference falsification">Preference falsification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(2024)" title="Non-cooperation movement (2024)">Non-cooperation movement (2024)</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Related conflicts</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983%E2%80%931986_Kurdish_rebellions_in_Iraq" title="1983–1986 Kurdish rebellions in Iraq">1983–1986 Kurdish rebellions in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">List of modern conflicts in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>General</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran">Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_of_Stability_(speech)" title="Island of Stability (speech)">Island of Stability (speech)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_guerrilla_groups_of_Iran" title="Left-wing guerrilla groups of Iran">Left-wing guerrilla groups of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_Organization_of_Iran" title="People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran">People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Persecution of Baháʼís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Iran" title="Women's rights in Iran">Women's rights in Iran</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> According to Kurzman, scholars writing on the revolution who have mentioned this include: <ul><li>Gary Sick;<a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a></li> <li>Michael M. J. Fischer;<a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a></li> <li>Nikkie R. Keddie<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a></li> <li>Shaul Bakhash<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhash198413-40">[36]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> See: <a href="/wiki/Velayat-e_faqih_(book_by_Khomeini)#Importance_of_Islamic_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)">Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)#Importance of Islamic Government</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Marxist guerrillas groups were the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_People%27s_Fedai_Guerrillas" title="Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas">Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas</a> (OIPFG) and the breakaway <a href="/wiki/Iranian_People%27s_Fedai_Guerrillas" title="Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas">Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas</a> (IPFG), and some minor groups.<a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> See: <a href="/wiki/Hokumat-e_Islami_:_Velayat-e_faqih_(book_by_Khomeini)#Why_has_Islamic_Government_not_been_established?" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokumat-e Islami : Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)">Hokumat-e Islami : Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)#Why has Islamic Government not been established?</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Researcher Emad al-Din Baghi at the Martyrs Foundation (Bonyad Shahid) counted 2,781 protesters killed in 1978–79, a total of 3,164 killed between 1963 and 1979. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> For example, Islamic Republic Party and allied forces controlled approximately 80% of the seats on the Assembly of Experts of Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhash198478–82-209">[200]</a> An impressive margin even allowing for electoral manipulation </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> opposition included some clerics, including Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Kazem_Shariatmadari" title="Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari">Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari</a>, and by secularists such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Iran)" title="National Front (Iran)">National Front</a> who urged a boycott </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> example: "Secular Iranian writers of the early 1980s, most of whom supported the revolution, lamented the course it eventually took."<a href="#cite_note-310">[299]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> It reached 66% in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeddie2003286-341">[329]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYarshater2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-ii2-islamic-period-page-6">"IRAN ii. IRANIAN HISTORY (2) Islamic period (page 6)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XIII/3: Iran II. Iranian history–Iran V. Peoples of Iran. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 243–246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-933273-89-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-933273-89-4"><bdi>978-0-933273-89-4</bdi></a>. <q>Fear of the shah and his regime had disappeared, and anti-government and pro-Khomeini demonstrations escalated, with the soldiers refusing to shoot the offenders, who went on a rampage, burning cinemas and destroying banks and some government buildings.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IRAN+ii.+IRANIAN+HISTORY+%282%29+Islamic+period+%28page+6%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+XIII%2F3%3A+Iran+II.+Iranian+history%E2%80%93Iran+V.+Peoples+of+Iran&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=243-246&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-933273-89-4&rft.aulast=Yarshater&rft.aufirst=Ehsan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firan-ii2-islamic-period-page-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalcraft2016" class="citation book cs1">Chalcraft, John (2016). "The Iranian Revolution of 1979". Popular Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East. Cambridge University Press. p. 445. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00750-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00750-5"><bdi>978-1-107-00750-5</bdi></a>. <q>(...) thirty-seven days by a caretaker regime, which collapsed on 11 February when guerillas and rebel troops overwhelmed troops loyal to the shah in armed street fighting.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Iranian+Revolution+of+1979&rft.btitle=Popular+Politics+in+the+Making+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=445&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-107-00750-5&rft.aulast=Chalcraft&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomayezi1997" class="citation journal cs1">Momayezi, Nasser (November 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/11753/12527">"Islamic Revivalism and the Quest for Political Power"</a>. Journal of Conflict Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114134428/https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/11753/12527">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Conflict+Studies&rft.atitle=Islamic+Revivalism+and+the+Quest+for+Political+Power&rft.date=1997-11&rft.aulast=Momayezi&rft.aufirst=Nasser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lib.unb.ca%2Findex.php%2Fjcs%2Farticle%2Fview%2F11753%2F12527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/history/islamic_revolution/islamic_revolution.php">"Islamic Revolution | History of Iran</a>." Iran Chamber Society. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629064154/http://www.iranchamber.com/history/islamic_revolution/islamic_revolution.php">Archived</a> 29 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</li> <li>Brumberg, Daniel. [2004] 2009."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091028082940/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761588431/Islamic_Revolution_of_Iran.html">Islamic Revolution of Iran</a>." <a href="/wiki/MSN_Encarta" class="mw-redirect" title="MSN Encarta">MSN Encarta</a>. Archived on 31 October 2009.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mehdi_Khorrami" title="Mohammad Mehdi Khorrami">Khorrami, Mohammad Mehdi</a>. 1998."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internews.org/visavis/BTVPagesTXT/Theislamicrevolution.html">The Islamic Revolution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227000031/http://internews.org/visavis/BTVPagesTXT/Theislamicrevolution.html">Archived</a> 27 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." Vis à Vis Beyond the Veil. <a href="/wiki/Internews" title="Internews">Internews</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://internews.org/visavis/BTVPagesTXT/Theislamicrevolution.html">Original</a>; (.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranian.com/revolution.html">Revolution</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100629030102/http://www.iranian.com/revolution.html">Archived</a> 29 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). <a href="/wiki/The_Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Iranian">The Iranian</a>. 2006. from the original on 29 June 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2020.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060806025221/http://www.jubileecampaign.org/home/jubilee/iran_profile.pdf">Iran</a>." Jubilee Campaign. Archived from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jubileecampaign.org/home/jubilee/iran_profile.pdf">original</a> on 6 August 2006.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydoon_Hoveyda" title="Fereydoon Hoveyda">Hoveyda, Fereydoon</a>. The Shah and the Ayatollah: Iranian Mythology and Islamic Revolution. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97858-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97858-3">0-275-97858-3</a>.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGölz2017229-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGölz2017229_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGölz2017229_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGölz2017">Gölz (2017)</a>, p. 229. </li> <li id="cite_note-Milani_Shah-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani_Shah_10-32">ag</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilani2012" class="citation book cs1">Milani, Abbas (22 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3e2L0Nt6NgQC">The Shah</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34038-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34038-1"><bdi>978-0-230-34038-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119152503/https://books.google.com/books?id=3e2L0Nt6NgQC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023. 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Georgetown University Press. p. 113. <q>After more than a year of civil strife and street protests, Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi left Iran for exile in January 1979.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran-Iraq-Syria&rft.btitle=Shocks+and+Rivalries+in+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Kabalan&rft.aufirst=Marwan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milani-Persians-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milani-Persians_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani-Persians_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani-Persians_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani-Persians_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani-Persians_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani-Persians_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani-Persians_18-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani-Persians_18-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani-Persians_18-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani-Persians_18-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani-Persians_18-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani-Persians_18-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani-Persians_18-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani-Persians_18-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani-Persians_18-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milani-Persians_18-15">p</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilani2008" class="citation book cs1">Milani, Abbas (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ixU33FaG_dgC">Eminent Persians</a>. Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0907-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0907-0"><bdi>978-0-8156-0907-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119152520/https://books.google.com/books?id=ixU33FaG_dgC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eminent+Persians&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-0907-0&rft.aulast=Milani&rft.aufirst=Abbas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DixU33FaG_dgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/1/newsid_2521000/2521003.stm">1979: Exiled Ayatollah Khomeini returns to Iran</a>". <a href="/wiki/On_This_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="On This Day">BBC: On This Day</a>. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141024113747/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/1/newsid_2521000/2521003.stm">Archived</a> 24 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham1980228-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham1980228_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham1980">Graham (1980)</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004111-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004111_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKurzman2004">Kurzman (2004)</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060316040030/https://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-202892">Islamic Republic | Iran</a>". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica Student Encyclopedia</a>. Archived from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-202892">original</a> on 16 March 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004_23-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004_23-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004_23-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFKurzman2004">Kurzman (2004)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Amuzegar-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amuzegar_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amuzegar_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amuzegar_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amuzegar_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amuzegar_24-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amuzegar_24-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amuzegar_24-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amuzegar_24-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmuzegar1991">Amuzegar (1991)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3KL5FvOejKkC&pg=PA253">253</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadjadpour2019" class="citation web cs1">Sadjadpour, Karim (3 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/magazine/south-pacific/5691730/october-14th-2019-vol-194-no-15-international/">"October 14th, 2019 | Vol. 194, No. 15"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209002013/https://time.com/magazine/south-pacific/5691730/october-14th-2019-vol-194-no-15-international/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=October+14th%2C+2019+%7C+Vol.+194%2C+No.+15&rft.date=2019-10-03&rft.aulast=Sadjadpour&rft.aufirst=Karim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2Fmagazine%2Fsouth-pacific%2F5691730%2Foctober-14th-2019-vol-194-no-15-international%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmuzegar19914,_9–12-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmuzegar19914,_9–12_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmuzegar1991">Amuzegar (1991)</a>, pp. 4, 9–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArjomand1988191-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArjomand1988191_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArjomand1988">Arjomand (1988)</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmuzegar199110-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmuzegar199110_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmuzegar1991">Amuzegar (1991)</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004121-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004121_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004121_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKurzman2004">Kurzman (2004)</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017897-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017897_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmanat2017">Amanat 2017</a>, p. 897. </li> <li id="cite_note-Middle_East_Studies_1987,_p._261-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Middle_East_Studies_1987,_p._261_31-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Middle_East_Studies" title="International Journal of Middle East Studies">International Journal of Middle East Studies</a> 19, 1987, p. 261 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖzbudun2011" class="citation book cs1">Özbudun, Ergun (2011). "Authoritarian Regimes". In Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo (eds.). International Encyclopedia of Political Science. SAGE Publications, Inc. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6649-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6649-7"><bdi>978-1-4522-6649-7</bdi></a>. <q>Another interesting borderline case between authoritarianism and totalitarianism is Iran, where an almost totalitarian interpretation of a religious ideology is combined with elements of limited pluralism. 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American Historical Review. 88 (3): 589. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1864588">10.2307/1864588</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1864588">1864588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Iranian+Revolutions+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=589&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1864588&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1864588%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Keddie%2C+N.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhash198413-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakhash198413_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBakhash1984">Bakhash (1984)</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarney199837,_47,_67,_128,_155,_167-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarney199837,_47,_67,_128,_155,_167_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarney199837,_47,_67,_128,_155,_167_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarney1998">Harney (1998)</a>, pp. 37, 47, 67, 128, 155, 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982437-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982437_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbrahamian1982">Abrahamian (1982)</a>, p. 437. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackey1996236,_260-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackey1996236,_260_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMackey1996">Mackey (1996)</a>, pp. 236, 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham198019,_96-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham198019,_96_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham1980">Graham (1980)</a>, pp. 19, 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrumberg2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrumberg2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrumberg2001">Brumberg (2001)</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirley1997207-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirley1997207_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirley1997">Shirley (1997)</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Cooper, Andrew Scott. 2011. <a href="/wiki/The_Oil_Kings:_How_the_U.S.,_Iran,_and_Saudi_Arabia_Changed_the_Balance_of_Power_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oil Kings: How the U.S., Iran, and Saudi Arabia Changed the Balance of Power in the Middle East">The Oil Kings: How the U.S., Iran, and Saudi Arabia Changed the Balance of Power in the Middle East</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4391-5517-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-4391-5517-8">1-4391-5517-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeddie2003214-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeddie2003214_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeddie2003">Keddie (2003)</a>, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaheri1985238-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaheri1985238_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaheri1985">Taheri (1985)</a>, p. 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000178-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoin2000178_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoin2000">Moin (2000)</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoveyda_2003_22-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Hoveyda_2003_22_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoveyda,_Fereydoun2003" class="citation book cs1">Hoveyda, Fereydoun (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shahayatollahira00hove">The Shah and the Ayatollah: Iranian mythology and Islamic revolution</a>. 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Religion and Rebellion in Iran: The Tobacco Protest of 1891–92. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Cass" title="Frank Cass">Frank Cass</a>. p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoaddel,_Mansoor1992" class="citation journal cs1">Moaddel, Mansoor (1992). "Shi'i Political Discourse and Class Mobilization in the Tobacco Movement of 1890–1892". 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Qajar Persia. University of Texas Press, p. 248 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Roy_Mottahedeh" title="Roy Mottahedeh">Mottahedeh, Roy</a>. 2000. The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran. <a href="/wiki/Oneworld_Publications" title="Oneworld Publications">Oneworld</a>. p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackey1996184-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackey1996184_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMackey1996">Mackey (1996)</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhash198422-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakhash198422_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBakhash1984">Bakhash (1984)</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaheri198594–95-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaheri198594–95_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaheri1985">Taheri (1985)</a>, pp. 94–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajaee1983" class="citation book cs1">Rajaee, Farhang (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326213807/http://webstorage1.mcpa.virginia.edu/library/mc/forums/published/americanvalues13.pdf">Islamic Values and World View: Khomeyni on Man, the State and International Politics</a> (PDF). American Values Projected Abroad. Vol. 13. Lanham: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America">University Press of America</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8191-3578-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8191-3578-X"><bdi>0-8191-3578-X</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webstorage1.mcpa.virginia.edu/library/mc/forums/published/americanvalues13.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Values+and+World+View%3A+Khomeyni+on+Man%2C+the+State+and+International+Politics&rft.place=Lanham&rft.series=American+Values+Projected+Abroad&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-8191-3578-X&rft.aulast=Rajaee&rft.aufirst=Farhang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebstorage1.mcpa.virginia.edu%2Flibrary%2Fmc%2Fforums%2Fpublished%2Famericanvalues13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajaee2010" class="citation book cs1">Rajaee, Farhang (2010). 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University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77436-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77436-0"><bdi>978-0-292-77436-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamism+and+Modernism%3A+The+Changing+Discourse+in+Iran&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-292-77436-0&rft.aulast=Rajaee&rft.aufirst=Farhang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mohammad-Reza-Shah-Pahlavi">"Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 22 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231024200102/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mohammad-Reza-Shah-Pahlavi">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Mohammad+Reza+Shah+Pahlavi&rft.date=2023-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FMohammad-Reza-Shah-Pahlavi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilani2012" class="citation book cs1">Milani, Abbas (22 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3e2L0Nt6NgQC">The Shah</a>. Macmillan. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34038-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34038-1"><bdi>978-0-230-34038-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119152503/https://books.google.com/books?id=3e2L0Nt6NgQC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shah&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2012-05-22&rft.isbn=978-0-230-34038-1&rft.aulast=Milani&rft.aufirst=Abbas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3e2L0Nt6NgQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilani2012" class="citation book cs1">Milani, Abbas (22 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3e2L0Nt6NgQC">The Shah</a>. Macmillan. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34038-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34038-1"><bdi>978-0-230-34038-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119152503/https://books.google.com/books?id=3e2L0Nt6NgQC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shah&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2012-05-22&rft.isbn=978-0-230-34038-1&rft.aulast=Milani&rft.aufirst=Abbas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3e2L0Nt6NgQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bp-and-iran-the-forgotten-history/">"BP and Iran: The Forgotten History"</a>. www.cbsnews.com. 30 June 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190608004738/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bp-and-iran-the-forgotten-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2019. 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John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-18549-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-18549-0"><bdi>978-0-470-18549-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+the+Shah%27s+Men%3A+An+American+Coup+and+the+Roots+of+Middle+East+Terror&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-18549-0&rft.aulast=Kinzer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWv4B6C-wTG8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-theguardian-69"><a href="#cite_ref-theguardian_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDehghanNorton-Taylor2013" class="citation news cs1">Dehghan, Saeed Kamali; Norton-Taylor, Richard (19 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/19/cia-admits-role-1953-iranian-coup">"CIA admits role in 1953 Iranian coup"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141025072542/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/19/cia-admits-role-1953-iranian-coup">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=CIA+admits+role+in+1953+Iranian+coup&rft.date=2013-08-19&rft.aulast=Dehghan&rft.aufirst=Saeed+Kamali&rft.au=Norton-Taylor%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Faug%2F19%2Fcia-admits-role-1953-iranian-coup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsari2003" class="citation book cs1">Ansari, Ali M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3koQLfiTkJkC">Modern Iran Since 1921: The Pahlavis and After</a>. Longman. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-35685-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-35685-6"><bdi>978-0-582-35685-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231121100027/https://books.google.com/books?id=3koQLfiTkJkC">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2023. 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Time Magazine. 11 February 1966. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842491,00.html">the original</a> on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=Iran%3A+The+White+Revolution&rft.date=1966-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C842491%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiavoshi,_Sussan1990" class="citation book cs1">Siavoshi, Sussan (1990). Liberal Nationalism in Iran: The failure of a movement. 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In Lockman, Zachary (ed.). Workers and Working Classes in the Middle East: Struggles, Histories, Historiographies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1665-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1665-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-1665-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119152500/https://books.google.com/books?id=BFzOVmj1iCIC&pg=PA198">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023. 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(2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iranfromreligiou00fisc_325">Iran: from religious dispute to revolution</a>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iranfromreligiou00fisc_325/page/n238">194</a>–195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-18474-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-18474-2"><bdi>978-0-299-18474-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+from+religious+dispute+to+revolution&rft.place=Madison&rft.pages=194-195&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-299-18474-2&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Michael+M.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firanfromreligiou00fisc_325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackey1996276-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackey1996276_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMackey1996">Mackey (1996)</a>, p. 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian199330-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian199330_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian199330_97-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbrahamian1993">Abrahamian (1993)</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982478–479-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982478–479_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbrahamian1982">Abrahamian (1982)</a>, pp. 478–479. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhomeiniAlgar198134-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhomeiniAlgar198134_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhomeiniAlgar1981">Khomeini & Algar (1981)</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeddie2003240-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeddie2003240_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeddie2003">Keddie (2003)</a>, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright,_Robin2000" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Robin (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastgreatrevolut00wrig/page/220">The Last Great Revolution: Turmoil And Transformation in Iran</a>. Alfred A. Knopf. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastgreatrevolut00wrig/page/220">220</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40639-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-40639-5"><bdi>0-375-40639-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Great+Revolution%3A+Turmoil+And+Transformation+in+Iran&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-375-40639-5&rft.au=Wright%2C+Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastgreatrevolut00wrig%2Fpage%2F220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982444-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982444_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbrahamian1982">Abrahamian (1982)</a>, p. 444. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham198094-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham198094_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham1980">Graham (1980)</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelvin,_James_L.2008" class="citation book cs1">Gelvin, James L. (2008). The Modern Middle East Second Edition. Oxford University Press, Inc. p. 285.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Middle+East+Second+Edition&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Inc&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Gelvin%2C+James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000163-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoin2000163_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoin2000">Moin (2000)</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham1980226-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham1980226_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham1980">Graham (1980)</a>, p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000174-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoin2000174_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoin2000">Moin (2000)</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham198096-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham198096_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham1980">Graham (1980)</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982501–503-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982501–503_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbrahamian1982">Abrahamian (1982)</a>, pp. 501–503. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Gölz, Olmo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12363318">"Dah Šab – Zehn Literaturabende in Teheran 1977: Der Kampf um das Monopol literarischer Legitimität."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815025412/https://www.academia.edu/12363318">Archived</a> 15 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Die Welt des Islams 55, Nr. 1 (2015): 83–111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000184–185-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoin2000184–185_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoin2000">Moin (2000)</a>, pp. 184–185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaheri1985182–183-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaheri1985182–183_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaheri1985">Taheri (1985)</a>, pp. 182–183. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ritter-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ritter_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ritter_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ritter_114-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ritter_114-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ritter_114-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ritter_114-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ritter_114-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitter2010" class="citation thesis cs1">Ritter, Daniel (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/21097">Why the Iranian Revolution Was Non-Violent</a> (PhD thesis). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012212427/http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/21097">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Why+the+Iranian+Revolution+Was+Non-Violent&rft.degree=PhD&rft.date=2010-05&rft.aulast=Ritter&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositories.lib.utexas.edu%2Fhandle%2F2152%2F21097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pahlavi_2004-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlavi_2004_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlavi_2004_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlavi_2004_115-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlavi_2004_115-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlavi_2004_115-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlavi_2004_115-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlavi_2004_115-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlavi_2004_115-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlavi_2004_115-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlavi_2004_115-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlavi_2004_115-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlavi_2004_115-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlavi_2004_115-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlavi_2004_115-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlavi_2004_115-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlavi_2004_115-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlavi_2004_115-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlavi_2004_115-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlavi_2004_115-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlavi_2004_115-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pahlavi_2004_115-20">u</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPahlavi2004" class="citation book cs1">Pahlavi, Farah (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enduringlove00fara_0">An Enduring Love: My Life with the Shah</a>. New York, NY: Hyperion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4013-5209-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4013-5209-X"><bdi>1-4013-5209-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Enduring+Love%3A+My+Life+with+the+Shah&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Hyperion+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-4013-5209-X&rft.aulast=Pahlavi&rft.aufirst=Farah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenduringlove00fara_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqui2009" class="citation book cs1">Siddiqui, Abdar Rahman Koya with an introduction by Iqbal, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HMd5C4KaOgkC&pg=PA35">Imam Khomeini life, thought and legacy: essays from an Islamic movement perspective</a>. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-5062-25-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-5062-25-4"><bdi>978-967-5062-25-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150915021757/https://books.google.com/books?id=HMd5C4KaOgkC&pg=PA35#v=onepage&q=Mustafa%20&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imam+Khomeini+life%2C+thought+and+legacy%3A+essays+from+an+Islamic+movement+perspective&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Islamic+Book+Trust&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-967-5062-25-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHMd5C4KaOgkC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarmon2004" class="citation book cs1">Harmon, Daniel E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BzyQGwtY-C0C&pg=PA47">Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini</a>. New York: Infobase Pub. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0656-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0656-4"><bdi>978-1-4381-0656-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ayatollah+Ruhollah+Khomeini&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Infobase+Pub.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0656-4&rft.aulast=Harmon&rft.aufirst=Daniel+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBzyQGwtY-C0C%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrumberg2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaPT9QRtDMr8CpgPA92_92]-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrumberg2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaPT9QRtDMr8CpgPA92_92]_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrumberg2001">Brumberg (2001)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aPT9QRtDMr8C&pg=PA92">92</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurz-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kurz_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurz_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurzman2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kurzman, Charles (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/social-science-history/article/qum-protests-and-the-coming-of-the-iranian-revolution-1975-and-1978/A1EE9BD1496A4DDBAED00C945B05B8CF">"The Qum Protests and the Coming of the Iranian Revolution, 1975 and 1978"</a>. Social Science History. 27 (3): 287–325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0145553200012554">10.1017/S0145553200012554</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1527-8034">1527-8034</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144804416">144804416</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414022139/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/social-science-history/article/qum-protests-and-the-coming-of-the-iranian-revolution-1975-and-1978/A1EE9BD1496A4DDBAED00C945B05B8CF">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+History&rft.atitle=The+Qum+Protests+and+the+Coming+of+the+Iranian+Revolution%2C+1975+and+1978&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=287-325&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144804416%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1527-8034&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0145553200012554&rft.aulast=Kurzman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fsocial-science-history%2Farticle%2Fqum-protests-and-the-coming-of-the-iranian-revolution-1975-and-1978%2FA1EE9BD1496A4DDBAED00C945B05B8CF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBashiriyeh2012" class="citation book cs1">Bashiriyeh, Hossein (27 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9u7lyTLF4oUC&dq=%229+january+1978%22+uprising+Qom&pg=PA113">The State and Revolution in Iran (RLE Iran D)</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82089-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82089-2"><bdi>978-1-136-82089-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+and+Revolution+in+Iran+%28RLE+Iran+D%29&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2012-04-27&rft.isbn=978-1-136-82089-2&rft.aulast=Bashiriyeh&rft.aufirst=Hossein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9u7lyTLF4oUC%26dq%3D%25229%2Bjanuary%2B1978%2522%2Buprising%2BQom%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovsepian-Bearce2015" class="citation book cs1">Hovsepian-Bearce, Yvette (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WwkXCgAAQBAJ&dq=19+day+qom&pg=PA10">The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-60582-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-60582-9"><bdi>978-1-317-60582-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119152506/https://books.google.com/books?id=WwkXCgAAQBAJ&dq=19+day+qom&pg=PA10">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Ideology+of+Ayatollah+Khamenei%3A+Out+of+the+Mouth+of+the+Supreme+Leader+of+Iran&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-60582-9&rft.aulast=Hovsepian-Bearce&rft.aufirst=Yvette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWwkXCgAAQBAJ%26dq%3D19%2Bday%2Bqom%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2018" class="citation book cs1">Ali, Luman (19 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jMRlDwAAQBAJ&dq=%229+january+1978%22+uprising+Qom&pg=PA68">British Diplomacy and the Iranian Revolution, 1978–1981</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-94406-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-94406-7"><bdi>978-3-319-94406-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230109064058/https://books.google.com/books?id=jMRlDwAAQBAJ&dq=%229+january+1978%22+uprising+Qom&pg=PA68">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2023. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932226-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932226-8"><bdi>978-0-19-932226-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119152504/https://books.google.com/books?id=XYoeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA120">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Iran%3A+A+History+of+the+Islamic+Republic&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-932226-8&rft.aulast=Axworthy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYoeAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubin-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rubin_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rubin_124-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rubin_124-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2005" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Michael (27 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fX_HAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90">Eternal Iran</a>. Springer. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-7710-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-7710-6"><bdi>978-1-4039-7710-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119152505/https://books.google.com/books?id=fX_HAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eternal+Iran&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005-11-27&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-7710-6&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfX_HAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jervis-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jervis_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jervis_125-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJervis2011" class="citation book cs1">Jervis, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_4qwreIHR_MC">Why Intelligence Fails: Lessons From the Iranian Revolution and the Iraq War</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5761-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5761-6"><bdi>978-0-8014-5761-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119152510/https://books.google.com/books?id=_4qwreIHR_MC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Intelligence+Fails%3A+Lessons+From+the+Iranian+Revolution+and+the+Iraq+War&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-5761-6&rft.aulast=Jervis&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_4qwreIHR_MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_126-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_126-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbrahamian1982">Abrahamian (1982)</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eisenstadt-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eisenstadt_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eisenstadt_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eisenstadt_127-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eisenstadt_127-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eisenstadt_127-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eisenstadt_127-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eisenstadt_127-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eisenstadt_127-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenstadt" class="citation web cs1">Eisenstadt, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/html/pdf/Eisenstadt201104.pdf">"Iran's Islamic Revolution: Lessons for the Arab Spring of 2011?"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140914044155/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/html/pdf/Eisenstadt201104.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran%27s+Islamic+Revolution%3A+Lessons+for+the+Arab+Spring+of+2011%3F&rft.aulast=Eisenstadt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoninstitute.org%2Fhtml%2Fpdf%2FEisenstadt201104.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982510,_512,_513-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982510,_512,_513_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982510,_512,_513_128-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982510,_512,_513_128-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982510,_512,_513_128-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbrahamian1982">Abrahamian (1982)</a>, pp. 510, 512, 513. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarney1998-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarney1998_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarney1998_129-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarney1998_129-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarney1998_129-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarney1998_129-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarney1998_129-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarney1998_129-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarney1998_129-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarney1998_129-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarney1998_129-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarney1998_129-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarney1998_129-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarney1998_129-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarney1998_129-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarney1998_129-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarney1998_129-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarney1998_129-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarney1998_129-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarney1998_129-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarney1998_129-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarney1998_129-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarney1998_129-21">v</a> <a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraft1978" class="citation magazine cs1">Kraft, Joseph (10 December 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/archive/1978/12/18/1978_12_18_134_TNY_CARDS_000322991?currentPage=all">"Letter from Iran"</a>. The New Yorker. Vol. LIV, no. 44 (published 18 December 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140427145920/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1978/12/18/1978_12_18_134_TNY_CARDS_000322991?currentPage=all">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Letter+from+Iran&rft.volume=LIV&rft.issue=44&rft.date=1978-12-10&rft.aulast=Kraft&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farchive%2F1978%2F12%2F18%2F1978_12_18_134_TNY_CARDS_000322991%3FcurrentPage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayward-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hayward_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayward_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayward2009" class="citation book cs1">Hayward, Stephen (9 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0BafgsBIlrwC&pg=PA556">The Age of Reagan: The Fall of the Old Liberal Order</a>. Crown Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-45370-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-45370-9"><bdi>978-0-307-45370-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119152507/https://books.google.com/books?id=0BafgsBIlrwC&pg=PA556">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Reagan%3A+The+Fall+of+the+Old+Liberal+Order&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing&rft.date=2009-06-09&rft.isbn=978-0-307-45370-9&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0BafgsBIlrwC%26pg%3DPA556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004117-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004117_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurzman2004117_132-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKurzman2004">Kurzman (2004)</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-Carter,_Jimmy_1982,_p.438-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Carter,_Jimmy_1982,_p.438_133-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Carter,_Jimmy" class="mw-redirect" title="Carter, Jimmy">Carter, Jimmy</a>. 1982. <a href="//archive.org/details/keepingfaithmemo00cart" class="extiw" title="iarchive:keepingfaithmemo00cart">Keeping the Faith: Memoirs of a President</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bantam_Books" title="Bantam Books">Bantam Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-05023-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-05023-3">978-0-553-05023-3</a>. p. 438. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Jones, Milo L., and Philippe Silberzahn. 2013. Constructing Cassandra, Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA, 1947–2001. Stanford: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9336-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9336-0">978-0-8047-9336-0</a>. pp. 80–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzman200461-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurzman200461_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKurzman2004">Kurzman (2004)</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982515-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982515_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982515_136-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982515_136-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982515_136-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbrahamian1982">Abrahamian (1982)</a>, p. 515. </li> <li id="cite_note-Byman-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Byman_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Byman_137-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Byman_137-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByman2001" class="citation web cs1">Byman, Daniel (30 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2007/05/06terrorism-byman">"The Rise of Low-Tech Terrorism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012044717/http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2007/05/06terrorism-byman">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Low-Tech+Terrorism&rft.date=2001-11-30&rft.aulast=Byman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fresearch%2Farticles%2F2007%2F05%2F06terrorism-byman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ganji-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ganji_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ganji_138-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanji2002" class="citation book cs1">Ganji, Manouchehr (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NboVl-CeYs0C">Defying the Iranian Revolution</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97187-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97187-8"><bdi>978-0-275-97187-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defying+the+Iranian+Revolution&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97187-8&rft.aulast=Ganji&rft.aufirst=Manouchehr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNboVl-CeYs0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Afkhami,_R._Gholam_2009_page_465_&_459-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Afkhami,_R._Gholam_2009_page_465_&_459_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Afkhami,_R._Gholam_2009_page_465_&_459_139-1">b</a> Afkhami, R. Gholam. 2009. The life and times of the Shah. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-25328-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-25328-0">0-520-25328-0</a>. pp. 459, 465. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ansari,_M._Ali_2007_page_259-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Ansari,_M._Ali_2007_page_259_140-0">^</a> Ansari, M. Ali. 2007. Modern Iran: the Pahlavis and After. <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4058-4084-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4058-4084-6">1-4058-4084-6</a>. p. 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-Federal_Research_Division_2004_page_78-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Federal_Research_Division_2004_page_78_141-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>. 2004. Iran A Country Study. <a href="/wiki/Kessinger_Publishing" title="Kessinger Publishing">Kessinger Publishing</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4191-2670-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4191-2670-9">1-4191-2670-9</a>. p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bahl,_Taru_2003_page_105-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Bahl,_Taru_2003_page_105_142-0">^</a> Bahl, Taru, and M. H. Syed. 2003. Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-261-1419-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-261-1419-3">81-261-1419-3</a>. p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-Glenn_Eldon_Curtis_2008_page_48-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Glenn_Eldon_Curtis_2008_page_48_143-0">^</a> Curtis, Glenn Eldon, and <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. 2008. Iran: a Country Study. <a href="/wiki/Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Printing Office">Government Printing Office</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8444-1187-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8444-1187-6">0-8444-1187-6</a>. p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-iranrights.org-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iranrights.org_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranrights.org_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranrights.org/english/memorial-case--3246.php">"Human Rights & Democracy for Iran: Monir Taheri: One Person's Story"</a>. iranrights.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019100716/http://www.iranrights.org/english/memorial-case--3246.php">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2013. 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Time. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150516150250/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2080036_2080037_2080043,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2015. 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Retrieved 27 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Two+Weeks+in+January%3A+America%27s+secret+engagement+with+Khomeini&rft.date=2016-06-03&rft.au=Kambiz+Fattahi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-36431160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaeed_Kamali_DehghanDavid_Smith2016" class="citation web cs1">Saeed Kamali Dehghan; David Smith (10 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/10/ayatollah-khomeini-jimmy-carter-administration-iran-revolution">"US had extensive contact with Ayatollah Khomeini before Iran revolution"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190713043737/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/10/ayatollah-khomeini-jimmy-carter-administration-iran-revolution">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=US+had+extensive+contact+with+Ayatollah+Khomeini+before+Iran+revolution&rft.date=2016-06-10&rft.au=Saeed+Kamali+Dehghan&rft.au=David+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fjun%2F10%2Fayatollah-khomeini-jimmy-carter-administration-iran-revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geist-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geist_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geist_160-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geist_160-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geist_160-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geist_160-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geist_160-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeist" class="citation web cs1">Geist, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2011/08/a-darker-horizon-the-assassination-of-shapour-bakhtiar.html">"'A Darker Horizon': The Assassination of Shapour Bakhtiar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160609050914/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2011/08/a-darker-horizon-the-assassination-of-shapour-bakhtiar.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=%27A+Darker+Horizon%27%3A+The+Assassination+of+Shapour+Bakhtiar&rft.aulast=Geist&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Ftehranbureau%2F2011%2F08%2Fa-darker-horizon-the-assassination-of-shapour-bakhtiar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huyser-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huyser_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huyser_161-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huyser_161-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuyser1986" class="citation book cs1">Huyser, Robert (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/missiontotehran00huys">Mission to Tehran</a>. Andre Deutsch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-039053-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-039053-2"><bdi>978-0-06-039053-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mission+to+Tehran&rft.pub=Andre+Deutsch&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-06-039053-2&rft.aulast=Huyser&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmissiontotehran00huys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-162"><a href="#cite_ref-google_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=886&dat=19790114&id=u7hjAAAAIBAJ&pg=5359,30751405">"The Prescott Courier – Google News Archive Search"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120181447/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=886&dat=19790114&id=u7hjAAAAIBAJ&pg=5359,30751405">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Prescott+Courier+%E2%80%93+Google+News+Archive+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D886%26dat%3D19790114%26id%3Du7hjAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5359%2C30751405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/program.pl?ID=56102">"Demonstrations allowed"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110510085608/http://tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/program.pl?ID=56102">Archived</a> 10 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ABC Evening News for Monday, 15 January 1979. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604063049/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920102-2,00.html">"The Khomeini Era: Iran Becomes a Theocracy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. 12 February 1979. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920102-2,00.html">the original</a> on 4 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Khomeini+Era%3A+Iran+Becomes+a+Theocracy&rft.date=1979-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C920102-2%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian2008161-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian2008161_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbrahamian2008">Abrahamian (2008)</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaheri1985146-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaheri1985146_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaheri1985">Taheri (1985)</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000200-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoin2000200_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoin2000">Moin (2000)</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-Foucault_Dreaming-168"><a href="#cite_ref-Foucault_Dreaming_168-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/007863.html">What Are the Iranians Dreaming About?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706121111/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/007863.html">Archived</a> 6 July 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Michel Foucault, Chicago: University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Khomeini, Sahifeh-ye Nur, vol. 5, p. 31, translated in <a href="#CITEREFMoin2000">Moin (2000)</a>, p. 204 </li> <li id="cite_note-Khomeini-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Khomeini_170-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irdc.ir/article.asp?id=822">چرا و چگونه بازرگان به نخست وزیری رسید؟</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413172900/http://www.irdc.ir/article.asp?id=822">Archived</a> 13 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The commandment of Ayatollah Khomeini for Bazargan and his sermon on 5 February. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000206-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoin2000206_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoin2000">Moin (2000)</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982529-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1982529_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbrahamian1982">Abrahamian (1982)</a>, p. 529. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/meast/9901/31/iran.20th/">"Iran marks 20th anniversary of Islamic revolution"</a>. CNN.com. 31 January 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070606225011/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/meast/9901/31/iran.20th/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN.com&rft.atitle=Iran+marks+20th+anniversary+of+Islamic+revolution&rft.date=1999-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FWORLD%2Fmeast%2F9901%2F31%2Firan.20th%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RFERL-174"><a href="#cite_ref-RFERL_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolnaz_Esfandiari2004" class="citation web cs1">Golnaz Esfandiari (11 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070213231343/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticleprint/2004/02/ad344479-c0e6-40f7-8276-f687f4475187.html">"Iran: 25th Anniversary Of Islamic Revolution Commemorated Amid Serious Political Crisis"</a>. Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticleprint/2004/02/ad344479-c0e6-40f7-8276-f687f4475187.html">the original</a> on 13 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe+%2F+Radio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Iran%3A+25th+Anniversary+Of+Islamic+Revolution+Commemorated+Amid+Serious+Political+Crisis&rft.date=2004-02-11&rft.au=Golnaz+Esfandiari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Ffeaturesarticleprint%2F2004%2F02%2Fad344479-c0e6-40f7-8276-f687f4475187.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/iran-marks-25th-anniversary-of-islamic-revolution-1.508052">"Iran marks 25th anniversary of Islamic revolution"</a>. CBC News. 11 February 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012055125/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/iran-marks-25th-anniversary-of-islamic-revolution-1.508052">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Iran+marks+25th+anniversary+of+Islamic+revolution&rft.date=2004-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Firan-marks-25th-anniversary-of-islamic-revolution-1.508052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baghi-176"><a href="#cite_ref-Baghi_176-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emadbaghi.com/en/archives/000592.php#more">"A Question of Numbers"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140804172903/http://www.emadbaghi.com/en/archives/000592.php">Archived</a> 4 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> IranianVoice.org, 8 August 2003 Rouzegar-Now Cyrus Kadivar </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-178"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_178-0">^</a> E. Baqi, 'Figures for the Dead in the Revolution', Emruz, 30 July 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-emadbaghi2-179"><a href="#cite_ref-emadbaghi2_179-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emadbaghi.com/en/archives/000592.php#more">A Question of Numbers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140804172903/http://www.emadbaghi.com/en/archives/000592.php">Archived</a> 4 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> IranianVoice.org 8 August 2003 Rouzegar-Now Cyrus Kadivar </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/government/laws/constitution.php">"Iran Chamber Society: The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran"</a>. iranchamber.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100218140202/http://www.iranchamber.com/government/laws/constitution.php">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranchamber.com&rft.atitle=Iran+Chamber+Society%3A+The+Constitution+of+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranchamber.com%2Fgovernment%2Flaws%2Fconstitution.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_181-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_181-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker" title="Spencer C. Tucker">Tucker, Spencer C.</a> (2017). The Roots and Consequences of Civil Wars and Revolutions: Conflicts that Changed World History. ABC-CLIO. p. 439.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+and+Consequences+of+Civil+Wars+and+Revolutions%3A+Conflicts+that+Changed+World+History&rft.pages=439&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Mojahedin-e_Khalq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mojahedin-e Khalq">Mojahedin-e Khalq</a>, but also "Fedayins and Kurds as well as Tudeh, National Front, and Shariatmadari supporters" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian2008181-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian2008181_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbrahamian2008">Abrahamian (2008)</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-Torab2007-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Torab2007_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorab2007" class="citation book cs1">Torab, Azam (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XsWorLT4p3UC">Performing Islam: Gender and Ritual in Islam</a>. BRILL. pp. 142–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15295-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15295-3"><bdi>978-90-04-15295-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805073753/https://books.google.com/books?id=XsWorLT4p3UC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Performing+Islam%3A+Gender+and+Ritual+in+Islam&rft.pages=142-43&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15295-3&rft.aulast=Torab&rft.aufirst=Azam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXsWorLT4p3UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asrarnameh.com/news.php?id=3907">"Text of ten Iranian revolution songs"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160130183109/http://www.asrarnameh.com/news.php?id=3907">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Text+of+ten+Iranian+revolution+songs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asrarnameh.com%2Fnews.php%3Fid%3D3907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doostiha.ir/1391/11/21/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84-%D9%87%D8%A7.html">"Iran Iran song"</a>. 9 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201225942/http://www.doostiha.ir/1391/11/21/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84-%D9%87%D8%A7.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran+Iran+song&rft.date=2013-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doostiha.ir%2F1391%2F11%2F21%2F%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D8%25B1%25DA%25AF%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584-%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAzari1983[httpsarchiveorgdetailswomenofiranconfl0000unsepage150_150]-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAzari1983[httpsarchiveorgdetailswomenofiranconfl0000unsepage150_150]_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAzari1983">Azari (1983)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenofiranconfl0000unse/page/150">150</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAzari1983[httpsarchiveorgdetailswomenofiranconfl0000unsepage151_151]-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAzari1983[httpsarchiveorgdetailswomenofiranconfl0000unsepage151_151]_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAzari1983">Azari (1983)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenofiranconfl0000unse/page/151">151</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerdows1983" class="citation journal cs1">Ferdows, Adele K. (1 January 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800052326">"Women and the Islamic Revolution"</a>. International Journal of Middle East Studies. 15 (2): 283–298. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800052326">10.1017/S0020743800052326</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/162994">162994</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Women+and+the+Islamic+Revolution&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=283-298&rft.date=1983-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743800052326&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F162994%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ferdows&rft.aufirst=Adele+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0020743800052326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsfandiyārī19975-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsfandiyārī19975_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsfandiyārī19975_190-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsfandiyārī19975_190-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsfandiyārī19975_190-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsfandiyārī1997">Isfandiyārī (1997)</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENashat1983[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENashat1983[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENashat1983[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_191-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENashat1983[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_191-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENashat1983[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_191-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENashat1983[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_191-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENashat1983[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_191-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENashat1983[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_191-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFNashat1983">Nashat (1983)</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-al-islam.org-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-al-islam.org_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-al-islam.org_192-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-islam.org/position-women-viewpoint-imam-khomeini-ra/role-women-victory-islamic-revolution">"The role of women in the victory of the Islamic revolution"</a>. Al-Islam.org. 12 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911204437/https://www.al-islam.org/position-women-viewpoint-imam-khomeini-ra/role-women-victory-islamic-revolution">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Islam.org&rft.atitle=The+role+of+women+in+the+victory+of+the+Islamic+revolution&rft.date=2012-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Fposition-women-viewpoint-imam-khomeini-ra%2Frole-women-victory-islamic-revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzman2005151-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurzman2005151_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurzman2005151_193-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurzman2005151_193-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKurzman2005">Kurzman (2005)</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENashat1983[httpsarchiveorgdetailswomenrevolutioni0000unsepage116_116]-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENashat1983[httpsarchiveorgdetailswomenrevolutioni0000unsepage116_116]_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNashat1983">Nashat (1983)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenrevolutioni0000unse/page/116">116</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_195-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_195-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_195-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2008" class="citation thesis cs1">Brooks, Caroline M. 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Retrieved 10 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Moments+of+Strength%3A+Iranian+Women%27s+Rights+and+the+1979+Revolution&rft.date=2008-01&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Caroline+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.colby.edu%2Fhonorstheses%2F292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurzman2005152-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurzman2005152_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurzman2005152_196-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKurzman2005">Kurzman (2005)</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsfandiyārī1997-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsfandiyārī1997_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsfandiyārī1997_197-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsfandiyārī1997_197-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsfandiyārī1997_197-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsfandiyārī1997_197-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsfandiyārī1997_197-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsfandiyārī1997">Isfandiyārī (1997)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzar_TabariNahid_Yeganeh1982" class="citation book cs1">Azar Tabari; Nahid Yeganeh (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inshadowofislamw0000unse">In the shadow of Islam</a>. Zed. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86232-022-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86232-022-5"><bdi>978-0-86232-022-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/251722861">251722861</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+shadow+of+Islam&rft.pub=Zed&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F251722861&rft.isbn=978-0-86232-022-5&rft.au=Azar+Tabari&rft.au=Nahid+Yeganeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finshadowofislamw0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENashat1983[httpsarchiveorgdetailswomenrevolutioni0000unsepage121_121]-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENashat1983[httpsarchiveorgdetailswomenrevolutioni0000unsepage121_121]_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENashat1983[httpsarchiveorgdetailswomenrevolutioni0000unsepage121_121]_199-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNashat1983">Nashat (1983)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenrevolutioni0000unse/page/121">121</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENashat1983[httpsarchiveorgdetailswomenrevolutioni0000unsepage77_77]-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENashat1983[httpsarchiveorgdetailswomenrevolutioni0000unsepage77_77]_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNashat1983">Nashat (1983)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenrevolutioni0000unse/page/77">77</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENashat1983[httpsarchiveorgdetailswomenrevolutioni0000unsepage1_1]-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENashat1983[httpsarchiveorgdetailswomenrevolutioni0000unsepage1_1]_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNashat1983">Nashat (1983)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenrevolutioni0000unse/page/1">1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Martín2004-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martín2004_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martín2004_202-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_C._Martín2004" class="citation book cs1">Richard C. Martín, ed. (2004). "article by Stockdale, Nancy, L.". Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Thomson Gale. p. 357. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865603-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865603-8"><bdi>978-0-02-865603-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=article+by+Stockdale%2C+Nancy%2C+L.&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+World&rft.pages=357&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865603-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Moaddel2013-203"><a href="#cite_ref-Moaddel2013_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoaddel2013" class="citation book cs1">Moaddel, Mansoor (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cgt2XSOuVgoC&pg=PA206">Class, Politics, and Ideology in the Iranian Revolution</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51607-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51607-5"><bdi>978-0-231-51607-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108013900/http://books.google.com/books?id=cgt2XSOuVgoC&pg=PA206">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class%2C+Politics%2C+and+Ideology+in+the+Iranian+Revolution&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-231-51607-5&rft.aulast=Moaddel&rft.aufirst=Mansoor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcgt2XSOuVgoC%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeddie2003241-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeddie2003241_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeddie2003241_204-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeddie2003">Keddie (2003)</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-Matini-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matini_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matini_205-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranian.com/Opinion/2003/August/Khomeini/">Democracy? I meant theocracy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100825193302/http://www.iranian.com/Opinion/2003/August/Khomeini/">Archived</a> 25 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Dr. Jalal Matini, translation & introduction by Farhad Mafie, 5 August 2003, The Iranian. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZabih,_Sepehr1982" class="citation book cs1">Zabih, Sepehr (1982). Iran Since the Revolution. Johns Hopkins Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-2888-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-2888-0"><bdi>0-8018-2888-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+Since+the+Revolution&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-8018-2888-0&rft.au=Zabih%2C+Sepehr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchirazi199793–94-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchirazi199793–94_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchirazi1997">Schirazi (1997)</a>, p. 93–94. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzar_Tabari1982" class="citation book cs1">Azar Tabari (1982). "Mystifications of the Past and Illusions of the Future". In Nikki R. Keddie; Eric Hooglund (eds.). The Islamic Revolution and the Islamic Republic: Proceedings of a Conference. Washington DC: Middle East Institute. pp. 101–124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mystifications+of+the+Past+and+Illusions+of+the+Future&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+Revolution+and+the+Islamic+Republic%3A+Proceedings+of+a+Conference&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=101-124&rft.pub=Middle+East+Institute&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Azar+Tabari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhash198478–82-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakhash198478–82_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBakhash1984">Bakhash (1984)</a>, pp. 78–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-Awakening-211"><a href="#cite_ref-Awakening_211-0">^</a> Ansari, Hamid, Narrative of Awakening : A Look at Imam Khomeini's Ideal, Scientific and Political Biography from Birth to Ascension by Hamid Ansari, Institute for Compilation and Publication of the Works of Imam Khomeini, International Affairs Division, [no publication date, preface dated 1994] translated by Seyed Manoochehr Moosavi, pp. 165–76 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchirazi199724–32-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchirazi199724–32_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchirazi1997">Schirazi (1997)</a>, pp. 24–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000224-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoin2000224_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoin2000">Moin (2000)</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000203-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoin2000203_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoin2000">Moin (2000)</a>, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeddie2003241–242-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeddie2003241–242_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeddie2003">Keddie (2003)</a>, pp. 241–242. </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKepel,_Gilles2002" class="citation book cs1">Kepel, Gilles (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jihad00gill_0">The Trail of Political Islam</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00877-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00877-4"><bdi>0-674-00877-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trail+of+Political+Islam&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-674-00877-4&rft.au=Kepel%2C+Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjihad00gill_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArjomand1988135-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArjomand1988135_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArjomand1988">Arjomand (1988)</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeddie2003245-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeddie2003245_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeddie2003">Keddie (2003)</a>, p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000222-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoin2000222_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoin2000">Moin (2000)</a>, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackey1996371-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackey1996371_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMackey1996">Mackey (1996)</a>, p. 371. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchirazi1997151-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchirazi1997151_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchirazi1997">Schirazi (1997)</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeddie2003275-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeddie2003275_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeddie2003">Keddie (2003)</a>, p. 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000210–211-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoin2000210–211_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoin2000210–211_223-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoin2000">Moin (2000)</a>, pp. 210–211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhash198456-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakhash198456_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBakhash1984">Bakhash (1984)</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000211-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoin2000211_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoin2000">Moin (2000)</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchirazi1997153-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchirazi1997153_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchirazi1997153_226-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchirazi1997">Schirazi (1997)</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhash198473-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakhash198473_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakhash198473_227-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakhash198473_227-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakhash198473_227-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBakhash1984">Bakhash (1984)</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000217-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoin2000217_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoin2000">Moin (2000)</a>, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchirazi199722–23-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchirazi199722–23_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchirazi1997">Schirazi (1997)</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000218-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoin2000218_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoin2000">Moin (2000)</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhash198474–82-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakhash198474–82_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBakhash1984">Bakhash (1984)</a>, pp. 74–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-iranonline-232"><a href="#cite_ref-iranonline_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManou_&_Associates_Inc." class="citation web cs1">Manou & Associates Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101123063337/http://www.iranonline.com/iran/iran-info/Government/constitution-8.html">"Iranian Government Constitution, English Text"</a>. iranonline.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranonline.com/iran/iran-info/Government/constitution-8.html">the original</a> on 23 November 2010. Retrieved 18 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iranian+Government+Constitution%2C+English+Text&rft.pub=iranonline.com&rft.au=Manou+%26+Associates+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranonline.com%2Firan%2Firan-info%2FGovernment%2Fconstitution-8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> Articles 99 and 108 of the constitution </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/history/islamic_revolution/revolution_and_iran_after1979_2.php">"History of Iran: Iran after the victory of 1979's Revolution"</a>. iranchamber.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100521034823/http://www.iranchamber.com/history/islamic_revolution/revolution_and_iran_after1979_2.php">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranchamber.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Iran%3A+Iran+after+the+victory+of+1979%27s+Revolution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranchamber.com%2Fhistory%2Fislamic_revolution%2Frevolution_and_iran_after1979_2.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bowden,_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowden, Mark">Bowden, Mark</a> (2006). <a href="/wiki/Guests_of_the_Ayatollah" title="Guests of the Ayatollah">Guests of the Ayatollah</a>: The Iran Hostage Crisis: The First Battle in America's War with Militant Islam. p. 10, New York: Grove Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87113-925-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87113-925-1">0-87113-925-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000228-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoin2000228_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoin2000">Moin (2000)</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry2004" class="citation web cs1">Henry, Terrence (9 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2004/12/into-the-den-of-spies/303639/">"Into the Den of Spies"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220711175927/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2004/12/into-the-den-of-spies/303639/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Into+the+Den+of+Spies&rft.date=2004-11-09&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Terrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2004%2F12%2Finto-the-den-of-spies%2F303639%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000248–249-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoin2000248–249_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoin2000">Moin (2000)</a>, pp. 248–249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeddie2003249-240"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeddie2003249_240-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeddie2003">Keddie (2003)</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> Bowden, Mark, Guests of the Ayatollah, Atlantic Monthly Press, 2006, p. 487 </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2015" class="citation cs2">Cohen, Ronen A. (2015), Revolution Under Attack: The Forqan Group of Iran, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, p. xii, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137502506">10.1057/9781137502506</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137502506" title="Special:BookSources/9781137502506"><bdi>9781137502506</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+Under+Attack%3A+The+Forqan+Group+of+Iran&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137502506&rft.isbn=9781137502506&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Ronen+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pay13-243"><a href="#cite_ref-pay13_243-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahimi2013" class="citation web cs1">Sahimi, Mohammad (20 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.payvand.com/news/13/aug/1138.html">"Iran's Bloody Decade of 1980s"</a>. Payvand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928185229/http://www.payvand.com/news/13/aug/1138.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Payvand&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+Bloody+Decade+of+1980s&rft.date=2013-08-20&rft.aulast=Sahimi&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.payvand.com%2Fnews%2F13%2Faug%2F1138.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoin2000208-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoin2000208_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoin2000">Moin (2000)</a>, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhash198461-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakhash198461_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBakhash1984">Bakhash (1984)</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackey1996291-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackey1996291_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMackey1996">Mackey (1996)</a>, p. 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxworthy2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Axworthy" title="Michael Axworthy">Axworthy, Michael</a> (2013). Revolutionary Iran: A History of the Islamic Republic. Oxford University Press. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-046896-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-046896-5"><bdi>978-0-19-046896-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Iran%3A+A+History+of+the+Islamic+Republic&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-046896-5&rft.aulast=Axworthy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Source: Letter from Amnesty International to the Shaul Bakhash, 6 July 1982. Quoted in <a href="#CITEREFBakhash1984">Bakhash (1984)</a>, p. 111 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhash1984111-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakhash1984111_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBakhash1984">Bakhash (1984)</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_250-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_250-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasiriFaghfouri_Azar2022" class="citation journal cs1">Nasiri, Shahin; Faghfouri Azar, Leila (28 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2022.2105027">"Investigating the 1981 Massacre in Iran: On the Law-Constituting Force of Violence"</a>. Journal of Genocide Research. 26 (2): 164–187. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2022.2105027">10.1080/14623528.2022.2105027</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251185903">251185903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Investigating+the+1981+Massacre+in+Iran%3A+On+the+Law-Constituting+Force+of+Violence&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=164-187&rft.date=2022-07-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2022.2105027&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251185903%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nasiri&rft.aufirst=Shahin&rft.au=Faghfouri+Azar%2C+Leila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F14623528.2022.2105027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhash1984221–222-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakhash1984221–222_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBakhash1984">Bakhash (1984)</a>, pp. 221–222. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-252">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_252-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_252-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRastyad_Collective" class="citation web cs1">Rastyad Collective. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rastyad.com/en/home_en/">"Rastyad: online database concerning the 1981 Massacre in Iran"</a>. Rastyad.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220812190357/https://rastyad.com/en/home_en/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2022. 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Rosen Pub. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4358-7499-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4358-7499-2"><bdi>978-1-4358-7499-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119152513/https://books.google.com/books?id=etS4WrHQ3okC&pg=PA72">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iran-Iraq+War&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Rosen+Pub.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4358-7499-2&rft.aulast=Karsh&rft.aufirst=Efraim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DetS4WrHQ3okC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> Wright, Robin (1989) In the Name of God. Simon & Schuster. p. 126. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-67235-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-67235-5">0-671-67235-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeddie2003241,_251-288"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeddie2003241,_251_288-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeddie2003">Keddie (2003)</a>, pp. 241, 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakhash1984128–129-289"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakhash1984128–129_289-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBakhash1984">Bakhash (1984)</a>, pp. 128–129. </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiro1991" class="citation book cs1">Hiro, Dilip (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/longestwariranir00hiro">The Longest War: The Iran-Iraq Military Conflict</a>. 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Lanham: Scarecrow Press, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7173-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7173-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-7173-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119152513/https://books.google.com/books?id=FbeN7dBFtGwC&pg=PA157">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023. 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Retrieved 21 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Khomeini+Denounced+By+Soviets&rft.date=1979-09-09&rft.aulast=Klose&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1979%2F09%2F09%2Fkhomeini-denounced-by-soviets%2F49a50695-4fa1-45e1-a915-49721bb80889%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishku2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bishku, Michael B. 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Retrieved 29 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7&rft.atitle=%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C%3A+%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87+%DB%B2%DB%B5+%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87+%D9%87%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C+%D8%A8%D8%A7+%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%8C+%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B1%D8%A7+%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA+%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF&rft.date=2020-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imna.ir%2Fnews%2F430222%2F%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%DB%B2%DB%B5-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%87%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranpress.com/iran-i148869">"Iran stresses deepening of the 25-year bilateral cooperation program with China"</a>. Iran Press (in Persian). 24 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201011135318/https://iranpress.com/content/23352">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2020. 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Financial Tribune. 22 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200714013923/https://financialtribune.com/articles/national/103946/gov-t-approves-25-year-roadmap-for-iran-china-cooperation">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2020. 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Retrieved 3 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Radio+World+Service&rft.atitle=Children+of+the+Revolution&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fworldservice%2Fdocumentaries%2F2008%2F09%2F080925_children_of_revolution_one.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101005011629/http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-476/_nr-1103/i.html">"Dialogue with the Islamic World"</a>. Qantara.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-476/_nr-1103/i.html">the original</a> on 5 October 2010. 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Retrieved 7 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Large+Number+of+Iranian+Prisoners+to+Be+Pardoned+for+Revolution+Anniversary%3A+Khamenei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Freuters%2F2019%2F02%2F07%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F07reuters-iran-revolution-anniversary-prisoners.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLlorente2019" class="citation web cs1">Llorente, Elizabeth (7 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/iran-may-release-huge-number-of-prisoners">"Iran may release huge number of prisoners"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalis.gvu.unu.edu/indicator_detail.cfm?country=IR&indicatorid=15">the original</a> on 13 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+Human+Development+Index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalis.gvu.unu.edu%2Findicator_detail.cfm%3Fcountry%3DIR%26indicatorid%3D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070813115438/http://globalis.gvu.unu.edu/indicator_detail.cfm?IndicatorID=15&Country=TR">"Turkey: Human Development Index"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalis.gvu.unu.edu/indicator_detail.cfm?country=TR&indicatorid=15">the original</a> on 13 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey%3A+Human+Development+Index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalis.gvu.unu.edu%2Findicator_detail.cfm%3Fcountry%3DTR%26indicatorid%3D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/data">"Data"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708072558/http://hdr.undp.org/en/data">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fdata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021222181139/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/DL17Ak03.html">"Iran's unsung rebellion By Syed Saleem Shahzad"</a>. atimes.com. 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Retrieved 5 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trump+and+Gay+Rights+The+Future+of+the+Global+Movement&rft.date=2017-02-13&rft.aulast=Encarnacion&rft.aufirst=Omar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F2017-02-13%2Ftrump-and-gay-rights%3Fcid%3Dnlc-fatoday-20170213%26sp_mid%3D53412954%26sp_rid%3DdmljdG9yLnN0ZXBpZW5AZ21haWwuY29tS0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-econ-7-3-15-352">^ <a href="#cite_ref-econ-7-3-15_352-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-econ-7-3-15_352-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21645738-foreign-businesses-are-looking-beyond-falling-oil-prices-and-limping">"Fading hope"</a>. 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Retrieved 8 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Fading+hope&rft.date=2015-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F21645738-foreign-businesses-are-looking-beyond-falling-oil-prices-and-limping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yeg-11-13-353"><a href="#cite_ref-yeg-11-13_353-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeganehshakib2013" class="citation journal cs1">Yeganehshakib, Reza (November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpolrisk.com/political-risk-to-investment-in-iran-sanctions-inflation-protectionism-war-bonyads-and-the-irgc/">"Political Risk to Investment in Iran: Sanctions, Inflation, Protectionism, War, Bonyads, and the IRGC"</a>. Journal of Political Risk. 1 (7). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518091405/http://www.jpolrisk.com/political-risk-to-investment-in-iran-sanctions-inflation-protectionism-war-bonyads-and-the-irgc/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2015. 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Farsoun; Mehrdad Mashayekhi (7 January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S1RsZrwm2p4C">Iran: Political Culture in the Islamic Republic</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-99351-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-99351-4"><bdi>978-0-203-99351-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119152514/https://books.google.com/books?id=S1RsZrwm2p4C">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+Political+Culture+in+the+Islamic+Republic&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1993-01-07&rft.isbn=978-0-203-99351-4&rft.au=Samih+K.+Farsoun&rft.au=Mehrdad+Mashayekhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS1RsZrwm2p4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamian1982" class="citation book cs1">Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). <a href="/wiki/Iran_Between_Two_Revolutions" title="Iran Between Two Revolutions">Iran Between Two Revolutions</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00790-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00790-X"><bdi>0-691-00790-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+Between+Two+Revolutions&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-691-00790-X&rft.aulast=Abrahamian&rft.aufirst=Ervand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamian1993" class="citation book cs1">Abrahamian, Ervand (1993). Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic. Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khomeinism%3A+Essays+on+the+Islamic+Republic&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Abrahamian&rft.aufirst=Ervand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamian2008" class="citation book cs1">Abrahamian, Ervand (2008). History of Modern Iran. Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Modern+Iran&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Abrahamian&rft.aufirst=Ervand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmanat2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Amanat" title="Abbas Amanat">Amanat, Abbas</a> (2017). Iran: A Modern History. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11254-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11254-2"><bdi>978-0-300-11254-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11254-2&rft.aulast=Amanat&rft.aufirst=Abbas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmuzegar1991" class="citation book cs1">Amuzegar, Jahangir (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3KL5FvOejKkC&pg=RA1-PR13">Dynamics of the Iranian Revolution: The Pahlavis' Triumph and Tragedy</a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0731-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0731-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-0731-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119152516/https://books.google.com/books?id=3KL5FvOejKkC&pg=RA1-PR13">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynamics+of+the+Iranian+Revolution%3A+The+Pahlavis%27+Triumph+and+Tragedy&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0731-8&rft.aulast=Amuzegar&rft.aufirst=Jahangir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3KL5FvOejKkC%26pg%3DRA1-PR13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArjomand1988" class="citation book cs1">Arjomand, Said Amir (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turbanforcrownis00arjo">Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504257-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504257-3"><bdi>0-19-504257-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turban+for+the+Crown%3A+The+Islamic+Revolution+in+Iran&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-19-504257-3&rft.aulast=Arjomand&rft.aufirst=Said+Amir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fturbanforcrownis00arjo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzari1983" class="citation book cs1">Azari, Farah (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenofiranconfl0000unse">Women of Iran: the conflict with fundamentalist Islam</a>. Ithaca Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903729-95-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-903729-95-4"><bdi>0-903729-95-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+of+Iran%3A+the+conflict+with+fundamentalist+Islam&rft.pub=Ithaca+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-903729-95-4&rft.aulast=Azari&rft.aufirst=Farah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomenofiranconfl0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakhash1984" class="citation book cs1">Bakhash, Shaul (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reignofayatolla00bakh">Reign of the Ayatollahs</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-06888-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-06888-X"><bdi>0-465-06888-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reign+of+the+Ayatollahs&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-465-06888-X&rft.aulast=Bakhash&rft.aufirst=Shaul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freignofayatolla00bakh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrumberg2001" class="citation book cs1">Brumberg, Daniel (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aPT9QRtDMr8C">Reinventing Khomeini: the struggle for reform in Iran</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-07758-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-07758-1"><bdi>978-0-226-07758-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119152517/https://books.google.com/books?id=aPT9QRtDMr8C">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinventing+Khomeini%3A+the+struggle+for+reform+in+Iran&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-226-07758-1&rft.aulast=Brumberg&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaPT9QRtDMr8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGölz2017" class="citation book cs1">Gölz, Olmo (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34634793">"Khomeini's Face is in the Moon: Limitations of Sacredness and the Origins of Sovereignty"</a>. In F. Heinzer; <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rn_Leonhard" title="Jörn Leonhard">J. Leonhard</a>; R. von den Hoff (eds.). Sakralität und Heldentum. Vol. 6: Helden – Heroisierungen – Heroismen. Würzburg: Ergon. pp. 229–244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5771%2F9783956503085">10.5771/9783956503085</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-95650-308-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-95650-308-5"><bdi>978-3-95650-308-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813112343/https://www.academia.edu/34634793">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Khomeini%27s+Face+is+in+the+Moon%3A+Limitations+of+Sacredness+and+the+Origins+of+Sovereignty&rft.btitle=Sakralit%C3%A4t+und+Heldentum&rft.place=W%C3%BCrzburg&rft.series=Vol.+6%3A+Helden+%E2%80%93+Heroisierungen+%E2%80%93+Heroismen&rft.pages=229-244&rft.pub=Ergon&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5771%2F9783956503085&rft.isbn=978-3-95650-308-5&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6lz&rft.aufirst=Olmo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34634793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1980" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Robert (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iranillusionofpo0000grah">Iran, the Illusion of Power</a>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-43588-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-43588-6"><bdi>0-312-43588-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%2C+the+Illusion+of+Power&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-312-43588-6&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firanillusionofpo0000grah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarney1998" class="citation book cs1">Harney, Desmond (1998). The priest and the king: an eyewitness account of the Islamic revolution. I.B. Tauris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+priest+and+the+king%3A+an+eyewitness+account+of+the+Islamic+revolution&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Harney&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsfandiyārī1997" class="citation book cs1">Isfandiyārī, Hālāh (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reconstructedliv0000isfa">Reconstructed lives: women and Iran's Islamic revolution</a>. Woodrow Wilson Center Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5618-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5618-1"><bdi>978-0-8018-5618-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstructed+lives%3A+women+and+Iran%27s+Islamic+revolution&rft.pub=Woodrow+Wilson+Center+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5618-1&rft.aulast=Isfandiy%C4%81r%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=H%C4%81l%C4%81h&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freconstructedliv0000isfa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeddie2003" class="citation book cs1">Keddie, Nikki (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moderniranrootsr0000kedd">Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-09856-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-09856-1"><bdi>0-300-09856-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Iran%3A+Roots+and+Results+of+Revolution&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-300-09856-1&rft.aulast=Keddie&rft.aufirst=Nikki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoderniranrootsr0000kedd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhomeiniAlgar1981" class="citation book cs1">Khomeini; Algar (1981). Islam and Revolution.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Revolution&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Khomeini&rft.au=Algar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurzman2004" class="citation book cs1">Kurzman, Charles (2004). The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01328-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01328-X"><bdi>0-674-01328-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unthinkable+Revolution+in+Iran&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-674-01328-X&rft.aulast=Kurzman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurzman2005" class="citation book cs1">Kurzman, Charles (2005). The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01843-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01843-3"><bdi>978-0-674-01843-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unthinkable+Revolution+in+Iran&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01843-3&rft.aulast=Kurzman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackey1996" class="citation book cs1">Mackey, Sandra (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iranianspersiais00mack">The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation</a>. Dutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-452-27563-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-452-27563-6"><bdi>0-452-27563-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iranians%3A+Persia%2C+Islam+and+the+Soul+of+a+Nation&rft.pub=Dutton&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-452-27563-6&rft.aulast=Mackey&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firanianspersiais00mack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoin2000" class="citation book cs1">Moin, Baqer (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/khomeinilifeofay00moin">Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah</a>. Thomas Dunne Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-26490-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-26490-9"><bdi>0-312-26490-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khomeini%3A+Life+of+the+Ayatollah&rft.pub=Thomas+Dunne+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-312-26490-9&rft.aulast=Moin&rft.aufirst=Baqer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkhomeinilifeofay00moin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNashat1983" class="citation book cs1">Nashat, Guity (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenrevolutioni0000unse">Women and revolution in Iran</a>. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86531-931-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-86531-931-6"><bdi>0-86531-931-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+revolution+in+Iran&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-86531-931-6&rft.aulast=Nashat&rft.aufirst=Guity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomenrevolutioni0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy1994" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Olivier (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/failureofpolitic00royo">The Failure of Political Islam</a>. Translated by Carol Volk. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-29140-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-29140-9"><bdi>0-674-29140-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Failure+of+Political+Islam&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-674-29140-9&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffailureofpolitic00royo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchirazi1997" class="citation book cs1">Schirazi, Asghar (1997). The Constitution of Iran. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-253-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-253-5"><bdi>1-86064-253-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Iran&rft.pub=Tauris&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-86064-253-5&rft.aulast=Schirazi&rft.aufirst=Asghar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirley1997" class="citation book cs1">Shirley, Edward (1997). Know Thine Enemy. Farra. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3588-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3588-4"><bdi>0-8133-3588-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Know+Thine+Enemy&rft.pub=Farra&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8133-3588-4&rft.aulast=Shirley&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaheri1985" class="citation book cs1">Taheri, Amir (1985). The Spirit of Allah. Adler & Adler. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-160320-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-160320-X"><bdi>0-09-160320-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+Allah&rft.pub=Adler+%26+Adler&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-09-160320-X&rft.aulast=Taheri&rft.aufirst=Amir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfshar1985" class="citation book cs1">Afshar, Haleh, ed. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iranrevolutionin0000unse_t0b1">Iran: a revolution in turmoil</a>. Basingstoke: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-36946-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-36946-3"><bdi>978-0-333-36946-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+a+revolution+in+turmoil&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-333-36946-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firanrevolutionin0000unse_t0b1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarthel1983" class="citation book cs1">Barthel, Günter (1983). Iran: From Monarchy to Republic. Berlin, Germany: <a href="/wiki/Akademie_Verlag" title="Akademie Verlag">Akademie Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15627074">15627074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+From+Monarchy+to+Republic&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Akademie+Verlag&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15627074&rft.aulast=Barthel&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchan2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Buchan" title="James Buchan">Buchan, James</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XY9FAQAAQBAJ">Days of God: the revolution in Iran and its consequences</a>. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-9777-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-9777-3"><bdi>978-1-4165-9777-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Days+of+God%3A+the+revolution+in+Iran+and+its+consequences&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-9777-3&rft.aulast=Buchan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXY9FAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel2012" class="citation book cs1">Daniel, Elton L. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DOnEEAAAQBAJ">The history of Iran</a>. The Greenwood histories of the modern nations (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, Calif: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37509-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37509-5"><bdi>978-0-313-37509-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/752955486">752955486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Iran&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif&rft.series=The+Greenwood+histories+of+the+modern+nations&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F752955486&rft.isbn=978-0-313-37509-5&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=Elton+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDOnEEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito1990" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John L., ed. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_0813009987">The Iranian revolution: its global impact</a>. Miami: Florida International University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-0998-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-0998-8"><bdi>978-0-8130-0998-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iranian+revolution%3A+its+global+impact&rft.place=Miami&rft.pub=Florida+International+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-0998-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_0813009987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiro2013" class="citation book cs1">Hiro, Dilip (2013) [1989]. "Iran: Revolutionary Fundamentalism in Power". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0cv9AQAAQBAJ">Holy wars: the rise of Islamic fundamentalism</a>. Routledge revivals (Reprint ed.). Abingdon: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 142–226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-82444-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-82444-6"><bdi>978-0-415-82444-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran%3A+Revolutionary+Fundamentalism+in+Power&rft.btitle=Holy+wars%3A+the+rise+of+Islamic+fundamentalism&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.series=Routledge+revivals&rft.pages=142-226&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-82444-6&rft.aulast=Hiro&rft.aufirst=Dilip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0cv9AQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapuściński1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ryszard_Kapu%C5%9Bci%C5%84ski" title="Ryszard Kapuściński">Kapuściński, Ryszard</a> (1992). <a href="/wiki/Shah_of_Shahs_(book)" title="Shah of Shahs (book)">Shah of shahs</a>. Translated by Brand, William R.; Mroczkowska-Brand, Katarzyna. New York: <a href="/wiki/Vintage_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Vintage International">Vintage International</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-73801-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-73801-5"><bdi>978-0-679-73801-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shah+of+shahs&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+International&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-679-73801-5&rft.aulast=Kapu%C5%9Bci%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Ryszard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahlili2010" class="citation book cs1">Kahlili, Reza (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YfL9zcW1-qAC">A time to betray: the astonishing double life of a CIA agent inside the Revolutionary Guards of Iran</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Threshold_Editions" title="Threshold Editions">Threshold Editions</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-8903-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-8903-0"><bdi>978-1-4391-8903-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/462904694">462904694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+time+to+betray%3A+the+astonishing+double+life+of+a+CIA+agent+inside+the+Revolutionary+Guards+of+Iran&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Threshold+Editions&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F462904694&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-8903-0&rft.aulast=Kahlili&rft.aufirst=Reza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYfL9zcW1-qAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakhtiarLadjevardi1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bakhtiar, Chapour; Ladjevardi, Habib (1996). <bdi lang="fa">خاطرات شاپور بختيار : نخست وزير ايران (١٣٥٧)</bdi> [Memoirs of Shapour Bakhtiar: Prime minister of iran (1979)]. Iranian oral history series (in Persian). Cambridge, Mass.: Center for Middle Eastern Studies, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932885-14-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932885-14-2"><bdi>978-0-932885-14-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1+%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1+%3A+%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA+%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86+%28%D9%A1%D9%A3%D9%A5%D9%A7%29&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.series=Iranian+oral+history+series&rft.pub=Center+for+Middle+Eastern+Studies%2C+Harvard+University&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-932885-14-2&rft.aulast=Bakhtiar&rft.aufirst=Chapour&rft.au=Ladjevardi%2C+Habib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraft1978" class="citation magazine cs1">Kraft, Joseph (10 December 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/archive/1978/12/18/1978_12_18_134_TNY_CARDS_000322991">"Letter from Iran"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. Vol. LIV, no. 44 (published 18 December 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140427145920/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1978/12/18/1978_12_18_134_TNY_CARDS_000322991">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Letter+from+Iran&rft.volume=LIV&rft.issue=44&rft.date=1978-12-10&rft.aulast=Kraft&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farchive%2F1978%2F12%2F18%2F1978_12_18_134_TNY_CARDS_000322991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegum1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Legum, Colin, ed. (1980). Middle East Contemporary Survey. Vol. 3, 1978–79. Holmes & Meier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8419-0514-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8419-0514-6"><bdi>978-0-8419-0514-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+East+Contemporary+Survey&rft.pub=Holmes+%26+Meier&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-8419-0514-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilani2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Milani" title="Abbas Milani">Milani, Abbas</a> (2000). The Persian sphinx: Amir Abbas Hoveyda and the riddle of the Iranian Revolution: a biography. Washington, D.C: Mage Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-934211-61-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-934211-61-1"><bdi>978-0-934211-61-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+sphinx%3A+Amir+Abbas+Hoveyda+and+the+riddle+of+the+Iranian+Revolution%3A+a+biography&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C&rft.pub=Mage+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-934211-61-1&rft.aulast=Milani&rft.aufirst=Abbas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunson1988" class="citation book cs1">Munson, Henry Jr. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jlgZGcPmpNcC">Islam and revolution in the Middle East</a>. New Haven London: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04604-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04604-5"><bdi>978-0-300-04604-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+revolution+in+the+Middle+East&rft.place=New+Haven+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-300-04604-5&rft.aulast=Munson&rft.aufirst=Henry+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjlgZGcPmpNcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNafisi2004" class="citation book cs1">Nafisi, Azar (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BAPYyCrqReUC">Reading Lolita in Tehran: a Memoir in Books</a>. 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JX 1417 A56 1977–80 REF.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+foreign+policy+basic+documents%2C+1977%E2%80%931980&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10008096&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F83602704&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuc1.l0072855414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYapp2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Yapp" title="Malcolm Yapp">Yapp, Malcolm</a> (2014) [1991]. "13. Iran, 1960-89". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tpHZBAAAQBAJ">The Near East since the First World War: a history to 1995</a>. A history of the Near East (3rd ed.). London ; New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315842998">10.4324/9781315842998</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-25651-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-25651-4"><bdi>978-0-582-25651-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=13.+Iran%2C+1960-89&rft.btitle=The+Near+East+since+the+First+World+War%3A+a+history+to+1995&rft.place=London+%3B+New+York&rft.series=A+history+of+the+Near+East&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315842998&rft.isbn=978-0-582-25651-4&rft.aulast=Yapp&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtpHZBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaheri2009" class="citation book cs1">Taheri, Amir (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xm7LOtgu-B8C">The Persian night: Iran under the Khomeinist revolution</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59403-240-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59403-240-0"><bdi>978-1-59403-240-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+night%3A+Iran+under+the+Khomeinist+revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Encounter+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59403-240-0&rft.aulast=Taheri&rft.aufirst=Amir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXm7LOtgu-B8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+revolution" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iranian_Revolution" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Islamic_Revolution" class="extiw" title="q:Islamic Revolution">Islamic Revolution</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Revolution" title="Islam and Revolution">Islamic Revolution</a> Portal <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revolution.ir/portal/">The Iran Revolution.</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/history/islamic_revolution/revolution_and_iran_after1979_1.php">"Iran after the victory of 1979's Revolution"</a> on Iran Chamber Society</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761588431/Islamic_Revolution_of_Iran.html">Islamic Revolution of Iran, Encarta</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091028082940/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761588431/Islamic_Revolution_of_Iran.html">Archived</a> 28 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 2009-10-31)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-32981/international-relations">The Islamic revolution, Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/audioslideshow/2009/feb/03/iran-iranian-revolution">The Islamic revolution: 30 years on, its legacy still looms large</a> – audio slideshow by <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_articles">Historical articles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Historical articles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/revolution/">The Story of the Revolution</a> – a detailed web resource from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a> Persian Branch</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/reunion/reunion4.shtml">The Reunion – The Shah of Iran's Court</a> – <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> an audio program featuring the pre-Revolutionary elite</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/ch29ir.html">The Islamic Revolution</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyberessays.com/History/120.htm">The Islamic revolution</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227000031/http://internews.org/visavis/BTVPagesTXT/Theislamicrevolution.html">The Islamic revolution</a>, Internews.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analytical_articles">Analytical articles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Analytical articles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/4557">"Islamic Revolution,"</a>, The New York Review of Books (21 January 1988).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/4444">Islamic Revolution: An Exchange</a> by <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Milani" title="Abbas Milani">Abbas Milani</a>, with reply by Bernard Lewis</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/007863.html">What Are the Iranians Dreaming About?</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040926063841/http://www.wpunj.edu/newpol/issue37/Afary37.htm">The Seductions of Islamism, Revisiting Foucault and the Islamic Revolution</a> by Janet Afary and Kevin B. Anderson, New Politics, vol. 10, no. 1, whole no. 37 (Summer 2004).</li> <li>Moojan Momen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970126220214/http://www.northill.demon.co.uk/relstud/shia.htm">"The Religious Background of the 1979 Revolution in Iran"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marxist.com/iranian-revolution-grant090279.htm">The Islamic Revolution</a> by Ted Grant, "In Defence of Marxism" website, International Marxist Tendency (Friday, 9 February 1979).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/iran.htm">Class Analysis of the Islamic Revolution of 1979</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502062641/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/iran.htm">Archived</a> 2 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Satya J. Gabriel</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060930053541/http://www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us/History/MidEast/02/curme/curme.htm">The Cause of The Islamic Revolution</a> by Jon Curme</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/hekmat-mansoor/1995/undefeated.htm">History of Undefeated, A few words in commemoration of the 1979 Revolution</a> By Mansoor Hekmat, Communist Thinker and Revolutionary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marxist.com/revolution-counterrevolution-iran120903.htm">Revolution and Counter-revolution in Iran</a> by HKS, Iranian Socialist Workers Party</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_pictures_and_videos">In pictures and videos</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_revolution&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: In pictures and videos">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090619171514/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/28202/iran-revolution-and-beyond">Iran: Revolution and Beyond </a> – slideshow by <a href="/wiki/Life_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Life magazine">Life magazine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080112205438/http://www.iranrevolution.com/index_05.html">iranrevolution.com</a> by Akbar Nazemi</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranianrial.blogspot.com/p/islamic-revolution-photos-by-kaveh.html">Islamic Revolution, Photos</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kaveh_Golestan" title="Kaveh Golestan">Kaveh Golestan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006204231/http://www.kavehkazemi.com/english/gallery/detail.php?act=pics&caid=47&coid=ir">Photos from Kave Kazemi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iranianrial.globalcurrencyreset.net/iranian-revolution/">The Islamic Revolution in Pictures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/04/middle_east_the_iranian_revolution/html/1.stm">Islamic revolution in pictures</a>, BBC World</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/audioslideshow/2009/feb/03/iran-iranian-revolution">Slideshow with audio commentary of the legacy of Islamic revolution after 30 years</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/template/2.0-0/element/pictureGalleryPopup.jsp?id=5694301&offset=0&sectionName=TimesArchive">Pictures of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini after the revolution, Shah and wife in Morocco </a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDifaCVanaM">Documentary: Anatomy of a Revolution</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ot0GSG6LMOA">NIGHT AFTER THE REVOLUTION English Version </a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iranian_Revolution_of_1979" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background:#ccccff"><div id="Iranian_Revolution_of_1979" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Iranian Revolution of 1979</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">3400–539 BC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura-Araxes culture (3400–2000 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite civilization (3100–2700 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite dynasties (2700–540 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi (c.2300–675 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites (c.1595–c.1155 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannaeans">Kingdom of Mannai (10th–7th century BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–609 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu (860 BC–590 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median Empire (678–549 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian Kingdom (652–625 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire (626–539 BC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">550 BC–AD 224</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atropatene" title="Atropatene">Atropatene (c.323 BC–AD 226)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Kingdom of Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire (312–63 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frataraka" title="Frataraka">Frataraka (c.295–220 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire (247 BC–AD 224)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Persis" title="Kings of Persis">Kings of Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">AD 224–651</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire (AD 224–651)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval and early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">632–1090</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid dynasty (819–999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty (821–873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alavid dynasty (864–928)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty (861–1003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid dynasty (931–1090)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty (934–1062)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">977–1432</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid Empire (977–1186)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid dynasty (1011–1215)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire (1037–1194)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushtegin_dynasty" title="Anushtegin dynasty">Anushtegin dynasty (1077–1231)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids (1135/36-1225)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart dynasty (1244–1381)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate (1256–1335)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Iran)" title="Muzaffarids (Iran)">Muzaffarid dynasty (1314–1393)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid Sultanate dynasty (1335–1432)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanid dynasty (1338–1357)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">1370–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire (1370–1507)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans (1374–1468)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans (1378–1508)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Empire (1501–1736)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Empire (1736–1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand Dynasty (1751–1794)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Empire (1789–1925)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">Khanates of the Caucasus (18th–20th centuries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_bombardment_of_the_Majlis" title="1908 bombardment of the Majlis">1908 bombardment of the Majlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Persian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1921 Persian coup d'état">1921 Persian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">1925–1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab_dispute" title="Shatt al-Arab dispute">Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Iranian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election">1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iranian revolution (1979)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Islamic Republic</a> 1979–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran">History (1979–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">Interim Government (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1979_Iranian_Islamic_Republic_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum">March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1979_Iranian_constitutional_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum">December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Embassy_siege" title="Iranian Embassy siege">Iranian Embassy siege (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nojeh_coup_plot" title="Nojeh coup plot">Nojeh coup plot (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War (1980–88)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran_(1981)" title="Interim Government of Iran (1981)">Interim Government of Iran (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" title="Iran Air Flight 655">Iran Air Flight 655 shootdown (1988)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDPI_insurgency_(1989%E2%80%931996)" title="KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)">KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict" title="Iran–PJAK conflict">PJAK conflict (2004–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election_protests" title="2009 Iranian presidential election protests">2009 Iranian presidential election protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war (2011–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_military_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="International military intervention against the Islamic State">International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">United States withdrawal (2018)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Iranian_protests" title="2017–2018 Iranian protests">2017–2018 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Iranian_general_strikes_and_protests" title="2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests">2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iran">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Iranian_protests" title="2019–2020 Iranian protests">2019–2020 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iranian_protests" title="2021–2022 Iranian protests">2021–2022 Iranian protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Persians" title="List of ancient Persians">Ancient Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">languages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Peoples of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Monarchs of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Iran" title="List of heads of state of Iran">Heads of state of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy_in_classical_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of democracy in classical Iran">History of democracy in classical Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran" title="Military history of Iran">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electricity_in_Iran" title="History of electricity in Iran">Electric history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Iran" title="List of years in Iran">Years in Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iran" title="Geography of Iran">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Iran" title="Borders of Iran">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran_by_province" title="List of cities in Iran by province">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_Iran" title="List of largest cities of Iran">largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Iran" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Iran">twin towns and sister cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Iran" title="List of earthquakes in Iran">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iran" title="Climate change in Iran">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Iranian Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province" title="Sistan and Baluchestan province">Iranian Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Hyrcanian_mixed_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests">Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Lake Urmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iran" title="List of islands of Iran">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Iran" title="List of mountains in Iran">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iran" title="Wildlife of Iran">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Iran" title="Censorship in Iran">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran" title="Constitution of Iran">Constitution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iran" title="Elections in Iran">Elections</a> (<a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2009 Iranian presidential election">2009 presidential</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Human rights in Iran">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childrens%27_Rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Childrens' Rights in Iran">Children's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iran">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Iran" title="Women's rights in Iran">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_judicial_system_of_Iran" title="History of the judicial system of Iran">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Armed_Forces" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces">Military</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Navy" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Navy">Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)">Ministry of Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_and_Iran" title="Cyberwarfare and Iran">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">UN Security Council Resolution 1747</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iran" title="List of political parties in Iran">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Iran" title="Propaganda in Iran">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Reformists" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Reformists">Reformists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_and_terrorism_in_Iran" title="Assassination and terrorism in Iran">Terrorism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">state-sponsorship allegations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Revolution" title="White Revolution">White Revolution (1963)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_movement_in_Iran" title="Women's rights movement in Iran">Women's rights movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly (or Council) of Experts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expediency_Discernment_Council" title="Expediency Discernment Council">Expediency Discernment Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_councils_of_Iran" title="Local councils of Iran">Local councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Security_Council" title="Supreme National Security Council">Supreme National Security Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_officials" title="List of Iranian officials">Officials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ambassadors_from_Iran" title="List of current ambassadors from Iran">Ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Iran_governors-general" title="List of current Iran governors-general">Provincial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonyad" title="Bonyad">Bonyad (charitable trust)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight_from_Iran" title="Human capital flight from Iran">Brain drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iran" title="List of companies of Iran">Companies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Iran" title="Automotive industry in Iran">Automotive industry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Iran" title="Child labour in Iran">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iran" title="Economic history of Iran">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Economic_Reform_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Economic Reform Plan">Economic Reform Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran" title="Foreign direct investment in Iran">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_Iran" title="Intellectual property in Iran">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_oil_bourse" title="Iranian oil bourse">International oil bourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Iran and the World Trade Organization">Iran and the World Trade Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran" title="Taxation in Iran">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_laws_in_Iran" title="List of economic laws in Iran">Main economic laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy of the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milad_Tower" title="Milad Tower">Milad Tower and complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_equipment_manufactured_in_Iran" title="List of military equipment manufactured in Iran">Military equipment manufactured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">UN Security Council Resolution 1747</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Iran" title="Privatization in Iran">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rial" title="Iranian rial">Rial (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Imam_Khomeini%27s_Order" title="Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order">Setad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Audit_Court_of_Iran" title="Supreme Audit Court of Iran">Supreme Audit Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Stock_Exchange" title="Tehran Stock Exchange">Tehran Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_capital_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture capital in Iran">Venture capital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran#Technology_start-ups" title="Communications in Iran">Technology start-ups</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_sector" title="Economic sector">Sectors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran" title="Agriculture in Iran">Agriculture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fruit_production_in_Iran" title="Fruit production in Iran">fruit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_insurance_in_Iran" title="Banking and insurance in Iran">Banking and insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran" title="Central Bank of Iran">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetab_Banking_System" title="Shetab Banking System">Shetab Banking System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Iran" title="Construction industry of Iran">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Iran" title="Defense industry of Iran">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Iran" title="Healthcare in Iran">Health care</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals in Iran">Pharmaceuticals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran" title="Industry of Iran">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Iran" title="Mining in Iran">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">Petroleum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran" title="Communications in Iran">Telecommunications and IT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_Company_of_Iran" title="Telecommunication Company of Iran">TCI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran" title="Transport in Iran">Transport</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Iran" title="List of airlines of Iran">airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Metro" title="Tehran Metro">metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Railways" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Railways">railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRISL_Group" title="IRISL Group">shipping</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iran" title="Tourism in Iran">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Industries_Organization" title="Defense Industries Organization">Defense Industries Organization (DIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDRO_Group" title="IDRO Group">Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Aviation_Industries_Organization" title="Iran Aviation Industries Organization">Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Electronics_Industries" title="Iran Electronics Industries">Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_Fund_of_Iran" title="National Development Fund of Iran">National Development Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaluyeh" title="Asaluyeh">Asaluyeh industrial corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabahar_Free_Trade-Industrial_Zone" title="Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone">Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_Island" title="Kish Island">Kish Island Free Trade Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_research_centers" title="List of Iranian research centers">Research centers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iran" title="Category:Society of Iran">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iran" title="Languages of Iran">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian (Farsi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Iranian citizens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_diaspora" title="Iranian diaspora">abroad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Iran" title="Ethnic minorities in Iran">Ethnic minorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iran" title="Assyrians in Iran">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iran" title="Circassians in Iran">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Georgians" title="Iranian Georgians">Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Turkmen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Iran" title="Baháʼí Faith in Iran">Baháʼí Faith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">persecution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">Zoroastrians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">persecution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iran" title="Freedom of religion in Iran">Freedom of religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Iran" title="Crime in Iran">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">Education</a> (<a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Iran" title="Higher education in Iran">higher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Intellectual movements in Iran">Intellectual movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-modern_Iranian_scientists_and_scholars" title="List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars">scientists and scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Iran" title="List of universities in Iran">universities</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationality_law" title="Iranian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Iran" title="Water supply and sanitation in Iran">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Architecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architects_of_Iran" title="Architects of Iran">architects</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">modern / contemporary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_astronomy" title="Persian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blogging_in_Iran" title="Blogging in Iran">Blogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Calendars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Persian New Year (Nowruz)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran" title="Fashion in Iran">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Persian_antiquities_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Persian antiquities dispute">Chicago Persian antiquities dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iran" title="Cinema of Iran">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folklore" title="Iranian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Intellectual movements in Iran">Intellectual movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranians" title="List of Iranians">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_studies" title="Iranian studies">Iranian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Iran" title="Islamization of Iran">Islamization</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iran" title="Mass media in Iran">Media</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_news_agencies" title="List of Iranian news agencies">news agencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Students_News_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Students News Agency">student</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Iran" title="List of newspapers in Iran">newspapers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_National_Jewels" title="Iranian National Jewels">National Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national symbols of Iran">National symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Anthem_of_Iran" title="Imperial Anthem of Iran">Imperial Anthem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_in_Iran" title="Opium in Iran">Opium consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iran" title="Public holidays in Iran">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Iran" title="Scouting in Iran">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iran" title="Sport in Iran">Sport</a> (<a href="/wiki/Football_in_Iran" title="Football in Iran">football</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folk_music" title="Iranian folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_jazz" title="Iranian jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_pop_music" title="Iranian pop music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop" title="Iranian hip hop">Rap and hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rock" title="Iranian rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ey_Iran" title="Ey Iran">Ey Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Iran" title="Science and technology in Iran">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Anti-Iranian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehrangeles" title="Tehrangeles">Tehrangeles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran" title="Category:Iran">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Changes_in_political_power_in_Iran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Changes_in_political_power_in_Iran" title="Template:Changes in political power in Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Changes_in_political_power_in_Iran" title="Template talk:Changes in political power in Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Changes_in_political_power_in_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Changes in political power in Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Changes_in_political_power_in_Iran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Changes in political power in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">1905–06</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1979</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coup d'état</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1908_bombardment_of_the_Majlis" title="1908 bombardment of the Majlis">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Persian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1921 Persian coup d'état">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nojeh_coup_plot" title="Nojeh coup plot">1980 attempt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_Tehran" title="Triumph of Tehran">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">1941</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Politics of Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protests_in_Iran" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protests_in_Iran" title="Template:Protests in Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protests_in_Iran" title="Template talk:Protests in Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protests_in_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protests in Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protests_in_Iran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Protests in Iran</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Protest" title="Tobacco Protest">Tobacco Protest (1890–1892)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">1906 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Iranian_Uprising" title="1952 Iranian Uprising">1952 riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_demonstrations_in_Iran" title="1963 demonstrations in Iran">1963 riots</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iranian revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Qom_protest" title="1978 Qom protest">1978 Qom protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Tabriz_protests" title="1978 Tabriz protests">1978 Tabriz protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1978)" title="Black Friday (1978)">Black Friday (1978)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_International_Women%27s_Day_protests_in_Tehran" title="1979 International Women's Day protests in Tehran">1979 Women Day protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_June_1981_Iranian_protests" title="20 June 1981 Iranian protests">1981 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Iranian_student_protests" title="1999 Iranian student protests">1999 student protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_Iranian_student_protests" title="2003 Iranian student protests">2003 student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Ahvaz_unrest" title="2005 Ahvaz unrest">2005 Ahvaz unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Green_Movement" title="Iranian Green Movement">Green Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election_protests" title="2009 Iranian presidential election protests">2009 presidential election protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashura_protests" title="Ashura protests">2009 Ashura protests</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests" title="2011–2012 Iranian protests">2011–2012 protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Khuzestan_protests" title="2011 Khuzestan protests">2011 Khuzestan protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabad_riots" title="Mahabad riots">2015 Mahabad riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitilieh_programme_protests_in_Iran" title="Fitilieh programme protests in Iran">2015 Fitilieh programme protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Cyrus_the_Great_Revolt" title="2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt">2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Iranian_protests" title="2017–2018 Iranian protests">2017–2018 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_protests_against_compulsory_hijab" title="Iranian protests against compulsory hijab">Iranian protests against compulsory hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Dervish_protests" title="2018 Dervish protests">2018 Dervish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_protests_in_Iran" title="2018 protests in Iran">2018 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Iranian_general_strikes_and_protests" title="2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests">2018–2019 general strikes and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Iranian_water_protests" title="2018 Iranian water protests">2018 water protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2018_uprising_in_Iran" title="August 2018 uprising in Iran">August 2018 uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Iranian_protest_movement" title="2018 Iranian protest movement">2018 protest movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Iranian_university_protests" title="2018 Iranian university protests">2018 university protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_protests_in_Iran" title="2019 protests in Iran">2019 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Iranian_protests" title="2019–2020 Iranian protests">2019–2020 protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahshahr_massacre" title="Mahshahr massacre">Mahshahr massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752_protests" title="Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests">Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iranian_protests" title="2021–2022 Iranian protests">2021–2022 protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Iranian_water_protests" title="2021 Iranian water protests">2021 water protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Iranian_food_protests" title="2022 Iranian food protests">2022 food protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahsa_Amini_protests" title="Mahsa Amini protests">Mahsa Amini protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation Priboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation Masterdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation Beleaguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation Blacklist Forty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the Tuapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation Gladio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS Pueblo incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism" title="Template:Islamism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamism" title="Template talk:Islamism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism_in_Iran" title="Islamic fundamentalism in Iran">Shia Islamism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_governance" title="Islamic governance">Islamic governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_monarchy" title="Islamic monarchy">Islamic monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamistan" title="Islamistan">Islamistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">of knowledge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_model" title="Turkish model">Turkish model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Socio-political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir_Britain" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain">in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir_in_Central_Asia" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir in Central Asia">in Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Defenders_Front" title="Islamic Defenders Front">Islamic Defenders Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">in Syria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">Political parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_(Egypt)" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">Freedom and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Algeria_Alliance" title="Green Algeria Alliance">Green Algeria Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennahda" title="Ennahda">Ennahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Constitutional_Movement" title="Islamic Constitutional Movement">Hadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Salvation_Front" title="Islamic Salvation Front">Islamic Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami">Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat-e_Islami" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamiat-e Islami">Jamiat-e Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Construction_Party" title="Justice and Construction Party">Justice and Construction Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Morocco)" title="Justice and Development Party (Morocco)">Justice and Development Party (Morocco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_Party_(Sudan)" title="National Congress Party (Sudan)">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iraqi_Alliance" title="National Iraqi Alliance">National Iraqi Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Islamic_Party" title="Malaysian Islamic Party">Malaysian Islamic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Justice_Party" title="Prosperous Justice Party">Prosperous Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Wefaq" title="Al Wefaq">Al Wefaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_Party" title="Welfare Party">Welfare Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_Alliance" title="Fatah Alliance">Fatah Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Law_Coalition" title="State of Law Coalition">State of Law Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Action_Front" title="Islamic Action Front">Islamic Action Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_List" title="United Arab List">United Arab List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" title="Houthi movement">Ansar Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Islamic modernism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political leaders</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani">Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi" title="Rached Ghannouchi">Rached Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwat_Hegazi" title="Safwat Hegazi">Safwat Hegazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Alija Izetbegović">Alija Izetbegović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Ali_Hasani_Nadwi" title="Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi">Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Nabhani" title="Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani">Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan" title="Tariq Ramadan">Tariq Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Abu_Rashta" title="Ata Abu Rashta">Ata Abu Rashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navvab_Safavi" title="Navvab Safavi">Navvab Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bongo" title="Omar Bongo">Omar Bongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah" title="Haji Shariatullah">Haji Shariatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Turabi" title="Hassan al-Turabi">Hassan al-Turabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizieq_Shihab" title="Rizieq Shihab">Rizieq Shihab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Salafi_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholastic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties#Salafist" title="List of Islamic political parties">Political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Asalah" title="Al Asalah">Al Asalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_Party" title="Authenticity Party">Authenticity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Islah_(Yemen)" title="Al-Islah (Yemen)">Al-Islah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nour_Party" title="Al-Nour Party">Al-Nour Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_Bloc" title="Islamist Bloc">Islamist Bloc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Party" title="People Party">People Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Kashgar_Party" title="Young Kashgar Party">Young Kashgar Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Prominent_Salafi_scholars_by_country" title="Salafi movement">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqbil_bin_Hadi_al-Wadi%27i" title="Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i">Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safar_al-Hawali" title="Safar al-Hawali">Safar al-Hawali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Al-Munajjid" title="Muhammad Al-Munajjid">Muhammad Al-Munajjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Tamimi" title="Ali al-Tamimi">Ali al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism" title="International propagation of Salafism">International propagation of Salafism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Islamic religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi%E2%80%93Sufi_relations" title="Salafi–Sufi relations">Salafi–Sufi relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Militant_Islamism/Jihadism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Militant Islamism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Militant Islamism based in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Militant Islamism in the Middle East">MENA region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Egyptian Islamic Jihad">Egyptian Islamic Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">al-Shabaab</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">in the Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">in North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Azzam" title="Abdullah Yusuf Azzam">Abdullah Yusuf Azzam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Mansour" title="Akhtar Mansour">Akhtar Mansour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhayman_al-Otaybi" title="Juhayman al-Otaybi">Juhayman al-Otaybi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Abdel-Rahman" title="Omar Abdel-Rahman">Omar Abdel-Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam">Reconstruction (Iqbal, 1930s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Hadith_of_Ruhullah_Khomeini" title="Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini">Forty Hadith (Khomeini, 1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_State_and_Government_in_Islam" title="The Principles of State and Government in Islam"> Principles (Asad, 1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestones_(book)" title="Milestones (book)">Milestones (Qutb, 1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government" title="Islamic Government">Islamic Government (Khomeini, 1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Declaration" title="Islamic Declaration">Islamic Declaration (Izetbegović, 1969-1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(Gaddafi)" title="The Green Book (Gaddafi)"> The Green Book (Gaddafi, 1975)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Historical events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Arab_and_Islamic_Congress" title="Popular Arab and Islamic Congress">Popular Arab and Islamic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_Campaign" title="Faith Campaign">Faith Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islamic response to modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_and_Islamic_terrorism_in_the_Balkans" title="Islamism and Islamic terrorism in the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Islamism in the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_Sudan" title="Islamism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islamism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Political Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Islam in <a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Islam in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism_in_North_Africa" title="Template:Islamism in North Africa">North Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ruhollah_Khomeini" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Template:Ruhollah Khomeini"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Template talk:Ruhollah Khomeini"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ruhollah Khomeini"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ruhollah_Khomeini" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1963_demonstrations_in_Iran" title="1963 demonstrations in Iran">1963 demonstrations in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini%27s_life_in_exile" title="Ruhollah Khomeini's life in exile">Life in exile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Qom_protest" title="1978 Qom protest">1978 Qom protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Tabriz_protests" title="1978 Tabriz protests">1978 Tabriz protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neauphle-le-Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Neauphle-le-Château">Neauphle-le-Château</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini%27s_return_to_Iran" title="Ruhollah Khomeini's return to Iran">Return to Iran</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iranian revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Aftermath of the Iranian revolution">Aftermath of the Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution_in_Iran" title="Cultural Revolution in Iran">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Cultural_Revolution" title="Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution">Supreme Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Islamic_Revolution" title="Council of the Islamic Revolution">Council of the Islamic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Court" title="Islamic Revolutionary Court">Islamic Revolutionary Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">Interim Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Iranian_Islamic_Republic_referendum" title="1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum">1979 Referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter%27s_engagement_with_Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini">Engagement with Jimmy Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Iranian_Revolution_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 Iranian Revolution conspiracy theory">Iranian revolution conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_can%27t_do_a_damn_thing_against_us" title="America can't do a damn thing against us">America can't do a damn thing against us</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader of Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_support_for_Iran_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_war" title="Israeli support for Iran during the Iran–Iraq war">Israeli support</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_Verses_controversy" title="Satanic Verses controversy">Satanic Verses controversy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Roollah-khomeini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Roollah-khomeini.jpg/75px-Roollah-khomeini.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Roollah-khomeini.jpg/113px-Roollah-khomeini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Roollah-khomeini.jpg/150px-Roollah-khomeini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="720" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Positions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Islam_(term)" title="American Islam (term)">American Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Shiite clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_to_America" title="Death to America">Death to America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Satan" title="Great Satan">Great Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Satan" title="Little Satan">Little Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation_in_Iran" title="Sex segregation in Iran">Sex segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hijab_in_Iran" title="Hijab in Iran">compulsory hijab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam%27s_Line" title="Imam's Line">Imam's Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeini%27s_letter_to_Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Khomeini's letter to Mikhail Gorbachev">Letter to Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeini%27s_8-article_command" title="Khomeini's 8-article command">Khomeini's 8-article command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government" title="Islamic Government">Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist (Velayat-e faqih)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Wasilah" title="Tahrir al-Wasilah">Tahrir al-Wasilah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashf_al-Asrar" title="Kashf al-Asrar">Kashf al-Asrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Hadith_of_Ruhullah_Khomeini" title="Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini">Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Revolution" title="Islam and Revolution">Islam and Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Jihad" title="The Greatest Jihad">The Greatest Jihad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khomeini_family" title="Khomeini family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khadijeh_Saqafi" title="Khadijeh Saqafi">Khadijeh Saqafi</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Khomeini" title="Mostafa Khomeini">Mostafa Khomeini</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahra_Mostafavi_Khomeini" title="Zahra Mostafavi Khomeini">Zahra Mostafavi Khomeini</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farideh_Mostafavi_Khomeini" title="Farideh Mostafavi Khomeini">Farideh Mostafavi Khomeini</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Khomeini" title="Ahmad Khomeini">Ahmad Khomeini</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Khomeini" title="Hussein Khomeini">Hussein Khomeini</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Khomeini" title="Hassan Khomeini">Hassan Khomeini</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahra_Eshraghi" title="Zahra Eshraghi">Zahra Eshraghi</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Ahmad_Musavi_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi">Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi</a> (grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamaran_Hussainiya" title="Jamaran Hussainiya">Jamaran Hussainiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Mausoleum of Ruhollah Khomeini">Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Death and state funeral of Ruhollah Khomeini">Death and state funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alef-Laam_Khomeini" title="Alef-Laam Khomeini">Alef-Laam Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fajr_decade" title="Fajr decade">Fajr decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refah_School" title="Refah School">Refah School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homafaran_Allegiance" title="Homafaran Allegiance">Homafaran Allegiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Khomeini_International_Airport" title="Imam Khomeini International Airport">Imam Khomeini International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Imam_Khomeini%27s_Order" title="Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order">Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Category:Ruhollah Khomeini">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–Saudi_Arabia_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Template:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Template talk:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–Saudi_Arabia_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia relations">Iran–Saudi Arabia relations</a> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Iran_to_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of ambassadors of Iran to Saudi Arabia">Ambassadors of Iran to Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia,_Tehran" title="Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Tehran">Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Saudi_Arabia_to_Iran" title="List of ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to Iran">Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iranian revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Qatif_Uprising" title="1979 Qatif Uprising">1979 Qatif Uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_June_5,_1984" title="Action of June 5, 1984">Action of June 5, 1984</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_diplomatic_conflict" title="Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict">Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" title="Qatar diplomatic crisis">Qatar diplomatic crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_Bahrain" title="Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain">Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Bahrain" title="Insurgency in Bahrain">insurgency in Bahrain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Libyan civil war (2011)">2011 Libyan civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">Iranian intervention in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency" title="Houthi insurgency">Houthi insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Scorched_Earth" title="Operation Scorched Earth">Operation Scorched Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blow_to_the_Head" title="Operation Blow to the Head">Operation Blow to the Head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemeni revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war" title="Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war">Saudi-led intervention in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabian_conflict" title="Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict">Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Houthi takeover in Yemen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">Second Libyan civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iran_clashes_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Iran clashes (2016–present)">Western Iran clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Saudi_Arabian_protests" title="2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests">2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution">2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Nimr_al-Nimr" title="Execution of Nimr al-Nimr">Execution of Nimr al-Nimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_attack_on_the_Saudi_diplomatic_missions_in_Iran" title="2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran">2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution">2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Mina_stampede" title="2015 Mina stampede">2015 Mina stampede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Lebanon%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_dispute" title="2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute">2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932020_Qatif_unrest" title="2017–2020 Qatif unrest">2017–2020 Qatif unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Riyadh_missile_strike" title="2018 Riyadh missile strike">2018 Riyadh missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Security_Construct" title="International Maritime Security Construct">International Maritime Security Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2231" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231">United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Afif_attack" title="2019 Afif attack">2019 Afif attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abha_International_Airport_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Abha International Airport attacks">Abha International Airport attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abqaiq%E2%80%93Khurais_attack" title="Abqaiq–Khurais attack">Abqaiq–Khurais attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Iranian relations with <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">GCC</a> member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bahrain–Iran relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="Iran–Kuwait relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="Iran–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Iran–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Iran–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_football_rivalry" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry">Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Arab League–Iran relations">Arab League–Iran relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">Warsaw Middle East conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Opposition to military action against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Military_Counter_Terrorism_Coalition" title="Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition">Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_Organization_of_Iran" title="People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran">People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_International" title="Iran International">Iran International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia">Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations">Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iran–Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Template:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Template talk:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iran–Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia relations">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iranian revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Qatif_Uprising" title="1979 Qatif Uprising">1979 Qatif Uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_June_5,_1984" title="Action of June 5, 1984">Action of June 5, 1984</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_diplomatic_conflict" title="Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict">Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" title="Qatar diplomatic crisis">Qatar diplomatic crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_Bahrain" title="Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain">Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Bahrain" title="Insurgency in Bahrain">insurgency in Bahrain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan civil war">First Libyan civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Iranian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">Iranian intervention in Iraq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency" title="Houthi insurgency">Houthi insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Scorched_Earth" title="Operation Scorched Earth">Operation Scorched Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blow_to_the_Head" title="Operation Blow to the Head">Operation Blow to the Head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemeni revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen">Saudi-led intervention in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabian_conflict" title="Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict">Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Houthi takeover in Yemen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">Second Libyan civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iran_clashes_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Iran clashes (2016–present)">Western Iran clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Saudi_Arabian_protests" title="2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests">2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution">2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Nimr_al-Nimr" title="Execution of Nimr al-Nimr">Execution of Nimr al-Nimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_attack_on_the_Saudi_diplomatic_missions_in_Iran" title="2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran">2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution">2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Mina_stampede" title="2015 Mina stampede">2015 Mina stampede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Lebanon%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_dispute" title="2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute">2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932020_Qatif_unrest" title="2017–2020 Qatif unrest">2017–2020 Qatif unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Riyadh_missile_strike" title="2018 Riyadh missile strike">2018 Riyadh missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Security_Construct" title="International Maritime Security Construct">International Maritime Security Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2231" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231">United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Afif_attack" title="2019 Afif attack">2019 Afif attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abha_International_Airport_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Abha International Airport attacks">Abha International Airport attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abqaiq%E2%80%93Khurais_attack" title="Abqaiq–Khurais attack">Abqaiq–Khurais attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iranian relations with <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">GCC</a> member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bahrain–Iran relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="Iran–Kuwait relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="Iran–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Iran–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Iran–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Arab League–Iran relations">Arab League–Iran relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran">Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">Warsaw Middle East conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Opposition to military action against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Military_Counter_Terrorism_Coalition" title="Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition">Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Mujahedin of Iran">People's Mujahedin of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_International" title="Iran International">Iran International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia">Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iran–Israel_proxy_conflict" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Template:Iran–Israel proxy conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Template talk:Iran–Israel proxy conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–Israel proxy conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iran–Israel_proxy_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Iran–Israel relations">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_support_for_Iran_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_war" title="Israeli support for Iran during the Iran–Iraq war">Iran–Iraq war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_arrest_of_Iranian_Jews" title="1999 arrest of Iranian Jews">1999 arrest of Iranian Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2024_Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="2024 Iran–Israel conflict">2024 Iran–Israel conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_airstrike_on_the_Iranian_consulate_in_Damascus" title="Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus">Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Israeli_airstrike_on_the_Iranian_consulate_in_Damascus" title="International reactions to the Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus">reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_seizure_of_the_MSC_Aries" title="Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries">Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries</a></li> <li>Iranian strikes on Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2024_Iranian_strikes_against_Israel" title="April 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel">April 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Iranian_strikes_against_Israel" title="October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel">October 2024</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israeli strikes on Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2024_Israeli_strikes_on_Iran" title="April 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran">April 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Israeli_strikes_on_Iran" title="October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran">October 2024</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_retaliation_leak" title="Israeli retaliation leak">intelligence leak</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Hezbollah–Israel conflict">Hezbollah–Israel conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Lebanese_conflict" title="Israeli–Lebanese conflict">Israeli–Lebanese conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">South Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_kidnapping_of_Iranian_diplomats" title="1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats">1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abbas_al-Musawi" title="Assassination of Abbas al-Musawi">Assassination of Abbas al-Musawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Buenos_Aires_Israeli_embassy_bombing" title="1992 Buenos Aires Israeli embassy bombing">1992 Buenos Aires Israeli embassy bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMIA_bombing" title="AMIA bombing">AMIA bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000%E2%80%932006_Shebaa_Farms_conflict" title="2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict">2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Hezbollah_cross-border_raid" title="2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid">2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Hezbollah_cross-border_raid" title="2005 Hezbollah cross-border raid">2005 Hezbollah cross-border raid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Imad_Mughniyeh" title="Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh">Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_prisoner_exchange" title="2008 Israel–Hezbollah prisoner exchange">2008 Israel–Hezbollah prisoner exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Hezbollah_plot_in_Egypt" title="2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt">2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francop_Affair" title="Francop Affair">Francop Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2015_Shebaa_Farms_incident" title="January 2015 Shebaa Farms incident">January 2015 Shebaa Farms incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northern_Shield" title="Operation Northern Shield">Operation Northern Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Beirut_drone_crash" title="2019 Beirut drone crash">2019 Beirut drone crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Lebanon_shellings" title="2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings">2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Fuad_Shukr" title="Assassination of Fuad Shukr">Assassination of Fuad Shukr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Lebanon_electronic_device_attacks" title="2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks">2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_September_2024_Beirut_attack" title="20 September 2024 Beirut attack">20 September 2024 Beirut attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2024_Israeli_attacks_against_Lebanon" title="September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon">September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Hezbollah_headquarters_strike" title="2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike">2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Hashem_Safieddine" title="Assassination of Hashem Safieddine">Assassination of Hashem Safieddine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Israel%E2%80%93Lebanon_ceasefire_agreement" title="2024 Israel–Lebanon ceasefire agreement">2024 Israel–Lebanon ceasefire agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_projectile_attacks_from_Lebanon_on_Israel_and_the_Golan_Heights" title="List of projectile attacks from Lebanon on Israel and the Golan Heights">Projectile attacks from Lebanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karine_A_affair" title="Karine A affair">Karine A affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Affair" title="Victoria Affair">Victoria Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Full_Disclosure" title="Operation Full Disclosure">Operation Full Disclosure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War (2008–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">2014 Gaza War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh">Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2013_Rif_Dimashq_airstrike" title="January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike">January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2013_Rif_Dimashq_airstrikes" title="May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes">May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2014_Rif_Dimashq_airstrikes" title="December 2014 Rif Dimashq airstrikes">December 2014 Rif Dimashq airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2015_Mazraat_Amal_incident" title="January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident">January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(May%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Qalamoun offensive (May–June 2015)">Qalamoun offensive (May–June 2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="March 2017 Israel–Syria incident">March 2017 Israel–Syria incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">February 2018 Israel–Syria incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">Operation House of Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" title="Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">September 2018 Syria missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(August_2019)" title="Syria missile strikes (August 2019)">August 2019 Syria missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Israeli_missile_strikes_in_Syria" title="November 2019 Israeli missile strikes in Syria">November 2019 Syria missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(January_2021)" title="Syria missile strikes (January 2021)">January 2021 Syria airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Damascus_airstrike" title="2023 Damascus airstrike">2023 Damascus airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Syrian_ceasefire_line_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war">Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Outside_the_Box" title="Operation Outside the Box">Operation Outside the Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Sudan_airstrikes" title="2009 Sudan airstrikes">2009 Sudan airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_attacks_on_Israeli_diplomats" title="2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats">2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Bangkok_bombings" title="2012 Bangkok bombings">2012 Bangkok bombings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Cyprus_terrorist_plot" title="2012 Cyprus terrorist plot">2012 Cyprus terrorist plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Burgas_bus_bombing" title="2012 Burgas bus bombing">2012 Burgas bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_Military_Industrial_Complex" title="Yarmouk Military Industrial Complex">Yarmouk munitions factory explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Israeli_airstrikes_in_Iraq" title="2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq">2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Erbil_missile_attacks" title="2022 Erbil missile attacks">2022 Erbil missile attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Istanbul_terror_plot" title="2022 Istanbul terror plot">2022 Istanbul terror plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Iranian_missile_strikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria">2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_July_2024_Israeli_attack_on_Yemen" title="20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen">20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program of Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Iranian_nuclear_scientists" title="Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists">Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardeshir_Hosseinpour" title="Ardeshir Hosseinpour">Ardeshir Hosseinpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massoud_Ali-Mohammadi" title="Massoud Ali-Mohammadi">Massoud Ali-Mohammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majid_Shahriari" title="Majid Shahriari">Majid Shahriari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydoon_Abbasi" title="Fereydoon Abbasi">Fereydoon Abbasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Ahmadi_Roshan" title="Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan">Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Fakhrizadeh" title="Mohsen Fakhrizadeh">Mohsen Fakhrizadeh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMAD_Project" title="AMAD Project">AMAD Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mossad_infiltration_of_Iranian_nuclear_archive" title="Mossad infiltration of Iranian nuclear archive">Mossad infiltration of Iranian nuclear archive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bid_Kaneh_explosion" title="Bid Kaneh explosion">Bid Kaneh explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Iran_explosions" title="2020 Iran explosions">2020 Iran explosions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Natanz_incident" title="2021 Natanz incident">2021 Natanz incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Iran_drone_attacks" title="2023 Iran drone attacks">2023 Iran drone attacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia_and_the_Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Hamas_relations" title="Russia–Hamas relations">Russia–Hamas relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Reza_Djalali" title="Ahmad Reza Djalali">Ahmad Reza Djalali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">Warsaw Middle East conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_Organization_of_Iran" title="People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran">People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Satan" title="Little Satan">Little Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_and_Israel" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_military_action_against_Iran" title="Views on military action against Iran">Views on military action against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_support_for_Hamas" title="Iranian support for Hamas">Iranian support for Hamas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Israel and state-sponsored terrorism">Israel and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quds_Day" title="Quds Day">Quds Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_X2" title="Prisoner X2">Prisoner X2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_(TV_series)" title="Tehran (TV series)">Tehran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Category:Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Category:Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–United_Kingdom_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Template:Iran–United Kingdom relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Template talk:Iran–United Kingdom relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–United Kingdom relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–United_Kingdom_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Iran–United Kingdom relations">Iran–United Kingdom relations</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Iran,_London" title="Embassy of Iran, London">Embassy of Iran, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Iran_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of ambassadors of Iran to the United Kingdom">Ambassadors of Iran to the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_Kingdom,_Tehran" title="Embassy of the United Kingdom, Tehran">Embassy of the United Kingdom, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomats_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Iran" title="List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to Iran">Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_embassy_to_Europe_(1599%E2%80%931602)" title="Persian embassy to Europe (1599–1602)">Persian embassy to Europe (1599–1602)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_embassy_to_Europe_(1609%E2%80%931615)" title="Persian embassy to Europe (1609–1615)">Persian embassy to Europe (1609–1615)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Treaty_of_1801" title="Anglo-Persian Treaty of 1801">Anglo-Persian Treaty of 1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1857)" title="Treaty of Paris (1857)">Treaty of Paris (1857)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuter_concession" title="Reuter concession">Reuter concession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Arcy_Concession" title="D'Arcy Concession">D'Arcy Concession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Agreement" title="Anglo-Persian Agreement">Anglo-Persian Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P5%2B1" title="P5+1">P5+1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_War" title="Anglo-Persian War">Anglo-Persian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persian Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_military_network_in_Iran" title="British military network in Iran">British military network in Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="British support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">British support for Iraq</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_capture_of_Hormuz" title="Anglo-Persian capture of Hormuz">Anglo-Persian capture of Hormuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Bushehr" title="British occupation of Bushehr">British occupation of Bushehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Protest" title="Tobacco Protest">Tobacco Protest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zainab_Pasha" title="Zainab Pasha">Zainab Pasha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Persian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1921 Persian coup d'état">1921 Persian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iranian_Oil_Co._case" title="Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case">Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_the_Iranian_oil_industry" title="Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry">Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abadan_Crisis" title="Abadan Crisis">Abadan Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Abadan_Crisis" title="Timeline of the Abadan Crisis">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iranian revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe_Conference" title="Guadeloupe Conference">Guadeloupe Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Iranian_Revolution_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 Iranian Revolution conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Embassy_siege" title="Iranian Embassy siege">Iranian Embassy siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_Verses_controversy" title="Satanic Verses controversy">Satanic Verses controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Iranian_seizure_of_Royal_Navy_personnel" title="2004 Iranian seizure of Royal Navy personnel">2004 Iranian seizure of Royal Navy personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Iranian_arrest_of_Royal_Navy_personnel" title="2007 Iranian arrest of Royal Navy personnel">2007 Iranian arrest of Royal Navy personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_attack_on_the_British_Embassy_in_Iran" title="2011 attack on the British Embassy in Iran">2011 attack on the British Embassy in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Strait_of_Hormuz_dispute" title="2011–2012 Strait of Hormuz dispute">2011–2012 Strait of Hormuz dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_attack_on_the_Iranian_Embassy_in_London" title="2018 attack on the Iranian Embassy in London">2018 attack on the Iranian Embassy in London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kameel_Ahmady" title="Kameel Ahmady">Kameel Ahmady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoosheh_Ashoori" title="Anoosheh Ashoori">Anoosheh Ashoori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Edalat" title="Abbas Edalat">Abbas Edalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Edwards_(sailor)" title="Arthur Edwards (sailor)">Arthur Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Foroughi" title="Kamal Foroughi">Kamal Foroughi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoncheh_Ghavami" title="Ghoncheh Ghavami">Ghoncheh Ghavami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fowzi_Badavi_Nejad" title="Fowzi Badavi Nejad">Fowzi Badavi Nejad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roya_Saberi_Negad_Nobakht" title="Roya Saberi Negad Nobakht">Roya Saberi Negad Nobakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazanin_Zaghari-Ratcliffe" title="Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe">Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain_province" title="Bahrain province">Bahrain province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Persian" title="BBC Persian">BBC Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Bank_of_Persia" title="Imperial Bank of Persia">Imperial Bank of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Residency" title="Persian Gulf Residency">Persian Gulf Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhum_gasfield" title="Rhum gasfield">Rhum gasfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gholhak_Garden" title="Gholhak Garden">Gholhak Garden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_War_Cemetery" title="Tehran War Cemetery">Tehran War Cemetery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neda_Agha-Soltan_Graduate_Scholarship" title="Neda Agha-Soltan Graduate Scholarship">Neda Agha-Soltan Graduate Scholarship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_fox" title="Old fox">Old fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Game" title="New Great Game">New Great Game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Category:Iran–United Kingdom relations">Category:Iran–United Kingdom relations</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template:Iran–United States relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template talk:Iran–United States relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–United States relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">Iran–United States relations</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Iran,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Iran_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Iran to the United States">Ambassadors of Iran to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Tehran" title="Embassy of the United States, Tehran">Embassy of the United States, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Iran" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Iran">Ambassadors of the United States to Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interests_Section_of_Iran_in_the_United_States" title="Interests Section of Iran in the United States">Interests Section of Iran in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate-General_of_the_United_States,_Tabriz" title="Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz">Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Near_Eastern_Affairs" title="Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs">Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_Claims_Tribunal" title="Iran–United States Claims Tribunal">Iran–United States Claims Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Directorate" title="Iranian Directorate">Iranian Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Syria_Policy_and_Operations_Group" title="Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group">Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Corridor" title="Persian Corridor">Persian Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Command" title="Persian Gulf Command">Persian Gulf Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_the_Iranian_oil_industry" title="Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry">Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Abadan_Crisis" title="Timeline of the Abadan Crisis">Abadan Crisis Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity,_Economic_Relations_and_Consular_Rights" title="Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights">Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_Delawar" title="Exercise Delawar">Exercise Delawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Dark_Gene" title="Project Dark Gene">Project Dark Gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_of_Stability_(speech)" title="Island of Stability (speech)">Island of Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad%27s_letter_to_George_W._Bush" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_between_Barack_Obama_and_Ali_Khamenei" title="Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei">Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_conversation_between_Barack_Obama_and_Hassan_Rouhani" title="Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani">Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negotiations_leading_to_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Negotiations leading to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Plan of Action">Joint Plan of Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_nuclear_deal_framework" title="Iran nuclear deal framework">Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Reactions to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Criticism of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Aftermath of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">U.S. withdrawal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">United States support for Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeton_incident" title="Bridgeton incident">Bridgeton incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" title="Iran Air Flight 655">Iran Air Flight 655</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Ajr" title="Iran Ajr">Iran Ajr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Staunch" title="Operation Staunch">Operation Staunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eager_Glacier" title="Operation Eager Glacier">Operation Eager Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Earnest_Will" title="Operation Earnest Will">Operation Earnest Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Prime_Chance" title="Operation Prime Chance">Operation Prime Chance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nimble_Archer" title="Operation Nimble Archer">Operation Nimble Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Praying_Mantis" title="Operation Praying Mantis">Operation Praying Mantis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran">Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">February 2019 Warsaw Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Security_Construct" title="International Maritime Security Construct">International Maritime Security Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani" title="Assassination of Qasem Soleimani">Assassination of Qasem Soleimani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani" title="Reactions to the assassination of Qasem Soleimani">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_revenge_scenarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteen revenge scenarios">Thirteen revenge scenarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_threat_for_the_destruction_of_Iranian_cultural_sites" title="Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites">Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Soleimani" title="Operation Martyr Soleimani">Operation Martyr Soleimani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Camp_Taji_attacks" title="2020 Camp Taji attacks">2020 Camp Taji attacks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations_after_1979" title="Iran–United States relations after 1979">Incidents after 1979</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Paul_R._Shaffer_and_John_H._Turner" title="Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner">Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Iranian_hostage_crisis" title="Timeline of the Iranian hostage crisis">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe_Conference" title="Guadeloupe Conference">Guadeloupe Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Credible_Sport" title="Operation Credible Sport">Operation Credible Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw" title="Operation Eagle Claw">Operation Eagle Claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Caper" title="Canadian Caper">Canadian Caper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter%27s_engagement_with_Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini">Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_October_Surprise_theory" title="1980 October Surprise theory">1980 October Surprise theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis_negotiations" title="Iran hostage crisis negotiations">Negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_Accords" title="Algiers Accords">Algiers Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_can%27t_do_a_damn_thing_against_us" title="America can't do a damn thing against us">America can't do a damn thing against us</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombings" title="1983 Beirut barracks bombings">Beirut barracks bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Franklin_espionage_scandal" title="Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal">Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Robert_Levinson" title="Disappearance of Robert Levinson">Disappearance of Robert Levinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_kill_or_capture_strategy_in_Iraq" title="United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq">United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_raid_on_the_Iranian_Liaison_Office_in_Erbil" title="United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil">United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Jalal_Sharafi" title="Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi">Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Iran%E2%80%93United_States_naval_dispute" title="2008 Iran–United States naval dispute">2008 Naval dispute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Monkey" title="Filipino Monkey">Filipino Monkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cassandra" title="Project Cassandra">Project Cassandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%932011_detention_of_American_hikers_by_Iran" title="2009–2011 detention of American hikers by Iran">Detention of American hikers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contents_of_the_United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak_(Iran)" title="Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (Iran)">United States diplomatic cables leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Strait_of_Hormuz_dispute" title="2011–2012 Strait of Hormuz dispute">Strait of Hormuz dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93U.S._RQ-170_incident" title="Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident">RQ-170 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Maersk_Tigris" title="MV Maersk Tigris">MV Maersk Tigris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_U.S.%E2%80%93Iran_naval_incident" title="2016 U.S.–Iran naval incident">2016 Naval incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program of Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Timeline of the nuclear program of Iran">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P5%2B1" title="P5+1">P5+1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Merlin" title="Operation Merlin">Operation Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charming_Kitten" title="Charming Kitten">Charming Kitten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Hossein_Alikhani" title="Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani">Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou" title="Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou">Arrest of Meng Wanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Iranian_students_at_US_airports" title="Deportation of Iranian students at US airports">Deportation of Iranian students at US airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Iranian_shoot-down_of_American_drone" title="2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone">2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_K-1_Air_Base_attack" title="2019 K-1 Air Base attack">2019 K-1 Air Base attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_United_States_embassy_in_Baghdad" title="Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad">Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Iran_explosions" title="2020 Iran explosions">2020 Iran explosions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Erbil_rocket_attacks" title="2021 Erbil rocket attacks">2021 Erbil rocket attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Natanz_incident" title="2021 Natanz incident">2021 Natanz incident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaked_Mohammad_Javad_Zarif_audiotape" title="Leaked Mohammad Javad Zarif audiotape">Leaked Mohammad Javad Zarif audiotape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2021_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident">July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2021_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident">August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_U.S.%E2%80%93Iran_naval_incident" title="2021 U.S.–Iran naval incident">2021 U.S.–Iran naval incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Erbil_missile_attacks" title="2022 Erbil missile attacks">2022 Erbil missile attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2023_Northeastern_Syria_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="March 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes">2023 Northeastern Syria clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Rajan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez Rajan">Seizure of Suez Rajan and St Nikolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_U.S._bases_in_Iraq,_Jordan,_and_Syria_(2023%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)">Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Erbil_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Erbil attack">2024 Erbil attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_22_drone_attack" title="Tower 22 drone attack">Tower 22 drone attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_interference_in_the_2024_United_States_elections" title="Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections">Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">Legislation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran" title="United States sanctions against Iran">United States sanctions against Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_pressure_campaign" title="Maximum pressure campaign">Maximum pressure campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12170" title="Executive Order 12170">Executive Order 12170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12172" title="Executive Order 12172">Executive Order 12172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13769" title="Executive Order 13769">Executive Order 13769</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_Executive_Order_13769" title="Reactions to Executive Order 13769">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_travel_ban" title="Trump travel ban">Trump travel ban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13780" title="Executive Order 13780">Executive Order 13780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13876" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Order 13876">Executive Order 13876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_Libya_Sanctions_Act" title="Iran and Libya Sanctions Act">Iran and Libya Sanctions Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Nonproliferation_Act_of_2000" title="Iran Nonproliferation Act of 2000">Iran Nonproliferation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran,_North_Korea,_Syria_Nonproliferation_Act" title="Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act">Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Freedom_and_Support_Act" title="Iran Freedom and Support Act">Iran Freedom and Support Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Sanctions_Enhancement_Act_of_2007" title="Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act of 2007">Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyl%E2%80%93Lieberman_Amendment" title="Kyl–Lieberman Amendment">Kyl–Lieberman Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Iran_Sanctions,_Accountability,_and_Divestment_Act_of_2010" title="Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010">Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Freedom_and_Counter-Proliferation_Act" title="Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act">Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Law_113-100" title="Public Law 113-100">Public Law 113-100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Nuclear_Agreement_Review_Act_of_2015" title="Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015">Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act" title="Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act">Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dames_%26_Moore_v._Regan" title="Dames & Moore v. Regan">Dames & Moore v. Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Diplomatic_and_Consular_Staff_in_Tehran" title="United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran">United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Platforms_case" title="Oil Platforms case">Oil Platforms case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Banki" title="United States v. Banki">United States v. Banki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Markazi_v._Peterson" title="Bank Markazi v. Peterson">Bank Markazi v. Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certain_Iranian_Assets" title="Certain Iranian Assets">Certain Iranian Assets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubin_v._Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran">Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alleged_Violations_of_the_1955_Treaty_of_Amity_(Iran_v._United_States)" title="Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity (Iran v. United States)">Alleged violations of Treaty of Amity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Groups and individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Action_Group" title="Iran Action Group">Iran Action Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93America_Society" title="Iran–America Society">Iran–America Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Students_Association_in_the_United_States" title="Iranian Students Association in the United States">Iranian Students Association in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_American_Council" title="National Iranian American Council">National Iranian American Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_American_Communities" title="Organization of Iranian American Communities">Organization of Iranian American Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Against_Nuclear_Iran" title="United Against Nuclear Iran">United Against Nuclear Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farashgard" title="Farashgard">Farashgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jundallah_(Iran)" title="Jundallah (Iran)">Jundallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Assembly_of_Iran" title="Kingdom Assembly of Iran">Kingdom Assembly of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of Iran">National Council of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Resistance_of_Iran" title="National Council of Resistance of Iran">National Council of Resistance of Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_Organization_of_Iran" title="People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran">People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Abrams" title="Elliott Abrams">Elliott Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baskerville" title="Howard Baskerville">Howard Baskerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Fallon" title="William J. Fallon">William J. Fallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Hook" title="Brian Hook">Brian Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Macmanus" title="Joseph Macmanus">Joseph Macmanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Malley" title="Robert Malley">Robert Malley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Mull" title="Stephen D. Mull">Stephen D. Mull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_David_Rabhan" title="Erwin David Rabhan">Erwin David Rabhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Rezaian" title="Jason Rezaian">Jason Rezaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Ritter" title="Scott Ritter">Scott Ritter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Wadsworth" title="Craig Wadsworth">Craig Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_R._White_(U.S._veteran)" title="Michael R. White (U.S. veteran)">Michael R. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxana_Saberi" title="Roxana Saberi">Roxana Saberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeed_Abedini" title="Saeed Abedini">Saeed Abedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeid_Aboutaleb" title="Saeid Aboutaleb">Saeid Aboutaleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahram_Amiri" title="Shahram Amiri">Shahram Amiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirous_Asgari" title="Sirous Asgari">Sirous Asgari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Reza_Banki" title="Mahmoud Reza Banki">Mahmoud Reza Banki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haleh_Esfandiari" title="Haleh Esfandiari">Haleh Esfandiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Mirza_Hekmati" title="Amir Mirza Hekmati">Amir Mirza Hekmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezedin_Abdel_Aziz_Khalil" title="Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil">Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrzad_Mirgholikhan" title="Shahrzad Mirgholikhan">Shahrzad Mirgholikhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hosseini_(showman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Hosseini (showman)">Mohammad Hosseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esha_Momeni" title="Esha Momeni">Esha Momeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammad Mosaddegh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baquer_Namazi" title="Baquer Namazi">Baquer Namazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamak_Namazi" title="Siamak Namazi">Siamak Namazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahar_Nowrouzzadeh" title="Sahar Nowrouzzadeh">Sahar Nowrouzzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Pahlavi,_Crown_Prince_of_Iran" title="Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran">Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noor_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Noor Pahlavi">Noor Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trita_Parsi" title="Trita Parsi">Trita Parsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Rajavi" title="Maryam Rajavi">Maryam Rajavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolreza_Shahlaei" title="Abdolreza Shahlaei">Abdolreza Shahlaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shakeri" title="Ali Shakeri">Ali Shakeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoud_Soleimani" title="Masoud Soleimani">Masoud Soleimani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morad_Tahbaz" title="Morad Tahbaz">Morad Tahbaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kian_Tajbakhsh" title="Kian Tajbakhsh">Kian Tajbakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karan_Vafadari" title="Karan Vafadari">Karan Vafadari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiyue_Wang" title="Xiyue Wang">Xiyue Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizar_Zakka" title="Nizar Zakka">Nizar Zakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay" title="List of Iranian detainees at Guantanamo Bay">Iranian Guantanamo Bay detainees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majid_Muhammed" title="Abdul Majid Muhammed">Abdul Majid Muhammed</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v_Iran_(1998_FIFA_World_Cup)" title="United States v Iran (1998 FIFA World Cup)">1998 FIFA World Cup match</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_relations_between_Iran_and_the_United_States" title="Academic relations between Iran and the United States">Academic relations between Iran and the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Islam_(term)" title="American Islam (term)">American Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Iran" title="Anti-American sentiment in Iran">Anti-American sentiment in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Iran" title="CIA activities in Iran">CIA activities in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_copyright_relations" title="Iran–United States copyright relations">Copyright relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_to_America" title="Death to America">Death to America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_containment" title="Dual containment">Dual containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Satan" title="Great Satan">Great Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Hollywoodism" title="International Conference on Hollywoodism">International Conference on Hollywoodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_frozen_assets" title="Iranian frozen assets">Iranian frozen assets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Opposition to military action against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list)" title="State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)">State Sponsor of Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime 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colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:People_executed_by_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Template:People executed by the Islamic Republic of Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:People_executed_by_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Template talk:People executed by the Islamic Republic of Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:People_executed_by_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:People executed by the Islamic Republic of Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_executed_by_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People executed by the Islamic Republic of Iran</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Iran" title="Capital punishment in Iran">Timeline</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Story</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians and noblemen of the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a> period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amir-Abbas_Hoveyda" title="Amir-Abbas Hoveyda">Amir-Abbas Hoveyda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parviz_Nikkhah" title="Parviz Nikkhah">Parviz Nikkhah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javad_Saeed" title="Javad Saeed">Javad Saeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Ali_Khalatbari" title="Abbas Ali Khalatbari">Abbas Ali Khalatbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdollah_Riazi" title="Abdollah Riazi">Abdollah Riazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gholamreza_Kianpour" title="Gholamreza Kianpour">Gholamreza Kianpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gholamreza_Nikpey" title="Gholamreza Nikpey">Gholamreza Nikpey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrokhroo_Parsa" title="Farrokhroo Parsa">Farrokhroo Parsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Ameli_Tehrani" title="Mohammad Reza Ameli Tehrani">Mohammad Reza Ameli Tehrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Jafarian" title="Mahmoud Jafarian">Mahmoud Jafarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansour_Rouhani" title="Mansour Rouhani">Mansour Rouhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manouchehr_Azmoun" title="Manouchehr Azmoun">Manouchehr Azmoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manutchehr_Salimi" title="Manutchehr Salimi">Manutchehr Salimi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a> period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Hossein_Rabii" title="Amir Hossein Rabii">Amir Hossein Rabii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayat_Mohaqeqi" title="Ayat Mohaqeqi">Ayat Mohaqeqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervez_Amini_Afshar" title="Pervez Amini Afshar">Pervez Amini Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_Elghanian" title="Habib Elghanian">Habib Elghanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Pakravan" title="Hassan Pakravan">Hassan Pakravan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hossein-Ali_Bayat" title="Hossein-Ali Bayat">Hossein-Ali Bayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Javad_Zabihi" title="Seyyed Javad Zabihi">Seyyed Javad Zabihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Naji_(Iranian_general)" title="Reza Naji (Iranian general)">Reza Naji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeed_Mehdiyoun" title="Saeed Mehdiyoun">Saeed Mehdiyoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Hojjat_Kashani" title="Ali Hojjat Kashani">Ali Hojjat Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Neshat" title="Ali Neshat">Ali Neshat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Taghi_Majidi" title="Mohammad Taghi Majidi">Mohammad Taghi Majidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manouchehr_Khosrodad" title="Manouchehr Khosrodad">Manouchehr Khosrodad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Rahimi" title="Mehdi Rahimi">Mehdi Rahimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nader_Jahanbani" title="Nader Jahanbani">Nader Jahanbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasser_Moghaddam" title="Nasser Moghaddam">Nasser Moghaddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematollah_Nassiri" title="Nematollah Nassiri">Nematollah Nassiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_Afzali" title="Bahram Afzali">Bahram Afzali</a></li> <li>Hassan Azarfar</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other political opponents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_Qashqai" title="Khosrow Qashqai">Khosrow Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadegh_Ghotbzadeh" title="Sadegh Ghotbzadeh">Sadegh Ghotbzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Mahmudnizhad" title="Mona Mahmudnizhad">Mona Mahmudnizhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamran_Samimi" title="Kamran Samimi">Kamran Samimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirous_Rowshani" title="Sirous Rowshani">Sirous Rowshani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadegh_Khalkhali" title="Sadegh Khalkhali">Sadegh Khalkhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mohammadi_Gilani" title="Mohammad Mohammadi Gilani">Mohammad Mohammadi Gilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reyshahri" title="Mohammad Reyshahri">Mohammad Reyshahri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Mousavi_Tabrizi" title="Hossein Mousavi Tabrizi">Hossein Mousavi Tabrizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asadollah_Lajevardi" title="Asadollah Lajevardi">Asadollah Lajevardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Qoddusi" title="Ali Qoddusi">Ali Qoddusi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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[\"CITEREFAzar_TabariNahid_Yeganeh1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAzari1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakhash1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakhtiarLadjevardi1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarthel1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBashiriyeh2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaumer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBayar,_Assef1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBishku2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonakdarian2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBrooks2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrotons2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrumberg2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuchan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurns1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCecolin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChalcraft2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChehabi2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavari2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDehghanNorton-Taylor2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEisenstadt\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmery2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncarnacion2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsposito1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFallaci1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerdows1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanji2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeist\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGelvin,_James_L.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolnaz_Esfandiari2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGölz2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalliday1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarmon2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarney1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayward2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenry2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiro1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiro2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoveyda,_Fereydoun2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHovsepian-Bearce2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuyser1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIMF2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFIran_Human_Rights_Documentation_Center2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsfandiyārī1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJervis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKabalan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahlili2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKambiz_Fattahi2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapuściński1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarim2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarsh2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeddie,_N._R.1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeddie2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKepel,_Gilles2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhomeiniAlgar1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinzer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlose1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKraft1978\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKurzman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurzman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurzman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLegum1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLittle2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLlorente2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._Lüthi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackey1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahnaz.Erika.1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajd2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManou_\u0026amp;_Associates_Inc.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilani2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilani2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilani2012\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFMoaddel,_Mansoor1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoaddel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoin2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMomayezi1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunson1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNafisi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNashat1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasiriFaghfouri_Azar2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasr2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeville2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNobari1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNuʻmānīBehdad2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnderco2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOzalp2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPahlavi1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPahlavi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPainter2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParsi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._Newell2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahnemaBehdad1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajaee1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajaee2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRastyad_Collective\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_C._Martín2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitter2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenfeld2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSadjadpour2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaeed_Kamali_DehghanDavid_Smith2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSahimi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamih_K._FarsounMehrdad_Mashayekhi1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchirazi1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShawcross1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShirley1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiavoshi,_Sussan1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSick1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiddiqui2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmitha1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStraaten2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSylvan,_DavidMajeski,_Stephen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaheri1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaheri2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarock1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorab2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTroianovski2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright,_Robin2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYapp2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeganehshakib2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZabih,_Sepehr1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZabir2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZanganeh,_Lila_Azam2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFarticle_64\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖzbudun2011\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 11,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Age in years, months, weeks and days\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"By whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Changes in political power in Iran\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 104,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 61,\n [\"Cold War\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible 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[\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 3,\n [\"Republicanism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"Ruhollah Khomeini\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 10,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 208,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 3,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 18,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","560","22.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","14.5"],["dataWrapper 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